Bahir Dar University

Bahir Dar Institute of Technology (BIT)

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
(Eeng6028)
Project on:
Hybrid PV-Battery-Diesel Energy System Assessment
On
Dek Island Desset Community

Group Members Name ID

Eyerus Kindie BDU1301073
Maru Yehualaw BDU1500381
Mulualem Guadie BDU1500432

Sub. To:-Teketay Mulu (PHD)

Sub.Date: Feb. 25/2024
Bahir Dar ,Ethiopia
Hybrid PV-Battery-Diesel Energy System
2024

Abstract

This study aims to supply electric energy via a hybrid PV(photovoltaic)-Diesel-Battery which is
remotely located from the Bahir dar, Ethiopia Lake Tana in a small community Dek Island Deset
(Latitude: 11° 35', Longitude: 37° 23', Altitude: 2500 m).Optimal sizing of hybrid PV-Diesel-
PV, Battery systems to be very economical compared to base diesel energy system as an energy
source for this community.

In this respect, the system was optimally sized with each Generic flat plate PV rated capacity of
7.8KW, diesel generator of Generic 50KW Fixed Capacity Genset, a Generic large, free
convertor of 15kW and 18 units of Generic 1 KWH Lead Acid with 48 V system voltage
batteries are optimized using Homer to supply total needed annual energy demand of
46.404.5KWH/day. Using hybrid PV-diesel-battery system and diesel system homer result
shows that, capital cost of PV-diesel-battery hybrid solution is nearly half of higher than that of a
base diesel generator system, while, the net present cost, representing cost over the lifetime of
the system, is less than one-thirty of the generator system.

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Table of Contents
List of Figures ........................................................................................................ ii
Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1
Zone of The load analysis and description ............................................................................................ 2

Objectives .............................................................................................................. 3
Methodologies ....................................................................................................... 4
Mathematical Modeling Analysis .......................................................................... 5
Modeling of Hybrid PV-Battery-Diesel system using Homer ................................ 8
Hybrid PV-Battery-Diesel Homer Simulation Results and Discussion ................... 9
Modeling of Diesel Generator System using Homer: ............................................14
Diesel Generator Homer Simulation Results and discussion .................................15
Comparison of Hybrid PV-Battery-Diesel System and only Diesel System: .........15
Conclusion ............................................................................................................16
Reference ..............................................................................................................17
Appendix ..............................................................................................................18

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List of Figures
Fig.1. Zone of The load analysis and description .........................................................................2
Fig.2 Schematic diagram of hybrid PV, Battery and Diesel System using homer .........................8
Fig. 3.Optimization Result ..........................................................................................................9
Fig. 4.Net Present Cost Summary Using Cost Type .....................................................................9
Fig. 5.Net Present Cost Summary by Using System Components .............................................. 10
Fig. 6.Cash Flow Assessment Using System Components ......................................................... 10
Fig. 7.Cash Flow Assessment Using Cost Type ......................................................................... 11
Fig.8.Economics Comparison Assessment................................................................................. 11
Fig. 9.Electrical Production Assessment .................................................................................... 12
Fig. 10.Renewable Penetration Assessment ............................................................................... 12
Fig. 11. Battery Storage Capacity Assessment ........................................................................... 13
Fig. 12.Solar PV Flat Plate Assessment ..................................................................................... 13
Fig. 13.Output of Converter Assessment ................................................................................... 14
Fig. 14.Schematic diagram of diesel generator system using homer ........................................... 14
Fig. 15.Optimization Result....................................................................................................... 15
Fig. 16.Net Present Cost Summary by Using Cost Type ............................................................ 15

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Introduction
Energy is a necessity like food and water. Everything around us requires energy. However, there
still exist several “off-grid” or remote locations, which, for financial or environmental reasons
related to their distance from an existing power line, are not connected to the utility grid.
Increased reliability and energy security issues are of the most benefits that can be achieved by
using hybrid renewable systems. In this project, a hybrid PV–diesel generator–battery system
supplying electric energy for a small community Dek Island Deset, Bahir dar Ethiopia far away
from the utility grid is analyzed. Most of this community derives their electricity from gasoline
or diesel powered generators, which can be noisy and have the disadvantage of increasing the
greenhouse gas emission which has a negative impact on the environment.

PV panels: - also called solar panels, generate electricity from the sun. The more sunshine that
falls on the panels, the more electricity is generated. Therefore it is important that the panels are
not shaded or dirty. Even a little shade reduces the performance considerably.

Diesel generators: - are used to meet the load requirements of many remote areas and also used
to produce electricity using diesel during the supply power is not available.

