3-0 mís';

3-1 çLrkouk
3-2 xHkkZ/kku laLdkj dk Lo:i
3-3 xHkkZ/kku laLdkj dk eqgwrZ
3-4 iqalou laLdkj dk Lo:i
3-5 iqalou laLdkj dk eqgwrZ
3-6 lheUrksUu;u laLdkj dk Lo:i
3-7 lheUrksUu;u laLdkj dk eqgwrZ
3-8 ukedj.k laLdkj dk Lo:i
3-9 ukedj.k laLdkj dk eqgwrZ
3-10 lkjka'k
3-11 'kCnkoyh
3-12 cks/k ç'u
3-13 mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ls vki&

• xHkkZ/kku laLdkj ds Lo:i o eqgwrZ dks fu:fir dj ldsaxsA
• iqalou laLdkj ds Lo:i dks js[kkafdr dj ldsaxsA
• iqalou laLdkj ds eqgrw Z dks ifjHkkf"kr dj ldsaxsA
• lheUrksUu;u laLdkj ds Lo:i o eqgwrZ dk o.kZu dj ldsaxsA
• ukedj.k laLdkj ds Lo:i dks le>k ldsaxsA
• ukedj.k laLdkj ds eqgwrZ dks O;k[;kf;r dj ldsaxsA

fç; v/;srk! r`rh; ikBîØe ds r`rh; [k.M dh bl r`rh; bdkbZ esa vkidk
Lokxr gSA blds iwoZ dh nks bdkb;ksa esa vkius eqgwrZ ds ,sfrgkfld Lo:i vkSj
laLdkjksa dh vko';drk o egÙo dk v/;;u fd;kA çLrqr bdkbZ esa vki
lukru&lekt ds vk/kkjHkwr "kksM'k&laLdkjksa esa ls vkjEHk ds pkj laLdkjksa ds
Lo:i vkSj muds eqgrw Z ds fo"k; esa Kku vftZr djsaxsA ;s pkj laLdkj Øe'k% bl
çdkj gSa & ƒ- xHkkZ/kku] „- iqalou] …-lheUrksUu;u vkSj †- ukedj.kA
xHkkZ/kku tho dh mRifÙk ¼l`f"V½ dh vkjfEHkd&çfØ;k gSA ftl çdkj Hkwfe esa cht
196 dh oiu&fØ;k gh cM+s o`{k dh mRifÙk dk ewy gS Bhd mlh çdkj jsrl~ vFkkZr~
iq#"k&cht ds L=h&{ks= esa xeu djus dh çfØ;k & tks fd ^xHkkZ/kku* uke ls
çfl) gS fdlh Hkh ekuo dh mRifÙk ds ewy esa gSA bl çdkj ;g ,d vR;Ur
egÙoiw.kZ çfØ;k gS] ftldk vuqdwy ;k mfpr dky esa gksuk ijeko';d gSA
blfy, lHkh laLdkjksa esa bldh ç/kkurk Lohdkj dh x;h gSA xHkkZ/kku ds ckn
vfxze laLdkj iqalou gS tks xHkkZ/kku&dky ls rhljs eghus lEiUu fd;k tkrk gSA
iqalou ds ckn lheUrksUu;u gS ftlesa xHkZorh ekrk dh lheUr ¼ekax½ dk
foHkktu&iqjLlj iwtu fd;k tkrk gSA ;s rhuksa gh laLdkj çlo ds iwoZ ds gSaA
blds ckn mRiUu cPps dk ukedj.k laLdkj fd;k tkrk gSA bu lHkh laLdkjksa ds
Lo:i vkSj muds vuq"Bku ds 'kqHk&dky ¼eqgwrZ½ dk bl v/;k; esa vki foLrkj ls
v/;;u djsaxAs

tSlk fd eSaus iwoZ esa Hkh dgk fd ekuo&tkfr ds fy, ;g laLdkj vfr egÙoiw.kZ gS
vkSj lukru&laL—fr esa bls fir`&_.k ls m_.k gksus ds fy, vR;ko';d ekuk
x;k gSA bl lEcU/k esa rSfÙkjh; lafgrk dgrh gS &

vFkkZr~ mRiUu gqvk czkã.k ¼iq=&larfr½ … çdkj ds _.k ls _.kh gksrk gSA czãp;Z
ds }kjk çfrfnu lU/;ksiklu deZ djus ij _f"k&_.k ls] ;kxkfnd&vuq"Bku ds
}kjk nso&_.k ls ,oa larkuksRifÙk ds }kjk fir`&_.k ls ikj mrjrk gSA ¼blfy,½
;g tks iq=oku~ gks] ;K&deZ djus okyk gks vkSj czãpkjh gks og vu`.k ¼_.k&eqä½
gks tkrk gSA
ftl deZ ds }kjk fL=;ka xHkZ /kkj.k djrh gSa mls gh ^xHkkZ/kku* laLdkj dgrs gSaA

vFkkZr~ ftl ç;ksx ls iq#"k&oh;Z ds }kjk fuf"kä gksdj L=h xHkZ&/kkj.k djrh gS
mls ^xHkZyaHku* laLdkj dgrs gSaA
_Xosn ds n'ke e.My dk ƒŠ† oka lwä xHkkZ/kku&fo"k;d eU=ksa ls ;qä gSA _f"k
vusd nsorkvksa ls xHkkZ/kku esa lgk;rk djus gsrq çkFkZuk djrk gSA og dgrk gS fd
& Þfo".kq xHkkZ'k; dks rS;kj djsaA Ro"Vk ml xHkkZ'k; ds Lo#i dks fLFkj j[ksaA
çtkifr ml xHkkZ'k; dks vuqdwy æo ls HkjsaA /kkrk vkSj ljLorh mlesa Hkzw.k dks
çfrf"Br djsaA vf'ouh dqekj ml xHkZ dks uhy&dey&ekyk ¼uky vkfn½ ls
lqlfTtr djsaßA
x`álw=ksa esa xHkkZ/kku ds iwoZ fofo/k nsorkvksa ds iwtu ,oa fu"kspu ds iwoZ rFkk i'pkr~
iw"kk bR;kfn nsorkvksa ls çkFkZuk dk Hkh o.kZu feyrk gSA
Le`fr&xzaFk ;Fkk ;kKoYD;&Le`fr] 'kkrkri Le`fr] vkiLrEc Le`fr bR;kfn esa
xHkkZ/kku ds dky vkSj /kkfeZd&—R; ij vf/kd egÙo fn;k x;k gSA buds vuqlkj
bl laLdkj ds iwoZ ladYi] ekr`iwtk] ukUnhJk) ,oa x.ks'k th dh iwtk dk fo/kku
gSA
197
 jtksfuo`fÙk ds † Fks fnu ls ysdj ƒˆ osa fnu rd dk le; xHkkZ/kku ds fy,
mi;qä ekuk x;k gSA blds fy, jkf= ds le; dks gh mi;qä ekuk x;k gS vkSj
fnu esa fu"ksd ds v'kqHk Qy fxukrs gq, vkpk;Z dgrs gSa fd blls fucZy]
nqHkkZX;'kkyh ,oa vYik;q larfr mRiUu gksrh gS&

