CHAPTER 2 : FORCE AND MOTION

2.1 Linear Motion

A student is able to :
2.1.1 Define distance and displacement
2.1.2 Define speed and velocity and state that v = s/t
2.1.3 Define acceleration and deceleration and state that
a=v-u
t
2.1.4 Calculate speed and velocity
2.1.5 Calculate acceleration / deceleration
2.1.6 Solve problems on linear motion with uniform acceleration using
(i) v = u + at
(ii) s = ut + ½ at2
(iii) v2 = u2 + 2as

Distance and Displacement

A: Fill in the blank with the correct answer
1. Physical quantities can be divided into 2 :
(a) Scalar quantity
(b) vector quantity
2. Distance is scalar quantity which has magnitude and no direction
3. Displacement is a vector quantity which has magnitude and direction
4. The SI unit for both physical quantities is metre / m
B: Complete the table below :

Aspect Distance Displacement

Distance taken with
Definition Total route by a motion
consideration of direction
Type of quantity Scalar quantity Vector quantity
SI unit Metre / m

Speed and Velocity

C: Complete the table below

Aspect Speed Velocity

Rate of change of
Definition Rate of change of distance
displacement
Type of physical
Scalar Vector
quantity
Speed Velocity
Formula = Total distance = total Displacement
Time time
m s-1
SI unit m s-1
 u, v
u, v u denotes initial velocity
u denotes initial speed v denotes final velocity
v denotes final speed We usually consider the
Symbol forward motion ( to the right )
Average speed
= Total distance as positive and the backward
Time ( to the left) as negative )

Acceleration
D: Fill in the blank with the correct answer.
1. Acceleration is the rate of change of Velocity
2. Acceleration , a = Final velocity - Initial velocity
Time taken

a= v–u
t

3. The SI unit of acceleration is ms-2

4. Acceleration is a vector quantity
5. Acceleration occurs when an object moves with increasing velocity.
6. Deceleration occurs when an object moves with decreasing velocity

E: Solve the problem.

1. A car starts from points from point O and moves to U, 50 m to the north in 60 s. The
car then moves to B, 120 m to the west in 40 s. Finally, it stops.
Calculate the :
(a) total distance moved by the car
total distance
= 120 m + 50 m
= 170 m
(b) displacement of the car 120 m
B U
Displacement = Distance OB
= (1202 + 502)1/2
5m
50m
= 130 m

O
(c) speed of the car when it is moves to the north
Speed of the car when it moves to the north
= 50 m = 5 m s-1
60 s 6
(d) velocity of the car
velocity = Displacement
 time
= 130 m = 1.3 m s-1
(40 + 60) s
(e) average speed of the car
= total distance
Time
= 170 m__
(40 + 60) s
= 1.7 m s-1
2. A bus stops at a station to pick passengers up. It then moves and attains a velocity of
15 m s-1 in 8 s. What is the acceleration of the bus ?
acceleration , a = v – u
t
= 15 – 0
8
= 1.9 m s-2
F. Complete the table below with the correct answer
Increasing short increasing far same
Speed decreasing Low high decreasing

Pattern Explanation
(a) Direction of motion

The distance between the dots is the same It shows that the
. . . . . . . object is moving with constant speed
.
Initial Final
(b) Direction of motion

The distance between the dots is short. It shows that the speed of
................ the object is low
.
Initial Final
(c) Direction of motion

The distance between the dots is far. It shows that the object is
. . . . . . moving at a high speed
.
Initial Final
(d) Direction of motion

The distance between the dots is Increasing. It shows that the

. . . . . . . speed of the object is increasing.
.
Initial Final
(e) Direction of motion

The distance between the dots is decreasing It shows that the

. . . . . . . speed of the object is decreasing.
.
Initial Final
G: Determine the acceleration of a trolley from the ticker tape
1. The ticker tape is divided into 5 parts. Every part has 2 ticks as shown in figure below.
 Find the acceleration.
1 cm 5 cm

A B C D E F

Solution :

Step Solution
1. Time taken of one part One part = 2 Ticks
= 2 x 0.02 s
=0.04 s
2. initial velocity, u = s initial u = 1.0 cm
t initial 0.04 s

= 25 cm s-1
3. Final velocity, v = s final v = 5.0 cm
t final 0.04 s

= 125 cm s-1
4. Determine the total time Total time, t = ( 5-1 ) x 0.04 s
Total time = ( Total parts – 1) x time of one part = 4 x 0.04 s
= 0.16 s
5. Acceleration, a = v – u Acceleration , a = v – u
t t
= 125 – 25 / 0.16

