Communication 1

UNIT-IV COMMUNICATION
Meaning
The word communication is derived from the Latin word ‘communicare’, which
means to share, impart, participate, exchange, transmit or to make common. It
emphasises on sharing common information, ideas and messages. It is not
merely issuing orders and instructions. Communication can broadly be defined
as exchange of ideas, messages and information between two or more persons,
through a medium, in a manner that the sender and the receiver understand the
message in the common sense, that is, they develop common understanding of
the message.
Definitions of Communication
According to Keith Davis, “Communication is the process of passing information
and understanding from one person to another."
According to Carl Howland, “Communication is the process by which an
individual transmits stimuli to modify the behaviour of the other individuals.”
According to Millet, “The underlying aim of communication is the meeting of
minds on common issue”.
According to Oxford Dictionary, “Communication is transferring or conveying of
meaning.”
According to Berlo, “Communication as S-R Model or Sender-Receiver Model,
where ‘sender' stands for 'stimulus' and receiver stands for ‘response'. This was
later extended to S-M-C-R Model that stands for Sender- Message-Channel-
Receiver. It is the basic communication process. Thus, the above definitions
make it clear that "the essence of communication is understanding the
information, not transmitting the information."
THREE SIMPLE DEFINITIONS-

• Communication is the sharing of information.
• Communication is the giving and receiving of messages.
• Communication is the transfer of information from one or more people to one
or more other people The first of these three definitions is the simplest, and also
the broadest.
Because of those qualities, it is also a little nonspecific. The second definition
reminds us that information, here called a message, must be received, as well
as sent, to complete the process. For example, a message launched in a bottle
might achieve communication, but it also might not.
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“Communication is the transfer of information from a sender to a receiver, with
the information being understood by the receiver”. — Koontz and Weihrich
“Communication is the art of developing and attaining understanding between
people. It is the process of exchanging information and feelings between two or
more people and it is essential to effective management.” — Terry and Franklin
“Communication is the sum of all things one person does when he wants to
create understanding in the mind of another. It is a bridge of meaning. It involves
a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening and understanding.” —
Allen Louis
“Communication is the process by which people attempt to share meaning via
the transmission of symbolic messages.” — Stoner and Wankel
Nature of Communication
Communication has the following features:
1. Two-way process:
Communication is a two-way process of understanding between two or more
persons – sender and receiver. A person cannot communicate with himself.
2. Continuous process:
Exchange of ideas and opinion amongst people is an ongoing process in business
and nonbusiness organisations. Continuous interaction promotes
understanding and exchange of information relevant for decision-making.
3. Dynamic process:
Communication between sender and receiver takes different forms and medium
depending upon their moods and behaviour. It is, thus, a dynamic process that
keeps changing in different situations.
4. Pervasive:
Communication is a pervasive activity. It takes place at all levels (top, middle,
low) in all functional areas (production, finance, personnel, sales) of a business
organisation.
5. Two people:
A minimum of two persons — sender and receiver — must be present for
communication to take place. It may be between superiors, subordinates and
peer group, intra or inter se.
6. Exchange:
Communication involves exchange of ideas and opinions. People interact and
develop understanding for each other.
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7. Means of unifying organisational activities:
Communication unifies internal organisational environment with its external
environment. It also integrates the human and physical resources and converts
them into organisational output.
8. Verbal and non-verbal:
Though words are active carriers of information, gestures can sometimes be
more powerful than words. Facial expressions, sounds, signs and symbols are
the non-verbal forms of communication.
9. Mutual understanding:
Communication is effective when sender and receiver develop mutual
understanding of the subject. Messages conveyed should be understood by the
receiver in the desired sense.
10. Goal-oriented:
Communication is goal-oriented. Unless the receiver and sender know the
purpose they intend to achieve through communication, it has little practical
utility.
11. Foundation of management:
Though communication is a directing function, it is important for other
managerial functions also. Designing plans and organisation structures,
motivating people to accomplish goals and controlling organisational activities;
all require communication amongst managers at various levels.
12. A means, not an end:
Communication is not an end. Effective communication is a means towards
achieving the end, that is, goal accomplishment. It smoothens managerial
operations by facilitating planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling
functions.
13. Human activity:
Since communication makes accomplishment of organisational goals possible, it
is essential that people understand and like each other. If people do not
understand each others’ viewpoint, there cannot be effective communication.
14. Inter-disciplinary:
Communication is the art of how communicators use knowledge of different
fields of study like anthropology, psychology and sociology. Making best use of
these disciplines makes communication effective. It is, thus, an inter-disciplinary
area of management.
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Elements of Communication
1. The Sender The communication pro begins with the sender, who is also caller!
the communicator or source. The son has some kind of information -- a
command request, question, or idea, that he or she wants to present to others.
For that message to be received, the sender must first encode the message in a
forro that can be understood, such as by the use of a common language and
then transmit it.
2. The Receiver The person to whom a message is directed is called the receiver
or the interpreter. To comprehend the information from the sender, the
receiver must first be able to receive the sender's information and then decode
or interpret
3. The Message The message or content is the information that the sender
wants to relay to the receiver. Additional sub-text can be conveyed through
body language and tone of voice. Put all three elements together – sender,
receiver, and message - and you have the communication process at its most
basic.
4. The Medium It is also called the channel; the medium is the means by which a
message is transmitted, Text messages, for example, are trnasmitted through
the medium of cell phones,
5. Feedback The communication proces poaches its final point when the messag
hus boon successfully transmitted, receive and understood. The receiver, in
l'osponds to the sender, I comprehension, Feedback may be a such as a written
or verbal response, may take the form of an act or at response (indirect).
6. Noise This can be any sort of interference that affects the message being sent,
received or understood. It can be as literal as static over a phone line or radio.
a
7. Barriers Barriers to the communication process can occur in the form of
physical, psychological, mechanical and linguistics.
a) Physical Barriers The physical barriers' to the communication process
includes environmental stress (A high temperature and humidity can contribute
to distortions in the sending and receiving of messages), ignorance of the
medium (The use of a medium with which the communicators are not familiar
would turn the medium itself into a barrier), etc.
b) Psychological Barriers Each of us has a certain 'frame of reference' through
which we look out at the world, at people, and events and situations. No two
individuals possess exactly similar frames of reference, even if they are identical
twins. So, this is another form of barrier in the communication process. -
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c) Mechanical Barriers Mechanical barriers are those raised by the channels
employed for interpersonal, group or mass communication. This type of barrier
includes any disturbance, which interferes with the fidelity of the physical
transmission of the message,
d) Linguistics and Cultural Barriers Language is the expression of the thoughts
and experiences of people in terms of their cultural environment, When the
same language is made use of in a different culture, it takes an another colour,
another meaning
Objectives of Communication
1. Convey Information The main objective of communication is to convey
information to the receiver. The information that is conveyed can be rotated to
news, policies, procedures, decisions, etc.
2. Give Command Communication is used to give commands to the receiver. The
receiver of the command can be a junior, student or a member of the family.
3. Make Decisions Communication helps in making decisions. The relationship
ofcommunication and decision making is unseparable since decisioning must
rely on information. To
4. Motivation Communication is used for motivating people. Motivation is
necessary to bring out the best in people and communication plays a big role in
it. et
5. Coordination Coordination is a basic management function. It involves linking
the various functional departments of an organization without proper and
timely coordination, achievement of organizational goals is not possible, no
Therefore, the objective of communication is to coordinate the functions of
various departments for the attainment of organizational goals.
Importance of Communication
The importance of communication has been divided into four parts. These are
as under :
1. In Personal Terms
• It provides subject-matter for knowledge.
• It provides the way to achieve success.
• It determines the personality of a person.
• It helps in making a person social.
2. In Social Terms
• It helps in bringing change in the society.
• It makes the people in a society literate and employed.
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• It helps in dealing with contingencies.
3. In Psychological Terms
• It provides a good environment for an individual to develop.
• It increases the morale of a group.
• It inspires people in an organization to work effectively.
• It gives encouragement for establishing coordination,
4. In Physical Terms
• It provides a platform for people to communicate with each other.
• It provides tools for business control
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Communication involves a sender and a receiver of message to perform a
function. The message is shared between two persons, where, either one reacts
to the message or one does not react. It can be said that communication is social
and cultural togetherness.
Therefore, types of communication are divided on the basis of following aspects:
On the Basis of Relationship

On the basis of relationship, types of communi cation can be divided into the
following
1. Interpersonal Communication
It is the process by which people exchange information, feelings and meanings
with others. It is a face-to-face communication. It is not just about what is
actually said but how it is said. It is an ideal and effective communication, as one
can get an immediate feedback. In this communication, ethics are important. It
may be formal or informal and can take place anywhere by means of words,
sounds, facial expressions, gestures and postures, This type of communication
depends on the mutual relationship between two partners in their status,
communication, role and skills.
2. Intrapersonal Communication
It takes place within the individual. It is meant to reflect oneself to clarify one's
thoughts. It is self-oriented to know what is true or false, good or bad, etc.
It Might be descriptive or prescriptive. It is a learned idea of an individual. It is
generally consistent with values, so that it is often emotional, Talking to oneself,
relating to oneself, meditation, playing are all examples of intrapersonal
communication.
3. Group Communication
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Group communication is the exchange of information and ideas between
individuals interpersonal using skills. In communication, team members have to
effectively participate to make the communication effective.
4. Mass or Mediated Communication
Communication with mass audience is called as mass communication. It is used
as synonyms for convenience. The channel through which communication takes
place is called mass media.
Any mechanical device that multiplies messages and takes it to a large number
of people simultaneously is the example of mass communication. It is a special
kind of communication in which the nature of the audience is considered.
Its feedback is different from that of interpersonal communication. Radio, TV,
newspapers, films, magazines, etc. are the examples of mass communication.
On the Basis of Purpose and Style

On the basis of purpose and style, communication can be divided in two forma
They are
1. Formal Communication
A formal communication is deliberately established by upper level of
management for day-to-day transmission of official information.
Certain rules, protocols and regulations are followed in formal communication
such as choice of words, correct use of language, proper pronunciation, etc. It
follows a definite structure and hierarchy and mostly takes place in
organisations. There are six networks of formal communication. They are :
Chain Network In this communication,
the information and message flow up or down in hierarchical chain of command.
A B
Chain Network
Star Network Under this communication,
the information and message flow among the group members through a leader.
In other words, the group members do not communicate with each other
directly but rely on the leader. Star Network
x
A B
C D
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Star Network
Circle Network In this communication, the group members interact with
the adjoining member only.
A B
E C
D
Circle network
All Channel Network Under this communication, all members of a group

actively communicate with each other moely. It is the most decentralised type
of formal communication.
All Channel Network
All channel Network

Inverted-V Network der this communication, a subordinate amunicates
with his immediate superior as well as second superior.
X
X1
X2 X3
Inverted V Network
Y-Network Under this communication,
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two subordinates through the hierarchical chain, communicate with the
superior. In turn, the superior communicates with two superiors who are senior
to him.
x x
Y-Network
Advantages
1. Smooth Communication System Formal communication moves through pre
determined channel and therefore, everyone is aware for where and how to
send the message. So, it does not face any problem to flow.
2. Increase in Efficiency Such communication increases overall efficiency of the
management as organizational rules and procedures are required to be followed
always.
3. Permanent Record e All formal communications like letters, reports and memos
are kept permanently, So, it is helpful in future decision-making.
4. Discipline This communication creates the discipline in the mind of employees
in any organization.
5. Less Errors and Mistakes It maintains all formalities of communication for which
there is less chance of errors and mistakes.
Disadvantages
1. Authoritarian System Formal
communication states clear relationship between upper level management
and lower level management. When there is a downward communication,
there is an authoritarian tone to dominate lower level employees
2. Inflexibility It is a rigid form of communication as make up or change
cannot be considered easily when required.
3. Costly This sort of communication maintains all formalities of
communication for which it involves more cost. It had
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4. Wastage of Time Formal communication process passes through various
stages or levels of an organization and therefore, requires more time to reach
to its destination. This is ultimately the wastage of time.
5. Delay in Decision-Making Everyone has to maintain specific framework of
communication in case of formal communication. Therefore, management
requires more time which delays decision making process.
2. Informal Communication
Informal communication is an unofficial communication taking place among
employees of an organisation or between friends and family members. It do
not follow any rules or regulations and mainly addresses the social needs of
the people. It is inter-personal and face-to-face communication.
It takes place along with formal communication within an organisation such as
unstructured conversation between an employee and his superior. Informal
communication is also called grapevine communication as messages and
information spread rapidly here.
Keith Davis has investigated the phenomena of Grapevine. Det te There are
four types of Grapevine networks
1. Single Strand Network
Under this communication, the information passes from one to one, that is one
member communicates to another member who in turn communicates to
another member and so on.
Pien
Single Strand Networks Single Strand Network

2. Gossip Network
Under this communication, the member communicates non-selectively, i.e. a
member having information passes it on to everyone he meets.
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Gossip Network
3. Probability Network
Under this communication, information passes according to the law of
probability, i.e. one member communicates randomly with others who in turn
communicate to some others.
Probability Network
4. Cluster Network
Under this communication, the information passes selectively, i.e, one
member communicates with only those memo whom he trusts. In turn, they
pass it o some other selected members,
It is the most popular type of grapevi communication and widely prevalent
organisation.
Cluster Network
On the Basis of Direction
Communication flows through the network an organisation which may be of
three Type i.e. vertical, horizontal and diagonal.
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1. Vertical Communication
This is basically a formal commu where communication is most dominated the
follows the hierarchical chain of Command .the vertical direction of
communication can be ward (bottom-up) and downward
(top-down).
Upward
Downward
Vertical Communication
2. Horizontal or Lateral Communication

It is the communication where people can communicate with their colleagues
and peers at same level in hierarchical chain of command. It is necessary for
smooth coordination. It may combine both formal and informal
communication. It is a beneficial when organisations are very large. This leads
to a successful in interactive on interpersonal communication.
Horizontal Communication
3. Diagonal Communications
De It is a free flow of communication, hence no barrier of hierarchy. It
encourages the bonding between superior and subordinate as well as among
the colleagues,
Dlagonal Communication
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Models of Communication
In order to explain the social process of communication, scholars have
developed sev eral models. The three most well known models for
communication are Linear, Interactional, and Transactional. As West & Turner
(2007) explain, each model sheds light on the development of communication,
but emphasizes different parts of the com munication process. The models
provide pictures, or visual representations, of complex interactions. They are
useful because they simplify the basic structure of communica tion and can help
us to understand that structure not just verbally, but also visually. Most
importantly, they identify the various elements of communication and serve as
a kind of map to show how different parts of the communication process are
interrelated.
Linear Models
Originally developed by Shannon & Weaver in 1948, this model describes
communication as a linear process. (See Figure 1.1.) This model describes how a
sender, or speaker, transmits a message to a receiver, or listener. More
specifically, the sender is the source of the message. A message may consist of
the sounds, words, or behaviours in a commu nication interaction. The message
itself is transmitted through a channel, the pathway or route for communication,
to a receiver, who is the target or recipient of the message. There may be
obstacles in the communication process, or noise. Noise refers to any in
terference in the channel or distortion of the message. This is a fairly simple
model in which a message is simply passed from sender to
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Interactional Model
The final feature of this model is the field of experience. The field of experience
refers to how environment, experiences, culture, and even hereditv can
influence how a sender constructs a message. Keep in mind that each person
brings a unique field of experience to an interaction. Likewise, each
communication interaction is unique. While the inter actional model is more
dynamic than the linear model, it still contains some limitations. For instance,
this model implies that while people can be both senders and receivers, they
cannot do so simultaneously. In lived communication, roles are not quite so clear
cut and in fact are much more fluid.
Transactional Models
The transactional is the most dynamic of communication models. One notable
feature of this model is the move from referring to people as senders and
receivers to referring to people as communicators. This implies that
communication is achieved as people both send and receive messages. (See
Figure 1.3.) Fundamentally, this model views communi cation as a transaction.
In other words, communication is a cooperative action in which communicators
co-create the process, outcome and effectiveness of the interaction. Unlike the
linear model in which meaning is sent from one person to another, also unlike
the interactional model in which understanding is achieved through feedback,
people create shared meaning in a more dynamic process in the transactional
model.
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Transactional Model
This model also places more emphasis on the field of experience. While each
communi cator has a unique field of experience, they must also inhabit a shared
field of experi ence. In other words, communicators must share at least some
degree of overlap in cul ture, language, or environment if people are to
communicate at all. This model also rec ognizes that messages will influence the
responses, or subsequent messages, produced in the communication
interaction. This means that messages do not stand alone, but in stead are
interrelated. The principle of interrelation states that messages are connected
to and build upon one another. The transactional model forms the basis for
mucli com munication theory because
(1) people are viewed as dynamic communicators rather than simple senders or
receivers,
(2) there must be some overlap in fields of experience in order to build shared
meaning, and
(3) messages are interdependent.
The transactional understanding of shared meaning has informed variety of

communication theories. In general terms, a theory comprises a way of seeing,
interpret ing, and explaining. A theory is a framework for under standing. It
illuminates social practices and helps to make sense of the everyday life-world.
Durham & Kellner suggest that we consider a theory as a way of seeing, an optic,
that focuses on specific subject matter" . Think about a theory as an optic or a
tech nology that enhances vision. Just as there are many different
communication theories, there are also many different visual technologies.
Sunglasses, contacts, or even virtual reality goggles each us help to see in a cer
tain way. For instance, when you put on a pair of glasses, it will cause you to see
in a particular way, fo cusing things near or far depending on the type of lens. In
this way, every different theory will require a differ ent way of seeing the world
of communication. The most important part of this metaphor is that a particu
lar theory will bring specific aspects of communication into focus yet may blur
others. As you work through this book, pay attention to the ways in which a
particu lar perspective illuminates certain elements while leav ing others in
shadow. Also think about how exploring different theories will provide a more
comprehensive look at communication while also allowing you to select those
that will be of greatest use for your interests in communication studies.
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Interactional Models
In the move to a more dynamic view of communication, interactional models
follow two channels in which communication and feedback flow between
sender and receiver. Feedback is simply a response that a receiver gives to a
sender. (See Figure 1.2.) Feedback can be verbal (i.e. "yes") or nonverbal (i.e. a
nod or smile). Most importantly, feedback in dicates comprehension. It can help
senders know if their message was received and un derstood. By focusing on
flow and feedback, interactional models view communication as an ongoing
process.
Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication doo

The first major model for communication came in 1949 by Claude Shannon and
Warren Weaver Bell, Laboratories. It laid the foundation for different
communication models. It is a popular model and widely accepted. It provided
visual mode of communication system in relation to electronic media popularly
known as Mathematical Model of Communication.
The Shannon and Weaver Model represents th communication process in a
linear form. involves one-way communication from a sc transmitting message to
a receiver.
The model contains basic elements as shown below.
sour send chann rece Destin

ce er el iver ation
noise
Shannon weaver’s model of communication
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Shannon-Weaver's Model of Communication Shannon and Weaver talked about
the throw levels of problems in the communication of information. The three
levels are-technical (signal), semantic (interpretation of meaning) and influence
(effectiveness).
It is best known for its ability to explain how messages can be mixed up and
misinterpreted in the process between sending and receiving the message. The
model explains the barriers to effective communication very well.
The model enables one to look at the critical steps in the communication of
information from beginning to end. It can be applied more for interpersonal
communication than group communication and mass communication,
Receiver plays the passive part in the communication process and sender plays
the primary role. Feedback is taken as less important in comparison to messages
serat by the sender.
Lasswell's Model of
Communication It was developed by communication theorist Harold D Lasswell
in 1948. The model is also known as Action Model, Linear Model or One Way
Model of Communication. It is regarded as one of the most influential
communication models. This model is about the process of communication and
its functions to society.
According to Lasswell, there are three functions for communication :
(a) Survillance of environment.
(b) Correlation of the components of society.
(c) Cultural transmission between generation.
The components of Lasswell's Model are :
WHO
(sender)
SAYS
WHAT(massage)
CHANNEL
(Medium)
TO WHOM
(reciver)
WITH WHAT
EFFECT (feedback)
David Berlo's Model of Communication

In this model, he stressed on the relationship between the person sending the
message and the receiver. According to this model, for the message to be
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properly encoded and decoded, the communication skills of both the source and
the receiver should be good.
Berlo SMCR (Sender, Message, Channel Receiver) has four main components
and each has its own sub-components.
Sender → Message → Channel → Receiver
It is a linear model of communication, where there is no two-way
communication. There is no concept of feedback. There is no noise as well as no
concept of barriers in communication.
Encode MASSAGE CHANNEL Decode RECEIVER

SOURCE
Communicatio Content Communicati

Hearing
n skill on
skils
Elements Seeing Attitudes
Attitude
Treatment Touching Knowledge

Knowledge
Structure Smelling Social System

Social System
Code Tasting Culture

Culture
Aristotle Model of Communication

Aristotle, a great philosopher was the first to develop a communication model.
This model is more focussed on public speaking than interpersonal
communication. Aristotle Model of Communication is formed with three basic
elements i.e. speaker, speech and audience."
In this model of communication, the sender sends the message to the receiver
in an attempt to influence them to respond accordingly. The message has to be
very impressive and convincing. So the sender must know and understand their
audience well
In this model, the sender is an active participant and receiver is passive. This
concept is used in public speaking, seminars and lectures.
Speaker Speech Audience Effect
OCCASION
Aristole’s Model of communication
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Helical Spiral Model
It was developed by Frank Dance in 1967, Helix is a three dimensional spring like
curve in the shape of cyclinder or a cone.
The model is linear as well as circular combined and disagrees with the concept
of linearly and circularity, individually.
Model of Type of Model Brief Description

Communication
1. Aristotle's Model Linear Aristotle argues that we
should look at five
elements of
a communication event
to
analyze how best to
communicate: speaker,
speech, occasion, target
audience and effect.
2. Lasswell's Model Linear Lasswell's model is a

basic
framework for analyzing
one
way communication by
asking
five questions: Who, said
what,
through which channel,
to
whom, with what
effects?
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3. Shannon Linear The Shannon-Weaver
model is
Weaver Model
the first to highlight the
role of
'noise' in
communication,
which can disrupt or
alter a message between
sender and
receiver
4. Berlo's S-M-C-R Linear Berlo's S-M-C-R model

explains
Model
communication in four
steps:
Source, Message, Channel,
and Receiver
5. Osgood Interactive The Osgood-Schramm model

looks at reciprocal
Schramm Model
communication, showing
how
we have to encode, decode,
and interpret information in
real-time during a
conversation.
6. Westley and Interactive The Westley and Maclean