jtksfuo`fÙk&dky ls lela[;d jkf= iq#"k&larfr ds fy, ,oa fo"kela[;d jkf=

dU;k&larfr ds fy, vuqdwy ekuh x;h gSA euq egkjkt ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd
iq#"k&larfr ds fy, oh;Z dk çcy gksuk vkSj dU;k&larfr ds fy, jt dk çcy
gksuk vko';d gksrk gS &

euq egkjkt frfFk;ksa dk funsZ'k djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd jtksfuo`fÙk&dky ls vkjEHk
dh pkj frfFk;ka] ,dkn'kh vkSj =;ksn'kh budks NksM+dj 'ks"k lHkh frfFk;ksa dh jkf=
xHkkZ/kku gsrq ç'kLr ekuh x;h gSaA

fo".kqiqjk.k esa xHkkZ/kku ds dky dks Li"V djrs gq, dgk x;k gS &
ioksaZ ¼iwf.kZek ,oa vekokL;k½ ij ,oa lw;Z&laØkafr ds fnu L=h&Hkksx ugha djuk
pkfg, ¼,sls esa xHkkZ/kku rks nwj dh ckr gS½A bu fnuksa esa rSykH;ax ,oa ekalHk{k.k Hkh
ugha djuk pkfg, vU;Fkk ,slk O;fä ey&ew=&;qä Hkkstu okys ujd esa ços'k
djrk gSA

vkpk;Z jkenSoK xHkkZ/kku ds eqgwrZ dks cM+s gh foLrkj ls vius xzUFk ^eqgwrZfparkef.k*
esa dgrs gSaA os lcls igys R;kT;&dky dk fu:i.k djrs gSa ftuesa xHkkZ/kku ugha
djuk pkfg,A blds i'pkr~ rnuq:i eqgrw Z dk o.kZu djrs gSaA

vFkkZr~ rhuksa çdkj ds x.MkUr ¼u{k=&x.MkUr] frfFk x.MkUr vkSj yXu x.MkUr½]
o/k rkjk ¼tUe u{k= ls ‰ oka½] tUe&u{k= ¼ftl u{k= esa iq#"k dk tUe gqvk gks½]
ewy] vUrd ¼;e ftldk nsork gS ,slk u{k=½ vFkkZr~ Hkj.kh] nklz ¼vf'ouh dqekj
198
ftlds nsork gksa ,slk u{k=½ vFkkZr~ vf'ouh] ikS".k ¼iw"kk ftldk nsork gS ,slk
u{k=½ vFkkZr~ jsorh] e?kk ;s lHkh xHkkZ/kku esa R;kT; u{k= gSaA
mijkxfnol vFkkZr~ xzg.k ds fnu] oS/k`fr vkSj O;frikr ;s Hkh xHkkZ/kku esa R;kT; gSaA
firjksa ds Jk)&fnu] fnu dk le;] ^ifj?k* laKd ;ksx dk iwokZ/kZ] mRikr ls gr
u{k= ¼vFkkZr~ ftl u{k= esa çk—frd mRikr gqvk gks og½] tUejkf'k vkSj tUe yXu
ls Šoka yXu ,oa iki&xzg ds u{k= ;s lHkh xHkkZ/kku esa R;kT; gSaA

vFkkZr~ Hkæk ¼fof"V dj.k½] "k"Bh] fjäk ¼vFkkZr~ prqFkhZ] uoeh vkSj prqnZ'kh½] ioZ
¼vFkkZr~ iwf.kZek vkSj vekoL;k½ bu frfFk;ksa] la/;kdky] eaxyokj] 'kfuokj vkSj
jfookj dks NksM+dj ,oa vkjEHk dh pkj jkf=;ksa dks NksM+dj xHkkZ/kku laLdkj gsrq
ç;kl djuk pkfg,A
+ ~;qÙkj ¾ mÙkjk=; ¼m Qk-] m-"kk-] m-Hkk-½] bUnq ftldk nsork gS¾ e`xf'kjk] vdZ
=
vFkkZr~ lw;Z ftldk nsork gS ¾ gLr] eS= ¾ vuqjk/kk] czkã vFkkZr~ czãk ftldk
nsork gS ¾ jksfg.kh] Lokrh] fo".kq ftldk nsork gS ¾ Jo.k] olq ftldk nsork gS ¾
/kfu"Bk] vEcqi vFkkZr~ o#.k ftldk nsork gS ¾ 'krfHk"kk bu u{k=ksa esa xHkkZ/kku 'kqHk
gksrk gSA

vFkkZRk~ 'kqHk xzg yXu ls dsUæ ¼ƒ†]‰]ƒå½ Hkkoksa esa vFkok f=dks.k ¼‡]‹½ Hkkoksa esa gksa
iki xzg r`rh;] "k"B vFkok ,dkn'k Hkko esa gksa] yXu dks iq#"k xzg ns[krk gS] pUæek
fo"ke jkf'k vkSj fo"ke jkf'k ds uoka'k esa gks] lela[;d&jkf= gks rks xHkkZ/kku 'kqHk
gksrk gSA fp=k] iquoZlq] iq";] vf'ouh bu u{k=ksa esa xHkkZ/kku e/;e gksrk gSA