Battery Storage system: -is the energy storage, that is generated by the PV panels or the
generator, which is not consumed directly by the loads, will be stored in the batteries. The energy
can then be used later when needed.

Load is all electrical appliances connected to the system. It can be lamps, refrigerators,
computers, mobile phone chargers, TVs, kitchen appliances, laboratory equipment, and much
more. The electricity is delivered to the loads through AC distribution system of wires or cables.

Inverter: -can transform DC power into AC power. The electricity from solar panels and in
batteries is DC, but many loads are AC. Therefore it is necessary to transform from DC to AC.

HOMER Software: - is an abbreviation word (Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Electric

Renewable), simplifies the task of evaluating designs for both grid and off-grid-connected
power systems. It begins with simulation then performs optimization and finally sensitive
examination of the energy systems being planned, Then it determine the most suitable option that

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meets the requirements of technical feasibility in terms of lowest life cycle cost. It uses these
inputs to simulate different system configurations, or combinations of components, and generates
results that can view as a list of feasible configurations sorted by net present cost under the
Results button.

Zone of The load analysis and description

This study aims to supply electric energy via a hybrid PV(photovoltaic)-Diesel-Battery which is
remotely located from bahir dar town far away from the utility grid is analyzed in a small
community Dek Island Deset(Latitude: 11° 54.9'N, Longitude: 37° 16.2E', Altitude: 25000m).
The community consists of 500 households with total number of people around 3000.
Most of this community derives their electricity from gasoline or diesel powered generators,
which can be noisy and have the disadvantage of increasing the greenhouse gas emission which
has a negative impact on the environment. . Due to the high cost of running petrol/diesel
generators, many people are willing to shift from dek to Bahir dar town. The analysis indicated
that hybrid PV/diesel/battery systems were preferable to independent diesel systems regardless
of the load sizes, with a normal diesel price is not feasible

Fig.1. Zone of The load analysis and description

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Objectives
 To examine the feasibility of implementing PV, Battery and Diesel systems in an existing
unreliable hybrid diesel system in that Community.
 To evaluate the economic feasibility of a PV-Battery-diesel hybrid system for a given
lifetime compared to a diesel system.
 Availability of resources and costs are deciding and evaluate low net present value.
 Self-sufficient in generating, storing, and supplying electricity to the needed loads.
 How many, how much and what size of each Electric components are most efficient for
the system?

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Methodologies
The remote rural community selected as a case study in this project, is located at Dek Island
Deset, Lake Tana, Bahir dar, Ethiopia. The community consists of 500 households with total
number of people around 3000. This community uses diesel generator before, so we analyses the
hybrid energy system integrates numbers of hybrid electrical components such as solar PV panel,
diesel generator, invertors, and batteries. The energy generated by the PV panels and stored in
the battery bank has priority rather diesel system to supply the load. The criteria of selecting the
best hybrid energy component combination for a proposed site is based on cost, sustainability,
sensitivity, maturity of technology, efficiency and minimum use of diesel fuel, finally lowest net
present value. The following analysis frameworks are adopted in the selected community:

 Selected site specifications and load demand data

 Metrological data (solar radiation and temperature from NASA download)

 Modeling of Hybrid power system components using Homer Software

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Mathematical Modeling Analysis

We are analysis the following system components to select rating capacity, size and type of
electrical parameters:
 Load Calculation
 Generator sizing
 Solar PV Array Sizing
 Battery Bank Sizing
 Convertor Sizing
 Assumption
 Battery efficiency and depth of discharge is 85%
 System voltage 48V
 Output voltage of battery 24V
 Battery efficiency 85%
Step 1: Modeling of Electrical Load:

Total Power (w) =12,030.5W per day

Total Energy (E) =P*t =46,404.5=46.404KHW per day
Step 2: Modeling of PV Panel:

Total Energy required per day=46,404.5WH, so 46, 404.5WH is required for solar PV panel.
PV array sizing:
Total Energy required per day
Array energy required (Er) =
temp.derating factor ∗ battery efficiency

Where; Temp. derating factor = 1- 0.004 * ΔT, battery efficiency 85%

Supposing, the ΔT about 30° C on average per year at that location, then Temp. derating factor =

1- 0.004 * 30 = 0.88

Array energy required(Er) = 46404.5 WH / (0.88 * 0.85) = 62,038 WH

Supposing, no. of sun hour at that community location is 8H; the peak power is given as:

Array energy required

Peak Power (p) = = 62,038WH/8h = 7754.75W
Avg.sun hr.per day

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peak power
The current of (IDC) = = 7754.75W/12V = 646.23A
system voltage

system voltage
PV modules in series = module rated voltage =12V / 12V = 1

Total Current needed (IDC)

PV modules in parallel = =162A/25A ≈ 26, But, available PV module in
module rated current

the market is 300W, then, PV module rating current = 300W/12V=25A

Total number of PV modules= PV modules in series* multiply by PV modules in

parallel=1*26=26

So, 26 PV panel of rating 300 W, 1 and 26 PV modules are connected in series and parallel

respectively to form battery bank for this system.