Maclean Model
model shows that our
communication is influenced
by environmental, cultural
and
personal factors.
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7. Barnlund's Transactional Transactional Barnlund's
Transactional
Model of Communication
highlights the role of private
and public cues that impact
Model
our messages.
8. Dance's Helical Dance's Helical Model sees

Transactional communication as a circular
Model
process that gets more and
more complex as
communication occurs,
which
can be represented by a
helical
spiral.
Process of Communication
The process of communication consists of three steps that are discussed below:
• Encoding Encoding is the process of turning thoughts into communication. The
encoder is the person who develops and sends the message. He/she must
determine how the message will be received, the make adjustments so the
message is received the way they want it to be received.
• Medium The encoder uses a ‘medium' or channel to send the message- a phone
call, email, text message, face-to-face meeting, or other communication tool.
While the message is travelling through a channel, there is a scope of a noise
that might interfere with the message.
• Decoding Decoding is the process of turning
• communication into thoughts. Once, the receiver receives the message he/she
then decodes or interprets the message for themselves. After understanding the
message, he/she sends a feedback starting a continuous chain of
communication.
Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver developed the most widely used model of
communication process. This model consists of eight components. They are
1. Source The source is the initia communication, who wants to transmit ideas,
thoughts, needs, intentions or oth pieces of information to another person.
2. Encoding It is a process in which the ideas to be conveyed, are translated into
a code or set of symbols or some other format of expression.
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3. Message It is the actual physical product from the source-encoding. It
represents the
meaning which the source wants to convey.
4. Channel It is the medium through which the message transmits. It is the
connecting
link between the sender and the receiver.
5. Decoding It is the process which translates the message into a form that can
be understood by the receiver..
6. Receiver It is the person to whom the message is directed (conveyed).
7. Feedback It is the response from the receiver which enables the sender
(source) todetermine whether the message 15 received and understood as
originally intended.
8. Noise It includes those factors in each of the components of communication
that reduces the accuracy of the message. Thus, it can occur at any stage of the
communication process,
Source Encoding Massage Channel Decodi

ng
Receiver
Process of communication
Feedback
Effective communication
Meaning
Effective communication is defined as communication between two or more
persons in which the intended message is − properly encoded. delivered through
appropriate channel.
Effective communication is about more than just exchanging information. It’s
about understanding the emotion and intentions behind the information. As
well as being able to clearly convey a message, you need to also listen in a way
that gains the full meaning of what’s being said and makes the other person feel
heard and understood.
More than just the words you use, effective communication combines a set of 4
skills:
1. Engaged listening
2. Nonverbal communication
3. Managing stress in the moment
4. Asserting yourself in a respectful way
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In other words, communication is said to be effective when all the parties
(sender and receiver) in the communication, assign similar meanings to the
message and listen carefully to what all have been said and make the sender feel
heard and understood.
American Management Association (AMA) has defined effective communication
based on the following ten points –
• Clear idea regarding topics and receiver of communication.
• Determination of purpose.
• Understanding the environment of communication.
• Planning for communication with consulting others.
• Consider the content of the message.
• To make the receiver aware about the value of communication.
• There must be feedback from the receiver.
• To define properly whether communication messages are of short-run or long-
run importance.
• All actions must be suitable with communication.
• Good listening.
Characteristics of Effective Communication

The characteristics or principles of effective communication are pivotal for
ensuring a productive communication. The major characteristics are as follows
–
Completeness of the Message-

Communication must be complete so as not to baffle the recipient. Better
communication helps in better decision-making by the latter. It develops and
enhances the reputation of an organization.
Clearness and Integrity of the Message-

The message to be conveyed or sent must have clarity and integrity for better
understanding. Clarity of thoughts and ideas enhances the meaning of the
message. The pith and substance of the message should be based on honesty
and accuracy.
Conciseness of the Message-

The intended message must be free from verbosity and should be so written
that it is intelligible at the first sight. Short and intelligible message sent to the
receiver is ever appealing and comprehensible. It saves time and cost as it is
understood at the first instance.
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Consideration of Physical Setting and the Recipient-

In order to make communication more effective, the overall physical setting, i.e.,
the media of communication and the work environment, must be considered.
The content of the message must take into account the attitude, knowledge,
and position of the recipient.
Clarity of the Message-

The message should have clarity of thoughts and ideas in order to be understood
clearly. Clear message makes use of exact, appropriate and concrete words and
symbols.
Courtesy to be Maintained-
The sender's message should be so drafted or prepared that it should be polite,
reflective, and enthusiastic. It must show the sender's respect for the receiver
and be positive and focused at the receiver.
Correctness of the Message-

The drafting of the message should be done in such a manner that the final
message doesn't have any grammatical errors and repetitions of sentences. The
message should be exact, correct and well-timed
TYPES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

The types of effective communication are given below
1. Verbal Communication
2. Non-verbal Communication
3. Intercultural Communication
4. Group Communication
5. Classroom Communication
1. Verbal Communication
It refers to the form of communication in which message is transmitted, verbally
i.e. by the use of sounds and words. Use of language in both spoken and written
form is part of verbal communication.
In this type of communication, one has to remember the acronym KISS (Keep It
Short and Simple). Verbal communication is further divided into two categories.
These are Oral and Written communication,
(i) Oral Communication
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It includes face-to-face conversation, speech, telephonic conversation, video,
TV, tadio, internet, etc. Spoken words are also used in oral communication.
Oral communication is influenced by pitch, volume, speed and clarity of
speaking. They all are termed as para language.
Factors Affecting Oral Communication

(a) Pitch It is a degree of highness or lowness of tone which depends on
frequency of sound wave. It is an important device or element in teaching-
learning process.
(b) Volume It depends on the number of people and proximity. It is measured
in decibel.
(c) Speed While delivering the word, one should maintain the speed because a
rhythmic voice makes sound more clear. Irregular speech may show a sign of
uncertainty.
(d) Clarity of Speaking Proper pronunciation and smooth delivery of words
make a message very effective.
Advantages
• It brings quick feedback. . It is voluntary and natural, easy for others to
understand.
• It establishes a close relationship between speaker and listener,
• It also supports non-verbal communication.
• By reading facial expression and body language, one can guess whether one
should
• trust, what is being said or not.
•
Disadvantages
• The delivered words are temporary.
• What is heard is often forgotten.
• User is unable to think about what he is delivering,
(ii) Written Communication

The communication which is performed through any written document is called
written communication. Written language, signs, symbols are used to
communicate in this communication.
Message can be trasmitted, via e-mail, letter, report, memo, etc. Therefore,
written communication is the process of communication in which messages or
information is exchanged or communicated within sender and receiver through
written form.
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Vocabulary, grammar, writing style, precision, clarity of the language, etc.,
influence messages, which are sent by the sender.
Written communication is the most common form of communication in business
firms. Thus, it is considered as core, among the business
Advantages
• Message can be revised and edited many times before being sent, thus there is
less chance of error.
• It provides record for every message sent and can be saved for later study.
• A written message enables receiver to full. understand it.
• Written message sends appropriate feedback.
Disadvantages
• It does not bring instant feedback.
• It takes more time in composing a written message.
• Not everyone is good at writing.
Mnemonic
In general, a 'mnemonic' is a memory aid such as an abbreviation, rhyme or
mental image that helps to remember something, Mnemonics can be used to
remember phone numbers, names or the years of the reigns of the kings and
queens, etc.
For example, to memorise the North American Great Lakes; the acronym
"HOMES (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie and Superior) which matches the
letters of the five lakes is used, 'Knuckle' Mnemonic is used for the number of
days in each month of Gregorio Calendar. Each Knuckle represents a 31 day
mont which is one of the examples of mnemonic.
2. Non-Verbal Communication
The non-verbal communications are the communications where the sending or
receivina of messages is done through the wordless messages. It means that
communication is established other than oral and written. It is all about the body
language of the speaker and does not make use of words.
There are three distinct areas involved in this type of communication. They are:
a) Audio Sign They play a very crucial role in non-verbal communication Audio
signs communicate the intended emotions in the form of sounds that are
different for varyingemotions. For example, bell in a school, fire alarms,
drumbeats, work shift alarms in factories
and so on.
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b) Body Language It is that aspect non-verbal communication which speas without
use of words. Each part of human wody responds to different situation in a
varied manner. It includes all actions i.e. physical or physiological postures, facial
expressions, gestures and other body movements. Our body movement includes
our head, eyes, shoulders, lips, eyebrows, legs, arms and hands. All these can
convey if we are uncomfortable, friendly, anxious or nervous.
c) Visual Sign It is the act of using photographs, art, drawings, sketches, charts and
graphs to convey information. For example, signed light (Red, Green and Blue).
Advantages
• Information can be easily presented in non-verbal communication. The
• This type of communication helps illiterate people to communicate with others
by using gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, proximity, touching, etc.
• The message of non-verbal communication reach the receiver very fast, Thus, it
reduces the time of both communicator and receiver.
• In this communication, people can repeat the verbal messages according to their
need. For example, point in a direction while stating directions.
Disadvantages
• Non-verbal communication is quite vague and imprecise.
• In this type of communication, long conversation and necessary explanations
are not possible.
• As gestures and facial expressions are used in this communication, so it is
difficult to understand quickly and requires a lot of repetitions to clarify the
meaning of something.
• Non-verbal communication does not follow any rules, formality, or structure like
other
• communication. org . In non-verbal communication, there is a great possibility
in distortion of information,
→ Terms Related to Non-verbal Communication

Haptics refers to touch behaviors that convey meaning during interactions,
Touch operates at many levels, including functional-professional, social-polite,
friendship-warmth, and love-intimacy.
Vocalics refers to the vocalized but not verbal aspects of non-verbal
communication, including our speaking rate, pitch, volume, tone of voice and
vocal quality. These qualities, also known as para language, reinforce the
meaning of verbal communication, allow us to emphasize particular parts of a
message, or can contradict verbal messages.
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Proxemics refers to the use of space and distance within communication,
Proxemics also studies territoriality, or how people take up defend personal
space.
Chronemics refers the study of how time affects communication and includes
how different time cycles affect our communication, including the differences
between people who are past or future oriented and cultural perspectives on
time as fixed and measured (monochronic) or fluid and adaptable (polychronic),
Intercultural communication
Intercultural communication skills are those required to communicate, or share
information, with people from other cultures and social groups.
Intercultural communication is the verbal and nonverbal interaction between
people from different cultural backgrounds. Basically, 'inter-' is a prefix that
means 'between' and cultural means… well, from a culture, so intercultural
communication is the communication between cultures. Sometimes, this is used
to describe a single person trying to interact in a foreign environment but more
often, it is a two-way street, where people from both cultures are trying to
improve their communication.
Historic Overview of Intercultural Communication

For the proper name of the field "Intercultural Communication" credit is often
given to American anthropologist Edward T. Hall, who used it for the first time
in his book The Silent Language in 1959. The book is sometimes called "the field's
founding document" (Hart 1998).
Prior to publishing the book, Hall was a staff member at the Foreign Service
Institute, USA (1951-1955), where he, together with his colleagues, worked out
what can be called the first original paradigm for Intercultural Communication:
Main elements of Hall's paradigm for Intercultural Communication (Hart 1998)
were:
• systematic empirical study and the classification of nonverbal communication
(defined as communication that does not involve the exchange of words)
• emphasis, especially in nonverbal communication, on the out-of-conscious level
of information-exchange
• focus on intercultural communication, not as earlier on macrolevel
monocultural studies
• a non-judgmental view toward and acceptance of cultural differences
• participatory training methods in Intercultural Communication
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Intercultural Communication Importantance-
• Successful communication involves the effective transfer of knowledge and
information. As economies evolve and become more interconnected,
communicating across cultures becomes increasingly important.
• In a competitive business environment, intercultural communication allows
leaders to increase their value and the value of the organizations they represent.
• Intercultural communication skills lead to improved negotiations and help with
developing business deals and agreements. At a basic level, someone with these
skills is able to interact with people from different cultural backgrounds with
respect, avoiding potential miscommunications and resulting in more
productive interaction.
• Intercultural communication is an important part of a person’s intercultural
competence, or the ability to function effectively across cultures.
• Effective intercultural communication helps to eliminate communication
obstacles like language barriers and stereotypes from international business.
Intercultural competence enables the individual to interact with people of other
cultures and remain aware of cultural differences. Communication is embedded
in the three domains of intercultural competence.
1. Intercultural traits such as open-mindedness, tolerance of ambiguity, cognitive

complexity, patience and flexibility.
2. Intercultural attitudes and intercultural worldviews that have sophisticated,
rather than ethnocentric or simplistic, perceptions of cultural differences and
similarities.
3. Intercultural capabilities emphasize what a person can do to be skilled in
intercultural interactions. Examples include showing knowledge of other
cultures/countries, linguistic skills, social flexibility and cultural tuning.
Group communication
communication is a mode of communication in an organization, between
employers and employees, and employees in teams/groups. Group
communication can further be looked from an marketing perspective as
communicating to a group of people or target customers in order to market a
product.
Small group communications can be looked at as groups of size 3 to 20. And

larger groups looked can be of sizes 100 to 200 in size. Group communication
can be effective, when there is a specific purpose to the communication, a
proper means of communication, and content of the communication suitable to
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the target audience, and a proper communicator who can drive the initiative
and process.
Group communication can be of various means, like social media, digital media,
print media, speeches and focus group communication etc. The choice of the
means of communication depends on factors like the target audience, the
means and availability of the communication mode, cost implication for the
communication initiative.
The five basic elements of cooperative learning are:

• Positive interdependence.
• Individual and group accountability.
• Interpersonal and small group skills.
• Face-to-face promotive interaction.
• Group processing.
Classroom Communication
Communication within the classroom is important in order for students to learn
effectively and should be put in place from an early stage of learning. Classroom
communication exists in three categories: verbal, nonverbal, and written.
effective classroom communication depends on understanding how features of
the classroom talk register like these operate during actual class times. In the
following sections therefore we describe details of classroom talk, and then
follow with suggestions about how to use the register as effectively as possible.
In both of these sections we assume that the better the communication, the
better the learning and thinking displayed by students. For convenience we
divide classroom talk into two parts, teacher talk and student talk.
depends on factors like the target audience, the means and availability of the
communicationmode, cost implication for the communication initiative.
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Principles of Classroom Communication
There are four principles of effective classroom communication, which are
elaborated under the following heads:
(i) Principles for Teachers
(a) Understand the Learners A classroom teacher should have information about
the learners' character such as previous knowledge and interests, as well as
cognitive style. Thus, a teacher cannot treat all the students in the same
manner because each individual is different.
(b) Develop Effective Communication Skill A teacher should have a great
communication skill of both the aspects i.e. verbal and non-verbal. A teacher
can record his/her own audio strength and analyse the same for identifying
the strength and weakness in the spoken language. He remains open to
feedback from his colleagues, peer groups, seniors as well as students too.
(c) Knowledge of Pedagogy and Andragogy A teacher should have knowledge of
pedagogy and andragogy, therefore he enables to plan, organise, deliver and
evaluate instructions. Thus, a teacher easily promotes the learning among the
students.
(d) Adopt Flexible Technique A teacher should be flexible that helps him to
modify the teaching techniques according to the needs of students. vijf birere
(e) Develop Proficiency in the Subject Matter A teacher should be expert in his
subject and should have potential to satisfy students by solving their queries
while teaching
(ii) Principles for Message Design

(a) Clear and Specified Objective To be clear and specified, a message should be
SMART. It means message should be Specific, Measurable, Achievable,
Realistic and Time framed.
(b) Proper Sequence A message should be in proper sequence and organised as
simple to complex, easy to difficult, concrete to abstract, known to unknown,
observation to reasoning, etc.
(c) Easy LanguageThe language of the message should be easy, simple and
understandable to the learners. Technical jargon should be avoided.
(d) Appropriate Symbols Symbols used in 1 messaging should be correct and
standardised.
(e) Relevant Exercise The exercise given by the teacher should be of varying
difficulty level and involve the learners meaningfully.
(iii) Principles for Selection of Instructional Methods and Media
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(a) Relevant Methods and Media The method should be appropriate and
media operational processes should be relevant towards the objectives,
content and context. Therefore, it is appropriate to the level of learners.
(b) Variety of Methods and Media A variety of methods and media are used
by a teacher in order to provide individual differences among the learners
and to discourage the monotony.
(c) Better Quality of Media A great quality of media is used in the classroom
in terms of its colours, finishing, visibility and printing
(d) Integrate Media in Teaching-Learning During the teaching-learning
process, the media should not be isolated. Although it must be integrated,
so that it boosts up the understanding of the students or learners.
(iv) Principles for Creating Conducive

Learning Environment
(a) Classes Should not be Overcrowded The classes should not be
overcrowded. If it is so, then it is difficult for a teacher to manage the class
and not pay attention to each learner. Therefore, the ratio between
teacher student should be specified.
(b) Proper Seating Arrangement For the successful learning, there should be
a proper seating arrangement in the classroom. This helps a student to
interact easily with the teacher.
(c) Build Good Relationship with Student A teacher should make good
relationship with students. Therefore, he should know each and every
student in the class by name and be friendly with them.
(d) Encourage Cooperation and Healthy Competition A teacher should
encourage cooperation and healthy competition among the students by
assigning group activities and pairing students with average or poor
students.
(e) Strengthening A teacher should provide strengthening to the students
for their desired communication behaviour through praise, rewards,
social recognition, etc.
→ Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is used to express something again using different words, so that
it is easier to understand. in a paraphrase, the ideas and meaning of the
original source must be maintained and the main ideas need to come through
but the wording has to be your own. For example, telling the story of a movie
you saw to your friend is paraphrasing. It is a solid means of truly and
completely attempting to understand what the person is communicating with
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others i.e. what one is really trying to say. Importance of paraphrasing in
communication is as
follows:
• It greatly enhances the impact of the conversation.
• It expresses the meaning of the writer or speaker or something written
or spoken) using different words, especially to achieve greater clarity,
• It helps to avoid impulsive or angry reactions.
• It prevents misunderstandings from occurring.
Seven C’s of Effective Communication:

These are the Seven terms, starting with the letter C, which make
communication more understandable, valuable and effective.
Four S’s of Communication:

Four terms starting with letter S, which add to the value of the message in
Communication
• Sincerity
• Simplicity
• Shortness
• Strength
Barriers of Effective Communication

Barriers of communication are those factors which produce obstacles in the way
of reaching the message to the receiver. Following are the barriers of
communication:
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1. Language or Linguistic Barriers
Language means using words to deliver something to the receiver. It includes
both verbal and non-verbal communication. Through the following points, we
can understand easily, how language makes barriers to effective
communication.
(i) Insufficient Knowledge of a Language If the language is constructed badly or
faulty or there are mistakes in the message, then the receiver will find difficult
to understand correctly.
(ii) Incomplete Messages There are certain assumptions underlying a
communication. If the receiver is not clear about these assumptions, the
purpose of the communication would be lost.
(iii) Use of Jargons and Slangs When communicating in same language, the
terminology used in a message may act as a barrier if it is not fully understood
by the receiver. For example, a message that includes a lot of specialist jargons
(technical expressions) and abbreviations will not be understood by a receiver
who is not familiar with the terminologies used.
(iv) Translation Issues If a message is written in one language and translated
into another language, then, it is highly important that the translation should be
free from errors or omissions. Therefore, the receiver can easily understand.
2. Semantic Barriers
The semantic barriers refers to the misunderstanding between the sender and
receiver arising due to the different meanings of words, and other symbols used
in the communication. The semantic barriers usually arise when the information
is not in the simple language and contains those words or symbols that have
multiple meanings.
3. Psychological or Emotional Barriers

Following are psychological or emotional barriers to the effective
communication:
(i) Forming Prior Judgements Some people have the tendency to form a
judgement before listening to the entire message. -
(ii) Pre-occupation of the Receiver If the receiver is pre-occupied with other
matters then he cannot properly listen to or attend to a message.
(iii) Emotions as Hindrance When emotions are strong, it is difficult to know the
frame of mind of other person or group. Emotional attitudes of both the
communicators as well as the receivers
inhibit free flow of transmission and understanding of messages.
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(iv) Attitude Related Issues The attitude of a person to interpret the message in
accordance with his self-concept, also affects communication. The
communicator responds favourably to those messages that reinforce his self-
concept. He also rejects those messages that are perceived to be a threat to his
self-image.
4. Technical Barriers
Technical problems arising due to problems in hardware or software may hinder
communica tion sent via emails, chats, text messages. Sometimes, sender or
receiver may have improper knowledge about technology and may not be able
to use it successfully. Therefore, technical barriers may hinder the proper flow
of information.
5. Cultural Barriers
Culture of a place impacts a person in a big way. It has implications on our
behaviour, language, activities, rituals, traditions, norms, etc. This can create
confusion and mis understanding as every culture has different traditions. Signs
and symbols used positively in one culture may be understood differently in
different cultures, The rights and wrongs, morals and values also vary from
culture to culture. In the absence of any effective communication, the cultural
barriers can bring in conflict among different groups of people,
6. Sender-Oriented Barrier
The conditions or situations that create barriers in effective communication by
the sender are sender-oriented barriers. The sender's understanding, personal
opinion, surroundings, environment, culture affect the information that is send
by the sender. Therefore, the sender must have thorough knowledge about the
information that he/she conveys. Any wrong interpretation can create
communication barriers.
7. Receiver-Oriented Barrier
Receivers can also create communication barriers. These include lacking
attention in understanding the message completely, receiver's personal opinion,
attitude, values, beliefs, physical and emotional state of mind. If the receiver is
not able to properly interpret a message then it can create communication
barriers.
8. Organisational Barriers
If an organisation does not believe in free flow of information to the lower levels
or in any particular direction, then, there will be problems of understanding
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within the organisation. The rules and regulations may restrict or circumscribe
the flow of information. The hierarchical consciousness comes in the way of
effective communication in the upward direction. If there are no adequate
facilities for communication, there will be difficulties in ensuring effective
communication, Noise causes disturbance, distortion, confusion and
interference in an organisation for transmission of messages,
9. Physical Barriers
Following are the physical barriers to effective communication
(i) Medium Related
Use of medium with which recipient is unfamiliar may lead to communication
barrier.
(ii) Environment Related
Environmental stress such as high temperature, poor ventilation, etc., leads to
barrier in the organisation or at any place.
• Subjective stress includes sleeplessness, ill-health, effects of drugs, mood
swings, etc., also affect the communication.
Surrounding area such as traffic noise, music, loudspeaker, etc., create some
disturbance
while communication takes place between two parties,
10. Mechanical Barriers