;g ckr loZfofnr gh gS fd rhljs&pkSFks eghus esa gh xHkZ dk fyax fu/kkZfjr gks

tkrk gSA blfy, xHkkZ/kku laLdkj ds i'pkr~ ;g laLdkj fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
laLdkj xHkkZ/kku ls rhljs eghus esa ifr ds }kjk fo/kh;eku gSA bl laLdkj dk
eq[; mís'; iq=&çkfIr gSA blfy, 'kkSud _f"k dgrs gSa &

vFkkZr~ ftl deZ ds }kjk iqeku~ ¾ iq#"k&lUrfr ¼iq=½ dh mRifÙk gksrh gS mls
^iqalou* dgk x;k gSA

199
 ra iqekala iq=a tu; ¾ ml iq#"k&:i iq= dks mRiUu djks] iqekuuqtk;rke~ ¾ vU;
Hkh iq#"k&lUrfr blds i'pkr~ Øe'k% mRiUu gksosa] tkrk;ka iq=k.kka ;ku~ tu;ka'p
ekrk Hkokfl ¾ mRiUu gq, vkSj mRiUu gksus okys iq=ksa dh ekrk gksoksA
;g laLdkj vfr egÙoiw.kZ gSA bldk dkj.k lukru&ekU;rk gS ftl vo/kkj.kk dks
vkt oSKkfud Hkh Lohdkjrs gSaA bl lukru&ekU;rk ds vuqlkj iq#"k&lUrfr vius
xks= dks c<kus okyk vkSj Jk)&vkfn deZ ds }kjk vius firjksa dks r`Ir djus okyk
gksrk gSA blfy, iq= dh mRifÙk ls euq"; vius fir`&_.k ls eqä gks tkrk gS vkSj
og iq#"k&larfr mls ^iqa* uked udZ esa tkus ls cpk ysrk gSA ^iqa*laKdujdkr~
=k;rs bfr iq=%*A
ifr iRuh ls çkFkZuk djrs gq, ;g eU= cksyrk gS &

vFkkZRk~ iw.kZr;k ¼Hkyh&Hkkafr½ rqEgkjs xHkZ esa ;g iq#"k&larfr ,d ck.k dh rhozrk ls

vk, ,oa n'k eghus esa ;g ,d iq= ds :i esa mRiUu gks vkSj blds i'pkr~ vU; Hkh
iq=&:i esa rqEgkjs xHkZ ls mRiUu gksaA
;g vuq"Bku ^çktkiR;* ds uke ls vFkoZosn esa çfl) gSA
bl laLdkj ds vUrxZr ifr fuEufyf[kr eU= cksyrk gqvk iRuh dks lwa?kus vkSj
lsou djus ds fy, vks"kf/k nsrk gS &

vFkkZr~ ;g vks"kf/k ftldk firk |kS gS] ekrk i`fFkoh gS vkSj ewy leqæ gS bu
nsorkvksa ls lEc) ;g vks"kf/k rqEgsa iq#"k&lUrfr çnku djus esa lgk;d gksA
ikjLdjx`álw= ds vuqlkj] xHkZorh L=h laLdkj okys fnu ozr j[krh gSA Luku ds
ckn og u, oL= /kkj.k djrh gSA jkf= esa fHkxk, x, oV&o`{k ds ewy ¼tM+½ ds jl
dks xHkZorh ds nkfgus ukfldk&fNæ esa Mkyrs gq, fgj.;xHkZlwä dk ikB ifr djrk
gSA oVewy ds lkFk ^dq'kkUrd* vkSj ^lkseyrk* dks Hkh ihl djds Mkyk tkrk gSA
vkpk;Z lqJqr bl laLdkj dh oSKkfudrk vkSj fof/k ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, dgrs gSa
fd xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku fiÙkkf/kD;] tyu vkfn fofo/k d"Vksa dks oV&o`{k dh tM+
dk jl nwj djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA blds lkFk gh ^lqy{e.k] ^cV'kqax*] ^lgnsoh*
vkSj ^fo'onso* dks nw/k esa ihldj nkfgus ukfldk&fNæ esa Mkyuk pkfg,A
¼lqJqrlafgrk] lw=LFkku] v/;k; …Š½
;fn oh;Zoku ¼ijkØeh½ lUrku dh bPNk gks rks ,d ik= esa ty Hkjdj xHkZorh ds
isV ij j[kdj ,d gkFk ifr L=h ds isV ij j[krs gq, ^lqi.kksZ·fl-----* eU= dk
mPpkj.k djrk gSA

tgka rd bl laLdkj ds eqgwrZ dk ç'u gS] bl fo"k; esa eqgwrZ&xzUFkksa dks rks ns[kuk
pkfg, fdUrq buds lkFk gh Le`fr&xzaFkksa dk Hkh vkJ; ysuk pkfg,A

200
tgka rd ç'u Le`fr&xzaFkksa dk gS] ;kKoYD;&Le`fr] euqLe`fr] 'ka[kLe`fr bR;kfn esa
iqalou&laLdkj ds dky ij fopkj fd;k x;k gSA ;kKoYD; dgrs gSa &

vFkkZr~ iq#"k dk lou ¼iqalou½ LiUnu¼xHkZ ds fgyus&Mqyus½ ds igys gh gksuk

pkfg,A
vkpk;Z 'ka[k dk Hkh ;gh er gS fdUrq c`gLifr ds vuqlkj xHkZLFk ds fgyus&Mqyus
dh fØ;k gksus ij gh iqalou&laLdkj djuk pkfg,A
'kkSud bl fo"k; esa Li"V djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd ;fn çFke larfr gS rks
xHkkZ/kku&dky ls rhljs eghus esa ^iqalou* gksuk pkfg, fdUrq ;fn f}rh; vFkok ckn
dh larfr gS rks †Fks] ˆ Bosa vFkok Šosa eghus esa Hkh ;g laLdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA

