Verbs are an essential part of language, and understanding their various forms and functions is crucial

for effective communication. Here is a comprehensive lecture on verbs:

What are Verbs?

Verbs are words that express actions, events, or states of being. They are the central element of a
sentence, and they typically involve a subject (the doer or recipient of the action) and an object (the
thing or person affected by the action).

Types of Verbs

1. *Action Verbs*: These verbs express physical or mental actions, such as "run," "think," or "create."

Action verbs are a type of verb that expresses physical or mental action, occurrence, or activity. They are
the most common type of verb and are used to describe what is happening, has happened, or will
happen in a sentence or phrase.

characteristics of action verbs:

 1. *Express action*: Action verbs  3. *Voluntary*: Action verbs often

express physical or mental action, such
as "run," "think," or "create."
 2. *Dynamic*: Action verbs are
dynamic, meaning they describe an
action that is happening, has happened,
or will happen.
imply voluntary action, meaning the
subject is intentionally performing the
action.
 4. *Transitive or intransitive*: Action
verbs can be transitive (take an object)
or intransitive (do not take an object).

Examples of action verbs include:

 - Physical actions: "run," "jump," "read,"  - Actions of movement: "go," "come,"

"write" "move," "travel"
 - Mental actions: "think," "believe,"  - Actions of communication: "speak,"
"know," "understand" "write,"
 - Actions of the senses: "see," "hear,"
"taste," "smell"

 "listen," "read"

 Action verbs can be classified into
different categories, such as:
 - *Motion verbs*: "go," "come,"
"move," "travel"
 - *Action verbs of the senses*: "see,"
"hear," "taste," "smell"
 - *Cognitive verbs*: "think," "believe,"
"know," "understand"
 - *Communication verbs*: "speak,"
"write," "listen," "read"
 - *Creative verbs*: "create," "make,"
"build," "design"

Action verbs are essential for effective communication, as they help to describe what is happening, has
happened, or will happen in a situation. They are used in a variety of contexts, including everyday
conversation, writing, and storytelling.

2. *Linking Verbs*: Linking verbs are verbs that connect the subject of a sentence to additional
information, such as an adjective or a noun phrase. They do not show action, but rather a state of being
or a condition.

Here are five sentences each under the following characteristics of linking verbs:

Connect the subject to additional information

1. She is a doctor. (Connects "She" to the additional information "a doctor")

2. He seems tired. (Connects "He" to the additional information "tired")

3. The cake appears delicious. (Connects "The cake" to the additional information "delicious")

4. The weather is sunny. (Connects "The weather" to the additional information "sunny")

5. The book is on the table. (Connects "The book" to the additional information "on the table")

Describe a state of being

 1. I am happy. (Describes the state of  3. He is a teacher. (Describes the state

being "happy") of being "a teacher")
 2. She is a student. (Describes the state  4. The water is cold. (Describes the
of being "a student") state of being "cold")
  5. The city is crowded. (Describes the
state of being "crowded")

Connect the subject to a predicate nominative

 1. She became a doctor. (Connects  4. The city remained crowded.

"She" to the predicate nominative "a
doctor")
 2. He remained a teacher. (Connects
"He" to the predicate nominative "a
teacher")
 3. The company became successful.
(Connects "The company" to the
predicate nominative "successful")
(Connects "The city" to the predicate
nominative "crowded")
 5. The book became a bestseller.
(Connects "The book" to the predicate
nominative "a bestseller")

Note that some linking verbs can fit into more than one category, and some categories can overlap.
These examples are meant to illustrate each characteristic, but are not exhaustive.

3. *Helping Verbs* also called auxiliary verbs, are verbs that are used to help form the tense, mood, or
voice of another verb. The most common helping verbs are:

 1. Be (is, am, are, been)  3. Do (does, did)

 2. Have (has, had)

The first three are called primary auxiliary verbs. They can be the main verb in a sentence and
sometimes helps the main verbi sentences.

4. Will (will, would) 8. Must (must, had to)

5. Shall (shall, should) 9. Should (should, ought to)

6. Can (can, could) 10. Would (would, used to)

7. May (may, might)

Here are some sentences using helping verbs:

1. Be: 5. Shall:

- I am studying English. - I shall attend the meeting tomorrow.

- She is writing a letter. - She shall have finished her project by next
week.
2. Have:
6. Can:
- I have eaten breakfast.
- I can speak French fluently.
- She had finished her homework.
- She could play the piano when she was a
3. Do: child.
- I do my homework every day. 7. May:
- She did her homework yesterday. - I may attend the meeting tomorrow.
4. Will: (present simple)

- I will attend the meeting tomorrow. (future - She may have finished her project by next
simple) week. (present simple)

- She will have finished her project by next

week. (future perfect)

4. *Transitive Verbs*: These verbs take an object, such as "write," "paint," or "buy." E.g

 1. She wrote a letter. (The verb "wrote"
takes the object "letter")
 2. He painted a picture. (The verb
"painted" takes the object "picture")
 3. They bought a car. (The verb
"bought" takes the object "car")
 4. She ate a sandwich. (The verb "ate"
takes the object "sandwich")
 5. He read a book. (The verb "read"
takes the object "book")

5. *Intransitive Verbs*: These verbs do not take an object, such as "sleep," "laugh," or "cry."

