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CCC CC CCCC C CCCC

MUGHAL AND PERSIAN

GARDENS

Here is where your

presentation begins
CCC CC CCCC C CCCC
TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 02
INTRODUCTION FEATURES
A Brief introduction About the style of the
along with history gardens and characteristics

03 04 05
MATERIALITY TAJ MAHAL NAQSH-E-JAHAN
Understanding of the materiality Case study on the char Brief study on
and construction techniques bagh in Taj complex Naqsh-e-jahan square
CCC CC CCCC C CCCC
INTRODUCTION
PERSIAN GARDENS- The Persian Garden consists of a collection of nine gardens, selected from various
regions of Iran, which tangibly represent the diverse forms that this type of designed garden has assumed
over the centuries and in different climatic conditions.

"The highly disciplined geometry".

● Persian gardens have been evolved through the history of Persian Empire in regard to the culture and
beliefs of the society
● The purpose of designing gardens in Persia, was not only limited to providing green spaces for the
inhabitants, but also creating the opportunity for further interaction between the human and nature as
well as creating various ranges of functions
● The philosophical design concept of Persian gardens is believed to be rooted in the four sacred elements of
water, wind, fire and soil.
● The geometrical design of Persian gardens has been reflected in Persian carpets, potteries and visual arts.
CCC CC CCCC C CCCC
INTRODUCTION
MUGHAL GARDENS- Mughal gardens are a type of garden built by the Mughals. This style was
influenced by the Persian gardens and Timurid gardens. particularly the Charbagh structure,which is
intended to create a representation of an earthly utopia in which humans co-exist in perfect harmony
with all elements of nature

● From the beginnings of the Mughal Empire, the construction of gardens was a beloved imperial
pastime.
● Like Persian and Central Asian gardens, water became the central and connecting theme of the
Mughal gardens.
● Water played an effective role in the Mughal gardens right from the time of Babur.
● He was more interested in ‘beauty’ than ‘ecclesiastical prescription
● Almost all the Mughal gardens contained buildings such as residential palaces, forts, mausoleums,
and mosques.
● The gardens became an essential feature of almost each kind of Mughal monuments and were
interrelated to these monuments
CCC CC CCCC C CCCC
HISTORY

PERSIAN GARDENS
(4000 BC), THE BABUR (11520- AKBAR (1555- 1608) BUILT JAHANGIR SHAH JAHAN- (1628-1658) MARKS THE
TRADITION BEGAN 1530) FIRST GARDENS IN DELHI & (1000 -1627) APEX OF MUGHAL GARDEN
WITH THE MUGHAL KING. AGRA- BUILDING LAY OUT OF ARCHITECTURE AND FLORAL DESIGN
ACHAEMENID GARDENS IN RIVERFRONT GARDENS THE FAMOUS HAD NIGHT GARDENS THAT WAS
DYNASTY AROUND LAHORE AND RATHER THAN THE SHALIMAR FILLED WITH NIGHT BLOOMING
THE 600 BCE. DHOLPUR FORTRESS GARDEN GARDEN JASMINE AND OTHER PALE FLOWERS.

● The founder of the mughal empire babur discovered his favourite type of garden as a charbagh dividing the garden into 4 equal
quadrants
● Humayun his son does not seen to have had much time for building Akbar built several gardens first in Delhi then in in Agra
Akbar's new capital
● The Akbar's heir, Jahangir did not built as much but he help to lay out a famous Shalimar garden and was known for his great love
for flowers.
● Jahangir’s son Shah jahan marks apex of mughal garden architecture and floral design. He is famous for the construction of Taj mahal
and Red fort which contains the Mehtab bagh
● Thus, he began constructing gardens and the assorted waterworks necessary to remind him of his ancestral land, which was followed
suit by his successors, changing the landscape of their empire. He brought the Persian wheel water supply system to create the
gardens as the Indian plains were different from his homeland where the natural flow of water was used.
CCC CC CCCC C CCCC
CHARACTERISTICS
● Geometric structure:Most gardens have rectangular plans and have been divided into
square or pseudo-square shapes
● Irrigation and fountains network :The canals were straight for practical reasons; trees
planted followed straight lines along the canals
● The Entrance:In line with the concept of introversion as an Iranian/Islamic approach to
design, gardens were surrounded by non-transparent walls.
● Straight network:The streets or footpath networks of Persian gardens were always
perpendicular straight lines and coincident with the garden axes
● Pavilion:Pavilions in Persian gardens are extroverted structures
● Hierarchy:To protect the garden from outside and in line with the principle of
introversion in Islamic architecture, entering the garden and the pathway to the pavilion
has been designed with an accurate hierarchy
● These gardens usually have a similar dialogue in their conceptual attributes
CCC CC CCCC C CCCC
CHARACTERISTICS
● Significant use of Rectilinear Layouts are made within the walled enclosures.
● Typical features include, pools,fountains and canals inside gardens
● It had large walls and great gateways
● Mughals included the charbagh plan
● Mughals included symbolism in the gardens
● The bhags included various types of flowering trees, fruiting trees, grass with
birds to fill in the garden
● Some gardens have centre raised platforms and hillocks, surmounted by CANALS
palaces or pavilions

