Lagrange Method of

Interpolation
 What is Interpolation ?
Given (x0,y0), (x1,y1), …… (xn,yn), find the
value of ‘y’ at a value of ‘x’ that is not given.

2
 Interpolants
Polynomials are the most common
choice of interpolants because they
are easy to:

Evaluate
Differentiate, and
Integrate.

3
 Lagrangian Interpolation
Lagrangian interpolating polynomial is given by
n
f n ( x)   Li ( x) f ( xi )
i 0

where ‘ n ’ in f n (x) stands for the n th order polynomial that approximates the function y  f (x)

given at (n  1) data points as x0 , y 0 , x1 , y1 ,......, x n 1 , y n 1 ,  x n , y n  , and

n x  xj
Li ( x)  
j 0 xi  x j
j i

Li (x) is a weighting function that includes a product of (n  1) terms with terms of j  i

omitted.

4
 Example
The upward velocity of a rocket is given as a function of
time in Table 1. Find the velocity at t=16 seconds using
the Lagrangian method for linear interpolation.
Table Velocity as a
function of time
t (s) v(t ) (m/s)
0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67

Figure. Velocity vs. time data

5 for the rocket example
 Linear Interpolation
550
517.35

1
v(t )   Li (t )v(ti ) 500
i 0

 L0 (t )v(t 0 )  L1 (t )v(t1 )
ys

f ( range )
450

f x desired 

t 0  15, t 0   362.78 400

t1  20, t1   517.35 362.78 350

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
x s  10 x s  range  x desired x s  10
0 1

6
 Linear Interpolation (contd)
1 t tj t  t1
L0 (t )   
j 0 t0  t j t 0  t1
j 0

1 t tj t  t0
L1 (t )   
j 0 t1  t j t1  t 0
j 1

t  t1 t  t0 t  20 t  15
v(t )  v(t 0 )  v(t1 )  (362.78)  (517.35)
t 0  t1 t1  t 0 15  20 20  15
16  20 16  15
v(16)  (362.78)  (517.35)
15  20 20  15
 0.8(362.78)  0.2(517.35)

 393.7 m/s.

7
 Quadratic Interpolation
For the second order polynomial interpolation (also called quadratic interpolation), we
choose the velocity given by
2
v (t )   Li ( t ) v(t i )
i 0

 L0 (t )v (t 0 )  L1 (t ) v( t1 )  L2 (t ) v( t 2 )

8
 Example
The upward velocity of a rocket is given as a function of
time in Table 1. Find the velocity at t=16 seconds using
the Lagrangian method for quadratic interpolation.
Table Velocity as a
function of time
t (s) v(t ) (m/s)
0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67

Figure. Velocity vs. time data

9 for the rocket example
 Quadratic Interpolation (contd)
t 0  10, v(t 0 )  227.04
550
517.35

t1  15, v(t1 )  362.78 500

t 2  20, v(t 2 )  517.35 450

ys
400
f ( range )
2 t tj  t  t1  t  t 2 
L0 (t )       
f x desired  350
j 0 t0  t j t 
 0 1  0 2 
t t  t
j 0
300
2 t t j  t  t0  t  t 2 
L1 (t )      
j 0 t1  t j  t1  t 0  t1  t 2  250
j 1

2 t tj  t  t 0  t  t1  227.04 200

L2 (t )       10 12 14 16 18 20

j 0 t2  t j t 
 2 0  2 1 
t t  t 10 x s  range  x desired 20
j 2

10
 Quadratic Interpolation (contd)
 t  t1  t  t2   t  t0  t  t2   t  t0  t  t1 
vt     vt0     vt1     vt2 
 t0  t1  t0  t2   t1  t0  t1  t2   t2  t0  t2  t1 
 16  15  16  20   16  10  16  20   16  10  16  15 
v16     227 .04      362 .78     517.35
 10  15  10  20   15  10  15  20   20  10  20  15 
  0.08227.04  0.96362.78  0.12527.35
 392.19 m/s
The absolute relative approximate error a obtained between the
results from the first and second order polynomial is

