padhleskshau.compedh Kec a Meri)1. The SI units of magnetic field is (a) weber per: metre’ {b) newton per coulomb (e)m, (dat the above 2. The dimensions of energy per unit volume are the same as those of (a) pressure b) force (modulus of elasticity (d)all the above 3. The SI units of the universal gravitational constant G are 4. The number of particles crossing per unit area perpendicular to X-axis in unit time is Ne-D n2-nt/x2-x1 where ni, and n2, are number of particles per unit volume for the value of x1, and x2 respectively. The dimensions of diffusion constant D are (a) M°LT? (QML (Mer 5. Parsec’ is the unit of: (a)Time g Deets uen @ ‘Angular acceler 6. The density of a cube is measured by measuring its mass and the length of its sides. If the maximum errors in the measurement of mass and length are 3% and 2% respectively, then the maximum error in the measurement of density is (a) 9% (b) 7% 7. Awire has a mass 0.3 + 0.003 g, radius 0.5 + 0.005 mm and length 6 + 0.06 cm. The maximum percentage error in the measurement of its density is 8. The velocity of a body moving in viscous medium is given by v A/B=[1-e-1/2] where t is time, A and B are constants. Then the dimensions of A are (a) [M"L°T® (b) [M°L'T°] (9 [MT (d) all the al 9. The dimensions of entropy are (a) [M° L-"T? K] (b) [Me L? TK ] (9 [MLT2 K] (4) [METH] Downloaded from padhleakshay.com Telegram/@padhieakshay YouTuhe/@pathleakshay10The number of significant figures in 0.06900 is (a)5 (b)4 (Q2 (a3 11.The sum of number 436.32,227.2 and 0.301 in appropriate significant figures is (a)663.821 (b)664 (663.8 (4)663.82 12.The mass and volume of a body are 4.237g and 2.5cm*, respectivelyThe density of the material of the body in correct significant figures is (a)1.6048gcm-* (b)1.69gcm-* (o1.7cm (d)1.695gem-* 13,The number 2.745 and 2.735 on rounding off to 3 significant figures will be give (a)2.7582.74 (b)2.7452.73 (0)2.7562.73 (d)2.7462.74 seid of the following pairs of physical quantities does not have same dimensional mula (a) work & torque (b) Angular momentum & planck's constant (0 Tension & surface tension (d) Impulse and linear momentum 15Which of the following measurement is most precise ? (4)5.00km 16.If momentum (p), area (A) and time (T) are taken to be fundamental quantit energy has the dimensional formula (a)[pA“T'] (o) (@)[pA'7T] 17f P, Q, R are physical quantities, having different dimensions, which of the following combinations can never be a meaningful quantity? (a) (P-Q/R) ) PO-R (d) (PR-Q?)/R 18qThe mass and volume of a body are 4.237 g and 2.5 cm®, respectively. The density of the material of the body in correct significant figures is (a) 1.6048 g cm-* (b) 1.69 g cm-* (9.1.7. om (4) 1.695 g cm 19The length and breadth of a rectangular sheet are 16.2 cm and 10.1 cm, respectively. The area of the sheet in appropriate significant figures and error is (a) 164s 3 cm? (c)163.622.6 cm* (b) 163.62 2.6 cm? (d) 163.62+ 3 cm? Downloaded from padhleakshay.com Telegram/@padhieakshay YouTube/padhleakshay20.Measure of two quantities along with the precision of respective measuring instrument is A=2.5ms+0.5 ms, B = 0.10 s £0.01 s. The value of AB will be (a) (0.25 0.08) m (b) (0.2520.5) m (c) (0.25 0.05) m (d) (0.25 +0.135) m Telegram/@padhleakshay YouTube/padhieakshaypedh Kec a Meri)Q.What are derived units? Ans. Units of those physical qua are called derived units. ies which are derived from the fundamental units Q. What do you understand by fundamental physical quantities? Ans, Fundamental physical quantities are those quantities which are independent of ead other. For example, mass, length, time, temperature, electric current, Luminous intensity and amount of substance are seven fundamental physical quantities. Q. Define parsec? Ans. The distance at which a star would have annual parallax of 1 second of arc. -3.08 x10"%m 1 parsec Q. Define Atomic mass unit (a.m.u.). Ans. 1 4.m.u. = 1/12th mass of carbon-12 atom, i.e., 1.66 * 10-”” kg. QWhich is a bigger unit-light year or parsec? Ans. Parsec is bigger unit than light year (1 parsec = 3.26 light year). Q. Do A and A.U. stand for same length? Ans. No, 1A 10-*° m = 1 A.U.