FLOWERS OF DIFFERENT
SPECIES
POOLS FOUNTAINS
CCC CC CCCC C CCCC
MATERIALITY CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGIES
Red sandstone Marble Sang ghulula
● The symmetry of the plan and drawing
were prepared through exact
measurement of each section and
apartments
● Accurate figures followed during digging
up of foundation
● Lay the foundation by using stones and
Red sandstone was Marble was Sang ghulula were plaster mortar.
easily obtainable in brought from brought at the work ● Lahauri uses saruj for mortar and Abul
the hills of Fatehpur Makrana in site of Agra from Fazl describes it sang-o-gach which was
Sikri Rajasthan Delhi used to the moat of Agra fort with stones

Burnt bricks Sang Safed Sang Siyah

● A schematic diagram of a Persian

garden.
● Quadripartite structure with focal
water feature, connecting
aqueducts, and surrounding trees,
as well as the placement of the
structure
CCC CC CCCC C CCCC

01
TAJ MAHAL GARDENS

Case study on the char

bagh in Taj complex
CCC CC CCCC C CCCC
LAYOUT
● The garden is an integral part of Taj Mahal structure
● It starts from the end of the gateway and ends near the squared base of mausoleum
concept-paradise garden" Persian Timurid style of garden
● It is filled with flowers, fruits, birds, leaves symmetry and delicacy served with many
functions along with portraying strong
● A Paradise consists of four rivers- one of water, one of milk, one of honey and one of
wine.
● The total area of Taj Mahal complex 580 meter by 300 meter of which gardens cover
an area of 300 by 300 meter.
● geometric arrangements of nature No attempt was made to give them a natural look
Architectural attribute to the garden is the usage of number 4 and its multiples
● The entire garden is divided into four parts, with two marble canals studded with
fountains crossing in the centre
● In each quarter portion, there are 16 flowerbeds divided by stone paved raised paths
Each flowerbed was planted with 400 plants.
CCC CC CCCC C CCCC
LAYOUT CHANNELS

FOUNTAIN
THE ‘MOONLIGHT GARDEN’ TO
THE NORTH OF THE RIVER
YAMUNA WATER POOL

YAMUNA

ORNAMENTAL POOL

THE RIVERFRONT TERRACE,

CONTAINING THE
MOSQUE AND GUEST HOUSE
MAUSOLEUM, MOSQUE AND
JAWAB
MAUSOLEUM

THE CHARBAGH GARDEN WATER CHANNEL

CONTAINING PAVILIONS
WATER FOUNTAIN

GATEWAY
THE JILAUKHANA CONTAINING
ACCOMMODATION FOR THE TOMB
ATTENDANTS AND TWO MAIN GATEWAY
SUBSIDIARY TOMBS

FORECOURT
THE TAJ GANJI, ORIGINALLY A
BAZAAR AND CARAVANSERAI ONLY
TRACES OF WHICH ARE STILL SERVANT QUARTERS
PRESERVED. THE GREAT GATE LIES
BETWEEN THE JILAUKHANA AND
THE GARDEN
CCC CC CCCC C CCCC
PLANTATIONS
● Cyprus (signifying death) and the fruit. bearing type (signifying life)
They are arranged in a symmetrical 0 pattern.
● At the center of the garden is a raised marble lotus-tank with a
cusped border, which reflects the Taj in its waters.
● An unhindered view of the mausoleum from any spot.
● The four walkways that are identical are differentiated through their
context. Aesthetically maintained gardens are great snap taking spots.