xHkkZ/kku ls rhlj&pkSFks eghus esa] pUæek tc iq#"k u{k= esa ¼fo'ks"kdj iq"; esa½ gks
rc ;g laLdkj fd;k tkrk gSA
laLdkj vkfn 'kqHk&deksaZ esa dqN fo"k; rks lkekU; :i ls loZ= ,oa loZFkk
fopkj.kh; gSa gh A ;Fkk 'kqDy&i{k lHkh 'kqHk&dk;ksaZ esa vPNk ekuk x;k gS A blds
vfrfjä ey&ekl ¼vf/kdekl½] xq# ,oa 'kqØ dk vLrdky ;s lHkh 'kqHk&dk;Z esa
R;kT; gksrs gSa A
^iqalou* laLdkj ds eqgwrZ dks fu:fir djrs gq, vkpk;Z jkenSoK vius xzUFk
^eqgwrZfpUrkef.k* esa dgrs gSa &

vFkkZRk~ xHkkZ/kku ls rhljs eghus esa iq#"k&xzg ds okj eaxyokj] xq#okj vkSj jfookj
esa ls fdlh fnu] e`xf'kjk] iquoZlq] iq";] gLr] ewy ;k Jo.k u{k= esa ls fdlh Hkh
u{k= esa] fjäk ¼prqFkhZ] uoeh vkSj prqnZ'kh½] "k"Bh] v"Veh] }kn'kh ,oa vekokL;k
frfFk;ksa dks NksM+dj vU; fdlh Hkh frfFk esa ;g laLdkj djuk pkfg, A blds
vfrfjä yXu&'kqf) vkSj xzg&cy Hkh fopkjuk pkfg, A xHkZdky ds vk/kkj ij
fu/kkZfjr rhljs ekl ds Lokeh xzg dh lcyrk Hkh vko';d gS A fLFkj yXu ¼o`"k]
flag] o`f'pd vkSj dqEHk½ vkSj mlesa Hkh flag vkSj o`f'pd yXu gksus ij] yXus'k ds
cyh gksus ij] yXu ls dsaæ ¼ƒ]†]‰]ƒå½ esa 'kqHk xzgksa ds fLFkr ;k n`f"V&;qfr&lEcU/k
gksus ij] vkSj iki xzgksa ds ¼ˆ] Š] ƒ„½ esa fLFkr gksus ij iqalou laLdkj djuk
pkfg, A
blds lkFk gh vkBosa eghus esa jksfg.kh] iq"; vFkok Jo.k u{k= esa] ekls'k ds cyh
gksus ij] yXu&'kqf) dk fopkj djds] v"Ve Hkko ds 'kqHkRo ds vuqlkj fo".kq&iwtk
xfHkZ.kh L=h dks djuh pkfg,A
tSlk fd iwoZ esa gh eSaus dgk fd fo'ks"k ifjfLFkr;ksa esa] dqN vkpk;ksaZ ds er esa ;g
NBs ;k vkBosa eghus Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS rks ml eghus ds ekls'k xzg dh
lcyrk Hkh ml le; fopkj djuh pkfg,A
201
 çfl) "kksM'k laLdkjksa esa ;g rhljk gSA bls ^lheUrksUu;u* dgrs gSaA lheUr dk
Hkkf"kd vfHkçk; gS ^ekax*A ds'k&lTtk ds le; ge lc viuh&viuh ekax dk<+rs
gSaA lukru&ijEijk esa] fL=;ksa dh ekax dk cM+k egÙo gSA tSlk fd vki tkurs gh
gSa ifr dks lkSHkkX; dgk x;k gS vkSj os lHkh fL=;ka] ftuds ifr thfor gSa
^lkSHkkX;orh* dgykrh gqbZ lekt esa cM+k lEeku ikrh gSaA blh lkSHkkX; dk lwpd
^flUnwj* lHkh lkSHkkX;orh fL=;ka viuh ekax esa yxkrh gSaA lukru&/keZ esa iwT; lHkh
nsfo;ksa ds iwtu esa ;g lkSHkkX;&lwpd flUnwj vo'; gh vfiZr fd;k tkrk gSA blh
ekax dks fof/k&fo/kku ls dk<+us dk laLdkj gh ^lheUrksUu;u* ds uke ls çfl) gSA