= 1.496x10" m Q.Name two pairs of physical quantities whose dimensions are same. Ans. Stress and Young's modulus. — Work and Energy. Q. What is the order of precision of an atomic clock? Ans. About 1 in 10"to 10” s. What does RADAR stand for? Ans. RADAR stands for Radio detection and ranging.PadhleskshacyeomQWhat do you mean by order of magnitude? Explain. Ans. The order of magnitude of a numerical quantity (N) is the nearest power of 10 to which its value can be written. For example. Order of magnitude of nuclear radius 1.5x10-™ m is - 4 Q.A laser signal is beamed towards the planet Venus from Earth and its echo is received 8.2 minuteslater. Calculate the distance of Venus from the Earth at that time, ‘Ans. We know that speed of laser light, c = 3x 10 m/s Time of echo, t = 8.2 minutes 8.2 x 60 seconds If distance of Venus be d, then t = (2d)/c d = 1/2ct = 1/2x3x10"* 8.2x60m = 7.38x10"m = 7.4x 10° m Q. The distance of the Sun from the Earth is 1.496 x 10" m (ie., 1 A.U.). If the angular diameter of the Sun is 2000", find the diameter of the Sun. Ans.8 =2000 =2000/3600xn1/180rad =9.7x10-*rad d= 1.496 x 10" m theta =-D/d D=6d = 9.7x10-*x1.496" = 1.45 x 10°m Q.A new unit of length is chosen such that the speed of light in vacuum is unity. What is the distance between the Sun and the Earth in terms of the new unit if light takes 8 min and 20 's to cover this distance? Ans, Distance between the Sun and the Earth: Speed of light x Time taken by light to cover the distance Given that in the new unit, speed of light = 1 unit ime taken, t = 8 min 20 s = 500s Distance between the Sun and the Earth = 1 500 = 500 units Q.By using the method of dimension, check the accuracy of the following formula: T= rhpg/ 2.cos@ where T is the surface tension, h is the height of the liquid in a capillary tube, p is the density of the liquid g is the acceleration due to gravity, is the angle of contact, and r is the radius of the capillary tube Ans, In order to find out the accuracy of the given equation we shall compare the dimensions of T andrh pg/ 2 cos® The dimensions of surface tensionT=force/length [MLT-*]/[L]=[MT-*] The dimensions of rhpg/2cos®= [L] [L] [ML-*] [LT-"] = [MT-*] (2 cos 6is dimensionless) The dimensions of both the sides are the same and hence the equation is correct. QqThe length, breadth and thickness of a block of metal were measured with the help of a Vernier Callipers. The measurements are 1=(5.25020.001)cm b=(3.4500.001)cm .740 + 0.001) cm. Find the percentage error in volume of the block. Ans. Volume of the block is given by V=tbt Relative error in the volume of block AV/V=Al/l4Ab/b+At/t Al= 0.001 cm, 1= 5.250 cm, ‘Ab=0.001 cm, b-3.450 cm, At =0.001 cm, 1.740 cm .001/5.250+0.001/3.450 +0.001/1.740 =0.0019+0.00289+0.00575+0.00954 % Error =AV/V x 100% =0.00954 x 100% =0.9%= 1%Q.How many unit system are there? Ans. Unit system are: (a) FPS system (b) MKS system (©) CGS system Q. The radius of the Earth is 6.37 x 10°m and its average density is 5.517 x 10 kg m-*. Calculate the mass of earth to correct significant figures. Ans. Mass = Volume x density Volume of earth Re 4/370R°x3.142 (6.37 x 10°)m? Mass of earth 4/3x 3.142 x (6.37 x 10°)? x 5.517 x 10° kg = 5974.01 x 10” kg 5.97401 x 10" kg Q.f at'ebtec where xis displacement asa function of time. Write the dimensions of a,b and Ans. All the terms should have the same dimension [a] =[x/t?]=[17-*] [b]=[x/t]=[U-" fd bd = (4 Downloaded from padhleakshay.com Telegram/@padhieakshay YouTube/padhleakshaypedh KeINSG (oCeQ.Briefly explain how you will estimate the molecular diameter of oleic acid. Ans. To determine the molecular diameter of oleic acid, we first of all dissolve 1 mL of oleic acid in 20 mL of alcohol. Then redissolve 1 mL of this solution in 20 mL of alcohol. Hence, the concentration of final solution is 1/20x1/20x=1/400th part of oleic acid in alcohol. Now take a large sized trough filled with water, Lightly sprinkle Lycopodium powder on water surface. Using a dropper of fine bore gently put few drops (say n) of the solution prepared on to water. The solution drops spread into a thin, large and roughly circular film of molecular thickness on water surface. Quickly measure the diameter of thin circular film and calculate its surface area S. If volume of each drop of solution be V, then volume of n drops=n V Volume of oleic acid in this volume of solution.