Charge controller rating is also 650A, 12V for the system.

Step 3: Modeling of Storage Battery: -is used in the hybrid system to supply energy with its

allowable limit to decrease the diesel generator working hours.

Total power required per day=12,030.5W and Total Energy required per day=46,404.5WH

Total bachup energy required per day∗D 𝟒𝟔𝟒𝟎𝟒.𝟓∗𝟒

Energy Storage of Battery (AH) = = =218,374WH,
Depth of Discharge(MDOD) 𝟎.𝟖𝟓

Where, D is number of autonomy days usually 4 for remote areas and MDoD = Maximum

allowable depth of discharge battery is 85% due to remote area.

Energy Storage of Battery (AH) 218,374𝑊𝐻

Battery Capacity of the system (AH) = = = 4550AH, But
System voltage 48𝑉

available battery in the market is 260AH, then

𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 4550𝐴𝐻

Number of batteries=𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡 = = 17.5 ≈ 18
260𝐴𝐻

𝑆𝑦𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
Number of batteries in series =𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 =48/24=2

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
Number of batteries in parallel=𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠=18/2=9

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Total number of Batteries = Battery connected in series* Battery connected in parallel=9*2=18,

So, 18 batteries of rating 260 AH, 2 and 9 batteries are connected in series and parallel

respectively to form battery bank for this system.

Step 4: Modeling of Convertor: -is a bidirectional connected between Batteries and load,
converting DC/AC and charging the batteries when the power from PV is low.
Inverter rating = Peak power * safety factor = 12,030.5*1.25 = 15037 W.
Thus, the convertor rating 12V, 15KW can be used for this system.
Step 5: Modeling of Diesel Generator: is designing in KVA rating, so depend on the electrical
load 12.03KW (active power)
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟(𝐾𝑊)
Power factor=𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟(𝐾𝑉𝐴)assume P.F=0.8, then,
12.0𝐾𝑊
Apparent power (KVA) =active power (KW)/p.f= =15KVA is rating capacity of
0.8
Generator.
 Hence the following hybrid system components are needed to supply the
community load:
 Solar PV array 12V, 300 W * 26
 Charge Controller 12V,170A
 Battery Bank 12V, 160 Ah * 18
 Inverter rating 12V, 15037W
 Diesel Generator 15KVA

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Modeling of Hybrid PV-Battery-Diesel system using Homer

Designing a hybrid system would require correct components selection and sizing, with
appropriate operation strategy, the process of selecting the best components to provide cheap,
efficient, reliable, environmentally friendly, and cost effective power supply. PV energy
generator and battery subsystems are connected with DC bus while diesel generating unit
subsystem is connected with AC bus. The electric loads connected in this scheme are AC loads.

To model system components, assessments should be considered those are:-

 PV system design needs collection of all necessary data from NASA resources.
 Modeling in HOMER configured with the actual electricity price.
 Battery size to supply the load and reduce diesel generator operation time.
 Adding converter from HOMER component database to convert DC/AC load.
 Information on existing diesel generator included in the system design.
 Different system HOMER configuration and simulation.
So, 12 KW units of Generic flat plate PV with it capital and replacement cost $300, auto-size
Genset diesel generator with fuel cost of 0.704L/KW, Generic large, free converter of 15 kW
with capital and replacement cost $100 and Generic 1KWH Lead acid batteries with capital and
replacement costs are the ideal estimating for over a framework to design hybrid PV-Diesel-
Battery system with main components but not detailed parameters as shown in Fig. 2. Daily
average energy demand is 46.41kWh/d, hourly average energy demand is 12.22 KW/H, load
factor 0.16 and the peak value of the demand is 1.93 KW.

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of hybrid PV, Battery and Diesel System using homer

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Hybrid PV-Battery-Diesel Homer Simulation Results and Discussion

Homer simulates and gives optimization results, to satisfy the community load profile. The
results indicate that the hybrid PV/diesel/battery system is cost-optimal in the considered
systems, while compared to the base system, diesel generator only, is the least economical
($10,708.49 capital costs, $413.86 operation, $1.02/L fuel cost, $163.71 replacement costs,
$127.84 salvage value,$11,158 total net present cost, $0.05099 level zed CEO, $34.79 total
operating cost) are taken into account using Homer software.