vFkkZr~ lheUr ¼ekax½ dk mUu;u&deZ ¼ds'k&dk<+uk½ gh ^lheUrksUu;u* dgykrk gSA

bl laLdkj dk mís'; D;k gS\
vk'oyk;u dgrs gSa &

iRU;k% çFketa xHkZe~ ¾iRuh ds çFke xHkZ ¼ds le;½ mldks] vÙkqdkek% ¾ [kkus dh
bPNk j[kus okyh] dkf'pr~ lqnqHkZxk% jk{kL;ks ¾ dqN nqHkkZX; nsus okyh jk{kfl;ka
¼udkjkRed&ÅtkZ½] #f/kjk'kurRijk%] tks fd [kwu ihus dks ykykf;r jgrh gSa]
vk;kfUr ¾ og ¼xHkZ&Hk{k.k dh bPNk ls½ vkrs gSa] rklka fujlukFkkZ; ¾ mu
jk{kfl;ksa dks nwj Hkkxus ¼gVkus½ ds fy,] ifr% ¾ ml lkSHkkX;orh xfHkZ.kh L=h dk
ifr] fJ;ekokg;sr~ ¾ Jh vFkkZr~ ekrk y{eh dk vkokgu djs] lheUrdj.kh
y{ehLrklke~ ¾ ml lhear dks djus okyh vFkkZr~ lkSHkkX; dks nsus okyh mu nsoh
y{eh dks] eU=r% ¾ eU=iwoZd] vkogfr ¾ og ifr cqykrk gSA
ekdaZMs; iqjk.k xfHkZ.kh ds xHkZ dh ;Ru&iwoZd j{kk djus dh ckr djrk gSA ^fo:i*
vkSj ^fo—fr* o`{kksa] çkphjksa] [kkbZ] unh&ukyk&rkykc] leqæ vkfn LFkyksa ij Msjk
tek, jgrs gSa vkSj ges'kk gh xHkZorh L=h dh fQjkd esa jgrs gSaA bl fy, bu
txgksa ij xfHkZ.kh dks ugha tkuk pkfg,A xHkZgUrk ds iq= ^fo?u* rFkk iq=h ^esfguh*
xHkZ esa ços'k djds xHkZ dks [kkus vFkok mldks nwf"kr djus ds ç;kl esa lnSo jgrs
gSa blfy, xHkZ dh j{kk vkSj iqf"V ds fy, le;&le; ij ;s laLdkj djrs jgus
pkfg,A
;fn /kkfeZd –f"Vdks.k ls fopkj djsa rks ;g laLdkj] xfHkZ.kh L=h ds dY;k.k vkSj
xHkZLFk f'k'kq ds nh?kkZ;q gsrq ekrk y{eh ls dh x;h çkFkZuk ds :i esa le>k tk
ldrk gSA ;fn O;kogkfjd vkSj euksoSKkfud –f"Vdks.k ls fopkj djsa rks xHkZ ds
ikaposa eghus ls xHkZ ds eu vkSj cqf) dk Lo:i cuuk vkjEHk gks tkrk gSA blfy,
bl le; xfHkZ.kh eka dh vfr'k; ns[kHkky vkSj fo'ks"k lsok&'kqJw"kk mldks ekufld
vkSj 'kkjhfjd :i ls çlUu vkSj LoLFk j[krh gS ftlls xHkZLFk&f'k'kq ds eu vkSj
cqf) ij vuqdwy çHkko iM+sA bl le; vuqHkoh lkSHkkX;'kkyh fL=;ksa dks ml xfHkZ.kh
ds lkFk jguk pkfg,] ftlls mls u dsoy çlUurk gksrh gS vfirq mls Lo;a ds
egÙo dk Hkh irk pyrk gSA vius vuqHkoksa ls ofj"B fL=;ka mls voxr djkrh gSa
202 vkSj oa'k dks vkxs c<kus ds fy, xfHkZ.kh ds çfr viuh —rKrk çdV djrh gSaA ;g
vuqHko mls u dsoy çlUu vkSj mYykl&iw.kZ djrk gS vfirq vius xHkZ ds
ns[k&Hkky ds çfr mls vfr'k; mUeq[k djrk gSA
lheUr dk mUuu;u ¼ekax dk<+uk½ blh fo'ks"k ns[kHkky dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA
vr% lsok djus ds lkFk&lkFk mldh çlUurk gsrq] ekax dk<+rs le; ifr mls
¼xfHkZ.kh iRuh dks½ ^jkdk* vFkkZr~ iwf.kZek ds pUæek okyh jkr ds lkeku dkfUr okyh
vkSj ^lqi"s kk* vFkkZr~ lqUnj vaxksa okyh bu fo'ks"k.kksa ls lacksf/kr Hkh djrk gSA
ekax&dk<+us ds fy, mnqEcj dh ydM+h ls cus da?ks dk ç;ksx djrs gSa D;ksafd
ekU;rk ds vuqlkj mnqEcj dks moZjk&'kfä ls ifjiw.kZ ekurs gSaA
ifr mnqEcj dh ydM+h ls lheUr&mUu;u djrs gq, bl eU= dks dgrk gS &

vFkkZr~ ftl çdkj çtkifr] vfnfr ds egRlkSHkkX; ds fy, mldh lhek dks
fu/kkZfjr djrs gSa Bhd mlh çdkj eS a¼ifr½ xHkZLFk f'k'kq ds nh?kkZ;q"; ds fy, viuh
bl iRuh dh ekax dk<+rk gwaA
bl fnu xHkZorh L=h ozr j[krh gSA laLdkj dk vkjEHk ^ekr`iwtk* ls gksrk gS]
ftlds ckn ^ukUnhJk)* vkSj ^çktkiR;&gkse* fd;k tkrk gSA blds i'pkr~ xfHkZ.kh
çTTofyr vfXu ls if'pe fn'kk dh vksj eq[k djds cSBrh gSA fo"ke&la[;d dPps
mnqEcj&Qy] nHkZ&dq'kk] lkgh ds cky bu lHkh dks ^ohjrj* dh ydM+h esa cka/kdj
mlds }kjk ifr viuh xfHkZ.kh iRuh ds ds'k Åij dh vksj ltkrs gq, ^vks3e~
HkwHkqZo%Lo%* bl eU= dks … ckj cksyrs gq, ekax dk<+rk gSA ckS/kk;u us mnqEcj&Qy
ds LFkku ij vadqfjr&tkS ds mi;ksx dh ckr dh gSA blds i'pkr~ ml mnqEcj dh
'kk[kk dks ,d etcwr lw= esa cka/kdj ifr xfHkZ.kh ds xys esa iguk nsrk gSA blds
ckn L=h dks pkoy dh cksjh] lQsn&fry vkSj ?kh dks ns[kus dks ifr dgrk gS
ftlls lUrfr] i'kq] lEifÙk vkSj nh?kkZ;q"; çkIr gks&

tgka rd bl laLdkj ds le; dk ç'u gS] vyx&vyx vkpk;ksaZ ds fHkUu&fHkUu

er gSaA çk;% x`á&lw= †Fks ;k ‡osa eghus esa bl laLdkj dks djus dk vkns'k nsrs
gSa&

fdUrq Le`fr xzaFkksa esa ˆBs ;k Šosa eghus esa bl laLdkj dks djus gsrq funsZ'k feyrs
gSa&