In the absence of communication facil there is difficulty in reaching of a meas
the destination. Channel noise, that includes any disturbanca in physical
transmission of a message, maka barrier to effective communication. For
example, disturbances in radio transmission blurredness on TV screens,
inaudibility in telephone devices and so on.
11. Other Barriers

The various communication barriers at work places are as follows
• Stereotyping This means that the content of communication is determined by
the expectations due to inadequate distinctions of objects or events. This
interferes with effective communication,
• Ideological Barriers The members of the organisation do not share the same
ideological perspectives and orientation, affects the effective communication,
• Filtering It refers to the sender's purposes and deliberate manipulation of
informale to be passed
on to the receiver.
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➢ Communication
Myths Communication plays an important role in the success of the organisation
because it can impact one's work and the level of satisfaction of other members
of an organisation. However, while communication is a good means, there are
quite a few myths that affect how we communicate and by revealing and
understanding these myths one can become a better communicator.
Such myths are: meanings are in words, communication is a verbal process,
telling is communicating, communication will solve all our problems,
communication is a good thing, the more communication, the better response,
communication can break down, communication is a natural ability and so on.
Therefore, it can be said that myths have power but are imprecise.
Suggestions to Overcome Barriers of Communication

In order to rem communicatie to remove hindrances in the way of Cunication
following suggestions need to be considered
1. Clarify Ideas Before Communication Any issue to be communicated to a
subordinate should be completely studied and analysed by the superior.
2. Use of Simple Language Use of simple and clear words should be emphasised.
Use of ambiguous words and jargons should be avoided.
3. Have Clarity in Thoughts It means one should be very clear about his objectives
and what he wants to convey. One should arrange his thoughts in proper order
and then convey.
4. Motivation Motivation also helps to remove some of the barriers, especially
psychological and socio-cultural barriers.
5. Proper Arrangement Proper seating arrangements, visibility of the source and
relatively comfortable environment facilitate communication.
6. Appropriate Channel Depending upon the type and objective of communication,
selection of appropriate channel is crucial for success of communication,
7. Conciseness A communication should be concise and crisp. The sender should
be clear headed and properly focussed in his vision,
8. Open Mind The people to communicate must have open minds. The information
should not be withheld for personal interest or prejudice. The information
should be interpreted without any bias
Mass Media and Society

In contemporary society, people are strongly influenced by mass media.
Although traditional television watching and newspaper reading are no longer
as popular as before, people spend more time in front of computers listening to
music and radios, reading news and information, interacting with other people
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in social network and watching television programmes and films. The developing
technology of mobile phone allows people to do almost everything they can do
with the computer. Nowaday, people are living in a world ‘saturated by media
sounds and images.’
Media are the channel that marketers and advertisers used to convey a message
to your market goal, therefore, the choice of the means to be used in an
advertising campaign is a decision of the utmost importance because it has a
direct impact on the results that are obtained with it.
Media has a power that can everyone has the same right and opportunity to
access the information and enjoy their life. Teenagers are the most effective
group of people because they can access and explode new technologies,
creatives, curious, and proactive. Therefore, they are putting themselves in
danger by performing challenge pictures or extreme dangerous things to be
famous. People always attractive by beautiful things; therefore, being eye
catching faces, stylists, and creatives are easily catch people’s attention.
Mass media means technology that is intended to reach a mass audience. It is

the primary means of communication used to reach the vast majority of the
general public. The most common platforms for mass media are newspapers,
magazines, radio, television, and the Internet. The general public typically relies
on the mass media to provide information regarding political issues, social
issues, entertainment, and news in pop culture.
Objectives of Mass Communication-

To Provide Information: The basic objective of mass communication is to
provide valuable information to the mass people. Information regarding various
fields are sent to the public through mass communication media.
To Achieve Goals: An important objective of mass communication is to achieve

the desired goals of the organizations by persuading the target audience.
Organization uses mass communication media to influence its different
stakeholders so that they help it to carry out its objectives.
Promoting Products and Services: Mass communication is heavily used to

promote new and existing products and services. Radio, television, newspapers,
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magazines, internet, etc. mass communication media convey messages related
to products and services to the prospective customers. So, mass communication
media are considered as an important media of advertisement.
To Create Public Awareness: Creating public awareness on currently important

issues is down by mass communication. There are some crucial factors like HIV,
AIDS, vaccination, corruption, pollution, population explosion, etc. that require
huge public awareness and consciousness. Mass communication helps to do it.
To Create Opinion: mass communication is also used to create favorable public

opinion towards particular issues. In 1971 mass media played significant role for
creating public support for liberation war that in turn sped up our war against
Pakistani Junta.
To Create Image of the organizations: Creating the image of products of an

organization and itself is an important purpose of mass communication.
Organization promulgate their products and services as well as themselves to
build or uphold positive image. For example, Dutch Bangle Bank Ltd. has been
using different mass media to inform public about its ongoing programs for acid
victims.
To Bring Coordination among Departments and Branches: Bringing

coordination among the departments and branches of the organization is an
important purpose of mass communication. Large organization have various
departments and branches and for successful completion of organizational
activities, proper coordination among these departments and branches is badly
necessary. Mass communication helps large organizations bring coordination by
publishing and circulating different information, reports, letters, etc.
The elements of mass communication are:

- Public who has to be communicated with
- Media(Medium) which is the means of communication
- Message because of which the process has been created
- Sender of the message
- Marketing, advertising, Public relations extra can be termed as the sub
elements of mass communication.
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Characteristics of Mass Communication

Mass communication is very similar to other forms of communication. It involves
people, messages, channels, noise etc. However, it possesses the following
special characteristics or features in addition to the characteristics of general
communication-
• Large number of audiences: The most important characteristic of mass
communication is that its audiences are relatively large. Audiences of mass
communication may exceed millions after millions.
• Heterogeneous audiences: The audiences of mass communication are not only
large in number but also heterogeneous and anonymous in nature. Its audiences
may belong to different ages, religions, sections and groups.
• Scattered audiences: The audiences of mass communication are scattered in a
vast geographical area, even in the whole world. So its audiences are far away
from the source of information.
• Personally unknown audiences: In mass communication, messages flow to
scattered external audiences. Usually, the audiences are personally unknown to
the communicator.
• Common messages: Mass communication delivers the same messages
simultaneously to a vast and diversified audience. Whoever wish and has the
ability to afford the media, can easily receive the message from the mass
communications channels.
• Use of mechanical or electronic media: Mass communication relies on
mechanical or electronic media to address large and diverse audiences. The
media include radio, television, films, newspaper, posters, leaflets etc. Mass
communication does not take place through face to face or telephonic
conversation.
• Rapid and continuous dissemination: Another distinct characteristic of mass
communication is the speedy and continuous dissemination of the message.
• Absence of direct feedback: In mass communication, there is no direct feedback
from the receivers.
Social Media : New Form of Media
Today, internet has made everything almos It became possible by social net or
social media. Social media is computer-base technology which facilitates the
sharing thoughts and information through the building bus virtual networks and
communities.
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Examples of social media are Blogs, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Whatsapp,
Wikipedia , YouTube, News Portal, etc., which successfully have created a
unique place in the internet world. Different types of social media are given
below as
Facebook
It is an American online social media platform which was launched on 4th
February, 2004, by Mark Zuckerberg. It is operated by Facebook Inc which is
based in Menlo Park, California. Facebook can be accessed from devices with
internet connectivity.
To become a facebook user, one has to create an account on facebook and after
registering, user may join common-interest user groups organised by workplace,
school hobbies and so on. It can also be used by companies for advertising their
products.
Instagram
It is a social networking service where people can create their accounts and can
share their photos and videos. It was launched by Kevin Systrom and Mike
Krieger in
2010. It is owned by Facebook Inc. company.
Twitter
It is an American online news and social networking service which can be used
by any person by creating an account. Twitter was created in March 2006 by
Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone and Evan Williams.
On this social networking site, users can post and interact with messages known
as 'tweets'. Before 2017, tweets were restricted to 140 characters, but from
November 2017, this limit was doubled for all languages except Chinese,
Japanese and Korean
YouTube
YouTube, LLC is a video-sharing website where anyone can upload, view rate
and share, add to favourites, report, comment on videos and subscribe to other
users.
It was created by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim in 2005. The
headquarters of YouTube is in San Bruno, California, America. In 2006, Google
bought this site.
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Whatsapp
Whatsapp was founded by Jan Koum and Brian Acton in 2009, It is a freeware
and cross-platform messaging application which can be accessed by anyone who
has a smartphone.
It is an alternative to SMS. It is owned by Facebook. The users of Whatsapp can
send text messages, voice calls, video calls, images, documents and user location
to each other.
Blog
It is the short form of Weblog' which was coined by Jorn Barger on 17th
December, 1997. The term Blog' was coined by Peter Merholz in 1999. Initially,
some online journals were published which consisted of links of news, other
information and about the details of bloggers.
These were known as 'Blogs' and the writers who used to write these blogs were
known as Bloggers.' Gradually, blogs became popular but to write these blogs,
bloggers needed to have knowledge about the computer programming
languages like HTML language.
But after seeing possibilities, some websities provided free and easy equipments
to write these blogs where bloggers did not need to know about the computer
programming languages.
Blogs can be written about any aspect of life and in any language of the world.
Blogs became more famous from the time when an American soldier wrote
about his experience during the war when America attacked on Afghanistan.
Effects of Mass Media

The effects of mass media can be seen through the following points:
Positive Effects
• Mass media informs the public about government policies and programmes and
how these programmes can be useful to them. This helps the people to voice
their feelings and helps the government to make necessary changes in their
policies or programmes.
• It can bring positive social changes.
• It entertains people.
• It acts as an agent of change in development.
• It helps the political and democratic processes of a country.
• It brings people of different countries closer to each other.
• It educates the public and promote trade and industry through advertisements.
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Negative Effects
• The traditional culture of country is adversely affected by mass media.
• Entertainment has become the main component of mass media. This affects the
primary objectives of media i.e. to inform and educate people.
• Mass media promotes violence. Studies have proved that violence shown on
television and cinema, have negative effects on children.
• It also promotes the desire in people to buy and own products that are
advertised through the media but which may not be essential for them.
Important Units or Institutions

of Mass Media The important mass media units of India are given below :
All India Radio (Akashvani), 1927

Radio broadcasting was started in early 1920s. The first programme was
broadcasted in 1923 by the Radio Club of Bombay. In 1927, broadcasting
services were set up with two privately owned transmitters at Bombay
(Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata). The government took over the transmitters in
1930 and started operating them under the name of Indian Broadcasting
Services.
It was changed to All India Radio (AIR) in 1936 and also popularised as Akashvani
from 1957. There are 369 Radio Stations. Each of these radio stations function
as the subordinate office of All India Radio.
Press Trust of India (PTI), 1947

It is a non-profit sharing cooperative owned by the country's newspapers with a
mandate to provide efficient and unbiased news to all its subscribers. It is the
largest news agency of India. It was founded on 27th August, 1947 and it started
functioning from 1st February, 1949. PTI offers its news services in the English
and Hindi languages.
Bheshe is the Hindi language news service of the agency, All Major TV/Radio
channels in India and several abroad, including BBC in London, receive PTI
service.
Hindustan Samachar, 1948

Hindustan Samachar is the first multi-lingual news agency in India, subscribed
by more than 200 newspapers and almost all the news channels including
Doordarshan. It was set up in 1948 by SS Apte offering its services in 10
languages such as Bengali, Oriya, Assamese, Telugu, Malyalam, Urdu, Punjabi,
Gujarati, Hindi and Marathi.
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In 1975, Hindustan Samachar was merged with Press Trust of India, United News
of India and Samachar Bharati to form the media monopoly samachar.
Central Board of Film, 1952

founded in 1952 with its headquay at Mumbai. It is responsible for certifvir films
produced in India as well as outside ti country.
The board gives four categories of certificate i.e. 'U' for unrestricted public
exhibition, ‘A’ for public exhibition restricted to adults only. 'UA: for unrestricted
public exhibition with parental guidance for children below the age of 12 and
'Sfor exhibition restricted audience such as doctors, etc.
Children's Film Society, 1955

It was founded in 1955 and functions as an autonomous body under the
administrative control of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. The
society provides value based entertainment for children and also fulfils their
psychological and educational needs through the medium of films.
Press and Print Media, 1956

The office of the registrar of newspapers IOL India, more popularly known as
RNI, came me being on 1st July, 1956 on the recommendation of the First Press
Commission in 1953 and 19 amending the Press and Registration of Boon. Act,
1867.
The Press and Registration of Books Act contains the duties and functions of RNI.
The Registrar of newspapers for India is required to submit an annual report to
the Government about the Status of Newspapers before 31st December, every
year,
United News of India (UNI), 1959

It was founded in 1959 and has now grow one of the largest news agencies in
Asia.
UNI have correspondents in major in such as Washington, London, Dubai, Colon
Kathmandu, Islamabad, Dhaka, Singa Sydney and Vancouver, bringing to ou
subscribers stories of interest to Indian readers.
It has collaboration agreements with several foreign news agencies, including
Reuters and DPA.
Doordarshan, 1959
It was started in New Delhi on 15th September, 1959. The regular television
services commenced in Delhi in 1965, Mumbai in 1972, Calcutta (Kolkata) in
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1975 and in Chennai in 1975. The current form of Doordarshan was established
on 15th September, 1976.
Doordarshan network consists of 64 Doordarshan Kendras/ Production Centres,
24 Regional News Units, 126 Doordarshan Maintenance Centres, 202 High
Power Transmitters, 828 Low Power Transmitters, Very Low Power
Transmitters, 18 Transposers, 30 Channels and DTH services. Doordarshan has
started DD KISAN on 26th May, 2015 to provide information agricultural related
schemes, programmes and also to educate the farmers.
Film and Television Institute of India, 1960

The institute was set up in 1960 in Pune, as a premier institute for imparting
training in the art and technique of film-making. Since 1974, it started giving
training to Doordarshan employees in television production. The institution was
renamed as Film and Television Institute of India in 1974.
Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC), 1965

It was inaugurated on 17th August, 1965 by the Ministry of Information and
Broadcasting, Smt. Indira Gandhi. IIMC has provided many courses in the field
of mass media. Its working is monitored by the government from time to time.
Press Council of India (PCI), 1966

It was set up by Government of India in 1966 on the recommendations of the
First Press Commission with the object of preserving the freedom of the press
and of maintaining and improving the standards of press in India. The present
council functions under the Press Council Act, 1978. It is a statutory, quasi
judicial body which acts as a watchdog of the press.
NAM News Network (NNN), 1976

It was founded in 1976. It is the transformation of the now-defunct NANAP or
Non-Aligned New Agencies Pool. It is also incumbent upon the NNN to assume
the role of a creator to aware of the potential that exists for expanding trade
and economic collaboration among NAM member countries through
intelligence sharing and building of e-knowledge capacity.
→ Yellow Journalism
Yellow Journalism or Yellow Press is an American term for journalism. It is
associated with newspapers that present little or no legitimate well-researched
news while instead using eye-catching headlines for increase sales.
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Nowadays, the term Yellow Journalism is used as a pejorative to decry any
journalism that treats news in an unprofessional or unethical fashion. In the
United Kingdom, the term Yellow Journalism is equivalent to Tabloid Journalsm,
meaning journalism is characteristic of tabloid newspapers, even if found
elsewhere.
Prasar Bharti, 1997

Prasar Bharti is a Public Service Broadcasting Centre in India with Akashvani (All
India Radio and Doordarshan as its two constituents. It came into existence on
23rd November, 1997 and mandated to organise and conduct public
broadcasting services to inform, educate and entertain the public.
It also ensures a balanced development of broadcasting on radio and television.
Therefore, it is also known as Broadcasting Corporation of India (BCI).
Press Information Bureau (PIB)

The Press Information Bureau (PIB) is the nodal agency of the Government of
India to disseminate information to the print and electronic media on
government policies, programme initiatives and achievements. It has 8 regional
offices and 34 branch offices and information centres. The information material
is released in English, Hindi, Urdu and other regional languages.
Digital initiatives in higher education

Digital revolution has brought many changes in the Higher Education. In fact,
every institute is taking various initiatives in promoting digital education.
Various initiatives have been taken up such as SWAYAM (India’s own MOOCs),
Swayam Prabha, National Digital Library (containing more than 6.5 million
books), and National Academic Depository. UGC is in the process of developing
Online Education Regulation.
MHRD has also taken measures such as “Cashless Campus” and Digital Financial
Literacy of community by students. The aim to raise the Gross Enrolment Ratio
(GER) in the higher education is to be taken to 30 by 2020. The physical
expansion of facilities requires both infrastructural and human resource
limitations. The technology can be leveraged to address twin concerns of
enhancing access and quality. The use of technology becomes imperative due to
the following factors:
1. Affordable
2. High Quality
3. Inclusive – specifically to cover up rural-urban and gender bias issues.
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4. Employability
5. Uses internet
6. Smart Phones
7. Higher spend
8. Skilling the unskilled - The Skill India Mission
To democratise the opportunities of quality education, the Government has
launched the National Mission on Education through ICT (NMEICT) to translate
the power of IT into expanded learning opportunities. Over a period of time,
NMEICT has made significant gains by developing IT interventions that have
potential to change the higher education scenario. Now we can discuss various
points for discussion of other points:
1. National Mission on Education through Information and

Communication Technology (NMEICT): NMEICT is a centrally sponsored
scheme to realize the potential of ICT in teaching learning process for the benefit
of all the learners. in higher education institutions anytime and anywhere.
Content generation and connectivity along with provision for access devices for
institutions and learners are the main objectives. Now many universities have
been provided 1 Gbps connectivity and more than 14,000 colleges have also
been provided VPN (Virtual Private Network) connectivity.
A-view software has been developed under the NMEICT for teacher training.
This could become the basis for successful implementation of the proposed
National Mission on Teachers.
Under the N-list program of INFLIBNET (under NMEICT), lakhs of e-books and
thousands of high quality paid e-journals have been made available to colleges
and universities with a view to inculcate research culture in teachers and
students. The model needs to be scaled up for maximizing coverage and for
productive usage of the available resources.
2. National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL):

NPTEL was initiated by seven Indian Institutes of Technology (Bombay, Delhi,
Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras, Guwahati and Roorkee) along with the Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore in 2003. Five core disciplines were identified,
namely, civil engineering, computer science and engineering, electrical
engineering, electronics and communication engineering and mechanical
engineering and 235 courses in web/video format were developed in this phase.
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The main goal of NPTEL Phase II (2009-14) was to build on the engineering and
core science courses launched previously in NPTEL Phase I. An additional 600
web and video courses were created in all major branches of engineering,
physical sciences at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels and
management courses at the postgraduate level. Several improvements such as
indexing of all video and web courses and keyword search were implemented.
3. SWAYAM: It is an indigenous (Made in India) IT Massive Open Online Courses

(MOOCs) Platform for providing best quality education that can be accessed by
anyone, anytime and anywhere using the IT system. It was launched by
Government of India to achieve the three cardinal principles of Education -
access, equity and quality. Access means to take the best teaching learning even
to the most disadvantaged. It seeks to bridge the digital divide for the
economically disadvantaged students, at all levels. It is taught in classrooms
from 9th class till post-graduation to be accessed by anyone, anywhere at any
time. The sessions are developed by best faculty and available free of cost. There
are more than 1,000 specially chosen faculty members.
The courses hosted on SWAYAM are in 4 quadrants:
a) Video tutorials covering a whole course – normally of 20 hours, each lecture not
exceeding 30 minutes.
b) E-Content: added to the learning imparted through the video tutorials.
c) Self Assessment: Quizzes/assignments that intersperse the course.
d) Discussion forum for posting queries.
Features of SWAYAM
a) High quality learning experience using multimedia on anytime, anywhere basis.
b) One-stop web location for interactive e-content for all courses from School to
University level.
c) State of the art system that allows easy access, monitoring and certification.
d) Peer group interaction and discussion forum to clarify doubts.
e) Hybrid model that adds to the quality of class room teaching.
Thus all this happens through by using audio-video, multi-media and state of the
art pedagogy / technology. Nine National Coordinators have been appointed:
They are AICTE for self-paced and international courses, NPTEL for engineering,
UGC for non technical post-graduation education, CEC for under-graduate
education, NCERT & NIOS for school education, IGNOU for out of the school
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students, IIMB for management studies and NITTTR for Teacher Training
programme. Students looking for certifications shall be registered and be
offered a certificate on successful completion of the course, with a little fee. The
assessment takes place through proctored examination and the marks/grades
secured in this exam could be transferred to the academic record of the
students. UGC has already issued the UGC (Credit Framework for online learning
courses through SWAYAM) Regulation 2016 advising the Universities to identify
courses where credits can be transferred on to the academic record of the
students.
SWAYAM platform is indigenously developed by MHRD and AICTE with the help
of Microsoft and would be ultimately capable of hosting 2000 courses and 80000
hours of learning: covering school, under-graduate, post-graduate, engineering,
law and other professional courses.
4. SWAYAM Prabha - The 32 educational DTH channels: The SWAYAM PRABHA

has been conceived as the project for telecasting high quality educational
programmes through 32 DTH channels on 24X7 basis. Every day, there will be
new content of at least (4) hours which would be repeated 6 times a day,
allowing the student to choose the time of his convenience. The DTH Channels
cover:-
a) Curriculum based course contents covering diverse disciplines such as arts,
science, commerce, performing arts, social sciences and humanities subjects,
engineering, technology, law, medicine, agriculture etc. in higher education
domain (all courses would be certification-ready in their detailed offering).
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b) School education (9-12 levels) modules.
c) Curricula and courses that can meet the needs of life-long learners or Indian
citizens in India and abroad.
d) IIT-PAL - to assist the students in the Classes 11 and 12 aspiring to join IITs - The
four channels under this would be on Mathematics Physics, Chemistry and
Biology.
The project was conceived and completed within 3 months with the active
participation of the Bhaskaracharya Satellite Application Centre and
Geoinformatics (BISAG) Gandhinagar and ECIL Hyderabad.
5. National Digital Library (NDL): A Project titled “Development of National