=nV /400 Itt be the thickness of oleic acid film formed over water surface then the volume of oleic acid film =St V /400 tenV/ 400 S As the film is extremely thin, this thickness t may be considered to be the size of one molecule of oleic acid ie., t is the molecular diameter of oleic acid. Experimentally, molecular diameter of oleic acid is found to be of the order of 10 m. Q.To determine acceleration due to gravity, the time of 20 oscillations of a simple pendulum of length 100 cm was observed to be 40 s. Calculate the value of g and maximum percentage error in themeasured value of 9. Ans. Here T=2nv/g l= 100 cm, T= 40s/ 20=2s g=4x(3.14)x1000cm/(2s) =4X9.8596X100/4 cms-* =985.9 cms-?, Let us now calculate the maximum error g=4exl/T?=47t1/(t/20)?. (takingT=t/20) g=4rc2ix(20)2/t? Taking og on both sides, we get log g= log 4+2 logn+ logl + 2 log 20-2 log t [differentiating both the sides,] ‘Ag/g-AV/L-2At/t Given le 100 cm Al=0.1 cm (least count of the metre scale) t=40 s, At 0.15 (least count of a stop watch) Maximum error in g = 0.1/100 +2x0.1/ 40 = 0,001+0.005 =0.006 =0.006 x 100% = 0.6% Here 0.1% is the error in the measurement ‘of length, and 0.5% is the error in themeasurement of time. Therefore, time needs more careful measurement. Q.If an atom were enlarged to the size of the earth (~107 m), how large would its nucleus be? Ans. We know, size of an atom = 10-"m ; Size of the earth = 107m Thus, we are scaling up atom by a factor of 107/ 10-" ie. 10 Actual size of the nucleus = 10-* m Scaling up by a factor 10* , the apparant size of the nucleus = 10- x 10% = 104 m The apparent size of the nucleus (when scaled up) is that of the height of Mount Everest.Q The period of onellation of a simple pendulum is T-2rW4g. Measured value of 1. in 20.0 cm on to 1 mm accuracy and time for 100 oscillations of the pendulum is found to be 90s using wrist watch of 1lution. What is the accuracy in the determination of 9? Ans g=41?L/T? T=t/n and AT=t/n Therefore, AT/T=At/t The errors in both L and t are the least count errors. (Ag/g)=(AL/L)+2(AT/T) =0.1/20.0+2(1/90)=.032 Thus, the percentage error in g is 100(Ag/g)=100(AL/L)+2x100(AT/T)=3% Q. The speed of light in air is 3.00x 10°ms-", The distance travelled by light in one year (ie, 365 days 3.154x107 s) is known as light year. A student calculates one light year =9.462x10"m. Do you agree with the student? If not, write the correct value of one light year. Ans. One light year speed x time 9.462 x 10" m. When two physical quantities are multiplied, the significant figures retained in the final result should not be greater than the least number of significant figures in any of the two quantities. Since, in this case significant figures in one quantity (3.00x 10° ms-*) are 3 and the significant figures in the other quantity (3.154 x 10” s) are 4, therefore, the final result should have 3 significant figures. Thus, the correct value of one light year 9.46 x 10° m. Q. In an experiment on determining the density of a ectangular block, the dimensions of the block are measured with a Venier Caliper (with a least count of 0.01 cm) and its mass is measured with a beam balance of least count of 0.1 gm. How do we report our result for the density of the block? Sol. Let the measured values be: Ans. Mass of the block (m)= 39.39 length (l)=5.12cm breadth (b)=2.56cm thickness (t)=.37cm The density of the block is given by d=m/u=m/m'b'h’ =39.3/5.12'2.56.37 =8.1037gram/cm* Now the uncertain values are L=£0.01cm b=20.01 cm t=£0.01cm Maximum relative error, in the density, value is given by Dd/d=DI/l+Db/b+Dm/m 01/5.12+.01/2.56+.01/.37+.1/39.3 .0019+0.0039+0.027+ 0.0024 = 0.0358 ‘Ad= 0.0358x 8.1037 =0.3 g/cm? (approx) Q.E,m, | and G denote energy, mass, angular momentum and gravitational constantly respectively Determine the dimensions of El?/m°G? Ans. Dimensions of E= [ML'T-*] Dimensions of t= [ML*T-"] Dimensions of m= [M] Dimensions of G= [M-'L°T-"] Dimensions of El?/m°G? =[MET][MUT-}/[Mp[MLT? 7 =1Q. Einstein's mass-energy relation emerging out of his famous theory of relativity relates mass(m) to energy (E)as E=mc?, where c is speed of light in vaccum.At the nuclear level,the magnitudes of energy are very small The energy at nuclear level is usually measured in MeV, where 1MeV=1.6x10-"};the mass masses are measured in unified atomic mass unit (u) where 1u=1.67x10-"kg, (a) Show that the energy equivalent of 1u =1.67x10-”kg (ACERT EXAMPLER] (b)A student wires the relation as 1u=931.5MeV. The teacher points out the relation in dimensionally incorrect Write the relation. Ans. (a)We know that Jamu=1u=1.67x10-"7kg applying E=mc* Energy=(1.67x10-"”)(3x10°)') 57x9x10-"} .67x9x10-"/1.6x10-"MeV =939.4MeV=931.5MeV (b) The dimensionally correct relation is ‘Jamu x c?