vk'oyk;u] ckS/kk;u] vkiLrEc bR;kfn vkpk;Z bl laLdkj dks thou esa ,d gh

ckj çFke xHkZ ds le; djus ds i{k esa gSa fdUrq dqN vkpk;ksaZ ds er esa ;g laLdkj
çR;sd xHkZ ds le; fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
;g laLdkj ^iq#"k&u{k=ksa* esa fd, tkus dk funsZ'k vkpk;ksaZ us fd;k gSA blds lkFk
gh 'kqDy&i{k esa ;g laLdkj djus pkfg,A
vkpk;Z jkenSoK uslheUrksUu;u laLdkj ds eqgwrZ dks fu:fir djrs gq, dgrs gSa & 203
 thokdkZjfnus ¾ xq#okj] e³~xyokj vkSj jfookj ds fnu ¼esa½]
e`xTs ;fu_ZfrJks=kfnfrcz?uHkS% ,fHkuZ{k=S% ¾ e`xf'kjk] bT; ¼iwT; vFkkZr~ xq# ftlds
Lokeh gSa ,slk u{k=½ vFkkZr~ iq";] fu_Zfr ¼vFkkZr~ jk{kl ftldk nsork gS ,slk
u{k=½ vFkkZr~ ewy] Jks= vFkkZr~ Jo.k] vfnfr ¼vFkkZr~ vfnfr ftldk nsork gS ,slk
u{k=½ vFkkZr~ iquoZlq] cz?u vFkkZr~ gLr bu u{k=ksa esa ls fdlh ,d u{k= esa]
fjäkekdZjlk"VotZ~;frfFkfHk% ¾ fjäk ¼vFkkZr~ prqFkhZ] uoeh vkSj uoeh frfFk;ka½]
vekoL;k] vdZ ¼vFkkZr~ }kn'kh½] jl ¼vFkkZr~ "k"Bh½] v"Veh bu frfFk;ksa dks NksM+dj
vU; frfFk;ksa esa] eklkf/kis ihojs ¼cyofr½ lfr ¾ ftl eghus esa ;g laLdkj dj jgs
gSa ml eghus ds Lokeh xzg ds cyoku~ gksus dh fLFkfr esa] 'kqHknS% dsUæf=dks.ks fLFkrS%
¾ ftl yXu esa ;g ladkj djuk vHkh"V gS ml yXu ls dsUæ ¼çFke] prqFkZ] lIre
vkSj n'ke Hkko½ esa vFkok f=dks.k ¼iape] uoe½ Hkko esa 'kqHkxzgksa ds jgus ij] [kyS%
ykHkkfjf="kq fLFkrS% ¾ v'kqHk xzgksa ds ykHk¼,dkn'k Hkko½] vfj ¼"k"B Hkko½ vkSj f=
¼r`rh; Hkko½ esa jgus ij] /kzqokUR;lngs¾ ^/kzqo* laKd ¼mÙkjk=; vFkkZr~ m-Qk-] m-"kk-]
m-Hkk- vkSj jksfg.kh½] vUR; vFkkZr~ jsorh u{k=ksa esa ls fdlh ,d u{k= esa] iqaHkka'kds
yXus¾ iq#"k yXu vkSj iq#"k uoka'k esa] lheUr% ¼lheUrk[;laLdkj%½ ¾ lheUrksUu;u
laLdkj] 'kqHk% L;kRk~¾ 'kqHk Qy nsrk gSA
;fn fdlh us iqalou ugha fd;k rks lheUrksUu;ulaLdkj dj ldrk gS D;k\ bl
ç'u ds mÙkj esa /keZ'kkL= ;g Hkh ekxZ nsrk gS fd ;s nksuksa gh laLdkj ,d lkFk
fd;s tk ldsa &

uke vkSj :i ;g nks mikf/k;ka ¼lkekU;&lnHkksaZ esa dgsa rks xq.k ;k fo'ks"krk,a½ gh
bl lekt esa O;ogkj ds fy, ijeko';d gSaA pwafd uke ls gh ldy
tkxfrd&O;ogkj gksrk gS] blfy, uke ds egÙo dks js[kkf³~dr djrs gq,
ukedj.k laLdkj dks vR;ko';d crkrs gq, vkpk;Z c`gLifr dgrs gSa &

vFkkZr~ lalkj ds lEiw.kZ O;ogkj ds fy, uke gh çeq[k gsrq ;k lk/ku gSA uke gh
lHkh deksaZ esa 'kqHkrk dk laokgd gS vkSj HkkX; dh o`f) esa dkj.k gSA uke ls gh
dhfrZ feyrh gS blfy, ukedeZ laLdkj vR;ar gh ç'kLr deZ gSA
lukru&ijEijk esa rks uke dk cM+k gh egÙo gSA çR;sd O;fä ds çk;% „ uke gksrs
gh gSaA

igyk uke rks tUe&u{k= ds vk/kkj ij gksrk gSA dgk gS &

204
blesa Hkh nks rjhds ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA igyk & tUe ds le; tks u{k= gksrk gS
ml u{k= ds pj.k ds v{kj ds vk/kkj ij ml tkrd dk uke gksrk gSA ;fn fdlh
dk tUe —fÙkdk u{k= ds çFke pj.k esa gqvk gS rks pwfa d bl çFke pj.k dk v{kj
^v* gS blfy, iq= dk uke *vuUr*] ^vP;qr* vkfn rFkk iq=h dk uke ^vfgY;k*
^vukfedk* ^vi.kkZ* vkfn j[kk tk ldrk gSA
nwljk rjhdk gS] u{k= ds nsork vFkok u{k= ds uke ds vk/kkj ij O;fä dk uke
j[kukA tSls ;fn —fÙkdk u{k= esa tUe gqvk rks iq= dk uke ^vfXuftr~*] ^vkXus;*]
vFkok ^dkfrZd*] ^dkfrZds;* vkfn ,oa dU;k dk uke ^vfXuf'k[kk*] ^—fÙkdk* vkfn
j[kk tk ldrk gSA
fdUrq bl uke dks çk;% xqIr gh j[kk tkrk gS ,oa laLdkjks ds le; ;Fkko';drk
çdV fd;k tkrk gSA ckS/kk;u blds fy, Li"V vkns'k nsrs gSa &