= 750 cm s-2

The equations of motion

1. Complete the table below

Physical Quantity Symbol
Displacement s
Final Velocity v
Initial velocity u
acceleration a
2. List the equations of linear motion.
1
(i) s = (u + v)t
2
ii) v = u + at
1 2
iii) s = ut + at
2
iv) v 2 = u 2 + 2as
1. Solve the following problems using the equations of linear motion
(a) A car moves from rest to a velocity of 10 ms-1 in 5 s.Calculate the acceleration of the car
Solution :
Given : u = 0 , v = 10 ms-1 , t = 5 s . a = ?
 a=v–u
t
= 10 – 0 = 2.0 m s-2
5

(b) A car traveling with a velocity of 10 m s-1 accelerates uniformly at a rate of 3 m s-2 for 20 s.
Calculate the displacement of the car.
Solution :
given : u = 10 m s-1 , a = 3 m s-2 , t = 20 s. s=?
2
s = ut + ½ at
s = (10)(20) + ½ (3)(20)2
s = 800 m

(c) A van that is traveling with velocity 16 m s-1 decelerates until it comes to a stop.If the

distance traveled is 8 m, calculate the deceleration of the van.

Solution :

given : u = 16 m s-1 , v = 0(rest) , s = 8 m a=?

v2 = u2 + 2 as
02 = 162 + 2 a(8)
a = -16 ms-2

2.2 ANALYSING MOTION GRAPH

A student is able to :
2.2.1 Plot and interpret displacement-time and velocity-time graphs
2.2.2 Deduce from the shape of a displacement-time graph when a body is:
i) at rest
 ii) moving with uniform velocity
iii) moving with non-uniform velocity
2.2.3 Determine distance, displacement and velocity from a displacement-time graph
2.2.4 Deduce from the shape of a velocity-time graph when a body is:
i) at rest
ii) moving with uniform velocity
iii) moving with uniform acceleration
2.2.5 Determine distance, displacement and velocity and acceleration from a velocity-time
graph
2.2.6 Solve problems on linear motion with uniform acceleration

A: Describe the motion of an object as shown in the following motion graphs.

(a) The Displacement-Time Graph

Graph of s against t Explanation

s/m
The displacement of the object from a fixed point is
constant Therefore, the velocity of the object is zero

0 t/s

s/m
The gradient of the graph = Velocity of the object.
The gradient of the graph is constant , therefore the
velocity of the object is constant

0 t/s

s/m
The gradient of the graph increases with time.
Therefore the velocity of the object increases with
time

0 t/s

(b) The velocity – time graph

Graph of v against t Explanation

 v/m s-1
Velocity of object is zero The object is stationary

t/s

v/m s-1
The object is moving with uniform velocity

t/s

v/m s-1 The gradient of the graph = acceleration

The gradient of the graph is constant.
Therefore, the acceleration of the object is constant

t/s

v/m s-1
Area under the graph = displacement

t/s

B. Describe the motion of a runner who is running in a straight line

s/m
C
25

20 A B
15
10
5
D
O t/s
5 10 12 15

Solution :

Motion of the runner

O-A Running with a uniform velocity of 3 m s-1
 A-B At rest / velocity is zero
B-C Uniform velocity of 5.0 m s-1
C-D Running with a velocity of -8.3 m s-1 and return to starting
point

C: Study the velocity-time graph.

v/m s-1

10

B C
5

D
A t/s
A 5 10 15 20 25
Calculate:-
(i) the acceleration, a, for sections AB, BC and CD
(ii) Displacement

(i) Acceleration , a for AB = 10 – 0 = 1.0 m s-2

10
Acceleration, a for BC = 0

Acceleration , a for CD = 0 – 10
25 - 20
= -10 m s-2
5

(ii) Displacement = Area under the graph

= ( ½ x 10 x 10) + (10 x 10) + ( ½ x 5 x 10 )
= ( 50 ) + ( 100 ) + ( 25 )
= 175 m

2.3 UNDERSTANDING INERTIA

A student is able to :
2.3.1 Explain what inertia is
2.3.2 Relate mass to inertia
2.3.3 Give examples to reduce the negative effects of inertia

A. Fill and underline the correct answer

1.

When the bus stops suddenly our feet are brought to rest but due to inertia, our body
tends to continue its (forward/backward) motion. This causes our body to jerk
forward. (thrown forward)

2.

When the bus moves suddenly from rest our feet are carried (forward/backward) but
due to inertia of our body tends to keep us (rest/moving) . This causes our body to
fall backwards.

3. The inertia of an object is the. tendency of the object to remain at .rest or if moving
to continue its uniform motion in a straight line
4. The mass of an object is the amount or quantity of matter contained in the object.
5. The SI unit of mass is kg
6. The mass of an object is constant wherever it is measured. It is different from
weight which is affected by the force of gravity.
7. An object with a larger mass has a larger Inertia.