1. She laughed. (The verb "laughed" does not 3. They arrived. (The verb "arrived" does not
take an object) take an object)

2. He slept. (The verb "slept" does not take an 4. She cried. (The verb "cried" does not take an
object) object)
5. He smiled. (The verb "smiled" does not take
an object)

Note that some verbs can be both transitive and intransitive, depending on the context in which they
are used. For example:

 - She ran. (Intransitive)  - She ran a marathon. (Transitive)

In the first sentence, "ran" is an intransitive verb, but in the second sentence, it is a transitive verb taking
the object "marathon".

6. *Regular Verbs*: These verbs follow a predictable pattern when forming their tenses, such as "walk,"
"run," or "jump."

1. *Base form:* walk

- *Past form:* walked

- *Past participle:* walked

2. *Base form:* run

- *Past form:* ran

- *Past participle:* run

3. *Base form:* study

- *Past form:* studied

- *Past participle:* studied

4. *Base form:* play

- *Past form:* played

- *Past participle:* played

5. *Base form:* work

- *Past form:* worked

- *Past participle:* worked

6. *Base form:* live

 - *Past form:* lived

- *Past participle:* lived

7. *Base form:* learn

- *Past form:*

learned

- *Past participle:* learned

8. *Base form:* write

- *Past form:* wrote

- *Past participle:* written

Note that the past participle form is used with helping verbs like "has", "have", and "had" to form the
present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses. For example:

7. *Irregular Verbs*: These verbs do not follow a predictable pattern when forming their tenses, such as
"go," "take," or "be."

1. _Base form:_ go - _Past form:_ was/were

- _Past form:_ went - _Past participle:_ been

- _Past participle:_ gone 4. _Base form:_ have

2. _Base form:_ take - _Past form:_ had

- _Past form:_ took - _Past participle:_ had

- _Past participle:_ taken 5. _Base form:_ do

3. _Base form:_ be - _Past form:_ did

 - _Past participle:_ done - _Past form:_ made

6. _Base form:_ say - _Past participle:_ made

- _Past form:_ said 8. _Base form:_ know

- _Past participle:_ said - _Past form:_ knew

7. _Base form:_ make - _Past participle:_ known

Note that irregular verbs do not follow a predictable pattern when forming their tenses, and their past
and past participle forms must be memorized.

*Verb Forms*

_1. Bare Form (Base Form)_

- The basic form of a verb without any tense or aspect indicated

- Used as a verb, noun, or adjective

Examples:

- I like to read books. (verb)

- Reading is my favorite hobby. (noun)

- The reading room is quiet. (adjective)

_2. Gerund Form_

- The -ing form of a verb used as a noun

- Often used as a subject, complement, or object of a sentence

Examples:
  - I love swimming in the ocean. (subject)
 - Her favorite hobby is painting. (complement)
 - I enjoy watching movies. (object)

_3. Infinitive Form_

- The to-form of a verb used as a noun, adjective, or adverb

- Often used to express purpose, intention, or possibility

Examples:

 - I want to learn how to play the guitar. (noun)

 - This is a difficult book to read. (adjective)
 - She worked hard to succeed. (adverb)

Note:

- The bare form and infinitive form are often the same, but the infinitive form is used with the particle
"to".

- The gerund form is always used with the -ing ending.

Verb Tenses And Aspects

Differences between Tenses and aspects.

Aspects and tenses are two related but distinct concepts in linguistics, particularly in the study of verb
conjugation.

*Tenses*:refer to the time at which an action takes place, such as:

*Present Tense*- Used to describe actions that happen regularly, are true in general, or are happening
1. I go to school every day. 4. We study English together.

2. She eats breakfast at 8am. 5. He works as an engineer.

3. They live in Paris.

uses of the present tense

*Habit  1. The meeting is at 2 PM today.

 2. The concert is tonight at 8 PM.
 1. I go to the gym every day.
 2. She brushes her teeth twice a day.

 *Permanent situations*
 1. I live in New York.
*General truths*  2. They reside in Paris.
1. Water boils at 100°C.

 2. The Earth orbits around the Sun. *Temporary situations*

 1. I am staying at a hotel.
 *Actions happening now*  2. She is working as an intern.
 1. I am writing an email.
 2. They are watching a movie.
*Repeated actions*

 1. I exercise every morning.

 *Scheduled events*  2. They practice yoga every evening.