ekrk vFkok firk ds }kjk j[kk x;k uke ftlls txr esa O;ogkj gksrk gSA blds
vfrfjä :i] xq.k vkfn ds vk/kkj ij uke j[kus dh gekjh ijEijk jgh gS tSls
^f'ko*] ^jke*] ^jko.k*] ^;qf/kf"Bj*] ^xtkuu*] ^guqeku*] ^lhrk*] bR;kfnA blh çdkj
firk&ekrk ds uke ij Hkh uke j[ks tkrs jgs gSa] tSls ^oklqnso*] ^dkSUrs;*] ^HkkxZo*]
^xkax;s *] ^ækSinh* vkfn A ftlls egkiq#"kksa ds vusdksa uke feyrs gSaA bldk çR;{k
mnkgj.k fo".kq] nsoh] lw;Z] guqeku bR;kfn nsorkvksa ds lglz&ukekoyh&Lrks= gSaA
blds vfrfjä ekl ds Lokeh&nsork vFkok dqy&nsork ds uke ij Hkh uke j[kus
dh ijEijk çkIr gksrh gSA
uke j[kus esa v{kj] çR;;] folxZ vkfn ij Hkh [kwc fopkj fd;k x;k gS A dgk gS&

vFkkZRk~ ;g uke nks v{kj vFkok pkj v{kj dk gksuk pkfg,] ftlds vUr esa ydkj
;k jdkj u gksA

vFkkZRk~ çfr"Bk pkgus okys O;fä dks nks v{kjksa okyk uke j[kuk pkfg, ,oa
rstfLork vkSj czãpkfjRo /kkj.k djus dh bPNk j[kus okys O;fä dks pkj v{kjksa
dk uke j[kuk pkfg,A

vFkkZr~ fL=;ksa dk uke rhu v{kjksa okyk ,oa bdkjkUr gksuk pkfg,A
;g uke laLdkj ds iwoZ dsoy ekrk&firk dks gh irk jguk pkfg, u fd vU;
fdlh dksA ukedj.k ds le; firk dks bl uke dk mPpkj.k loZçFke f'k'kq ds
dku esa djuk pkfg,] rnUrj gh vU; yksxksa dk bldk Kku gksuk pkfg,A
tuuk'kkSp ls fuo`Ùk gksdj ek¡ vkSj f'k'kq Luku djds vklu ij cSBrs gSa tgka ekrk
f'k'kq dk flj 'kq) oL= ls <addj vkSj ckyksa dks gYdk xhyk djds j[krh gSA
çtkifr] fnuifr] u{k=ifr] vfXu vkSj lkse dh iwtk dh tkrh gSA blds i'pkr~
firk f'k'kq dks viuh xksn esa j[kdj mls txkdj mlds nkfgus dku esa mldk uke
dgrk gS] rRi'pkr mlds uke dh ?kks"k.kk djrk gS] lHkh nsorkvksa ls çkFkZuk djrk
gS vkSj iqjksfgr ml f'k'kq ds uke dks çfrf"Br gksus dk vk'khokZn nsrk gSA
205
 xqIr&uke rks tUe&fnu gh fd;k tkrk gS fdUrq iqdkj&uke gsrq tUe&dky ds
ƒåosa vFkok ƒ„ osa fnu ukedj.k laLdkj gksuk pkfg,A vkpk;Z c`gLifr ds er esa
tUe&fnu ls ƒå osa] ƒ„ osa] ƒ… osa] ƒˆ osa] ƒ‹ osa vFkok …å osa fnu djuk pkfg,A

fdUrq ;fn bu fnuksa esa laØkfUr iM+s] xzg.k gks vFkok Jk)&frfFk gks rks ,sls esa
ukedj.k laLdkj bu fnuksa esa ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
eqgrw Zfparkef.k esa vkpk;Z jkenSoK us tkrdeZ laLdkj esa gh ukedj.k laLdkj dks
vUrfuZfgr dj fn;k gS] ftldk ladsr ^vkfn* in ls gksrk gSA vyx ls mUgksaus
ukedj.k gsrq eqgrw Z dk mYys[k ugha fd;k gSA blesa nks gh laHkkouk gks ldrh gSA
igyh rks ;g fd os bu nksuksa gh laLdkjksa dks ,d gh le; esa djus ds i{k/kj gSaA
nwljh] nksuksa gh laLdkjksa esa leku eqgwrZ gksus ds dkj.k] fi"Vis"k.k ls cpus ds fy,
ek= ^vkfn* in ds O;ogkj ls gh ukedj.k laLdkj ds Hkh eqgwrZ dks mUgksaus ,d gh
'yksd esa miLFkkfir dj fn;k gksA vLrq] vkpk;Z jke ds 'kCnksa esa &

vFkkZr~ ioZ ¼iwf.kZek] v"Veh vkSj vekoL;k½] fjäk ¼†]‹]ƒ† frfFk;ka½ budks NksM+dj
vU; frfFk;ksa esa] 'kqHk fnu esa] tUefnu ls ƒƒ osa vFkok ƒ„ osa fnu] e`nqlaKd
¼e`xf'kjk] fp=k] vuqjk/kk vkSj jsorh½] ^/kzqo*laKd ¼m-Qk-] m-"kk-] m-Hkk-] jksfg.kh½]
^f{kç*laKd ¼vf'ouh] iq";] gLr vkSj vfHkftRk~½ vkSj ^pj* laKd ¼Lokrh] iquoZlq]
Jo.k] /kfu"Bk vkSj 'krfHk"kk½ u{k=ksa esa f'k'kq dk tkrdeZ ,oa ukedj.k laLdkj
djuk 'kqHk gksrk gSA