Digital Library of India, Towards Building a National Asset” has been sanctioned
to IIT, Kharagpur under NMEICT by MHRD. NDL project aims to develop.
a) overall framework to collate large number of e-contents, virtual library,
covering needs of learners with differing abilities for different levels of
education.
b) Design & development of “OAI-PMH” Server for Metadata Harvesting, Indexed
etc.
c) Pan-India virtual teaching-learning-evaluation-knowledge platform and for key
national asset and
d) Collect resources from other Ministries.
There are more than 72 lakh digital books available through the NDL and
available through mobile also.
6. National Academic Depository (NAD): It is an initiative of MHRD to

facilitate digital issuance, storage, access and verification of Academic Awards
issued by Academic Institutions. NAD is a Unique, Innovative and Progressive
initiative under “Digital India” theme towards achieving Digital enablement of
the Education Records. NAD aspires to make the vision of Digital Academic
Certificates for every Indian a reality.
7. e-Shodh sindhu: More than 15,000 international electronic journals and e-

books are made available to all the higher educational institutions through the
e shodh Sindhu initiative. This allows access to be best education resources in
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the world using digital mode. The INFLIBNET, Gandhinagar, Gujarat is
implementing the Scheme.
8. Virtual labs: The physical distances and lack of other resources make us
unable to perform experiments, especially when they involve sophisticated
instruments. Good teachers are always a scarce resource. Web-based and video-
based courses address the issue of teaching to some extent. They learn basic
and advanced concepts through remote experimentation. Now it is possible to
design good experiments around some of these equipments, which would
enhance the learning of a student. Internet-based experimentation further
permits use of resources – knowledge, software, and data available on the web,
apart from encouraging skillful experiments being simultaneously performed at
points separated in space (and possibly, time).
9. e-Yantra: An MHRD initiative under NMEICT Programme, named “e-Yantra” is

implemented to incorporate Robotics into engineering education with the
objective of engaging students. This needs exciting skills of mathematics,
computer science, and engineering principles. eYantra creates projects that are
based to train teachers. MHRD sees the core skills developed by IITB. All the
projects and code are available on the e-Yantra web-site www.eyantra.org as
open source content.
10. Campus connectivity: Establishment of 1 GBPS Connectivity to universities

and 20 512 Kbps broadband connectivity to colleges has been provisioned under
NMEICT. On guidelines from ‘Digital India’ initiative of PMO, now the MHRD has
now decided that campuses of Universities, (having 1 Gbps bandwidth) shall be
made WiFi enabled campus. All IITs, IIMs, and NITs have established WiFi
campuses. The process of laying the optical fibre and provision of the WiFi in
Central Universities is currently underway.
11.Talk to a teacher: Talk to a Teacher developed by IIT Bombay, is an initiative

of the National Mission on Education through ICT. It has been funded by MHRD
to provide free access to a few selected graduate and postgraduate courses,
taught at IIT Bombay by distinguished faculty members and scholars at large. It
uses A-View collaboration tool developed by Amrita University for providing
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virtual classrooms to the faculty across the country. These courses can be
viewed absolutely free of charge at lower bandwidths on a personal
computer/laptop having a headphone and Internet connection.
12. e-Acharya: e-Acharya also called ‘Integrated e-Content Portal’ of NMEICT, is

the official repository of NMEICT e-content and all content produced under
NMEICT is being put at this Repository platform at INFILIBNET Centre
Gandhinagar. The basic tenets of preservation for digital content, implement
standard Metadata schema are provided. Contents are mostly provided by
NCERT.
13. e-Kalpa: It’s another MHRD/ NMEICT initiative named as “e-Kalpa”. It creates
Digital-Learning Environment for Design in India. It has success-fully achieved
following objectives:
a) Digital online content for learning Design with e-Learning programs on Design .
b) Digital Design Resource Database including the craft sector .
c) Social networking for Higher Learning with collaborative Learning Space for
Design .
d) Design inputs for products of National Mission in Education through ICT.
14. The Free and Open Source Software for Education (FOSSEE): FOSSEE
project sanctioned to IIT Bombay has been promoting use of open source
software in educational institutions (http:// fossee.in). It does through
instructional material, such as spoken tutorials, documentation, such as
textbook companions, awareness programmes, such as conferences, training
workshops, and Internships. Textbook Companion (TBC) is a collection of code
for solved examples of standard textbooks. Scilab and Python TBCs are also on
the cloud.
15. e-Vidwan: The ‘Information and Library Network’ (INFLIBNET) Centre took the
initiative called “Vidwan: Expert Database and National Researcher’s Network”
with the financial support from NMEICT. The objectives of VIDWAN is to
a) collect academic and research profiles of scientists, faculty and research
scientists working in leading academic and R&D organizations in India and
abroad;
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b) quickly and conveniently provide information about experts to peers,
prospective collaborators, funding agencies, policy makers and research
scholars in the country;
c) establish communication directly with the experts who possess the expertise
needed by research scholars;
d) identify peer reviewers for review of articles and research proposals; and
e) create information exchanges and networking opportunities among scientist.
16. Central cloud infrastructure: The MHRD under NMEICT has awarded a
project to IIT Delhi, to set up a robust 24X7 backed Data Centre and the activities
have been put up at NIC / NKN Data Centre, and the cloud is called ‘Baadal’. The
IIT Delhi cloud is hosting e-content and video content of e-Acharya.
Other major digital initiatives in higher education

1. Lekhika 2007: It was developed by the Centre for the Development of Advanced
Computing (C-DAC) under India’s IT Ministry and Israel’s FTK Technologies. The
objective of this project is to spread computer literacy to the masses in India
who do not know English.
2. National Knowledge Network (NKN) and Connected Digital: An initiative has

been undertaken to cover 1000 institutions besides providing digital campuses,
video-conference classrooms, wireless hotspots, laptops/desktops to all
students of professional/science courses and Wi-Fi connectivity in hostels.
3. Centre for Distance Engineering Education Program (CDEEP): CDEEP is an

emulated classroom interaction programme by using real-time interactive
satellite technology. This was launched by the Indian Institute of Technology
(IIT)-Bombay.
4. EDUSAT: The launch of EDUSAT brought satellite connectivity to large parts of

rural India. Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) is leveraging
satellite, TV and internet technologies to offer online courses.
5. Brihaspati: This open source e-learning platform has been developed by IIT-
Kanpur.
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6. Private players: An increasing number of private players, like Hughes Global

Education, Manipal Education Group, Centum Learning, UEI Global, Shiv Nadar
University and so on are offering online education courses in association with
leading central and state universities having with good ICT infrastructure.
7. Digitization of books (e-text books): There is an increased trend towards

creation of a digital repository of books to create a digital learning environment
for students. The digital version of the books embedded with text, pictures along
with video, simulations and visualizations help the students to learn the
concepts in an interactive way. The National Mission on Education, through ICT,
plans to generate a new online course content for UG, PG and doctoral
education. Efforts are already underway to prepare the course content for 130
courses (UG and PG).
8. Open education resources: Many Indian universities are contemplating

technology-enabled free access to educational resources. All India Council for
Technical Education-Indian National Digital Library in Engineering and
Technology (AICTE-INDEST) is a consortium set up by the Ministry of Human
Resource to enhance greater access and generate annual savings in access of
bibliographic databases. UGC has also launched its Digital Library Consortium to
provide access to peer reviewed journals and bibliographic databases covering
subjects, such as arts, humanities, technology and sciences.
9. Virtual Technical University (VTU): The National Mission on Education through
ICT is working hard to establish a VTU to impart training to UG/PG students along
with new teachers. It focuses on science, technology, management and other
related areas.
10. Gyan darshan: Launched in 2000, Gyan Darshan is a joint effort of IGNOU and
the IITs. It is a bouquet of channels that broadcasts educational programmes for
school kids, university students and adults. The courses are contributed by
IGNOU, UGC Consortium for Educational Communication (UGC – CEC), IITs and
so on. CEC is an inter-university centre of UGC.
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11. Gyan vani: It is a bouquet of frequency modulation (FM) radio channels which
broadcast programs contributed by institutions, such as IGNOU and IITs. Under
UGC Countrywide Classroom initiative, education programmes are telecast on
Gyan Darshan and Doordarshan’s National Channel (DD1) every day.
12. e-Gyankosh: It is a knowledge repository launched by IGNOU in 2005 which aims

at storing and preserving digital learning resources. Almost 95% of IGNOU’s
printed material has been digitized and uploaded on the repository.
13. Education and Research Network (ERNET): It is promoted by the Department of

Information Technology, Government of India. It provides communication
infrastructure and services to academic research institutions in India. It is
undertaking networking projects, such as AICTE-Net, Indian Council of
Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Net and UGC-Infonet to provide internet and
intranet facilities.
14. Sakshat portal: Launched in 2006, Sakshat is a one-stop education portal for
addressing all the education and learning related needs of students, scholars,
teachers and lifelong learners. It has been developed at IGNOU. The portal was
developed by NIC and it provides links to vast knowledge resources, educational
news, examination alerts, sample papers and other useful links are available on
the web. It has an in-built repository of educational resources and online testing
facility.
15. GRID GARUDA: It is India’s first national grid bringing together the academic,
scientific and research communities for developing their data and other
applications. It is connected with National Knowledge Network (NKN).
16. Shruti-drishti: It is basically created for visually impaired women empowerment

(VIWE).
Concept of social learning

Web 2.0, social networking such as blogs and Wikis, YouTube, iTunes and Big
Think are influencing a new trend in higher education. The emergence of
Smartphones, such as the iPhone and other intelligent devices has enhanced
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mobile learning (referred to as m-learning). These technologies create new
channels for content delivery, online video expansion and podcasting. The
adoption of virtual reality websites, such as Second Life has provided higher
education institutions with new venues for virtual class learning.
A combination of Web 2.0 tools, such as blogs, Wikis, podcasts, mashups and
social networking communities have made traditional learning more social and
personalized. To begin with, the initial learning management systems (LMS) like
Blackboard, Sakai, Moodle or Web CT (Course tool) were course-centred and
teacher-driven. In the recent past, it is becoming more and more learner-centric.
Digital Initiatives in Higher Education

The use of technology through online education in higher education also
becomes imperative due to the following factors:
a) Affordable: Online education is cheaper than formal education without
compromising on quality, thanks to low infrastructure costs and large learner
base.
b) High Quality: Online Education is directly delivered by the best teachers,
assuring a high quality of instruction.
c) Inclusive: Online Education addresses the rural-urban divide which is
manifested by the fact that at present India has 4.5% of graduates In rural areas
as against 17% In urban areas. For females, the disparity is starker: 2.2% female
graduates in rural areas, as against 13% female graduates in the urban areas.
d) Employability: By a flexible curriculum that is in line with the current market
requirements, online education can enhance the employability quotient in the
youth.
e) Uses internet: The penetration of IT Infrastructure is expected to Increase
internet users from 40.9 Cr in 2016 to 73.5 Cr by 2021 . This will enhance access
to online courses to the youth.
f) Smart Phones: Increasing penetration of smartphones, which is expected to
increase to more than 60 Cr (2021 ), would further facilitate the use of the online
courses using the telecom spectrum.
g) Higher spend: The households spend on higher education is going to increase
in future, affording an opportunity for the hitherto unreached population to the
portals of higher education.
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h) Retraining the workforce: The pressing need of the employment sector for
re-training and career upgradation as per the needs of the market is best served
by online education leading to Life-long learning.
i) Skilling the unskilled: The Skill India Mission would certainly require online
courses for reaching out to a large number of unskilled or semi-skilled
population to help them to upgrade their skills.
The education through digital mission holds promise since it is accessible to
everyone, it is affordable, it can overcome the shortage of quality faculty and it
can enhance the enrollment in the higher education system. The digital learning
platforms provide opportunities for lifelong learning.
Digital Initiative in Higher Education Through NMEICT

MHRD, is responsible for the overall development of the basic infrastructure of
Higher Education sector, both in terms of policy and planning. Under a planned
development process, the Department looks after expansion of access and
qualitative improvement in the Higher Education, through world class
Universities, Colleges and other Institutions through various Digital Initiative in
Higher Education.
To expand the Higher Education sector in all is modes of delivery to increase the
Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) in Higher Education to 15% by 2011-12 to 21% by
2016-17 and 30% by the year 2020.
The aim to raise the Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) in the higher education from
24.5 (2015-16) to 30 by 2020, and the quest to enhance the quality of education
would require a large scale expansion of the high quality education
opportunities.
However, physical expansion of such facilities is fraught with both infrastructural
and human resource limitations.
Fortunately, in the days of fast expanding IT facilities, the technology can be
leveraged to address these twin concerns of enhancing access and quality.
With a view to improve the quality of education using the ICT and to translate
the power of IT into expanded learning opportunities, the National Mission on
Education through ICT (NMEICT) was launched. Over the last 5 years, the
NMEICT has made significant gains by developing IT interventions that have
potential to change the higher education scenario.
Over a period of time, NMEICT has made significant gains by developing IT
interventions that have potential to change the higher education scenario.
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Below is the list of Digital Initiative in Higher Education launched & dedicated to
the Nation in the field of Higher education
Top 16 Digital Initiative in Higher Education

1. Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring
Minds(SWAYAM)
SWAYAM is an indigenous (Made in India) IT Massive Open Online Courses
(MOOCs) Platform for providing the best quality education that can be accessed
by anyone, anytime and anywhere using the IT system.
The Concept of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) involves online delivery
of interactive learning content to large number of people simultaneously. It
allows sharing of best quality education with everyone, thereby bringing in
equity as far as the quality of education is concerned.
SWAYAM platform is developed by Ministry of Human Resource Development
(MHRD) and All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) with the help of
Microsoft .
Its ultimately capable of hosting 2000 courses and 80000 hours of learning:
covering school, under-graduate, post-graduate, engineering, law and other
professional courses.
All the courses on this platform are interactive, prepared by the best teachers in
the country and are available, free of cost to the students in India.
More than 1,000 specially chosen faculty and teachers from across the Country
have participated in preparing these courses.
Not only this; In order to ensure best quality content are produced and
delivered, Nine National Coordinators have been appointed: They are-
Courses under SWAYAM would be available in the following levels: For each
level, there is a National Coordinator, who would be responsible for the quality
of content:
• Out of school Children: for classes 9th to 12th (National Coordinator: National
Open School Society)
• School children in classes 9th to 12th (National Coordinator: NCERT)
• Undergraduate (non-engineering) courses (National Coordinator: CEC)
• Post graduate (non-engineering) courses (National Coordinator: UGC)
• Engineering Courses (National Coordinator: IIT Madras)
• Management Courses (National Coordinator: IIM Bangalore)
• Out of college students (National Coordinator: IGNOU)
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• Teaching the teachers (National Coordinator: NITTER Chennai)
There are 4 quadrants in the MOOC pedagogy:
• Video tutorials covering a whole course – normally having about 20 hours of
instruction in series of lectures, each lecture not exceeding 30 minutes.
• E-Content: reading material that could add to the learning imparted through the
video tutorials.
• Self-Assessment: Quizzes/assignments that intersperse the course
• Discussion forum for posting queries
All the courses delivered through SWAYAM are available free of cost to the
learners, however students wanting certifications shall be registered, shall be
offered a certificate on successful completion of the course, with a little fee.
At the end of each course, there will be an assessment of the student through
proctored examination and the marks/grades secured in this exam could be
transferred to the academic record of the students. You can see the latest
notification by UGC around this.
University Grants Commission (UGC) has vide Gazette Notification dated 19th
July, 2016, notified Regulation, 2016 regarding ‘Credit Framework for Online
Learning Courses through SWAYAM’. Accordingly, a student studying at a
recognized institute anywhere in the country and having cleared the Online
Course through SWAYAM, shall be awarded Credits and the credits earned by
such a student shall be transferred from the Host Institute to the Parent Institute
where the student is studying.
• However, at present, the Credits up to 20% of the total courses can only be
earned in a Semester by such students through online learning delivered on
SWAYAM platform
• You can also download SWAYAM applications from popular app stores to help
to pursue your course while you are on the move.
2. SWAYAM Prabha: the 32 Educational DTH Channels

The SWAYAM PRABHA is a group of 32 DTH channels devoted to telecasting of
high-quality educational programmes on 24X7 basis using the GSAT-15 satellite.
Every day, there will be new content for at least (4) hours which would be
repeated 5 more times in a day, allowing the students to choose the time of
their convenience. The channels are uplinked from BISAG, Gandhinagar.
The contents are provided by NPTEL, IITs, UGC, CEC, IGNOU, NCERT and NIOS.
The INFLIBNET Centre maintains the web portal.
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The DTH Channels cover: –
• Curriculum based course contents covering diverse disciplines such as arts,
science, commerce, performing arts, social sciences and humanities subjects,
engineering, technology, law, medicine, agriculture etc. in higher education
domain (all courses would be certification-ready in their detailed offering).
• School education (9-12 levels) modules; for teacher training as well as teaching
and learning aids to children of India to help them understand the subjects
better and also help them in better preparedness for competitive examinations
for admissions to professional degree programmes.
• Curricula and courses that can meet the needs of life-long learners or Indian
citizens in India and abroad.
• IIT-PAL – to assist the students in the Classes 11 and 12 aspiring to join IITs by
encouraging scientific thinking and conceptual understanding critical to answer
the ‘tough’ questions of JEE Advanced, so that good quality students enter the
portals of IITs. The four channels under this would be on Mathematics, Physics,
Chemistry and Biology.
The project was conceived and completed within 3 months with the active
participation of the Bhaskaracharya Satellite Application Centre and Geo
informatics (BISAG) Gandhinagar and ECIL Hyderabad.
3. National Digital Library (NDL)

Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) under its National Mission
on Education through Information and Communication Technology (NMEICT)
has initiated the National Digital Library of India (NDL India) pilot project to
develop a framework of virtual repository of learning resources with a single-
window search facility.
The Project titled “Development of National Digital Library of India, Towards
Building a National Asset” has been sanctioned to IIT, Kharagpur under NMEICT
by MHRD.
NDL is the Single Window Platform that collects and collates metadata from
premier learning institutions in India and abroad, as well as other relevant
sources. It is a digital repository containing textbooks, articles, videos, audio
books, lectures, simulations, fiction and all other kinds of learning media.
NDL India is designed to hold content of any language and provides interface
support for leading Indian languages. It is being arranged to provide support for
all academic levels including researchers and life-long learners, all disciplines, all
popular form of access devices and differently-abled learners.
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National Digital Library in India aims to collect, preserve and disseminate

entire intellectual output of our country and provide online access from school
level to post graduate level, including technical education.
The project aims to develop
• Overall framework to collate large number of e-contents for school, college and
higher education, e-content, virtual library, covering needs of learners with
differing abilities
• Design & development of “OAI-PMH” Server for Metadata Harvesting, Indexed
etc.
• Serve as a pan-India virtual teaching-learning-evaluation-knowledge platform
and for key national asset and
• Collect resources from other Ministries such as Ministry of Culture, Health, Rural
Development & Department of Science & Technology on this portal.
• Filtered and federated searching is employed to facilitate focused searching so
that learners can find out the right resource with least effort and in minimum
time.
There are more than 72 lakh digital books available through the NDL. The
contents cover almost all major domains of education and all major levels of
learners from school level to the highest level of education including life-long
learners.
More than 15 lakh students have registered themselves in the NDL. The NDL is
available through a mobile app too.
4. National Academic Depository