*Cycles*

 1. The seasons come and go.

 2. The tides rise and fall.

*Feelings and emotions*

 1. I love reading books.

 2. She hates eating vegetables.

Note that some of these examples could fit into more than one category, but I've listed them according
to the primary expression they illustrate.
*Past Tense*- Used to describe completed actions in the past

Examples:

1. I went to school yesterday. 4. We studied English together last semester.

2. She ate breakfast at 8am yesterday. 5. He worked as an engineer for five years.

3. They lived in Paris last year.

*Future Tense*- Used to describe actions that will happen in the future

Examples:

1. I will go to school tomorrow. 4. We will study English together next semester.

2. She will eat breakfast at 8am tomorrow. 5. He will work as an engineer for a new
company.
3. They will live in Paris next year.

Note:

- The present tense is used for habitual or general truths, and for actions happening now.

- The past tense is used for completed actions in the past.

- The future tense is used for actions that will happen in the future.

- The verb conjugation changes depending on the tense, person, and number (singular or plural).
*ASPECTS*:

Aspects of verbs refer to the way in which the action described by the verb is viewed or experienced.
Here are the main aspects of verbs, along with three examples each:

*Present Progressive*- Used to describe an

ongoing or continuous action happening now

1. I am studying for my exam. 3. They are working on a new project.

2. She is eating breakfast.

*Past Progressive*- Used to describe an

ongoing or continuous action happening at a
specific time in the past

1. I was studying for my exam at 9pm last night. 3. They were working on a new project last
quarter.
2. She was eating breakfast at 8am yesterday.

*Future Progressive*- Used to describe an

ongoing or continuous action happening at a
specific time in the future

1. I will be studying for my exam at 9pm 3. They will be working on a new project next
tonight. quarter.

2. She will be eating breakfast at 8am

tomorrow.

2. She has just eaten breakfast.

3. They have been working on this project for

months.
*Present Perfect*- Used to describe an action
that started in the past and continues up to the
present
*Past Perfect*- Used to describe an action that
1. I have studied English for three years. happened before another action in the past

1. I had studied English for three years before I 2. She had eaten breakfast before she went to
moved to the US. school.
3. They had been working on this project for
months before it was cancelled.

*Future Perfect - Used to describe an action

that will be completed at a specific time in the
future

1. I will have studied English for three years by 3. They will have been working on this project
the time I graduate. for months by the time it is finished.

2. She will have eaten breakfast by the time she

arrives at school.

2. She had been eating breakfast for the past

*Present Perfect Progressive*- Used to
describe an action that started in the past and
continues up to the present, emphasizing the
ongoing nature of the action
hour before she felt sick.
3. They had been working on this project for
weeks before it was cancelled.

1. I have been studying English for three hours.

*Future Perfect Progressive*- Used to describe
2. She has been eating breakfast for the past an action that will start before a specific time in
hour. the future and continue up to that time

3. They have been working on this project for 1. I will have been studying English for three
weeks. hours by the time I take a break.

2. She will have been eating breakfast for the

past hour by the time she feels sick.
*Past Perfect Progressive*- Used to describe an
action that started before another action in the 3. They will have been working on this project
past and continued up to that time for weeks by the time it is finished.

1. I had been studying English for three hours

before I took a break.

Aspects describe the internal temporal structure of the action, such as whether it is ongoing, completed,
or repeated.

*Key differences*:
1. *Time vs. Viewpoint*: Tenses focus on the time of the action, while aspects focus on the viewpoint or
perspective from which the action is considered.

2. *Verb conjugation*: Tenses are typically marked by verb conjugation, while aspects are marked by a
combination of verb conjugation and auxiliary verbs.

3. *Scope*: Tenses have a broader scope, covering the entire timeline, while aspects have a narrower
scope, focusing on the internal structure of the action.

4. *Meaning*: Tenses primarily convey temporal information, while aspects convey information about
the action's duration, completion, or repetition.

In summary, tenses and aspects are related but distinct concepts that work together to convey complex
temporal and aspectual information in language.

*Verb Conjugation*

Verb conjugation refers to the process of changing a verb's form to indicate tense, mood, voice, person,
and number. This includes:

1. *Tense*: Changing the verb's form to indicate time (present, past, future).

2. *Mood*: Changing the verb's form to indicate attitude (indicative, imperative, subjunctive).

3. *Voice*: Changing the verb's form to indicate whether the subject is performing or receiving the
action (active, passive).

4. *Person*: Changing the verb's form to indicate whether the subject is first person (I/we), second
person (you), or third person (he/she/it/they).

5. *Number*: Changing the verb's form to indicate whether the subject is singular or plural.

About book
This books talks of the verb and tense and aspect. The form of the verb has been treated in its simplest
form with examples to help learners grasp the concept of verbs.
Acknowledgements

Glory be to the all mighty God for his gift of life, blessings and protection bestowed on me to compile
facts on this book.

Dedication
This course material is dedicated to my family ,friends and learners.