 DPD (Digital Predistortion)

 Analog , Digital and Hybrid Beamforming in

5G Network .
Presented by :
Ahmed Hassan
Merna waleed
Hussein salah

Presented to :
Dr/ Ramez Mohamed
What is 5G Beamforming ?
Beamforming is the application of multiple radiating elements
transmitting the same signal at an identical wavelength and phase,
which combine to create a single antenna with a longer, more targeted
stream which is formed by reinforcing the waves in a specific
direction.
Types of Beamforming :
1. Analog Beamforming.
2. Digital Beamformin .
3. Hybrid Beamforming.

Analog Beamforming :
beamforming in early years started as a humble analog solution
that was improved gradually in multiple stages. It began with
fixed phase shifters for generating beam at a single frequency.
Flexibility was later incorporated through a switching
architecture with several phase shifters, each for a different
beam pattern. Finally, adjustable phase shifters at each antenna
element were introduced to enable flexible and adaptive beams
that could look into any direction.
On the Tx side, the baseband signal is generated in the digital
domain that is converted into an analog signal through a
Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC), up-converted to a higher
carrier frequency (e.g., 28 GHz) and then fed to an analog
beamforming network through a splitter. Here, the weights are
applied through several digitally controlled phase shifters, one
per antenna element. Generating complicated beam patterns,
e.g., in a multiuser environment, is not easy to implement
through analog components. On the Rx side, the arriving signal
is phase shifted at each element before combined, filtered and
downconverted to baseband or intermediate frequency. Digital
samples are then produced through the ADC. Since the signal
has already been beamformed in the analog domain before, the
sampled signal is a superposition of various waves which
cannot be manipulated in digital domain.

Digital Beamforming :
In this case, each antenna element has its own dedicated RF
chain as well as individual DACs and ADCs. Recalling the
sampling analogy, this implies that the gain and phase of each
spatial sample is adjusted in an individual manner along with
baseband processing before upconversion at Tx or after
downconversion at Rx. This enables a true implementation of
mathematical algorithms with maximum flexibility, most of
which treat each antenna output as an accessible sample
Hybrid Beamforming :
Hybrid beamforming is a compromise between low power but less
flexible analog beamforming and power hungry but fully flexible digital
beamforming solutions. This two-stage architecture is drawn in the
figure below where precoding or combining is done first in the analog
part and later in the digital domain. While the antenna elements are still
driven by analog phase shifters, the number of RF chains and ADC/DAC
are lesser than the number of antennas. Precoding is then performed in
the digital domain at the level of radio chains. This reduction in the
number of data converters and corresponding chains results in less cost,
computational load and power consumption. Multiple spatial streams
can also be supported, albeit only up to the number of RF chains and
hence less than what pure digital beamforming has to offer. In summary,
both the digital and analog beamforming work together in this case to
improve the coverage or to provide multiple beams to spatially
separated users.
Comparison between analog , digital and hybrid
beamforming :
Type of Advantages
beamforming
Analog 1. Simplicity:Analog
beamforming systems are
Beamforming simpler in design, requiring
fewer components and less
complex signal processing.
2. Lower Cost: Due to its
simplicity, analog beamforming
is generally more cost-effective
compared to digital or hybrid
methods.
3. Low Power Consumption: The
use of analog components
typically results in lower power
consumption compared to digital
alternatives.
Digital 1. Flexibility and Precision:
Digital beamforming provides
beamforming high flexibility and precision in
steering beams and adapting to
changing wireless environments. for multiple RF chains
2. Adaptability: It offers adaptive corresponding to each
beamforming, enabling the
adjustment of beams to mitigate
interference and improve signal
quality.
3. High Performance: Well-suited complexity of digital
for massive MIMO systems,
allowing for the exploitation of
spatial diversity and enhancing
spectral efficiency.
Disadvantages
1. Limited Adaptability:
Analog beamforming offers
limited adaptability in
adjusting beam patterns or
handling interference,
lacking the flexibility of
digital methods.
2. Less Precision:It provides
less precision in steering
beams and controlling
signal processing compared
to digital techniques.
3. Scalability Issues
Analog beamforming might
not scale well with larger
antenna arrays due to
limitations in adaptability
and control.
1. Higher Complexity:
Digital beamforming
requires more complex
hardware due to the need
antenna element, leading to
increased cost and power
consumption.
2. Increased Cost: The
systems often results in
higher costs compared to
analog implementations.
3. Power Consumption:
Digital beamforming
typically consumes more
power compared to analog
counterparts, impacting
battery life in portable