Effects of inertia Clue : Pour out tomato sauce

Clue : Drying a wet umbrella
B. Explain the positive effect by using the clues given.
The umbrella is rotated and
stopped abruptly to shake
off the droplet of water
The chili sauce inside the
bottle move together with the
bottle. When the bottle stops
suddenly, the chili sauce flow
out
 Positive effect
Of inertia

Clue: Running zig-zig when

Clue : Tightening a hammer chased by a bull.
head This is because the inertia of the
The hammer head can be bull is large due to its big mass.
tightened by hitting the wooden This makes the bull difficult to
handle on the floor change directions suddenly.

C . Match the correct explanation to each of the characteristics.

Characteristic Explanation
(a) The tank which carries liquid in a Hold the passengers to their seat
lorry should be divided into smaller during collision
tanks
(b) the part between the driver’s seat Prevent the driver from hitting the
and load should have strong steel steering in an accident
structure
(c) Safety belts Prevent the load from being
thrown to the front
(d) Airbag To reduce the effects of inertia
when stopped suddenly.

2.4 ANALYSNG MOMENTUM

A student is able to :
2.4.1 Define the momentum of an object
2.4.2 Define momentum(p) as the product of mass (m) and velocity(v) ie p=mv
2.4.3 State the principle of conservation of momentum
2.4.4 Describe the applications of conservation of momentum
2.4.5 Solve problems involving momentum

A. Fill in the blank with the correct answer

1. Momentum is defined as the product of mass and velocity
2. The formula of momentum is given by :
Momentum = mass x velocity
p = mv
3. Momentum is a vector quantity
4. The SI unit of momentum is kg m s-1
5. Momentum increases/decreases , when the speed increases/decreases
6. The principle of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum in a
closed system of object is constant
7. The total momentum before the collision is equal to the total momentum after the
collision if no external force acts on the system
8. The principle of conservation of momentum can be applied in
(a) elastic collision
(b) inelastic collision
(c)explosion

B. Fill in the blank

1. Collision I : Both bodies separates after collision. Momentum is conserved.
u1

m1 u2 v2
m2 m1
m2

Before collision after collision

Momentum : m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

2. Collision II : Both objects move together after collision. …………. Is conserved.

u1

u2 = 0 v
m1
m2
 m1 + m2

Before collision after collision

Momentum : m1 u1 + m2 u2 = (m1 + m2) v

3. explosion : Before the explosion, the objects are at rest

Two or more object in contact will be separated after the explosion
(m1 + m2), u = 0 v1 v2
m2

Before explosion after explosion

Please note that separation of

Momentum : (m1 + m2)u = m1 vv + m2 v2 objects after a collision does NOT
mean an elastic collision, it can be
Therefore m1 vv + m2 v2 = 0 inelastic as well. Only when kinetic
energy is conserved, then the
B. Complete the table below collision is elastic.

Elastic collision Inelastic collision Explosion

(a) Both object will
separated after collision
(b) Total momentum is
Conserved
Both object will join together or Two or more objects in contact
separated after collision will be separated after the
collision
The total momentum is The total momentum is
conserved conserved

(c) The total kinetic energy Total kinetic energy is not Total kinetic energy is not
is conserved conserved conserved
(c) Total energy is Total energy is conserved Total energy is conserved
Conserved

C. Solve the problem

1. Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at 20
m s-1 in the same direction. Car A and B move separately after collision. If Car A moves at
25 m s-1 after collision, determine the velocity of Car B after collision.
Solution : Given : mA = 100 kg , uA = 30 m s-1, vA = 25 m s-1, mB = 90 kg,
-1
= 20 m s , vB = ?

mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB

(100)(30) + (90)(20) = (100)(25) + (90)(vB)
vB = 25.56 m s-1
2: A trolley of mass 4 kg moves at 3 m s-1 and collide with a trolley of mass 2 kg which is
moving in the opposite direction at 1 m s-1. After the collision, both trolleys move together
with the same velocity. What is their common velocity ?
 Solution : m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2)v
4)(3) + (2) (-1) = (4 + 2 ) v
v = 5/3 m s-1

3: A bullet of mass 2 g is shot from a gun of mass 1 kg with a velocity of 150 m s-1 . Calculate
The velocity of the recoil of the gun after firing.
Solution :
Given ; mb = 2 g = 0.002 kg, mg = 1 kg, u(g+b) = 0 , vb = 150 m s-1
vg = ?
0 = mgvg – mb vb,
0 = (1)(vg) – (0.002)(150), vg = 0.3 m s-1