bl bdkbZ esa vkius lukru&lekt ds vk/kkjHkwr "kksM'k&laLdkjksa esa ls vkjEHk ds

pkj laLdkjksa ds Lo:i vkSj muds eqgwrZ ds fo"k; esa Kku vftZr fd;kA buesa lcls
igyk laLdkj xHkkZ/kku gS ftlds ckn vfxze laLdkj iqalou gS tks xHkkZ/kku&dky
ls rhljs eghus lEiUu fd;k tkrk gSA iqalou ds ckn lheUrksUu;u gS ftlesa
xHkZorh ekrk dh lheUr ¼ekax½ dk foHkktu&iqjLljiwtu fd;k tkrk gSA ;s rhuksa
gh laLdkj çlo ds iwoZ ds gSaA blds ckn mRiUu cPps dk ukedj.klaLdkj fd;k
tkrk gSA xHkkZ/kku ekuo&tkfr ds fy, vfr egÙoiw.kZ gS vkSj lukru&laL—fr esa
bls fir`&_.k ls m_.k gksus ds fy, vR;ko';d ekuk x;k gSA ftl ç;ksx ls
iq#"k&oh;Z ds }kjk fuf"kä gksdj L=h xHkZ&/kkj.k djrh gS mls ^xHkZyaHku* laLdkj
dgrs gSaA _Xosn ds n'ke e.My dk ƒŠ† oka lwä xHkkZ/kku&fo"k;d eU=ksa ls ;qä
gSA _f"k vusd nsorkvksa ls xHkkZ/kku esa lgk;rk djus gsrq çkFkZuk djrk gSA
jtksfuo`fÙk&dky ls lela[;d jkf= iq#"k&larfr ds fy, ,oa fo"kela[;d jkf=
dU;k&larfr ds fy, vuqdwy ekuh x;h gSA x.MkUr] o/k rkjk] tUe&u{k= vkfn]
xzg.k ds fnu] oS/k`fr vkSj O;frikr vkfn v'kqHk dky xHkkZ/kku esa R;kT; gSaA
iqaloulaLdkj xHkkZ/kku ls rhljs eghus esa ifr ds }kjk fo/kh;eku gSA bl laLdkj
dk eq[; mís'; iq=&çkfIr gSA bl laLdkj esa jkf= esa fHkxk, x, oV&o`{k ds ewy
206 ¼tM+½ ds jl dks xHkZorh ds nkfgus ukfldk&fNæ esa Mkyrs gq, fgj.;xHkZlwä dk
ikB ifr djrk gSA oVewy ds lkFk ^dq'kkUrd* vkSj ^lkseyrk* dks Hkh ihl djds
Mkyk tkrk gSA iq#"k&xzg ds okj eaxyokj] xq#okj vkSj jfookj esa ls fdlh fnu]
e`xf'kjk] iquoZlq] iq";] gLr] ewy ;k Jo.k u{k= esa ls fdls Hkh u{k= esa] fjäk
¼prqFkhZ] uoeh vkSj prqnZ'kh½] "k"Bh] v"Veh] }kn'kh,oa vekokL;k frfFk;ksa dks NksM+dj
vU; fdlh Hkh frfFk esa ;g laLdkj djuk pkfg, A lheUr ¼ekax½ dk mUu;u&deZ
¼ds'k&dk<+uk½ gh ^lheUrksUu;u* dgykrk gSA xfHkZ.kh ds xHkZ dh ;Ru&iwoZd j{kk
djus ,oa mldks çQqfYyr rFkk egÙoiw.kZ crkus ds mís'; ls ;g laLdkj fd;k
tkrk gSA x`á&lw= ds vuqlkj †Fks ;k ‡osa eghus esa ,oa Le`fr xzaFkksa ds vuqlkj ˆBs
;k Šosa eghus esa ;g laLdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A rnqijkUr ukedj.k laLdkj dh
ppkZ dh x;h tks fd ioZ] fjäk dks NksM+dj vU; frfFk;ksa esa] 'kqHk fnu esa] tUefnu
ls ƒƒ osa vFkok ƒ„ osa fnu] e`nq&/kzqo&f{kç&pjlaKd u{k=ksa esa djuk 'kqHk gksrk gS A

ioZ & iwf.kZek] v"Veh vkSj vekoL;k

fjäk & †]‹]ƒ† frfFk;ka
e`nqlaKd u{k= & e`xf'kjk] fp=k] vuqjk/kk vkSj jsorh
/kzqolaKd & m-Qk-] m-"kk-] m-Hkk-] jksfg.kh
f{kçlaKd & vf'ouh] iq";] gLr vkSj vfHkftr~
pjlaKd & Lokrh] iquoZlq] Jo.k] /kfu"Bk vkSj 'krfHk"kk
iqaHkka'kds yXus & iq#"k yXu vkSj iq#"k uoka'k esa
ihojs & cyh gksus ij
vÙkqdkek% & [kkus dh bPNk j[kus okyh
lqnqHkZxk% & nqHkkZX; nsus okyh
#f/kjk'kurRijk% & [kwu ihus dks ykykf;r jgus okyh
x`"Vs% & xHkkZ/kku dky ls

1- xHkkZ/kku laLdkj ds Lo:i dks fu:fir dhft,A

2- iqalou laLdkj dh fof/k crkb,A
3- iqalou vkSj lheUrksUu;u ds eqgwrksaZ esa D;k varj gS\
4- ukedj.k laLdkj ds egÙo ds ckjs esa fyf[k,A
5- ukedj.k laLdkj dc fd;k tkrk gS\

1- ohjfe=ksn;] laLdkj&çdk'k] la'kks/kd & ia fo".kq çlkn 'kekZ

pkS[kEck laL—r fljht] cukjl] ƒ‹ƒ‰ bZ-
2- Hindu Sanskaras by Rjabali pandey
eksrhyky cukjlh nkl] fnYyh
3- eqgwrZfpUrkef.k] laiknd & dsnkjnÙk tks'kh]
207
 eksrhyky cukjlh nkl] fnYyh
4- ikjLdj x`álw= gfjgj Hkk"; lfgr] la'kks/kd & ia yk/kkjke 'kekZ
QksVZçhVksax çsl] ƒ‹†ˆ bZ-
5- fu.kZ;flU/kq] la'kks/kd & e-e- iaf'konÙk]
osadVs'oj LVhe çsl] eqEcbZ] ƒ‹åŠ bZ
6- euqLe`fr] lEiknd & ia fxfjtk çlkn f}osnh
uoy fd'kksj çsl] y[kuÅ ƒ‹ƒ‰ bZ-
7- eqgwrZrÙoL; ,sfráfoospuEk~] ys[kd% & Mk- ';kensofeJ%
,isDlcqDl ifCy'klZ] ubZfnYyh] „僋

208