Hybrid 1. Balanced Complexity: Hybrid
beamforming combines the
Beamforming: advantages of both analog and
digital techniques, reducing
hardware complexity and cost
compared to fully digital
methods.
2. Improved Efficiency: It offers
better adaptability and efficiency
compared to purely analog
approaches while being more
cost-effective than fully digital
implementations.
3.Suitable for Mid-sized Arrays:
Ideal for mid-sized antenna
arrays, striking a balance
between performance and
complexity.
devices.
1. Complexity Trade-offs:
Although less complex than
fully digital methods,
hybrid beamforming still
involves coordination
between analog and digital
domains, leading to some
added complexity.
2. Limited Performance:
May not provide the same
level of adaptability and
precision as fully digital
systems, especially in
scenarios requiring fine-
grained control over a large
number of antennas
What is DPD ?
Digital Predistortion (DPD) is a signal processing
technique used in wireless communication systems,
including those operating at millimeter-wave
(mmWave) frequencies. It aims to mitigate the
nonlinear distortion effects that occur in high-power
amplifiers (HPAs) used in transmitters.

multiuser hybrid multiple-input multiple-output

(MIMO) systems at mmWave frequencies, DPD plays a
crucial role in improving system performance. Hybrid
MIMO combines the benefits of both analog and digital
beamforming techniques to achieve beamforming
gains while reducing the complexity and power
consumption associated with fully digital MIMO
systems.

At mmWave frequencies, the nonlinear distortion

effects become more pronounced due to the
characteristics of HPAs. These nonlinearities can
degrade the signal quality, introduce interference, and
limit the achievable data rates. DPD techniques are
employed to pre-compensate for these nonlinear
distortions by applying a predistortion function to the
baseband signals before they are amplified and
transmitted.

By using DPD in multiuser hybrid MIMO systems at

mmWave frequencies, the transmitter can compensate
for the nonlinear distortion effects on each user's
signal individually. This helps to maintain signal quality,
reduce interference, and improve overall system
performance. DPD algorithms are designed based on
the characteristics of the specific HPA being used and
updated dynamically to account for variations in the
amplifier's behavior.
1. Millimeter-Wave (mmWave) Frequencies: mmWave
frequencies refer to the high-frequency band of the
electromagnetic spectrum, typically ranging from 30
GHz to 300 GHz. These frequencies offer large
bandwidths, enabling high data rates and capacity in
wireless communication systems.

2. Multiuser Hybrid MIMO Systems: Multiuser MIMO

(MU-MIMO) is a technology that allows multiple users

to simultaneously transmit and receive data on the same

frequency channel, increasing spectral efficiency. Hybrid
MIMO combines analog and digital beamforming
methods to optimize the performance of MIMO systems.
Analog beamforming is used at the RF (Radio
Frequency) front-end to steer beams towards desired
users, while digital beamforming is applied at the
baseband using digital signal processing techniques.
3. Nonlinear Distortion in High-Power Amplifiers (HPAs):
High-power amplifiers (HPAs) are crucial components in
wireless transmitters that amplify the signals before
transmission. However, HPAs introduce nonlinear
distortions, which occur when the amplifier's response
deviates from the ideal linear behavior.

4. Digital Predistortion (DPD): DPD is a signal processing

technique used to compensate for the nonlinear
distortions introduced by HPAs. It involves applying an
inverse distortion function to the baseband signals before
amplification.

In the context of multiuser hybrid MIMO at mmWaves,

DPD is employed to mitigate nonlinear distortions on a per-
user basis. Each user's signal is individually predistorted to
counteract the specific nonlinear effects of the HPA. This
helps maintain signal quality, reduce inter-user interference,
and improve overall system performance.

DPD algorithms can be complex and computationally

intensive due to the need for real-time adaptation and
compensation. However, they are essential in mmWave
communication systems to ensure reliable and efficient
signal transmission, particularly in multiuser scenarios
where multiple users share the same frequency resources.
By employing DPD in multiuser hybrid MIMO systems at
mmWave frequencies, wireless networks can achieve
higher data rates, increased capacity, and improved spectral
efficiency, ultimately enhancing the user experience and
enabling a wide range of applications in areas such as ultra-
high-definition video streaming, virtual reality, and massive
Internet of Things (IoT) deployments.