DURING MUGHAL PERIOD

PRESENT
CCC CC CCCC C CCCC
WATER DEVICES
● Water was drawn from the river by a series of purs (a manual system of drawing
water from river using bucket and ropes) through a wide water channel into an
huge oblong storage tank.
● The water was again raised above by a series of 13 purs driven by bullocks into a
channel. For irrigation of the garden, water from the overflowing canals was used.
● A number of copper pots were used for separate fountains in the north-south canal,
lotus pond and the surrounding canal. The main supply of water was obtained
through a series of earthenware pipes. The unique water devices depict that the
Mughal water expert was a master of his art and ensured the unobstructed supply of
water for centuries.
CCC CC CCCC C CCCC
Plantations
CCC CC CCCC C CCCC
● Dense forest could be seen in the
charbagh with no clear view to the
mosques beside the mausoleum
from the road level
● Compound enclosed within the
pathway besides water channels
PRESENT GENERATION

MUGHAL PERIOD

● Char bagh was converted to simple

gardens giving clear views towards
the mausoleum and the mosques
● Compound enclosement of the whole
char bagh along with the mausoleum
part
CCC CC CCCC C CCCC

02
Shazdeh Mahan Garden

Case study on the char bagh

in Shazdeh Mahan Garden
CCC CC CCCC C CCCC
LAYOUT
Shazdeh Mahan Garden meaning the Prince`s
Garden in Mahan is a historical Persian garden
located near Mahan in Kerman province, Iran.
● Through a superficial view, the structure of Persian gardens seems to be
●
unsophisticated
The water axes defining the chahar-bagh include a main one which leads the
user from the entrance gateway to the central pavilion and a secondary one
with a turquoise-tiled water channel
● The presence of water in Persian gardens has a dual application; a functional
● application of irrigation besides an ornamental and aesthetic purpose
Therefore, the pattern of chahar-bagh is usually defined with the
intersected water channels or streams.
● The streams usually had a sufficient slope to enable the irrigation system
required for the garden.
● The water coming from far distances into the water channels had a significant
impact on the design of gardens; to the extent of the claim that the structure of
gardens has been shaped according to the irrigation system
CCC CC CCCC C CCCC
LAYOUT

● One of the unique features of Persian gardens is being fenced or walled around its perimeter.
● Introversion has been rooted in Persian beliefs and culture and it is evident in almost every feature of Iranian
architecture.
● In this sense, the whole plan and structure of Persian gardens had been enclosed within walls to provide the image of an
internal paradise in the heart of deserts guarded against the eyes of strangers.
● The function of these walls was not only to create a boundary, but also to act as an interface between the dry hot outer
area and the green, shady and semi-paradise inner area
CCC CC CCCC C CCCC
SEMANTIC VALUES IN PERSIAN GARDENS
● Culture and identity in a society can affect the architecture and the meanings intertwined with the architecture.
● Mythology and symbolism are the elements that may shape the culture and affect the architecture of a nation and, in this
case, the garden.
● Objects such as sun, moon, water, tree and mountain were respectful to the ancient cultures.
● The relationship between architecture and landscape might be rooted in the worldview of the society in regard to the
nature.
● The presence of evergreen trees is firstly due to the users’ need for shade and secondly is associated with the heaven’s trees
which are finitely green and fresh.
CCC CC CCCC C CCCC
SEMANTIC VALUES IN PERSIAN GARDENS

● Trees’ shades make the severe, hot and dry territories of Iran tolerable and even desirable like a paradise and this can intensify
the Iranians’ respect for trees and plants. Trees are either shady such as cypress, elm and sycamore or fruitful.
● The pathways (along the plots) were usually designed very narrow in order to be shaded by the shady trees.
● Cypress trees which inevitably appear in Persian gardens symbolize immortality. Cypresses often border the watercourses
which divide the garden into plots (Moynihan 1980).
● Additionally the shade of trees prevents the excessive evaporation of the water flowing in channels. The surrounding trees
define the axis and emphasize it in an aesthetical way.