UNIT 12

THE WORLD WIDE WEB. GRAMMAR REVISION

Vocabulary Bank Unit 12

1. amenable – піддатливий; схильний

2. bulletin board – дошка оголошень (наприклад, електронна)
3. censorship advocates – прихильники цензури
4. conferred – наданий, присвоєний
5. conversion routines – програми перетворення
6. cyber censorship – цензура в інтернеті
7. detonator – детонатор, підривник
8. diverse – різноманітний, різний
9. explosion – вибух
10. foreign – закордонний, іноземний
11. free speech supporters – прихильники свободи слова
12. from scratch – від початку, з нуля, на порожньому місці
13. heritage – спадщина
14. high-energy physics – фізика високих енергій
15. household – домашній, сімейний, побутовий, домогосподарство
16. illegally copied – незаконно скопійований
17. infector – інфектор; той, хто інфікує, впроваджує (комп'ютерний) вірус
18. irresponsible – безвідповідальний
19. manually embedding – ручне введення
20. objectionable – що викликає заперечення; небажаний, спірний
21. obscene – непристойний
22. occasional – випадковий
23. offensive speech – агресивна мова / образлива мова
24. on the fly – на ходу, на льоту, у польоті
25. oppose – протистояти, виступати проти
26. professional-looking site – сайт, що професійно виглядає
27. punishable – покараний
28. rarely – рідко
29. related – пов'язаний з чимось, що відноситься до чогось
30. replicate itself – відтворювати, тиражувати дублювати
31. rigorous – суворий, невблаганний, безжальний, ретельний
32. root directory – корневой каталог
33. search query – запит на пошук / пошуковий запит
34. sophisticated tools – складні інструменти
35. sovereign states – суверенні держави
36. subdirectories – підкаталоги, піддиректорії
37. to alter – змінювати
38. to boot destructive – запустити руйнування
39. to devote – присвячувати, виділяти
40. to distribute – розподіляти; поширювати, доставляти, постачати;
класифікувати; використовувати термін чи поняття
41. to erase – стерти
42. to facilitate – полегшувати
43. to fulfil – здійснювати, виконувати
44. to hinge(on) – залежати від, обертатися (навколо чогось); бути тісно пов'язаним
(с)
45. to hire – найняти
46. to preserve – хранить, сохранить
47. to recruit – набирати, вербувати
48. to request – запитувати
49. to retrieve – відновлювати
50. to set off – викликати
51. to sort out – сортувати
52. to trace – стежити
53. to trigger – запускати
54. unlinked files – непов'язані файли
55. unsavory material – сумнівний матеріал
56. unwanted program – небажана програма
57. virus shields – екрани від вірусів
58. write-protect tab – паз із повзунком для захисту від запису (у футлярі дискети)

TEXT 12A. THE WORLD WIDE WEB

The World Wide Web began in 1989 as a project by high-energy physics

researchers I Switzerland to distribute research Internet to fellow physicists. Since
then, the Web has rapidly moved into the forefront of Internet technologies. More
people use the Web on the Internet than all other technologies on the Net
combined. To most of the general public, the Web is synonymous with the Internet
itself and is, in fact, thought by many to have played the dominant role in moving
the Internet from an academic research tool to a household word.
The Web is an abstract (imaginary) space of information. On the Web, you find
documents, sounds, videos, and information. On the Web connections are
hypertext links. The Web uses a writing technology called a hypertext. Hypertext
is a key concept for understanding today’s Web, but the idea of hypertext
originated much earlier than the Web or even the Internet. Two of the most
important elements of the Web-Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML) – contain “hypertext” in their names.
HTTP is a protocol that works with TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol) to get Web resources to your devcie. A web resource
can be defined as any chunk of data that has a URL, such as an HTML document, a
graphics, or a sound file. HTTP includes commands called “methods” that help
your browser communicate with web servers. GET is the most
frequently used HTTP method. The GET method is typically used to retrieve the
text and graphics files necessary for displaying a Web page. This method can also
be used to pass a search query to a file server. HTTP transports your browser’s
requests for a Web resource to a Web server. Next, it transports the Web server’s
response back to your browser.
HTML is a set of specifications for creating HTML documents that a browser can
display as a Web page. HTML is called a markup language because authors mark
up their documents by inserting special instructions, called HTML tags that specify
how the document should appear whendisplayed on a computer screen or printed.
On today’s Web, many aspects of hypertext have become a reality. A typical Web
page is based on a document stored in a file and identified by a unique address
called a URL (Uniform Resource Locator). To access any one of these documents,
you can type its URL. You can also clickan underlined word or phrase called a
hypertext link (or simply a “link”) to access related Web
pages.
HTTP and HTML are two of the major ingredients that define the Web. If you add
URLs, browsers, and Web servers to this recipe, you’ll have a pretty complete
menu of the basic technologies that make the Web work.
A web server stores data from Web pages that form a Web site. One way to store
data for a Web page is as a file called an HTML document – a plain text, document
with embedded HTML tags. Some of these tags specify how the document is to be
displayed when viewed in a browser.
Other tags contain links to related document, graphics, sound, and video files that
are stored on Web servers. As an alternative to HTML documents, Web servers
can store Web page data in other types of files, such as databases. Data from
product databases, college course schedules, and music catalogues can be
assembled into HTML format “on the fly” in response to Web requests.