National Academic Depository (NAD) is an initiative of Ministry of Human
Resources Development, Govt. of India (MHRD) to facilitate digital itssuance,
storage, access and verification of Academic Awards issued by Academic
Institutions.
NAD is a Unique, Innovative and Progressive initiative under “Digital India”
theme towards achieving Digital enablement of the Education Records. NAD
aspires to make the vision of Digital Academic Certificates for every Indian a
reality.
• This touches the lives of Indian youth and empowers them with Digital, Online,
Trusted, Verifiable Certificates which are accessible in a secure manner at all
times.
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• NAD promises to do away with difficulties / inefficiencies of collecting,
maintaining, and presenting physical paper certificates.
5. e-Shodh Sindhu
Based on the recommendation of an Expert Committee, the MHRD has formed
e-ShodhSindhu merging three consortia initiatives, namely UGC-INFONET Digital
Library Consortium, NLIST and INDEST-AICTE Consortium.
More than 15,000 international electronic journals and e-books are made
available to all the higher educational institutions through the e shodh Sindhu
initiative. This allows access to be best education resources in the world using
digital mode.
The INFLIBNET, Gandhinagar, Gujarat is implementing the Scheme.
6. Virtual Labs
Physical distances and the lack of resources make us unable to perform
experiments, especially when they involve sophisticated instruments. Also, good
teachers are always a scarce resource. Web-based and video-based courses
address the issue of teaching to some extent. Conducting joint experiments by
two participating institutions and also sharing costly resources has always been
a challenge.
With the present day internet and computer technologies the above limitations
can no more hamper students and researchers in enhancing their skills and
knowledge. Also, in a country such as ours, costly instruments and equipment
need to be shared with fellow researchers to the extent possible.
Web enabled experiments can be designed for remote operation and viewing so
as to enthuse the curiosity and innovation into students. This would help in
learning basic and advanced concepts through remote experimentation.
Today most equipment has computer interface for control and data storage. It
is possible to design good experiments around some of these equipment, which
would enhance the learning of a student. Internet-based experimentation
further permits use of resources – knowledge, software, and data available on
the web, apart from encouraging skillful experiments being simultaneously
performed at points separated in space (and possibly, time).
Virtual Lab does not require any additional infrastructural setup for conducting
experiments at user premises. One computer terminal with broadband Internet
connectivity is all that is needed to perform the experiments remotely.
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Over 205 virtual labs in 9 Engineering & Science disciplines, comprising about
1515 experiments are operational and currently being accessed by more than 6
lakh students.
7. e-Yantra
An MHRD initiative under NMEICT Programme, named “e-Yantra” is
implemented to incorporate Robotics into engineering education with the
objective of engaging students through exciting hands-on application of
mathematics, computer science, and engineering principles. Creation of robotic
platforms has been very successfully demonstrated during Phase-I of the
project. Presently, e-Yantra has been implemented in 100 colleges.
eYantra is creating skills by setting up lab infrastructure for project based
learning and training teachers in these 100 engineering colleges.
Going ahead, MHRD sees the core skills developed by IITB as generating,
distributing and analyzing content to further create manpower with practical
skills.All the projects and code are available on the e-Yantra web-site
www.eyantra.org as open source content.
8. Campus Connectivity
The National Mission on Education through Information and Communication
Technology (NMEICT) aims to leverage the potential of Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) in teaching and learning process. The Mission
also aims to provide 20 Broadband connections of 512 Kbps speed to over
25,000 colleges and 2000 polytechnics and optical fiber connectivity one Gbps
to 419 universities/ university level institutions in the country which includes
internet facility.
On the lines of ‘Digital India’ initiative of the PMO, the MHRD has now decided
that the campuses of Universities, (having 1 Gbps bandwidth) shall be made WiFi
enabled campus. Already all the IITs, IIMs, and NITs have established WiFi
campuses.
The process of laying the optical fibre and provision of the WiFi in Central
Universities is currently underway.
9. Talk to a Teacher
Talk to a Teacher developed by IIT Bombay, is an initiative of the National
Mission on Education through ICT, funded by MHRD to provide free access to a
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few selected graduate and postgraduate courses, taught at IIT Bombay by
distinguished faculty members and scholars at large.
It uses A-View collaboration tool developed by Amrita University for providing
virtual classrooms to the faculty across the country. These courses can be
viewed absolutely free of charge at lower bandwidths on a personal
computer/laptop having a headphone and Internet connection.
Registration is not required as it does not have any evaluation/certification
process. The courses are recorded live in the classrooms of IIT Bombay and may
not reflect entire content of the course.
Apart from the core courses in engineering and computer science disciplines,
the program also covers Humanities & Social Sciences discipline. More than
80,000 teachers have been trained, so far, under this project, involving
synchronous delivery of courses from IIT Mumbai & IIT Kharagpur.
10. Ask A Question

Ask A Question is a unique platform through which students from science and
engineering colleges all over India can ask questions and faculty from IIT Bombay
answers them. Students can ask questions either through an online forum or
during an interactive live session. Interactive live sessions are held on every
Thursday from 4:00 P.M to 5:00 P.M in the field of Electrical Engineering and
every Friday from 4:00 P.M to 5:00 P.M in the field of Physics.
11. e-Acharya
e-Acharya also called ‘Integrated e-Content Portal’ of NMEICT, is the official
repository of NMEICT e-content and all content produced under NMEICT is being
put at this Repository platform at INFILIBNET Centre Gandhinagar, so to apply
basic tenets of preservation for digital content, implement standard Metadata
schema of different types for the digital content and ensure their long-term
availability.
All the Project Investigators awarded development of e-Content under NMEICT
have been requested to ensure the deliverables are placed, at the earliest, in the
Integrated Portal/e-Acharya of MHRD. Further the NCERT shall provide e-
content Links to e-Acharya and the NOIS shall providing the content on HDD to
the e-Acharya repository and both shall ensure that all the content including e-
Books are made available on e-Acharya.
The eAcharya besides a repository of content shall also have the Metadata of all
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These contents and it shall form a vertical of ‘National Digital Library’ (NDL),
being implemented by the IIT Kharagpur.
The e-Acharya shall be backed by a robust 24X7 Data Centre, which shall be
integrated with NMEICT, Cloud network, set up at NIC / NKN Data Centre by the
lIT-Delhi and called ‘Baadal’. The MOOCs being produced under NMEICT shall
also be uploaded on e-Acharya.
12. E-Kalpa
Another MHRD/ NMEICT initiative named “e-Kalpa” creating Digital-Learning
Environment for Design in India has successfully demonstrated the achievement
of the following project objectives, on completion of its phase-I:
• Digital online content for learning Design with e-Learning programs on Design
• Digital Design Resource Database including the craft sector
• Social networking for Higher Learning with collaborative Learning Space for
Design
• Design inputs for products of National Mission in Education through ICT
As on December 2015, the content of e-Kalpa website named “D’source”
includes 160 Courses on Design Learning in different domains, more than 400
Resources in the form of fine examples of Design and crafts, 110 Case studies of
Design Projects undertaken by professionals and design students, 50 Video
lectures and presentations by subjects experts and 600 examples of a visual
Gallery that has documented works of the rich tradition of art and design seen
across different regions of India.
13. The Free and Open Source Software for Education (FOSSEE)
FOSSEE project sanctioned to IIT Bombay has been promoting use of open
source software in educational institutions (http://fossee.in). It does through
instructional material, such as spoken tutorials, documentation, such as
textbook companions, awareness programmes, such as conferences, training
workshops, and Internships. Textbook Companion (TBC) is a collection of code
for solved examples of standard textbooks.
About 2,000 college students and teachers have participated in this activity &
close to 1,000 TBCs have been created in Scilab and Python alone.
FOSSEE has made all the TBCs open source and has made them available for free
download. Scilab and Python TBCs are also on the cloud, so that one needs only
a browser to access/execute the codes of TBC.
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OSSEE is promoting the well-established open source software: OpenFOAM, an
alternative to the proprietary software Fluent for computational fluid dynamics;
DWSIM, an alternative to the proprietary software Aspen Plus, for chemical
process simulation.
FOSSEE has also undertaken several new open source software activities as well:
raising Scilab toolboxes to that of Matlab; development of eSim, an electronic
design automation software, an alternative to ORCAD; development of Sandhi,
a software for data acquisition and control, an alternative to LabVIEW.
The FOSSEE team works on open source hardware projects, such as Open PLC
and Arduino as well. Through all of these projects, a large number of students
across the country have been trained.
14. e-Vidwan
The ‘Information and Library Network’ (INFLIBNET) Centre took the initiative
called “Vidwan: Expert Database and National Researcher’s Network” with the
financial support from NMEICT.
The objectives of VIDWAN is to
• Collect academic and research profiles of scientists, faculty and research
scientists working in leading academic and R&D organizations in India and
abroad;
• Quickly and conveniently provide information about experts to peers,
prospective collaborators, funding agencies, policy makers and research
scholars in the country;
• Establish communication directly with the experts who possess the expertise
needed by research scholars;
• Identify peer reviewers for review of articles and research proposals; and
• Create information exchanges and networking opportunities among scientist.
The database can be used for selection of panels of experts for various
committees and taskforces established by the Ministries / Govt. establishments
for monitoring and evaluation purposes.
Further, the availability of single point expert database will help the policy
makers and funding agencies in decision-making and policy intervention. As on
31st December 2015, the database contains more than 17,500 profiles of experts
from 2,000 leading academic institutions, universities, R&D organizations
including IITs, CSIR, DRDO, etc
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15. Spoken Tutorial
Spoken Tutorial is a multi-award winning educational content portal. Here one
can learn various Free and Open Source Software all by oneself. Our self-paced,
multi-lingual courses ensure that anybody with a computer and a desire for
learning, can learn from any place, at any time and in a language of their choice
The Spoken Tutorial project is the initiative of the ‘Talk to a Teacher’ activity of
the National Mission on Education through Information and Communication
Technology (ICT), launched by the Ministry of Human Resources and
Development, Government of India.
Spoken Tutorial Forums is a friendly online discussion forum. You can join
existing discussions or start new topics, and get lots of replies from the Spoken
Tutorial community. Registration to Forums is completely free and takes only
one minute.
Forums is very easy to use, even for computer newbies. It’s very easy to format
forum posts with fonts, colors, and many other options. You can attach files to
your posts directly from your computer.
16. Central cloud Infrastructure

Central cloud Infrastructure: The MHRD under NMEICT has awarded a project to
IIT Delhi, to set up a robust 24X7 backed Data Centre and the activities have
been put up at NIC / NKN Data Centre, and the cloud is called ‘Baadal’. The IIT
Delhi cloud is hosting e-content and video content of e-Acharya.
NIRF Launched on 29th September 2015 by MHRD, this framework intents to

outlines a methodology for ranking the institutions across our country. The Core
Committee set up by MHRD arrived at the broad level understanding and hence
give overall recommendations. Then only the methodology has been driven.
The objective is to identify the broad level parameters for the ranking of Indian
universities and institutions. The parameters that are broadly covered include-
“Teaching, Learning and Resources,” “Graduation Outcomes,” “Research and
Professional Practices,” “Outreach and Inclusivity,” and the “Perception”.
GIAN Aimed to tap the talent of the strong academic network of the country-
scientists, entrepreneurs, at international level. To encourage their overall
engagement with Higher Education Institutes in India so that country’s existing
academic resources can be augmented and accelerate the pace of the quality
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reforms. Further to elevate India’s technological and scientific capacity to gain
the global excellence.
Through this, the best international academic experience can be brought into
our education systems. It will enable the interaction of students and the faculty
with that of the world level best academic and industry experts and also learn
through their experiences motivate people to draw solutions to the Indian
problems.
UAY The major objectives of the UAY scheme are to promote innovation &
development in IITs addressing the issues of the manufacturing industries; to
spur the innovative mindset; to coordinate the action between the academia &
industry and to strengthen the labs & the research facilities.
IMPRINT IMPRINT-Impacting Research Innovation & Technology

First of this kind Pan-IIT + IISc joint initiative supported by MHRD to address the
major challenges in science and engineering. These challenges are must to fix
and India must champion in that to enable and empower the country for self-
reliance and inclusive growth. This novel type of initiative containing two-fold
mandate is intended at:
(a) Developing the new engineering educational policy
(b) Creating a fine road map to pursue the engineering challenges
This scheme provides the overarching vision in higher education that can guides
research into the areas which are socially relevant predominantly.
Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme of

Government of India (TEQIP)
Launched by MHRD in December 2002. It was aimed to support and upscale
ongoing efforts in improving the quality of technical education in India and
enhancing the existing capacities of the technical institutions to become more
dynamic, quality conscious, demand-driven, forward-looking, effective and
responsive. It can bring into the rapid economic and technological developments
occurring at both national as well as international levels.
PMMMNMTT
PMMMNMTT- Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya National Mission on Teachers &
Teaching
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Envisaged to address all issues related to teachers, teacher preparation,
teaching, and their professional development comprehensively. The Mission
caters current and urgent issues- supply of the qualified teachers, fetching talent
into the teaching profession and raising the quality of teaching at schools and
colleges level. Also building a strong professional cadre of a quality teacher with
performance standards.
RUSA
Rashtriya Uchchtar Shiksha Abhiyan. It is the Centrally Sponsored Scheme
planned by the Central Government has to implement -the strategic funding,
reforms, and improvements in the Higher Education sector at the state level.
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Quick Revision
1. Using the central point of the classroom communication as the beginning of
a dynamic pattern of ideas is referred to as Mind mapping
2. Aspects of the voice, other than the speech are known as Para language
3. Every type of communication is affected by its Context
4. Attitudes, actions and appearances in the context of classroom
communication are considered as Non-verbal
5. Moralizing, being judgemental and comments of consolation
6. As a teacher, Adoption of well established posture Is the best option to ensure
your effective presence in the classroom
7. Voice modulation is the important element a teacher has to take cognizance
of while addressing students in a classroom.
8. When verbal and non-verbal messages are contradictory, it is said that most
people believe in Non-verbal messages
9. The typical feature of information rich classroom lecture is in the nature of
being Factual
10. Positive classroom communication leads to Persuasion
11. The interaction between a teacher and students creates a zone of Proximal
Development
12. The spatial audio reproduction in a Communication classroom can reduce
the students' Cognitive load in understanding
13. The classroom communication should essentially be Empathetic
14. A good communication begins his/her presentation with Ice-beaker
15. In a classroom, the probability of message reception can be enhanced by
Establishing a viewpoint
16. Differentiation between acceptance and non-acceptance of certain stimuli
in classroom communication is the basis of Selective attention
17. The initial messages to students in the classroom by a teacher sometimes
need be critical to establish interactions later.
18. More control over the communication process means more control over
what the students are learning.
19. To communicate well in the classroom is a acquired ( learned) ability.
20. Effective teaching in the classroom demands knowledge of the
communication process.
21. Classroom communication is a transactional process.
22. A teacher does operate under the assumption that students‟ responses are
purposive.
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23. Following set of a statements is for describing the human communication
process
24. Non-verbal communication can stimulate ideas
25. Communication is a learnt ability
26. Communication is not a universal panacea.
27. Communication cannot break-down
28. In classroom communication, analogies are considered Supporting evidence
29. Empathy is essential for effective communication between the
communicator and the communicate.
30. Empathy links the teacher and students.
31. Social media platforms have created a Society of networking
32. In verbal communication, words act as Symbols
33. Media assume a key role in setting the agenda for the entire political system.
As media help in policy making by framing public opinion on various issues.
34. Source, message, interference, channel, receiver, feedback and context are
essential components of communication.
35. A low context culture is one where Most of the information is explicitly
stated in a verbal message.
36. Message, noise and feedback are parts of the human communication
process?
37.Writing in a personal diary or otherwise recording one‟s thoughts and
feelings are examples of Mediated intrapersonal communication.
38.Disturbances that interfere with the transmission, receipt or feedback of a
message are called Noise
39. Classroom communication is a transactional process.
40. Non-verbal communication can stimulate ideas.
41. Converging technologies that exemplify ICT include the merging of audio-
visual, telephone and computer networks through a cabling system.
42.Audio reproduction in a classroom can reduce the students is cognitive load
in understanding.
43.The classroom communication should essentially be empathetic.
44.In a classroom, the probability of message reception can be enhanced by
establishing a viewpoint.
45. 'Communication is transferring or conveying of meaning'.
46.Berlo tried to explain communication as S-R Model or sender-receiver model,
where sender stands for stimulus and Receiver stands for response.
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47.In communication process, the sender (encoder) encodes the message and
then using a medium/ channel, sends it to the receiver (decoder) who decodes
the message, and after processing the information, the receiver sends back
appropriate feedback/ reply using a medium/ channel.
48.Communication motivates people in an organization by clarifying the people
what is to be done, how well they are doing and what can be done to improve
performance.
49.Communication is not a static act, but it is a dynamic symmetry refers to
similarity and complimentary refers to the differences in characteristics.
50.Media that exist in an interconnected series of communication – points are
referred to as: Network media
51. The information function of mass communication is described as:
surveillance
52. An example of asynchronous medium is: Newspaper
53. In communication, connotative words are: cultural
54. A message beneath a message is labeled as: sub-text
55. In analog mass communication, stories are: static
56. Public communication tends to occur within a more: formal structure.
57. Communication always takes place with a context.
58. Communication is an integral part of any teaching – learning process, and its
effectiveness is one of the factors that determine the degree to which the
intended learning outcomes are achieved.
59. All communication is based upon symbols. It is a process that involves
organizing, selecting, and transmitting symbols in an appropriate manner to
ensure that the receiver perceives in his/her thought process, the intended
meaning of the communicator.
60. All communication starts with an idea or a message that is to be transmitted
to the target audience (individual) with a motive to get a positive response.
61.Encoding involves converting an idea into a form that can be transmitted to
receivers.
62.Decoding is interpretation of the message by the receiver. Actually, the
receiver looks for meaning in the message that is common to both the receiver
and the communicator.
63.Intrapersonal Communication is within an individual almost all the times,
including talking to oneself, listening to oneself, and relating one to oneself.
64.Interpersonal Communication is also termed as dyadic communication.
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65.Communications bandwidth that has the highest capacity and is used by
microwave, cable and fibre optics lines is known as: broadband
66.An electronic bill board that has a short text or graphical advertising message
is referred to as: banner
67.A negative reaction to a mediated communication is described as: passive
response
68.The first Indian chronicler of Indian history was: Kalhan.
69.Interpersonal communication can be further subdivided into formal (meeting
and conference) or informal (private discussion with family members or friends).
70.Communication can also be categorized on the basis of involvement of
parties – intrapersonal (reading a newspaper, meditation, introspection),
interpersonal (conversation with a colleague), and apersonal (use of mass
media, publicity, advertisement).
71. In verbal communication, message is transmitted verbally, that is, by making
use of words – oral and written.
72. In oral communication, spoken words are used. It includes face-to-face
conversations, speech, telephonic conversation, video, radio, television, and
voice over the Internet.
73. In written communication, written signs and symbols, both in printed or
handwritten form, can be used. Pictures, graphs, etc., are used to compliment
the written text.
74. Mnemonics are memory devices that help learners recall larger pieces of
information, especially in the form of lists like characteristics, steps, stages,
parts, phases, etc.
75. Communication, other than oral and written, such as body gesture, eye
contact, body language, posture, tone of voice or facial expressions is called non-
verbal communication.
76. 'SITE' stands for: Satellite Institutional Television Experiment
77. Community Radio is a type of radio service that caters to the interest of:
Local audience
78. Orkut is a part of: Interpersonal Communication
79.In communication, a major barrier to reception of messages is: audience
attitude
80.Post-modernism is associated with: magazines
81.Didactic communication is: interpersonal
82.In communication, the language is: the verbal code
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83.Identify the correct sequence of the following: source, message, channel,
receiver
84.Transforming thoughts, ideas and messages into verbal and non-verbal signs
is referred to as: encoding
85.Kinetics is a major form of non-verbal communication. It is defined as 'the
study of nonlinguistic body movements such as facial expressions and gestures'.
86.In formal communication, certain rules, regulations, conventions, and
protocols are followed while formulating and communicating message.
87.Information Communication channels exist along with formal
communication channels in any organization. It mainly addresses the social
needs of the employees. It is interpersonal and mainly face-to-face and with use
of body gestures.
88.Communication with people at same level in hierarchy that are peers and
colleagues is termed as lateral communication.
89. Diagonal communication is effective as hierarchical bindings are removed,
and there is a free flow of information, cutting across positions or status.
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Chapter Practice
1. When we say that communication is intentional, it means that
(a) Sender consciously intends to affect the behaviour of receiver of the
message.
(b) Effective communication is a process of acting on information.
(c) Through speech communication, people make sense of the world.
(d) None of the above
2. Communication is the transfer and understanding of

(a) Ideas (b) Concepts
(c) Meaning (d) Words
3. Which of the following can be termed as the ‘context’ of communication?

(a) An interference with message reception.
(b) Effective communication.
(c) Verbal and non-verbal responses to messages.
(d) A physical and psychological environment for conversation.
4. Which of the following is Berlo’s Linear Model of communication?

(a) S-M-R-C (b) S-M-C-R
(c) S-R-M-C (d) S-R-C-M
5. Who among the following has stated that people know each other and
themselves only through communication?
(a) George Herbert Mead
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Martin Luther King
6. The ability to communicate effectively

(a) Depends on the education level.
(b) Is a natural talent that cannot be learned.
(c) Always depends upon the use of technology.
(d) Can be learned
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7. If it is assumed that communication has no beginning or end, then it is
termed as
(a) Mediation (b) Process
(c) Interaction (d) Transaction
8. The essential components of communication are

(a) Source, message, interference, channel, receiver, feedback and context.
(b) Sign, source, destination, interaction and correlation.
(c) Signs, symbols, understanding, communication and communicant.
(d) Symbols, understanding, purpose, ideas, opinions, non-verbal and reaction.
9. Which of the following feature is applicable in the context of interpersonal

communication?
(a) Forgivable (b) Forgettable
(c) Reversible (d) Irreversible
10. A message can only be deemed effective when

(a) Good communication skills are used.
(b) Repeated back as proof of understanding.
(c) Understood by receiver and produces the desired response.
(d) Delivered in interpersonal communication.
11. Learning to communicate with others is key to

(a) Eliminating listeners’ all physiological noises.
(b) Never being misunderstood.
(c) Establishing rewarding relationships.
(d) All the above
12. During the communication process, the message is converted to a symbolic

form called
(a) Decoding (b) Encoding
(c) Deciphering (d) Expanding
13. One’s own description as a person is

(a) Self-concept (b) Self-perception
(c) Self-awareness (d) Self-respect
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14. Which of the following term describes the communication between two
people that involves sending and receiving of messages?
(a) Decoding (b) Encoding
(c) Transaction (d) Dyadic
15. Which of the following is the essence of effective communication?

(a) Message (b) Feedback
(c) Encoding (d) Decoding
16. People who engage in frank and open expression of their feelings are
considered
(a) Aggressive (b) Rude
(c) Assertive (d) Inconsiderate
17. A low context culture is one where

(a) Most of the information is unspoken.
(b) Most of the information is explicitly stated in a verbal message.
(c) Most of the information is apparent.
(d) Most of the information is non-existent.
18. A high-context culture is one where

(a) Much of the information is about the context or about the person.
(b) Much of the information is spoken.
(c) Most people use sign language.
(d) Much of the information is unspoken.
19. The primary channels used by individuals to communicate with others are
(a) Radio and television (b) E-mail
(c) Tone of voice (d) Sight and sound
20. Encoding is important to

(a) Encourage feedback
(b) Eliminate noise
(c) Produce messages
(d) Ensure decoding of message
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21. Which of the three components are parts of the human communication
process?
(a) Message, recording and feedback.
(b) Noise, feedback and jargon.
(c) Message, noise and feedback.
(d) Feedback, message and critiquing.
22. Words are

(a) Connotative (b) Denotative
(c) Symbols (d) Unnecessary
23. Emoticons are
(a) Emotional conference
(b) Specifically expressive bodily gestures
(c) Emotional queries
(d) Typed symbols that communicate facial expressions
24. In the communication process, ‘to encode’ means to

(a) Translate ideas into a code.
(b) Interpret a code.
(c) Block a pathway between the sender and receiver of a message.
(d) Speak to large groups of people.
25. A person is more likely to use eye contact while

(a) Listening
(b) Uninterested in communication
(c) Speaking
(d) Interpreting
26. Feedback is
(a) A situation in which the sender and the receiver exchange information.
(b) Confined to the verbal form of communication.
(c) Confined to the written form of communication.
27. Listening is said to be adversely affected by

(a) Speaker’s fast speed of delivery of words.
(b) Message loaded with too much of information.
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(c) Improper selection and use of media.
(d) All the above
28. Which of the following terms is closely related to feedback?