=1uxc’=931.5MeV Downloaded from padhleakshay.com Telegram/@padhieakshay YouTuhe/@padhleakshaypedh Kec a Meri)Q.The rules for determining the uncertainty or error in the measured quantity in arithmetic operations can be understood from the following examples. a.) If the length and breadth of a thin rectangular sheet are measured, using a metre scale as 16.2 cm and, 10.1 cm respectively, there are three significant figures in each measurement. It means that the length L may be written as L= 16.2 + 0.1cm = 16.2 cm+ 0.6%. Similarly, the breadth b may be written as b = 10.1 + 0.1 cm=10.1 cm £1 % Then, the error of the product of two (or more) experimental values, using the combination of errors rule, will be L*b = 163.62 cm? + 1.6% = 163.62 + 2.6 cm* This leads us to quote the final result as L*b = 164 + 3 cm*, Here 3 cm? is the uncertainty or error in the estimation of area of rectangular sheet. b.) If a set of experimental data is specified to n significant figures a result obtained by combining the data will also be valid to n significant figures. However, if data are subtracted, the number of significant figures can be reduced.For example, 12.9 g-7.06 g, both specified to three significant figures, cannot properly be evaluated as 5.84 g but only a 5.84, as uncertainties in subtraction or addition combine in a different fashion (smallest number of decimat Places rather than the number of significant figures in any of the number added or subtracted). c) The relative error of a value of number specified to significant figures depends not only on n but also on the number itself. For example, the accuracy in measurement of mass 1.02 gis 0.01 g whereas another measurement 9.89 gis also accurate to + 0.01 g. The relative error in 2 gis (0.01/1.02) * 100 % = + 1% ilarly, the relative error in 9.89 g is = (+ 0.01/9.89) * 100 % = + 0.1% inally, remember that intermediate results in a multi-step computation should be calculated to one more significant figure in every measurement than the number of digits in the least precise measurement. d.) The nature of a physical quantity is described by its dimensions. All the Physical quantities represent Braces units can be expressed in terms of some combination of seven fundamental or base quantities. We shall call these base quantities as the seven dimensions of the physical world, which are denoted with square brackets [ ]. Thus, length has the dimension [L], mass [M], time [T], electric current [A], thermodynamic temperature [K], luminous intensity [ed], and amount of substance [mol]. The dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers (or exponents) to which the base quantities are raised to represent that quantity. Note that using the square brackets [ ] round a quantity means that we are dealing with ‘the dimensions of’ the quantity. In mechanics, all the physical quantities can be written in terms of the dimensions [L], [M] and [T]. For example, the volume occupied by an object is expressed as the product of length, breadth and hi , or three Lengths. Hence the dimensions of volume are [L] « [L] « [4] = [L']. (1) Dimensions of area is (a) [UI (V1 | (Q [M7] (d) None of these (2) dimensions of volume are (a) [V7] (b) [4] Ol (d) None of these (3) define dimensions of a physical quantity (4) Give list for 7 base quantities with dimensions anetiye c(3) All the physical quantities represented by derived units can be expressed in terms of some combination of seven fundamental or base quantities. These quantities are hg has the dimension [L] Mass [M] Time [T] Electric current [A] Thermodynamic temperature [K] Luminous intensity [ed] Q.In general, the errors in measurement can be broadly classified as (a) systematic errors and (b) random errors. ‘Systematic errors: The systematic errors are those errors that tend to be in one direction, either positive or negative. Some of the sources of systematic errors are: (a) Instrumental errors that arise from the