Task 1. Choose the ending for each sentence from the two versions given.

1. One way to store data for a web page is

a) a file called an HTML document.
b) a unique address called a URL.
2. Some of these tags specify how the document is
a) to be displayed when viewed in a browser.
b) to be identified by a unique address.
3. Business sites may include
a) price lists, information about products and comparisons of product features with
those of
competing products.
b) related documents, graphics, sound and video files.
4. HTTP is
a) a protocol that works with TCP/IP to get Web resources to your desktop.
b) a set of specifications for creating HTML documents that a browser can display
as a Web page.
GRAMMAR REVISION (TENSES)

Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into one of the present tense
forms.
1. Look! She __________________ (wear) the same shoes as me.
2. Vegetarians are people who ___________________ (not eat) meat.
3. Someone ___________________ (take) my bicycle.
4. I often ____________ (see) him but I never ________________
(speak) to him.
5. I ______________ (buy) a new carpet. Come and look at it.
6. It ____________________ (not rain) here since March.
7. My friends ______________ (like) meat but ___________________
(not like) fish.
8. Where is Tom? - He _________________ (lie) under the car.
9. She’s a school teacher. She _________________ (teach) maths.
10. How long you ____________________ (live) here?
11. How often you ___________________ (fall) in love?
12. The postman usually ________________ (come) at 9 in the
morning.
13. Hey! Somebody _____________________ (drink) my coffee! My
cup was full.
14. I _____________________ (sit) here in the park for an hour, and I
___________ (meet) three
friends of mine.
15. I already __________________ (break) two plates. Shall I go on
washing up?
16. I have a car but I ___________________ (not use) it very often.
17. They __________________________ (talk) so loudly that we can’t
really hear your words.
18. Phil is happy. He___________________ (find) a new job.
19. Alice never ________________ (go) to work by bus.
20. I ________________ (lose) my key. I must look for it in my bag.
Exercise 2. Choose the right variant.

1. Let's ______ before it ______ raining.

a) go out, starts c) go out, 'll start
b) to go out, starts d) going out, starts
2. Before the end of my holiday, I'm afraid, I ______ all my money.
a) spend c) 'll have spent
b) spent d) 'll spend
3. Our house is similar to ______.
a) them c) their
b) they d) theirs
4. He is one of ______ men in the world.
a) richer c) the richest
b) richest d) a rich
5. ______ more I got to know him, ______ more I liked him.
a) the, the с) а, а
b) -, - d) a, the
6. Nobody has seen Mary for days. Who was the last ______ her?
a) seeing c) see
b) having seen d) to see
7. It's not warm ______ to sit in the garden.
a) enough c) well
b) so d) too
8. What a boring film! It's the most boring film I ______.
a) have never seen c) had ever seen
b) saw d) 've ever seen
9. We didn't have any money but Nick had ______.
a) few c) a little
b) a few d) little
10. They tried to study but they just couldn't concentrate
a) them c) —
b) theirs d) themselves
11. Three thousand dollars ______ stolen in the robbery.
a) was c) is
b) were d) are
12. Unfortunately ______ was very shocking.
a) a news c) new
b) news d) the news
13. Do you often go to a cinema? No, it's a long time since I ______
there.
a) went c) go
b) am going d) have gone
14. He _________ to bed early but now he goes out every evening.
a) used to go c) used going
b) didn't use to go d) used to going
15. You won't pass the driving test unless you ______ more.
a) '11 practise c) don't practise
b) notpractise d) practise
16. Jack is in ______ hospital now and his sister went to ______ hospital
to visit him.
a) —, the c) the, the
b) -, - d) -, a
17.1 realized that my car ______ away by the police.
a) was taken b) has been taken
с) had been taken d) will be taken
18. "I've got few friends." "______."
a) Neither have I c) So do I
b) Neither do I d) So have I
19. In the afternoon I do some work for the big company ______ my
computer.
a) having used c) using
b) will using d) to use

Exercise 3. Choose the right variant.

1 He'll send her a postcard when he ______ on holiday.

a) was c) will be
b) were d) is
2. When you see her she ______ a red hat.
a) will be wearing c) will wear
b) wears d) wear
3.I was astonished since I ______ so many people before.
a) didn't see c) have seen
b) saw d) hadn't seen
4. She is ______ intelligent but ______ lazy.
a) quite, rather c) rather, quite
b) quite, quite d) rather, rather
5. We stopped at _______ pretty village on ______ way to ______
London.
a) the, -, the c) a, the —
b) a, a, - d) the, a, -
6. Who was the last person ______ the office last night?
a) to leave c) left
b) has left d) leaving
7. That picture is ______ heavy to hang on the wall.
a) enough c) such
b) so d) too
8. We ______ a lot of famous people in the last few weeks.
a) have met c) had met
b) met d) meet
9. I had never expected to be offered the job, I was really ______ when I
was offered it.
a) amazing c) more amazing
b) amazed d) less amazed
10. You are always nervous and excited. Why don't you relax ______
more?
a) you c) yourself
b) yours d) —
11. We went on holiday with some friends of ______.
a) ours c) us
b) our d) him
12. Could you give me a lift? Ten kilometres ______ too far for me to
walk.
a) are c) is
b) not d) aren't