(a) Brainstorming (b) Heuristics
(c) Cybernetics (d) None of the above
29. Feedback is a listener’s

(a) Verbal critique of your message.
(b) Acceptance of a message.
(c) Verbal or non-verbal responses to a message.
(d) Aversion to a message.
30. When we try to organize details in our minds, we are seeking to

(a) Produce new ideas in our mind.
(b) Process complex information and then categorize it.
(c) Categorize difficult and easy pieces of information.
(d) Process simple information and cat egorize.
31. To decode a message is to

(a) Evaluate a message
(b) Translate ideas into code
(c) Reject a message
(d) Interpret a message
32. A message is a signal that serves as

(a) Stimuli for a sender
(b) Stimuli for a receiver
(c) Stimuli for a mass audience
(d) Noise reduction
33. The objective definition of a word is its

(a) Indirect meaning
(b) Connotative meaning
(c) Denotative meaning
(d) Direct meaning
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34. The subjective meaning of a word is its
(a) Denotative meaning
(b) Indirect meaning
(c) Antonym
(d) Connotative meaning
35. Which of the following explains feedback?

(a) Non-verbal communication only
(b) Environmental noise
(c) Verbal and non-verbal receiver responses
(d) Verbal communication only
36. For which of the following word/s, the term ‘ chronemics’ is used for
interpretation of messages?
(a) Smell (b) Taste
(c) Time (d) All of the above
37. In the communication process, a receiver

(a) Is a channel.
(b) Decodes a message.
(c) Is the person who encodes an idea.
(d) Responsible for message interference.
38. An example of a communication channel is

(a) Noise
(b) Context
(c) Face-to-face conversation
(d) Feedback
39. The way one interprets information around oneself is

(a) Always negative
(b) Always positive
(c) Related to one’s values, beliefs and past experiences.
40. Listening
(a) May be a complex process involving many steps.
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(b) Is always reflexive.
(c) A natural habit.
(d) A physiological process occurring in a spontaneous manner.
41. The responding step of listening

(a) Is non-verbal.
(b) Depends upon human memory.
(c) Can be verbal or non-verbal.
(d) Is always verbal.
42. One of the most important communication skills is

(a) Active listening (b) Objective listening
(c) Passive listening (d) Inactive listening
43. A technique that might be used by an active listener is to

(a) Paraphrase the speaker’s meaning.
(b) Express concern.
(c) Explain the speaker’s meaning.
(d) Offer a view point when in conversation.
44. Effective listening includes

(a) Filtering out points of disagreement.
(b) Detailed analysis.
(c) Attaching subjective meaning to a message.
(d) Confirming one’s understanding of a message.
45. A classification of body movements is called

(a) Emblems (b) Non-verbal
(c) Displays (d) Kinesics
46. Movements of the face that convey emotional meanings are called
(a) Displays (b) Emblems
(c) Eye contact (d) None of the above
47. Touch is an important element in

(a) Business communication
(b) Interpersonal communication
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(c) Intrapersonal communication
48. Which of the following are parts of active listening?

(a) Eye contact (b) Nodding
(c) Seeking clarification (d) All the above
49. Evaluative listening is successful when we

(a) Accurately distinguish stimuli in a message.
(b) Infer the meaning of a message.
(c) Critically assess the accuracy of facts stated in a message.
50. An effective communication does not require

(a) Change in speech pattern
(b) Appropriate gestures
(c) Mastery of content
(d) Handsome personality
51. One will be an effective communicator if one

(a) Is a humorous speaker.
(b) Has histrionic talents.
(c) Is very clear about what one communicates.
(d) Communicates in one’s mother tongue.
52. Effective communication will make the receivers

(a) Enjoy it (b) Accept it
(c) Pass it on to others (d) Think about it
53. Communication will be effective

(a) If it is delivered slowly and clearly.
(b) If it is delivered in a calm situation.
(c) If it reaches the receiver completely.
(d) If it reaches the receiver as intended by the sender.
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54. Which of the following steps would you consider first for an effective
communication?
(a) Select the channel of communication.
(b) Plan the evaluation procedure.
(c) Specify the objectives of communication.
(d) Identify various media for communication.
55. Which is ‘feedback’ in newspaper’s communication?

(a) Articles (b) Editorials
(c) Letters to the Editor (d) News
56. Which of the following is not a successful communication?

(a) One who presents material in a precise and clear way.
(b) One who is able to adopt himself/herself according to the language of the
communicatee.
(c) One who knows a lot but is somewhat reserve in his/ her attitude.
(d) One who sometimes becomes informal before the receiver and develops
rapport.
57. The most important aspect of communication, i.e., listening can be

improved by
(a) Making the attention fully paid.
(b) Making the communicated material novel interesting and need based.
(c) Making voice effective and impressive.
(d) All the above
58. The process of communication is enhanced through

(a) Belongingness
(b) Security and freedom to make choices
(c) Information of meeting and avoidance of pressure
(d) All the above
59. Two-way communication becomes effective

(a) Never (b) Always
(c) Rarely (d) None of the above
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60. Effective communication takes place when
(a) Source is attractive and authoritarian.
(b) Message design incorporates audience.
(c) Modern communication technologies are used.
(d) Receivers are passive components.
61. Which of the following is less important in the context of effective

communication?
(a) Total control over language.
(b) Good vocabulary.
(c) Attractive personality of the speaker.
(d) Total control on the content to be transacted.
62. A good communicator is one who offers his/her audience

(a) Plentiful of information
(b) A good amount of statistics
(c) Concise proof
(d) Repetition of facts
63. Which of the following statements is correct?

(a) Communicator should have fine senses.
(b) Communicator should have tolerance power.
(c) Communicator should be soft spoken.
(d) Communicator should have good personality.
64. Which of the following can help the most in enhancing the effectiveness of
active listening?
(a) Developing apathy with the sender.
(b) Developing a system to minimize noise in the area.
(c) Paying attention to the body language of the sender.
(d) Developing empathy with the sender.
65. Which of the following statements is not connected with communication?

(a) Medium is the message
(b) The world is an electronic cocoon
(c) Information is power
(d) Telepathy is technological
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66. Postmodernism is associated with
(a) Newspapers (b) Magazines
(c) Radio (d) Television
67. In communication, the language is

(a) The non-verbal code (b) The verbal code
(c) The symbolic code (d) The iconic code
68. Media that exist in an interconnected series of communication points are

referred to as
(a) Networked media (b) Connective media
(c) Nodal media (d) Multimedia
69. Writing in a personal diary or otherwise recording one’s thoughts and

feelings are examples of
(a) Mediated intrapersonal communication
(b) Mediated interpersonal communication
(c) Mediated mass communication
70. Interpersonal communication occurs only when

(a) A person exchanges idea with another one as a unique individual.
(b) A large number of people are communicating with each other at the same
time.
(c) Only friends are talking.
71. Non-verbal messages are

(a) Overestimated in importance.
(b) Attempts at manipulation and should be ignored.
(c) Generally irrelevant to overall message meaning.
(d) Important for a listener to understand.
72. Intrapersonal communication helps one

(a) Learn about oneself.
(b) To know what others are thinking.
(c) Communicate with the general public.
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(d) To become a talented public speaker.
73. Communication between two or more people is called

(a) Organizational communication
(c) Extrapersonal communication
(d) Intrapersonal communication
74. In interpersonal communication, ethics are

(a) Important (b) Communication barriers
(c) Ineffective (d) None of the above
75. Which of the following is also termed as mediated communication?

(a) Intrapersonal communication
(c) Group communication
(d) Mass communication
76. Communication becomes circular when

(a) The decoder becomes an encoder.
(b) The feedback is absent.
(c) The source is credible.
(d) The channel is clear.
77. Non-verbal communication includes

(a) Delivering a speech
(b) Telephonic conversation
(c) Singing a song
(d) Shaking hands
78. Leadership roles first emerge in which of the following kinds of

communication?
(a) Intrapersonal communication
(b) Small group communication
(c) Face-to-face public communication
(d) Media-like cell phones and instant messenger
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79. Four conditions influence the effectiveness of an encoded message, such as
the skills, attitudes, knowledge of the sender and __________.
(a) Social cultural system
(b) Knowledge of the receiver
(c) Age of the sender
(d) Environmental issues
80. Another term used for interpersonal communication is

(a) Group communication
(b) Face-to-face public communication
(c) Dyadic communication
(d) Traditional communication
81. Non-verbal message interpretation largely

(a) Depends upon cultural context.
(b) Depends upon physical context.
(c) Depends upon noise level.
(d) Varies from person to person.
82. Audio-conferencing may be classified among which of the following types

of communication?
(a) One-sided verbal (b) Two-sided verbal
(c) One-sided non-verbal (d) Two-sided non-verbal
83. Recording a television programme on a VCR is an example of

(a) Time-shifting (b) Content reference
(c) Mechanical clarity (d) Media synchronization
84. A negative reaction to a mediated communication is described as

(a) Flak (b) Fragmented feedback
(c) Passive response (d) non-conformity
85. In communication, chatting in internet is

(a) Verbal communication (b) Non-verbal communication
(c) Parallel communication (d) Grapevine communication
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86. Public communication tends to occur within a more
(a) Complex structure (b) Political structure
(c) Convenient structure (d) Formal structure
87. The information function of mass communication is described as

(a) Diffusion (b) Publicity
(c) Surveillance (d) Diversion
88. Disturbances that interfere with the transmission, receipt or feedback of a

message are called
(a) Feedback (b) Feed forward
(c) The channel (d) Noise
89. The most powerful barrier of communication in the class is

(a) Noise in the classroom.
(b) Confusion on the part of teacher.
(c) More outside disturbance in the classroom.
(d) Lack of teaching aids.
90. A disruption in the communication process is called

(a) Transgression (b) Feedback
(c) Noise (d) Interaction
91. Which of the following is not true about the grapevine?

(a) It is faster than formal communication network.
(b) It is less accurate than formal network.
(c) It is found in almost all organizations.
(d) It is preferred over formal communication.
92. Level C of the effectiveness of communication is defined as

(a) Channel noise (b) Semantic noise
(c) Psychological noise (d) Source noise
93. All of the following are barriers to effective communication except

(a) Absence of noise (b) Distortion of information
(c) Information overloads (d) None of the above
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94. Informal transmission of information or filtered information is called
(a) Gossip (b) Grapevine
(c) Vertical communication (d) Horizontal communication
95. An example of physiological noise is

(a) Feeling hungry (b) A humming air conditioner unit
(c) A lawn mower (d) A speaker using complex terms
96. A speaker using complex terms is an example of

(a) Physiological noise (b) Psychological noise
(c) Semantic noise (d) Physical noise
97. A noise in the communication process

(a) Causes listeners to listen to messages more carefully.
(b) Interferes with a message.
(c) Focuses wandering thoughts.
(d) Enhances a message.
98. A fixed and categorized impression of a group of people based on a

predetermined set of qualities is called
(a) Generalizing (b) Consistency
(c) Stereotyping (d) Oversimplification
99. The goal of perception checking is

(a) Confirmation (b) Cultural sensitivity
(c) To further explore the thoughts and feelings of others
(d) Control
100. Which is a characteristic of prejudice?

(a) Generalized evaluation, specifically of out-group members
(b) Negativity
(c) Biased perceptions
(d) All the above
101. The main assumption of ‘primacy effect’ is

(a) The most information is always that comes first.
(b) The most important piece of information comes in the last.
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(c) The degree of importance depends upon the situation.
(d) All pieces of information carry the same weight.
102. In communication, a major barrier to reception of messages is

(a) Audience attitude (b) Audience knowledge
(c) Audience education (d) Audience income
103. In the process of communication, which one of the following is in the

chronological order? (a) Communicator, Medium, Receiver, Effect, Message
(b) Medium, Communicator, Message, Receiver, Effect
(c) Communicator, Message, Medium, Receiver, Effects
(d) Message, Communicator, Medium, , Receiver, Effects
104. "The sender of information expresses his bir ideas into words, symbols or
signs to he
convey the message.” This is known as
(a) decoding
(b) encoding
(c) communication channel
105 In circular communication, the encoder become a decoder when there is

(a) noise (b) audience
(c) criticality (d) feedback
106. Which of the following can hamper the process of communication?

(a) Channel (b) Encoder
(c) Noise (d) Pollution
107. The process of communication runs through

(a) a sender (b) a' receiver "
(c) a channel (d) All of these
108. In the communication process, to encode means to

(a) block a pathway between the sender and receiver of a message.
(b) translate ideas into a code.
(c) speak to large group of people.
(d) interpret a code.
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109 Which of the following stages of
communication process includes the conversion of symbols into a meaningful
information?
(a) Encoding (b) Decoding
(c) Receiving (d) Channelising
110 Which of the three components are part of human communication

process?
(a) Message, Noise, l'eedback
(b) Feedback, Message, Critquing
(c) Message, Recording, Feedback
(d) Noise, Feedback, Jargon
111. Which of the following is/are the stage(s) of communication process?

(a) Encoding (b) Decoding
(c) Both 'A' and 'B' (d) None of these
112. Following are the experimental learning activities adopted by a teacher.

Arrange them in cyclic order.
I. Accommodation
II. Converging
III. Assimilation
IV. Diverging
Select the correct answer from the codes given below.
(a) I, II, III, IV (b) IV, III, II, I
(c) II, III, IV, I (d) III, I, II, IV
113. Which of the following is also known as Circular Model of

Communication?
(a) Transactional Model of Communication
(b) Linear Model of Communication
(c) Interactional Model of Communication
114. The 'Linear Model was founded by

(a) Aristotle (b) Shannon
(c) Weaver (d) All of these
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115. Who supported the Interactional Model of Communication?
(a) Aristotle (b) David Berlo
(c) Weaver (d) Wilbur Schramm
116 Who among the following developed the most widely used model of
communication process?
(a) Barnard (b) Simon
(c) Norbert Wiener (d) Shannon and Weaver
117. Which was the first major model of communication that came into being
in 1949?
(a) Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication
(b) Lasswell's Communication Model
(c) David Berlo Model of Communication
(d) Helical Spiral Model
118 Which of the following is/are the characteristic(s) of David Berlo Model of
Communication? (a) It is a linear model
(b) There is no two-way communication
(c) There is no concept of feedback
(d) All of the above
119. "In this type of model, focus is on public speaking than personal
communication. This model is formed with three basic elements speakers,
speech and audience.” Name which model is this?
(a) Helical Spiral Model
(b) Shannon-Weaver Model
(c) Aristotle Communication Model
(d) Linear Model of Communication.
120. “The Communication Theory reflects the fear or awe of mass media. In
this, the receivers are passive and defenceless and takes whatever is shot at
them.” Name the theory.
(a) Psychological or Individual Difference Theory
(b) Personal Influence Theory
(c) Hypodermic or Bullet Theory
(d) Agenda Setting Theory
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121. Cultivation Theory was developed by whom in 1967?

(a) George Gerbner
(b) Paul & Lazarsfeld
(c) MC Combs and Donald Shaw
(d) Katz
122. Which of the following is/are incorrect about Agenda Setting Theory?
(a) The theory is derived from the basic tenets of Marx and Engels.
(b) It envisages media to be under the control of working class.
(c) In this, the media sets agenda for masses which helps in bringing cognitive
change
in individuals.
(d) Both (A) and (B)
123. Which of the following is/are the characteristic(s) of Uses and

Gratification Theory?
(a) It is closely related to human psychology of needs, motives and influence.
(b) Audiences are active audience and uses media to fulfils their needs.
(c) It was developed by Katz in 1959.
124. Name the theory that originated from Libertarian Theory.

(a) Social Responsibility Theory
(b) Communist Media Theory
(c) Free Press Theory
(d) Dependency Theory
125. Which of the following is not the type of formal communication?

(a) Chain Network (b) All Channel Network ]
(c) Circle Network (d) Probability Network
126. Under which type of Formal Communication, a subordinate

communicates with his immediate superior as well as second superior?
(a) Circle Network (b) Star Network
(c) Inverted V-Network (d) Y-Network
127. Which of the following statements explain the meaning of communication

in vino administrative organisation?
I. Communication is the blood stream of administrative organisation,
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II. The underlying aim of communication is the meeting of minds on common
issues.
III. Communication is the heart of out management.
IV. Communication is the shared understanding of a shared purpose.
(a) I, II, III and IV (b) I, II and IV
(c) II, III and IV (d) II and IV
128. To decode a message is to

(a) translate ideas into code
(b) interpret a message
(c) evaluate a message
(d) reject a message
129. Which model of communication is not applicable in general human

communication?
(a) Linear Model
(b) Interactional Model
(c) Transactional Model
130. ......... implies the interchange of information and ideas among persons at
the same level of authority.
(a) Horizontal Communication
(b) Downward Communication
(c) Upward Communications
131. Which of the following is correct about Group Communication?

I. In this communication, people have chances to gain information and
knowledge.
II. Through this communication, many goals can be achieved like collective
decision-making, self-expression, etc.
III. In this communication, group interaction is time consuming.
(a) I and II . (b) II and III
(c) Only I (d) All of these
132. Learning to communicate with others is the key to

(a) never being misunderstood.
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(b) winning the approval of everyone around you.
(c) eliminating all of your listener's physiological noise.
(d) establishing rewarding relationships.
133. Feedback is a listener's

(a) acceptance of a message.
(b) aversion to a message.
(c) verbal critique of your message.
(d) verbal or non-verbal response to a message,
134. Which of the following is correct about this paraphrasing?

(a) It greatly enhances the impact of the conversation.
(b) It helps to avoid impulsive or angry reactions.
(c) It prevents misunderstandings from occurring,
135. Break-down in verbal communication is described as

(a) short circuit (b) contradiction
(c) unevenness (d) entropy
136. Which of the following is/are the advantage(s) of having written

communication?
(a) Message can be revised several times.
(b) It is a permanent record that can be saved.
(c) Receiver has more time to analyse the message.
137. The term 'KISS' (Keep It Short and Simple ) is almost used in which
communication?
(a) Verbal (b) Non-verbal
(c) Intercultural (d) Group
138. Kinesics, proxemics and para language are part of which communication?
(a) Non-verbal (b) Verbal
(c) Group (d) Intercultural
139. Which of the following is/are correct in respect to non-verbal

communication?
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I. It helps illiterate people to communicate with others easily.
II. In this communication, people can repeat the verbal messages according to
their need.
III. In this communication, there is a great possibility in distortion of
information.
(a) Only I (b) I and II
(c) II and III, (d) All of these
140. Classroom communication of a teacher rests on the principle of

(a) infotainment (b) edutainment
(c) entertainment (d) power equation
141. Which of the following principles is a useful guide for establishing

effective classroom
communication?
(a) Principle of teachers
(b) Principle for selection of instructional methods and media
(c) Principle of creating conducive learning environment
142. Classroom communication can be described as

(a) exploration (b) institutionalisation
(c) unsignified narration (d) discourse
143. A smart classroom is a teaching space which has

I. smart portion with a touch panel control system,
II. PC/laptop connection and DVD/VCR player.
III. document camera and specialised software,
IV. projector and screen.
(a) I and II (b) II and IV
(c) I, II and III (d) All of the above
144. In the classroom, the teacher sends the message either as words or
images. The
students are really
(a) encoders (b) decoders
(c) agitators (d) propagators
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145. Media is known as

(a) first estate (b) second estate
(c) third estate (d) fourth estate
146. Who said that "Media is the mechanism of change of society”?

(a) Rashmi Bohra (b) Denis McQuail
(c) RK Majumdar (d) None of these
147. Which of the following is the objective of mass media?

I. To provide information.
II. To convey cultural and educational programmes.
III. To entertain people.
IV. To establish social contact and linkage.
(a) I and II (b) II, III, IV u
(c) II and III . (d) All of these
148. Which of the following clearly defines the function of mass media?
(a) Providing information
(b) Work as a responsible source
(c) Providing a political forum
149. Which of the following is/are type(s) of social media

(a) Instagram (b) Blog
(c) YouTube (d) All of these
150. Facebook was launched in which year?

(a) 1972 (b) 1980
(c) 1999 (d) 2004
151. Instagram was launched in *

(a) 2001 (b) 2005
(c) 2010 (d) 2013
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152. Which of the following is true about mass media?
(a) It can act as an agent of change in development.
(b) It has brought people of the world closer to each other.
(c) It can bring in positive social changes,
153. Bengal Gazette, the first newspaper in India was started in 1780 by ?
(a) Dr. Annie Besant
(b) James Augustus Hicky
(c) Lord Cripson
(d) AGO Hume
154.The largest circulated daily newspaper among the following is

(a) The Times of India
(b) The Indian Express
(c) The Hindu
(d) The Deccan Herald
155. Communication via new media such as computers, teleshopping, internet

and mobile telephony is termed as
(a) entertainment communication
(b) interactive communication
(c) development communication
(d) communitarian communication
156. The term Yellow Journalism' refers to

(a) sensational news about terrorism and „violence.
(b) sensational news prints on Yellow Paper.
(c) sensational news about arts and culture.
(d) Sensationalism and exaggeration to attract readers/viewers.
157. Radio Broadcasting commenced in India in

(a) 1923 (b) 1927
(c) 1930 (d) 1936
158. PIB stands for

(a) Personal Information Bureau
(b) Press Institute of Bombay
(c) Public Information Bureau
(d) Press Information Bureau
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159. The first Multi-Lingual News Agency of India was

(a) Samachar (b) API
(c) Hindustan Samachar (d) Samachar Bharati
160. India's largest news agency is

(a) FBI (b) UTI
(c) UNI (d) PTI
161. Prasar Bharti is also known as

(a) Broadcasting Centre of India
(b) Indian Broadcasting Authority
(c) Broadcasting Association of India
(d) Broadcasting Corporation of India
162. The pioneer of the silent feature film in India was

(a) KA Abbas (b) Satyajit Ray
(c) BR Chopra (d) Dada Sahib Phalke
163. Press censorship in India was imposed during the tenure of the Prime
Minister
(a) Rajeev Gandhi (b) Narasimha Rao
(c) Indira Gandhi (d) Deve Gowda
164. Children's Film Society of India was established in

(a) 1955 (b) 1956
(c) 1990 (d) 1959
165. Who is the founder of Whatsapp?