errors due to imperfect design or calibration of the measuring instrument, zero error in the instrument, etc. For example, the temperature graduations of a thermometer may be inadequately calibrated (it may read 104 °C at the boiling point of water at STP whereas it should read 100 °C); ina vernier calipers the zero mark of vernier scale may not coincide with the zero mark of the main scale, or simply an ordinary metre scale may be worn off at one end. (b) Imperfection in experimental technique or procedure to determine the temperature of a human body, a thermometer placed under the armpit will always give a temperature lowers than the actual value of the body temperature. (©) Personal errors that arise due to an individual’s bias, lack of proper setting of the apparatus or individual's carelessness in taking observations without observing proper precautions, etc. For example, if you, by habit, always hold your head a bit too far to the right while reading the position of a needle on the ae you will introduce an error due to parallax.Systematic errors can be minimized re ing experimental techniques, selecting better instruments and removing ane bias as far as possible. For a given set-up, errors may be estimated to a certain extent and the necessary corrections may be applied to the readings. Random errors:The random errors are those errors, which occur irregularly and hence are random with respect to sign and size. These can arise due to random and unpredictable fluctuations in experimental conditions (e.g. unpredictable fluctuations in temperature, voltage), personal (unbiased) errors by the observer taking readings, etc. For example, when the same person repeats the same observation, it is very likely that he may get different readings every time. Least count error: The smallest value that can be measured by the measuring instrument is called its least count. All the readings or measured values are good only up to this value. The least count error is the error associated with the resolution of the instrument. (1) The errors due to imperfect design or calibration of the measuring instrument (a) Instrumental error (b) Random error (©) Least count error (d) None of the above(2) The errors which occur irregularly (a) Instrumental error (b) Personal error (©) Random error (d) None of these (3) Write a note on least count error (4) Write a note on random error Ans. Qa @)c (3) The Least count is the smallest possible value which can be measured with the help of the measuring instrument. All the readings or measured values are read. only up to this value. The least count error is the error related to the resolution of the instrument. (4) The random errors are irregular errors and comes in measurement randomly hence called as random errors. The causes are unpredictable fluctuations in experimental conditions like temperature, voltage, personal errors by the observer taking readings, etc. Q.Measurement of Physical Quantity All engineering phenomena deal with definite and measured quantities and so depend on the making of the measurement. We must be clear and precise in making these measurements. To make a measurement, magnitude of the physical quantity (unknown) is compared. The record of a measurement consists of three parts, i.e. the dimension of the quantity, the unit which represents a standard quar and a number which is the ratio of the measured quantity to the standard quantity. (i) A device which is used for measurement of length to an accuracy of about 10-*m, is (a) screw gauge (b) spherometer (©) vernier calipers (d) Either (a) or (b) (ii) Which of the technique is not used for measuring time intervals? (a) Electrical oscillator (b) Atomic clock (©) Spring oscillator (d) Decay of elementary particles (iii) The mean length of an object is 5 cm. Which of the following measurements is most accurate? (a) 4.9 cm (b) 4.805 cm (©) 5.25 cm (d) 5.4m(iv) If the length of rectangle | = 10.5 cm, breadth b = 2.1 cm and minimum possible measurement by scale = 0.1 cm, then the area is (a) 22.0 cm? {b) 21.0 cm? (c) 22.5 cm? (d) 21.5 em? Ans.(i)d (ii)c (iia tivja ‘SCAN THIS. FOR MAGIC *NOTE : Digitally hand styled notes of same chapter is present on website padhleakshay.com* Downloaded from padhieakshay.com Telegram/@padhieakshay YouTube/@padhleakshay