Fig. 3.Optimization Result

Fig. 4.Net Present Cost Summary Using Cost Type

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Fig. 5.Net Present Cost Summary by Using System Components

Fig. 6.Cash Flow Assessment Using System Components

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Fig. 7.Cash Flow Assessment Using Cost Type

Fig.8.Economics Comparison Assessment

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Fig. 9.Electrical Production Assessment

Fig. 10.Renewable Penetration Assessment

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Fig. 11. Battery Storage Capacity Assessment

Fig. 12.Solar PV Flat Plate Assessment

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Fig. 13.Output of Converter Assessment

Modeling of Diesel Generator System using Homer:

The diesel generator is a backup power source that can be used to meet the electricity demand
that cannot be satisfied by the renewable energy sources.

Fig. 14.Schematic diagram of diesel generator system using homer

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Diesel Generator Homer Simulation Results and discussion

HOMER simulates and gives optimization results, to satisfy the community load profile. The
results indicate that the base system of diesel generator only is, economical ($7000 capital costs,
$47562.92 operation, $1.02/L fuel cost or $224667.57, $50782.7 replacement costs, $670.76
salvage value,$329342.4 total net present cost, $1.5 level zed CEO, $24934 total operating cost)
are taken into account using HOMER software.

Fig. 15.Optimization Result

Fig. 16.Net Present Cost Summary by Using Cost Type

Comparison of Hybrid PV-Battery-Diesel System and only Diesel System:

PV-diesel-battery system and diesel system homer result shows that, capital cost of PV-diesel-
battery hybrid solution is nearly half of higher than that of a base diesel generator system, while,
the net present cost, representing cost over the lifetime of the system, is less than one-thirty of
the generator system as we obtain the solution of homer result.

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Conclusion
We have analyzed, the results obtained from simulation and optimization of a hybrid system
which consists of Solar photovoltaic, diesel engine generator, and battery for that community
electrical power have been carried out using Homer. The combination of Generic flat plate PV
rated capacity of 7.8KW, diesel generator of Generic 50KW Fixed Capacity Genset, a Generic
large, free convertor of 15kW and 18 units of Generic 1 KWH Lead Acid with 48 V system
voltage batteries to meet the load profile is the best hybrid solution to this scenario analysis.
Costs of these systems directly using diesel power system can be expensive for that community.
So, hybrid using of solar, battery and diesel renewable energy sources is necessary. Also, it has
been demonstrated that the use of hybrid PV/Battery/Diesel system can significantly reduce the
dependence on solely available diesel resource. The designed hybrid system minimizes diesel
operational hour and thereby reduces the fuel consumption which significantly affects (reduces)
the pollution, such as carbon emission, thus reducing the greenhouse effect., it was also proven
that the use of hybrid PV/battery/diesel system would be more economical if the price of diesel
increased significantly. With a projection period of 25 years, it was found that the use of hybrid
PV/battery/diesel system could achieve significantly lower NPC and COE as compared to a
stand-alone diesel system. As a conclusion, the hybrid PV/battery/diesel system has potential use
in replacing or upgrading existing stand-alone diesel systems in Dek Island Deset.

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Reference
[1] Bagen, B. R., (2005). “Evaluation of different operating strategies in small standalone power
systems”. IEEE Transactions on energy conversion, 20(3), 654–60.
[2] Deshmukh, M.K., Deshmukh, S.S., (2008) “Modeling of hybrid renewable energy systems”.
Renewable Sustainable Energy Reveiw;12(1), 235–49
[3] V. A. Ani, Energy optimization at GSM base station sites located in rural areas [Ph.D. thesis],
2015, http://www.unn.edu.ng/ publications/files/17774 Energy optimization at GSM base station
sites located in rural areas.pdf.

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Appendix
Table.1.Bahir Dar Dek Island Deset Community Load profile

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Fig. 17.Time Scaled data Hourly Load Profile Assessment

Fig. 18.Time Scaled data daily Load Profile Assessment

Fig. 19.Time Scaled data Monthly Load Profile Assessment

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Fig. 20.Time Scaled Historical data Assessment

Fig. 21.Time Scaled data yearly Load Profile Assessment

Fig. 22.Solar Irradiance Assessment

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Fig. 23.Temperature Resource Assessment

Fig. 24.Generator fuel Assessment

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