(a) Brian Acton (b) Jan Koum
(c) Mark Zuckerberg (d) Both ‘A’ and 'B'
166. The headquarters of YouTube lies in which country of the world?

(a) England (b) South Africa
(c) France (d) USA
167. Twitter was created by an in

(a) Jack Dorsey
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(b) Noah Glass
(c) Biz Stone and Evan Williams
168. Prasar Bharti is related to

(a) Web Media
(b) Print Media
(c) Folk Mediante
(d) Broadcast Media
169. Journal-like entries written by individuals and posted on the internet that
sometimes can generate many online discussions.
(a) Weblogs (b) Simple posting
(c) E-journals (d) None of the above
170. According to Mehrabian, the respective contributions of

(i) words,
(ii) tone of voice and
(iii) body language in overall communication are
(a) 38%, 7% and 55% (b) 7%, 38% and 55%
(c) 55%, 38% and 7 % (d) None of the above
171. Paraphrasing is a skill that is absolutely necessary to effective

(a) Listening (b) Hearing
(c) Speaking (d) None of the above
172. The transmission of culture from one generation to another is called

(a) Acculturation (b) Enculturation
(c) Interculturation (d) None of the above
173. Leakage cues refer to

(a) Facial expressions that people have misread.
(b) One of the characteristic styles of facial expressions.
(c) Unintended signs of how a person really feels.
(d) A technique employed by professional actors.
174. A person has a very advanced sense of what is socially appropriate and
always knows what to say in every social context. The person has which kind of
linguistic competence?
(a) Phonemic (b) Cognitive
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(c) Syntactic (d) Pragmatic
175. A sender in communication process has very good grammar. This

competence is basically
(a) Phonemic (b) Semantic
(c) Syntactic (d) Pragmatic
176. A location where the internet users can gain wireless access to the
internet is
(a) Extranet (b) Intranet
(c) Web conference (d) Wi-Fi hotspot
177. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true in the context of

paraphrasing?
(A) It is basically about stating in your own words, your understanding of what
has just been said.
(B) It gives speaker opportunity to find out what message he/she is getting
across to you.
(a) Only A (b) Only B
(c) Both A and B (d) Neither A nor B
178. An example of asynchronous medium is

(a) Radio (b) Television
(c) Film (d) Newspaper
179. In communication, connotative words are

(a) Explicit (b) Abstract
(c) Simple (d) Cultural
180. A message beneath a message is labelled as

(a) Embedded text (b) Internal text
(c) Intertext (d) Subtext
181. In analogue mass communication, stories are

(a) Static (b) Dynamic
(c) Interactive (d) Exploratory
182. The ability to understand, communicate with, motivate, and support

other people, both individually and in groups, defines which of the following
organizational skills?
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(a) Hard skills (b) Soft skills
(c) Conceptual skills (d) Political skills
183. Which of the following is the meaning of communication according to

Hegons
A) Dialogue between two-persons
B) Interaction among two groups
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above
184. The general appeal of a report is NOT dependent on ONE of the following.
A) Language choice B) Language use
C) Format (D) Launching ceremony
185. Marketing communication in an organization is NOT directed at ONE of

the following.
A) Middlemen B) Consumers
C) Salesmen D) Management
186. Which of the following is NOT a method of establishing and sustaining

marketing relations?
A) Press Release (B) Advertorial
C) Feature article (D) Force
187. Identify the correct sequence of newspaper format

A) Mast-head, headline, conclusion, body
B) Body, conclusion, headline, mast-head
C) Conclusion, headline, body, mast-head
D) Mast-head, headline, body, conclusion
188. Internet technology ISP means

A) Internet service provider
B) Internet subscriber Porter
C) Internet subscriber provider
D) Internet system provider
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189. Which of the following is the largest Internet service provider in India
A) VSNL B) BSNL
C) NTML D) Airtel
190. Where from the term communism came from

A) Latin B) Green
C) Roman D) Persia
191. Which of the following is nature of communication

A) Process of exchange of ideas
B) A purposive process
C) A psychosocial process
D) All of the above
192 Cultural safety

A) Protects the culture of the health professional, keeping it safe.
B) Requires special places of safety that accommodate the relevant culture.
C) Requires understanding of your own culture, the culture of the health
service and the culture of the person seeking assistance.
D) All of the above.
193. Identify the correct sequence of news channels

A) Zee news, colours, Star plus, Al Jazeera
B) Zee news, ABP news, Al Jazeera, Times
C) CNBC, BBC, Star world, Sony
D) All of the above
194. Which of the following is not true about the types of oral communication?
A) Auditory communication is dependent on hearing
B) Idiolect is a language of an individual at a particular period in life
C) Monologue is a long utterance by many people simultaneously
A) Only A B) Only B
C) Only C D) all of the above
195. Which of the following is not a true statement about an oral

communication?
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I)Oral communication provides an immediate feedback
II) Oral communication is more authentic than written communication
III) Oral communication is not frequently used in legal records
A) Both I and II B) Both I and III
C) Both II and III D) None of the above
196. Which of the following is the barrier of communication?

A) Language barrier B) Physical barrier
C) Psychological barrier D) All of the above
197. In effective communication a long statement is considered as

A) Barrier B) Not a barrier to
C) Effective message D) Wrong message
198. Which of the following train disseminates scientific awareness in the

country?
A) Technological rail
B) Scientific rail
C) Science and technology rail
D) All of the above
199. Culturally appropriate communication is essential for effective

communication.
A) It requires the health professional to live in the country and speak the
language.
B) It is impossible for a health professional to be culturally competent so being
friendly and helpful will compensate.
C) If the health professional uses an interpreter they will achieve culturally
appropriate communication.
D) It requires awareness of cultural differences, sensitivity and openness to
these differences, and acknowledgement of the validity of the other culture.
200. To communicate easily and effectively with your readers, how many
number of principles communication are applied
A) Nine B) Seven
C) Eleven D) Six
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201. A letter that completes a valid contract between a buyer and a seller is
called.
A) An order letter B) An acknowledgment letter
C) An inquiry D) A sales letter
202. Who enforced the vernacular press act?

A) Raymond Williams B) Marshall Lyton
C) Queen Victoria D) Lord Clive
203. Who among the following differentiated between Hot and Cold
messages?
A) Raymond Williams B) Marshall McLuhan
C) James Augustus D) None of the above
204. Which of the following is NOT an effective advertising media?

A) Bill boards B) Television
C) Whisper D) Internet
Q205. ONE of the following is NOT an example of an electronic media.

A) The internet B) Newspapers
C) Television D) Cable network
206. Which of the following is NOT an example of the print media?

A) Television B) National Dailies
C) Metropolitan Dailies D) Magazines
207. Which of the following is an important property for an effective

communicator?
A) The objective of communication
B) Thinking about the evaluation procedure
C) Both A and B
208. The ultimate objective of feedback in the process of communication is a

A) To bring some desirable changes in the process of communication
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B) To understand about the messages
C) To understand the disadvantage of communication
D) All of the above
209. In discussion with small group, the students can interact with each other
in
A) Restricted environment
B) A more liberal environment
C) A fully restricted environment
210. Which committee was set up to re-examine the Prasar Bharati Act?
A) Sengupta committee B) Changder committee
C) Ghosh committee D) Pradhan committee
211. A combination of document analysis, observations and interviews are

applied usefully in
A) Content analysis B) Case study
C) Survey research D) Field experiment
212. Which was the first Indian advertising agency?

A) Indian advertising agency
B) Indian national advertising agency
C) national advertising agency
D) international advertising agency
213. Which of the following is the popular editing software for film/video?
A) Photoshop B) Indesign
C) Final cut pro D) VCD cutter
214. Which of the following is the most important step for an effective
communicator?
A) Determining objectives of communication
B) Identifying mediums of communication
C) Selecting the most suitable channel
D) All of the above
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215. Culture includes
A) Values and beliefs.
B) Customs, traditions, values and desires.
C) Ways of living and behaviour al habits.
D) Beliefs, values, spirituality, language, familial and social roles, artistic
expression, food, non-verbal behaviour and remedies.
216. Family/person-centred practice is

A) Supported by all health professions.
B) A new concept that developed at the beginning of this century.
C) Only useful when working with children.
D) The use of a collaborative relationship to fulfil the needs and achieve the
goals of the person seeking assistance.
217. Which of the following media can be used effectively in large group
communications?
A) Television B) Overhead Projector
C) Video D) Computer
218. for providing evaluative feedback to students, the teacher should

A) Use correction, not criticism, in respect to inappropriate responses
B) Provide immediate feedback
C) Do not provide non-constructive comments for evaluating activities
D) All of these
219. Effective Communication takes place when

A) source is attractive and authoritarian
B) message design incorporates audience
C) modern communication technologies are used
D) receivers are passive recipient
220. According to Berlo, Communication has how many elements?

A) 4 B) 3
C) 6 D) 5
221. Communication word is derived from a verb of which language?

A) Latin B) French
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C) German D) Italian
222. Which of the following is not a transmitting barrier?

A) Physical distraction
B) Emotional interference
C) Conflicting messages
D) Channel barrier
223. Which of the following statement is correct?

A) Communicator should have fine senses
B) Communicator should have tolerance power
C) Communicator should be soft spoke
D) Communicator should have good personality
224. Yahoo messenger is an......

A) application
B) on line transaction
C) virtual terminal
D) all of above
225. Encoding is
A) the formulation of messages in the communicator’s mind
B) the formulation messages in the receiver’s mind
C) coding of whole communication process
D) none of these
226. An effective communication does not require

A) change in speech pattern
B) appropriate gesture
C) mastery of content
D) handsome personality
227. Which of the following provides more freedoms to the communication to

interact?
A) Small group discussion
B) Using film projectors
C) Viewing countrywide classroom
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D) Lecture by experts
228. Which one of the following is true about the communication?

A) it is dynamic in nature
B) It is constantly changing
C) It is shifting in response to the overall situation
D) All of the above
Q229 Which of the following methods of communication would be most

effective in classroom?
A) Lecture method
B) Multimedia method
C) Presenting written matter with the Lectures
D) Presenting written notes
230. Intimate communication comes under the heading of

A) intrapersonal communication
B) interpersonal communication
C) group communication
D) None of these
231. Feedback system is weakest in which of the following?

A) Interpersonal Communication
B) Intrapersonal Communication
C) Group Communication
D) Mass Communication
232. Which of the following systematically discovers relations and interaction

among variables in real life situations such as school, factory, community etc?
A) Field experiments B) Field study
C) Survey study D) Ex-post factor study
233. Any effective communication system employs a feedback system order to

A) make the necessary modifications in the process.
B) Understand more about the content.
C) Find faults with the sender(teacher)
D) find faults with the receiver ( the students)
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234. The most important aspect of communication-listening can be improved

by
A) making voice effective and impressive.
B) making communication material novel interesting and need based
C) making the full attention
D) All of these
235. Which of the following is an old form of communication?

A) Fire signals B) Radio Signals
C) Telegrams D) None of these
236. which of the following steps would you consider first as an effective
communicator?
A) Select the channels of communication
B) Plan the evaluation procedure
C) Specify the objectives of communication
D) Identify the various media for communication
237. Information and Communication Technology includes:

A) On line learning
B) Learning through the use of EDUSAT
C) Web Based Learning
D) All the above
238. if you invite personal friends and colleagues in your son’s birthday party,
the procedure of invitation will be
A) Only personal invitation will be extended to most dear ones.

B) Only a specific group of teachers will be invited.
C) Extend invitation to all the teachers without any distinction.
D) You would invite all the personnel of the school.
239. Listening to a lecture is

A) information Listening
B) evaluative listening
C) emphatic Listening
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D) none of these
240. As a chairman of UPSC while selecting a teacher you should, be

A) fair and impartial
B) able to judge the personality of candidates
C) encouraging to those appearing for interview
D) All of these
241. Teaching on TV is superior to class room instruction because

A) very large classes are made' possible and thus. it; is economically
advantageous
B) experts for teaching a difficult topic can be arranged and others can be
benefited from them
C) teaching materials can be filmed for reuse
D) All of these
242. following are the experimental learning activities adopted by a teacher.

Arrange them in cyclic order.
(i) Accommodation (ii) Converging
(iii) Assimilation (iv) Diverging
A) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
B) (iv), (iii), (ii), (i)
C) (ii), (iii), (iv), (i)
D) (iii), (i), (ii), (iv)
243. Listening is badly affected by

A) message overload-excess of listened material
B) high speed of speaking
C) a sizable hearing loss-physiological problem
D) all of the above
244. Which of the following methods of communication is the most effective?

A) presenting written material
B) presenting written material along with film projector
C) multi-media method
D) cannot be determined
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245. All are the components of listening except
A) hearing B) attending-being attentive
C) answering D) understanding and remembering
246. Better classroom management means

A) per group work and better interaction among pupils
B) prior preparation of teacher in the making of suitable aids
C) punctuality of the teachers in coming in the class and finishing the course in
time
D) All of these
247. All are the examples of the media of two way communication except
A) public meeting B) padyatra
C) street plays D) procession and rallies
248. Arrange the following activities of interaction in logical order

(i) Analysis of the work done
(ii) Planning and preparation
(iii) Presentation of material
(iv) Modification and improvement
A) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
B) (ii), (iii), (i), (iv)
C) (iv), (i), (ii), (iii)
D) (i), (iii), (iv), (ii)
249. Which of the following skills has the largest share in communication time
in schools/colleges?
A) Listening B) Reading
C) Writing D) Speaking
250. Which of the following teachers will you like most?

A) One who uses board occasionally
B) One who uses chart and maps
C) One who uses film projector along with the proper use of the board
D) One who uses motion picture as a last resort
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251. The main purpose of evaluative listening is
A) to accept or reject an idea given to the listener
B) to evaluate the speaker's credibility and personality
C) both of above
D) none of these
252. CHEER stands for Options:

A) Children Enrichment Education Through Radio
B) Child Health Education Electronic Recording
C) Children for Engineers and Energy Requirement
253. The most important aspect of communication listening, can be improved

by
A) making the attention fully paid
B) making the communicated material novel-interesting and need based
C) making voice effective and impressive
D) all of these
254. Educational TV was first introduced in India in the year

A) 1961 B) 1959
C) 1968 D) 1969
255. Which of the following cannot be a good way of communication in

promoting literacy among villagers?
A) Demonstration
B) Reading and writing
C) providing material on TV and film projector
D) Large group discussion
256. A student helps a teacher to solve the problem while the teacher was
delivering the lecture. He was
A) an emphatic listener
B) an evaluative listener
C) a realistic listener
D) an informational listener
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257. SITE stands for Options:
A) System for International Technology and Engineering
B) Satellite Instructional Television Experiment
C) South Indian Trade Estate
D) None of these
258. The process of communication enhances through

A) belongingness
B) security and freedom to make choices
C) informality of meeting and avoidance of pressure
D) all of these
259. Visualization in the instructional process cannot increase

A) interest and motivation B) retention and adaptation
C) stress and boredom D) curiosity and concentration
260. The latest development in the hardware technology is the introduction of

A) FM channels B) Z channels
C) M channels D) Star channels
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Previous years’ Questions

UGC- NET 2021
1. Match List I with List II
List I List II
Concept of power Communication Description of feature
A. Legitimate power I. Specialized knowledge
B. Referent power II. By virtue of position
C. Reward power III. When others feel to be like you
D. Expert power IV. Control over what others seek
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
A. A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV
B. A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I
C. A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II
D. A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III
2. Which of the following are determinants in transactional

communication?
A. Social context
B. Cultural context
C. Relational context
D. Legal context
E. Delayed context
A. A, B and E only
B. A, B and C only
C. B, C and D only
D. C, D and E only
3. Statement I:- In communication, language ambiguity takes place

because of the incorrect use of words.
Statement II:- Informal time terms lead to different interpretations.
In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from
the options given below
A. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
B. Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
Page | 115
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
4. Which of the following is considered unethical communication?

A. Non-commercial publicity
B. Not revealing the source of information
C. Propaganda
D. Use of alternative source of information
5. Communication means _ of information.

A. Suppression
B. Exchange
C. Understanding
D. Contextualisation
E. Abstraction
Choose the correct answer from the options given below
A. A, B and E only
B. A, B and C only
C. B, C and D only
D. C, D and E only
6. Media kits are used in

A. Classroom communication
B. Confidential communication
C. External communication
D. Internal communication
7. Non-verbal communication makes use of-

A. Behaviour to generate meanings
B. Emotional meanings
C. A non-clear system of rules
D. Verbal finessé
E. Clarity in abstraction
A. A, B and C only
B. A, B and E only
C. B, C and D only
D. C, D and E only
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8. Perspective taking in communication supports
A. Behavioural rigidity
B. Openness
C. Sharing of information
D. Trust
E. Secrecy
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
A. (A), (B), and (C) only
B. (B), (C), and (D) only
C. (C), (D), and (E) only
D. (A), (C), and (E) only
9. In a classroom, transforming verbal and non-verbal signs back into

messages is known as
A. Feedback
B. Encoding
C. Decoding
D. Reverse communication
10.The sequence of the stages of communication process is :

A. Level of acceptance
B. Transmission of congnitive data
C. Message reception
D. Understanding
E. Reaction
A. (A),(B),(C),(D),(E)
B. (B), (C), (D), (E), (A)
C. (C),(E),(D),(A),(B)
D. (B), (C), (D), (A), (E)
11.Match List I with List II

List I List II
A. Type of communication Characteristic feature
B. Network communication (I) Formal and Planned
C. Mass communication (II) Creates identity and unique
dynamics
D. Public communication (III) Inter-dependent relations
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E. Small group communication (IV) Anonymous audience
A. (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)
B. (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
C. (A)-(IV), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(III)
D. (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
12.Which one of the following is not a barrier variable in communication?

A. Climate
B. Culture
C. Curiosity
D. Eye-contact
13.Which one of the following makes communication ineffective?

A. Ambiguity
B. Brevity
C. Clarity
D. Sincerity
14.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion A and the
other is labelled as Reason R
Assertion A: - Active participation of all students in a classroom is an
indicator of the teachers' communication skills.
Reason R: - Teachers should focus more on classroom management (as
discipline matters) than instruction.
In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the
options given below
A. A is false but R is true
B. A is true but R is false
C. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
D. Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
15.A communication scenario in which two teachers are debating about the
curriculum for the 21st century, is an instance of:
A. Diagonal Communication
B. Group Communication
C. Interpersonal Communication
D. Lateral Communication
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Assertion A: - Teachers should accept students as they are and with
whatever cognitive level they have.
ReasonR:- Moralizing, being judgemental, exposing ignorance are
barriers to successful communication.
In light of the above statements, Choose the correct answer from the
options given below:
A. A is false but R is true
B. A is true but R is false
C. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
D. Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
17.A general code of conduct circulated among the employees of an

institution is an example of:
A. Downward communication
B. Horizontal communication
C. Lateral communication
D. Upward communication
18.Keeping quiet because of fear of punishment in communication is an

barrier.
A. Incentive
B. Individual
C. Institutional
D. Interactional
19.In communication, entropy refers to

A. Defensive speech
B. Oratory
C. Predictable message
D. Unpredictable message
20.Match List I with List II.

List I List II
Elements of Communication Characteristic feature
A. Source (I) Means used to convey the message
Page | 119
B. Receiver (II) Set of verbal and nonverbal cues from a
source
C. Message (III) A person who interprets the message
D. Channel (IV) A person or an event which provides verbal
/ non verbal cues.
A. (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
B. (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
C. (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
D. (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
UGC-NET 2020
1. Match the following
List I (Communication Barrier) List II (Description)
(a) Physical (i) Different understanding
(b) Psychological (ii) Stereotypes
(c) Language (iii) Pre-disposed
notions
(d) Cultural (iv) Inaudible voice
(A) (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
(B) (a)-(iii), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i)
(C) (a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
(D) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
2. In communication process, when the sender and the receiver

interchange their roles in respect of sending and receiving the
message, it is called
(A) Universal model
(B) Transactional model
(C) Singular-flow model
(D) Pluralistic model
3. When communication for educational purpose takes place, the

sequence of elements is
(i) Source
(ii) Encoder
(iii) Message
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(iv) Decoder
(v) Feedback
Choose from the following
(A) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
(B) (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (i)
(C) (iii), (iv), (v), (i), (ii)
(D) (iv), (v), (ii), (i), (iii)
4. Match List I with List II

List I List II
Communication barriers Description
a. Semantic i. Lack of physical clarity in
channel
b. Psychological ii. Faulty message
c. Personal iii. Poor retention
d. Physical iv. Lack of time
(A)a - i, b - ii, c - iii, d - iv
(B) a - ii, b - ill, c - iv, d - i
(C) a - iii, b - iv, c - i, d - ii
(D) a - iv, b - i, c - ii, d – iii
5. Classroom communication is
a. Goal-oriented
b. 8. Style-centric
c. Collaborative
d. Vertical
e. Non-rhetorical
(A) a and b only
(B) b and d only
(C) a and c only
(D) d and e only
6. When communication enhances the interaction of learners, it is

(A) Physiological
(B) Psychological
Page | 121
(C) Artistic
(D) Transient
7. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion A and the
Assertion A: Allowing an issue to fester will contribute to effective
communication
Reason R: A good communicator will address an issue in the classroom
before it becomes Precarious In light of the above statements, choose
the correct answer from the options given below
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false but R is true
8. Efficacy of written communication depends upon

(i) Lengthy presentation
(ii) Complex sentence structure
(iii) Editing after writing
(iv) Brevity in sentences
(v) Use of strong words
(vi) Effective use of words
(A) (i), (ii) and (iii) only
(B) (ii), (iii) and (iv) only
(C) (iii), (iv) and (vi) only
(D) (iv), (v) and (vi) only
9. The concept 'fraction of selection' in classroom communication is

determined by the expectation of reward related to
(A) Efforts needed
(B) Reviews needed
(C) Peer pressure needed
(D) Time-lag needed
Page | 122
10.Given below are two statements
Statement I: Personality conflicts in a classroom situation are a barrier to
effective interaction.
Statement II: Impersonal communication is invariably considered the best
solution in a classroom environment.
options given below
(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are true
(B) Both Statement I and Statement II are false
(C) Statement I is correct but Statement II is false
(D) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is true
11.Match the lists

List I (Type of Communication) List II (Characteristics)
(a) Intra personal (i) Between persons
(b) Interpersonal (ii)Within a small
organization
(c) Group (iii) Large number of
unknown audience
(d) Mass (iv) Within oneself
Options:
(A) (a.)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
(B) (a)-(ii), (b.)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i)
(C) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c.)-(i), (d)-(ii)
(D) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d.)-(iii)
other is labelled as Reason R Assertion A: Pedagogy and social interaction
are two major areas of activity of teachers
Reason R: It is communication that is crucial for making both the activities
important
options given below
Page | 123
13.The domain of media appeal addresses the issues related to
(A) Knowledge
(B) Learning
(C) Legality
(D) Emotions
14.Find out the correct chronological order of the following educational

communication ventures in India
a. Krishi Darshan
b. Gyan Darshan
c. Vyas
d. Gyan Vani
Choose the correct answer from the options given below
(A). a, b, c, d
(B). b, c, d, a
(C). d, a, b, c
(D). a, d, b, c
15.When communication meets the aims and objectives of classroom

teaching, it becomes
(A) Extra-ordinary
(B) Personal
(C) Functional
(D) Obligatory
Assertion A: Human touch in communication enables students to become
participatory
Reason R: In a technology-driven classroom environment, the
communicative role of a teacher is secondary
In light of the above statement choose the correct answer from the
options given below
(C) A is true but R is false’
Page | 124
17.Which of the following can be considered as psychological barriers to

effective communication?
a. Descriptive message
b. Inattentiveness
c. Too much reliance on the written word
d. Limited retention
e. Logical organization
f. Flow of thought
(A) A, Band Conly
(B) B, C and D only
(C) C, D and E only
(D) D, E and F only
18.Match List I with List II

List I List II
Type of communication Characteristics
A. Vertical I. Feedback oriented
B. Horizontal II. Inter-personal
C. Circular Ill. Top-down
D. Transactional IV. Rumour-oriented
(A) A - I, B - 11, C - 111, D - IV
(B) A - 11, B - Ill, C - IV, D - I
(C) A - 111, B - IV, C - I, D - 11
(D) A - IV, B - I, C - 11, D – Ill
19.Given below are two statements

Statement I: Persuasive communication by a teacher in the classroom is
intended to make his/her version of information acceptable to students
Statement II: If it happens at the institutional level, the purpose behind it
is image building In light of the above statements,
choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below
(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are t rue
(B) Both Statement I and Statement II are false
(C) Statement I is true but Statement II is false
Page | 125
(D) Statement I is false but Statement II is true
UGC NET-December 2019

1. Classroom communication is
1. like a computer program
2. dictatorial
3. purposeful
4. pragmatic
Choose the correct option from those given below.
(A) 1 and 3 (B) 2 and 3
(C) 2 and 4 (D) 3 and 4
2. Swapping of encoder-decoder roles in communication happens due to

(A) cognitive disruptions
(B) semantic noise
(C) feedback analysis
(D) weak channelisation
3. Which of the following communication technologies employ only

asynchronous communication?
1. Video-conferencing
2. E-mail
3. Forums
4. Instant messaging
Choose the correct option.
(A) 1 and 3 (B) 2 and 4
(C) 2 and 3 (D) 1 and 4
UGC NET-June 2019

4. Some of the barriers to effective communication are
1. Polysemy
2. Simple language
3. Use of cliches
4. Easy construction of sentence
Choose the correct answer from the codes given below.
(A) 1 and 2 (B) 2 and 3
(C) 3 and 4 (D) 1 and 3
Page | 126
5. Assertion (A) The correlation function of mass media is vital for any
society.
Reason (R) The interpretational aspect that include advertising and public
relations shape and influence public opinion.
Choose the correct answer from the codes given below.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is correct the explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true, but R is false
(D) A is false, but R is true
6 The sequential order of elements in classroom communication is

(A) Knowledge, interest, evaluation, awareness
(B) Awareness, interest, evaluation, knowledge
(C) Evaluation, awareness, knowledge, interest
(D) Interest, knowledge, evaluation, awareness
7. In a classroom, use of communication technology pre- supposes

(A) inattentive audience
(B) Luxurious ambience
(C) extrapolation of contents
(D) new forms of expression and applications
8 Connotative communication inside the classroom is

(A) direct (B) critical
(C) implicit (D) explicit
9 Communication through colours can result in

1. aesthetic codes 2. cultural code
3. semantic codes 4. binary codes
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
(A) 1 and 3 (B) 2 and 3
(C) 2 and 4 (D) 1 and 2
10 In the communication process, signs derly meanings through

(A) the subjectivity of various components:
(B) the objectivity of the decoder.
(C) the network of inter-relations.
(D)) the neutrality of the channel.
Page | 127
11. Assertion (A) Media entertainment does not enhance the cultural level of
society.
Reason (R) Most media entertainment encourages escapism, not content
quantes
(A)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
12. The dance of the honeybee conveying to other bees where nectar will be
found, is an example of
(A) mass communication
(B) group communication
(C) interpersonal communication
(D) intrapersonal communication
13. Choose the correct sequence of communication from the options given
below.
(A) Information exposure → persuasion → behavioural change
(B) Persuasion → information behavioural change → exposure
(C) Exposure → information → persuasion → behavioural change
(D) Behavioural change → information → persuasion → exposure
14. Which of the following is a function of mass media?

(A) To transmit culture
(B) To formulate national policies
(C) To help the judiciary take its decisions
(D) To stabilise the share market
15. In a classroom situation, a teacher organises group discussion to help

arrive at a solution of a problem. In terms of Model of Communication uses,
it will be called
(A) a Transactional Model
(B) an Interaction Model
(C) a Horizontal Model
(D) a Linear model
16. Which of the following is a characteristic of modern mass media?

(A) Capital intensive (B) Labour intensive
Page | 128
(C) Sustainable (D) Developmental
17. Which of the following signifies non-verbal communication in an essential

way?
(A) Instructions written, on a question paper.
(B) Learner attending an online class.
(C) The dress code followed by an individual.
(D) Yoga instructor teaching yoga poses to the pupils.
18. Which of the following is a stage of intrapersonal communication?

(A) Phatic stage
(B) Intimate stage
(C) Personal stage
(D) Transcendental communication
19. Semantic barrier of communication is implied when the

(A) signal is lost before reaching the receiver.
(B) message transmitted by the source is unclear.
(C) receiver's attention is diverted.
(D) receiver does not understand the meaning of the message.
20. Assertion (A) Communication pre-supposes a shared, symbolic

environment, a social relationship eve among non-participants.
Reason (R) It leads to social interaction which in combination with other
factors
contributes to a sense of community.
(B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
21. Which of the following principles, a good communicator should follow?

1. He should stay organised.
2. He should avoid the use of visuals.
3. He should be authoritarian.
4. He must adjust to the medium.
5. He should prefer the method of story-telling.
(A) 1, 2 and 3 (B) 2, 3 and 5
Page | 129
(C) 2, 4 and 5 (D) 1, 4 and 5
22. Below are given two lists. List I describes the types of listeners in
communication while list II indicates their characteristics.
List 1 List 11
(Types of listeners (Characteristics)
involved in the communication)
A. Non-listener 1. Is engaged in information
other than the one need.
B. Marginal listener 2. Receiving information
without
processing the significance in
the context of communication.
C. Evaluative listener 3. Looks into relevance of
the
information for understanding
its implications.
D. Active listener 4. Pays heed to the communi-
cated information occasionally.
Match the two sets and give your answer by choosing from the options.
A B C D
(A) 4 3 2 1
(B) 3 4 1 2
(C) 2 1 3 4
(D) 1 4 2 3
23 Which of the following elements a good classroom communication should

adopt?
1. Concreteness 2. Courtsey
3. Filibustering 4. Fictionalisation
5. Coherence
(A) 1, 2 and 4 (B) 2, 4 and 5
(C) 1, 2 and 5 (D) 1, 3 and 4
24 Non-verbal communication is mostly

(A) mechanical (B) organic
(C) unstructured (D) structured
Page | 130
25 Match list I with list II.
List 1 List 11
(Media) (Transmission/ Communication)
A. Audio 1. Bandwidth
B. Advertising 2. Linear communication
C. Internal 3. Non-personal communication
D. Newspaper 4. Frequency modulation
A B C D
(A) 3 4 2 1
(B) 1 2 3 4
(C) 4 3 1 2
(D) 2 1 4 3
26. “Mass media do not have pre-determin functions for everyone and
people use them the way they like." This is suggestive of fact that
(A) audiences are active.
(B) content is of little significance.
(C) contents lack plurality.
(D) audiences are homogeneous.
27 A communication process can be considera complete when

(A) the sender transmits the message.
(B) the message enters the channel,
(C) the message leaves the channel.
(D) the receiver understands the message.
28. A customer writes to a bank, “Kindly send me a statement of my

transactions in my saving bank account ‘A’ during the last three months.” In
terms of communication it will be called
(A) input (B) message
(C) output (D) feedback
29. Identify the reasoning in the following argument, “Pre-active stage of

classroom teaching is important just as pre-learning preparation stage of
communication."
(A) Hypothetical (B) Deductive
(C) Inductive (D) Analogical
Page | 131
30 In the context of communication, usual sequence is
(A) Language Communication Society → Civilisation
(B) Communication Society → Language → Civilisation
(C) Communication Language → Society → Civilisation
(D) Language → Society → Communication | Civilisation

31. A teacher decides to form six groups of students and assigns a sub-theme
to each group for discussion and reporting: Which kind of communication
model will best describe his/her strategy in this regard?
(A) Transactional Model (B) Linear Model
(C) Horizontal Model (D) International Model
32 Which of the following constitute the para language in communication?

1. Pitch of the voice 2. Internal noise
3. External noise 4. Use of pauges
5. Rate and volume of speech
Select the correct answer from from the codes given below.
(A) 2, 3 and 4 (B) 1, 4 and 5
(C) 1, 3 and 5 (D) 1, 2 and 3
33. Which of the following would influence the effectiveness of

communication in classroom instruction in a critical way?
(A) Subject knowledge of the teacher.
(B) Academic intelligence and personality characteristics of the teacher.
(C) Teaching aids used by the teacher while making presentations.
(D) Teaching style preferred by the teacher while transacting.
34. While communicating in a classroom situation, which one of the following

approaches will be considered the most appropriate?
(A) Empathetic and pragmatic
(B) Personal and emulative
(C) Technical and domineering
(D) Assertive and conformist
35. Which of the following is a powerful determinant for effective assertive

communication whether written or spoken?
(A) “They messages (B) I' messages
(C) 'We' messages (D) You' messages
Page | 132
UGC NET-July 2018

36. Identify the important element a teacher has to take cognizance of while
addressing students in a classroom.
(A) Avoidance of proximity
(B) Voice modulation
(C) Repetitive pause
(D) Fixed posture
37. Assertion (A) Classroom communication is a transactional process,

Reason (R) A teacher does not operate under the assumption that students
responses are purposive,
Select the correct code for your answer,
(A) A is true, but R is false
(B) A is false, but R is true
(C) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(D) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
38. Assertion (A) To communicate well in the classroom is a natural ability.

Reason (R) Effective teaching in the classroom demands knowledge of the
communication process.
Select the correct code for your answer.
(A) A is true, but R is false
(B) A is false, but R is true
(C) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(D) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
39. Which of the following set of statements are correct for describing the
human communication process?
1. Non-verbal communication can stimulate ideas.
2. Communication is a learnt ability,
3, Communication is not a universal panacea,
4. Communication cannot break down,
5. More communication means more effective learning by students,
(A) 2, 3 and 4 (B) 1, 4 and 5
(C) 1, 3 and 5 (D) 1, 2 and 3
Page | 133
UGC NET-November 2017
40 In a classroom, the probability of message reception can be enhanced by
(A) exposing the ignorance of students
(B) increasing the information load
(C) using high decibel audio tools
(D) establishing a viewpoint
41 A good communicator begins his/her presentation with a

(A) non-sequitur (B) repetitive phrase
(C) ice breaker (D) complex question
42 The classroom communication should essentially be

(A) empathetic (B) abstract
(C) non-descriptive (D) contrived
43 Classroom communication must be

(A) teacher centric (B) student centric
(C) general centric (D) textbook centric
UGC NET-January 2017

44 When verbal and non-verbal messages are contradictory,
it is said that most people believe in
(A) indeterminate messages
(B) verbal messages
(C) non-verbal messages
(D) aggressive messages
45 Positive classroom communication leads to

(A) coercion (B) submission
(C) confrontation (D) persuasion
46 Classroom communication is the basis of

(A) social identity
(B) external (lack of sense or meaning)
(C) biased passivity
(D) group aggression
47 Effective communication pre-supposes

(A) non-alignment (B) domination
Page | 134
(C) passivity (D) understanding
48 Expressive communication is driven by

(A) passive aggression
(B) encoder's personality characteristics
(C) external clues
(D) encoder-decoder contract
UGC NET-July 2016

49 Imagine you are working in an educational institution where people are of
equal status. Which method of communication is best suited and normally
employed in such a context?
(A) Horizontal communication
(B) Vertical communication.
(C) Corporate communication
(D) Cross communication
50 As a teacher, select the best option to ensure your effective presence in

the classroom.
(A) Use of peer command
(B) Making aggressive statements
(C) Adoption of well established posture
(D) Being authoritarian
51 What are the barriers to effective communication?

(A) Moralising, being judgemental and comments of consolation
(B) Dialogue, summary and self-review
(C) Use of simple words, cool reaction and defensive attitudes
(D) Personal statements, eye contact and simple narration
52 The choice of communication partners is influenced by factors of

(A) proximity, utility, loneliness
(B) utility, secrecy, dissonance
(C) secrecy, dissonance, deception
(D) dissimilarity, dissonance, deviance
53 Every communicator has to experience

(A) manipulated emotions
(B) anticipatory excitement
Page | 135
(C) the issue of homophilesh
(D) status dislocation

54 Every type of communication is affected by
(A) context
(B) reception
(C)transmission
(D) non-regulation
55 Aspects of the voice, other than the speech are known as

(A) delivery language
(B) physical language
(C) personal language
(D) paralanguage
56 In a classroom, a communicator's trust level is determined by

(A) eye contact
(B) the use of hyperbole
(C) the change of voice levels
(D) the use of abstract concepts
UGC NET-July 2015

57. The term 'Grapevine' is also known as
(A) downward communications
(B) upward communication
C) informal communication
(D) horizontal communication
UGC NET-June 2015

58 In communication, the language is
(A) the verbal code
(B) intrapersonal
(C) the symbolic code
(D) the non-verbal code
59 Assertion (A) Formal communication tends to be fast and flexible.

Reason (R) Formal communication is a systematic and orderly flow of
information.
Page | 136
Select the correct code for your answer.
(B)Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
60 Which of the following is not a principle of effective communication?

(A) Persuasive and convincing dialogue
(B) Participation of the audience
(C) One-way transfer of information
(D) Strategic use of grapevine
61 Effectiveness of communication can be traced from which of the

following?
1. Attitude surveys
2. Performance records
3. Students attendance
4. Selection of communication channel
(A) 1, 2 and 4 (B) 1, 2 and 3
(C) 2, 3 and 4 (D) All of these
Answers
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (b)
31. (d) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (d) 35. (c) 36. (c) 37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (a)
41. (c) 42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (d) 45. (d) 46. (a) 47. (b) 48. (d) 49. (d) 50. (d)
51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (d) 54. (c) 55. (c) 56. (c) 57. (d) 58. (d) 59. (b) 60. (b)
61. (c) 62. (a) 63. (a) 64. (d) 65. (d) 66. (d) 67. (b) 68. (a) 69. (a) 70. (a)
71. (d) 72. (a) 73. (b) 74. (a) 75. (d) 76. (a) 77. (d) 78. (b) 79. (a) 80. (c)
81. (a) 82. (b) 83. (a) 84. (a) 85. (a) 86. (d) 87. (c) 88. (d) 89. (b) 90. (c)
91. (d) 92. (a) 93. (a) 94. (b) 95. (a) 96. (c) 97. (b) 98. (c) 99. (c) 100.(d)
101. (a) 102. (a) 103.(c) 104.(b) 105.(d) 106.(c) 107.(d) 108.(b) 109.(b) 110.(a)
111.(c) 112.(b) 113.(a) 114.(d) 115.(d) 116.(d) 117.(a) 118.(d) 119.(c) 120.(c)
121.(a) 122.(d) 123.(d) 124.(c) 125.(d) 126.(c) 127.(d) 128.(b) 129.(a) 130.(a)
131.(d) 132.(d) 133.(d) 134.(d) 135.(d) 136.(d) 137.(a) 138.(a) 139.(d) 140.(b)
141.(d) 142.(d) 143.(d) 144.(b) 145.(d) 146.(b) 147.(d) 148.(d) 149.(d) 150.(d)
151.(c) 152.(d) 153.(b) 154.(a) 155.(b) 156.(d) 157.(a) 158.(d) 159.(c) 160.(d)
161.(d) 162.(d) 163.(c) 164.(a) 165.(d) 166.(d) 167.(d) 168.(d) 169.(a) 170.(b)
171.(a) 172.(b) 173.(c) 174.(d) 175.(c) 176.(d) 177.(c) 178.(d) 179.(d) 180.(d)
181.(a) 182.(b) 183. (c) 184.(d) 185.(d) 186.(d) 187.(d) 188. (a) 189. (a) 190. (a)
191.(d) 192. (c) 193.(b) 194. (c) 195.(b) 196.(d) 197. (a) 198. (c) 199.(d) 200.(b)
201.(b) 202.(b) 203.(b) 204. (c) 205.(b) 206. (a) 207. (c) 208. (a) 209 (b) 210. (a)
Page | 137
211.(d) 212. (a) 213. (c) 214. (a) 215.(d) 216.(d) 217.(b) 218.(d) 219.(b) 220. (a)
221. (a) 222.(b) 223. (a) 224.(d) 225. (a) 226.(d) 227. (a) 228.(d) 229.(b) 230.(b)
231.(d) 232.(b) 233. (a) 234.(d) 235. (a) 236. (c) 237.(d) 238. (c) 239. (a) 240.(d)
241.(d) 242.(b) 243.(d) 244. (c) 245. (c) 246.(d) 247. (c) 248.(b) 249. (a) 250. (c)
251. (c) 252. (a) 253.(d) 254. (a) 255.(b) 256. (a) 257.(b) 258.(d) 259. (c) 260. (a)
Answer key previous year 2021

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B B A C C C A B C D
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B D A B C C A B A D
ANSWER UGC-NET 2020

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A B A B C B D C A C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
D A C D C C C C D
Previous Years’ Questions Answers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D C C D A B D C D C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A B C A B A C D D D
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
D D C C C A D B D C
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
A B D A B B A B C D
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
C A B C D A D B A C
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
A A B A D A C C D C
61
B
Page | 138

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UNIT-IV COMMUNICATION

THREE SIMPLE DEFINITIONS-

On the Basis of Relationship

On the Basis of Purpose and Style

All Channel Network Under this communication, all members of a group

All channel Network

Y-Network Under this communication,

Single Strand Networks Single Strand Network

2. Horizontal or Lateral Communication

The transactional understanding of shared meaning has informed variety of

Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication doo

sour send chann rece Destin

Shannon weaver’s model of communication

David Berlo's Model of Communication

Encode MASSAGE CHANNEL Decode RECEIVER

Communicatio Content Communicati

Treatment Touching Knowledge

Structure Smelling Social System

Code Tasting Culture

Aristotle Model of Communication

Speaker Speech Audience Effect

Aristole’s Model of communication

Model of Type of Model Brief Description

2. Lasswell's Model Linear Lasswell's model is a

4. Berlo's S-M-C-R Linear Berlo's S-M-C-R model

5. Osgood Interactive The Osgood-Schramm model

6. Westley and Interactive The Westley and Maclean

8. Dance's Helical Dance's Helical Model sees

Source Encoding Massage Channel Decodi

Characteristics of Effective Communication

Completeness of the Message-

Clearness and Integrity of the Message-

Conciseness of the Message-

Consideration of Physical Setting and the Recipient-

Clarity of the Message-

Correctness of the Message-

TYPES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

(i) Oral Communication

Factors Affecting Oral Communication

(ii) Written Communication

→ Terms Related to Non-verbal Communication

Historic Overview of Intercultural Communication

1. Intercultural traits such as open-mindedness, tolerance of ambiguity, cognitive

Small group communications can be looked at as groups of size 3 to 20. And

The five basic elements of cooperative learning are:

(ii) Principles for Message Design

(iii) Principles for Selection of Instructional Methods and Media

(iv) Principles for Creating Conducive

Seven C’s of Effective Communication:

Four S’s of Communication:

Barriers of Effective Communication

3. Psychological or Emotional Barriers

10. Mechanical Barriers

11. Other Barriers

Suggestions to Overcome Barriers of Communication

Mass Media and Society

Mass media means technology that is intended to reach a mass audience. It is

Objectives of Mass Communication-

To Achieve Goals: An important objective of mass communication is to achieve

Promoting Products and Services: Mass communication is heavily used to

To Create Public Awareness: Creating public awareness on currently important

To Create Opinion: mass communication is also used to create favorable public

To Create Image of the organizations: Creating the image of products of an

To Bring Coordination among Departments and Branches: Bringing