392.19  393.70
a  100
392.19
 0.38410%
11
 Cubic Interpolation
For the third order polynomial (also called cubic interpolation), we choose the velocity given by
3
v (t )   Li ( t ) v(t i )
i 0

 L0 (t ) v( t 0 )  L1 ( t ) v(t 1 )  L2 ( t ) v(t 2 )  L3 ( t ) v(t 3 )

700
602.97

600

ys 500

f ( range )


f x desired 
400

300

227.04 200
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
10 x s  range  x desired 22.5

12
 Example
The upward velocity of a rocket is given as a function of
time in Table 1. Find the velocity at t=16 seconds using
the Lagrangian method for cubic interpolation.
Table Velocity as a
function of time
t (s) v(t ) (m/s)
0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67

Figure. Velocity vs. time data

13 for the rocket example
 Cubic Interpolation (contd)
t o  10, v t o   227.04 t1  15, v t1   362.78

t 2  20, v t 2   517.35 t 3  22.5, v t 3   602.97

700
3 t tj  t  t 1  t  t 2  t  t 3  602.97

L0 (t )        ;
j 0 t0  t j  t t 
 0 1  0 2  0 3 
t t t  t 600
j 0

3 t t j  t  t0  t  t 2  t  t 3 
L1 (t )       
ys 500

j 0 t1  t j  t1  t 0  t1  t 2  t1  t 3  f ( range )

j 1 
f x desired 
400

3 t tj  t  t 0  t  t1  t  t 3 
L2 (t )        ;
t2  t j  t 2  t 0  t 2  t 1  t 2  t 3 
300
j 0
j 2

t tj  t  t 0  t  t1  t  t 2 
227.04 200
3
L3 ( t )  
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
     10 x s  range  x desired 22.5

j 0 t3  t j  t t 
 3 0  3 1  3 2 
t t t  t
j 3

14
 Cubic Interpolation (contd)
 t  t1  t  t 2  t  t3   t  t0  t  t 2  t  t3 
vt      vt1      vt 2 
 t 
 0 1  0 2  0 3 
t t t t  t t 
 1 0  1 2  1 3 
t t  t t  t
 t  t0  t  t1  t  t3   t  t1  t  t1  t  t 2 
    vt 2      vt3 
 t 
 2 0  2 1  2 3 
t t t t  t t 
 3 1  3 1  3 2 
t t  t t  t
 16  15  16  20  16  22.5   16  10  16  20  16  22.5 
v16     227.04     362.78
 10  15  10  20  10  22.5   15  10  15  20  15  22.5 
 16  10  16  15  16  22.5   16  10  16  15  16  20 
   517.35     602.97 
 20  10  20  15  20  22.5   22 .5  10  22.5  15  22.5  20 
  0.0416227.04  0.832362.78  0.312517.35   0.1024602.97 
 392.06 m/s
The absolute relative approximate error a obtained between the
results from the first and second order polynomial is
392.06  392.19
a  100
392.06
 0.033269%
15
 Comparison Table

Order of
1 2 3
Polynomial
v(t=16) m/s 393.69 392.19 392.06
Absolute Relative
-------- 0.38410% 0.033269%
Approximate Error

16
 Distance from Velocity Profile
Find the distance covered by the rocket from t=11s to
t=16s ?
v(t )  (t 3  57.5t 2  1087.5t  6750)( 0.36326)  (t 3  52.5t 2  875t  4500)(1.9348)
 (t 3  47.5t 2  712.5t  3375)( 4.1388)  (t 3  45t 2  650t  3000)( 2.5727)

v (t )  4.245  21.265t  0.13195t 2  0.00544t 3 , 10  t  22.5

16
s(16)  s (11)   v( t ) dt
11

16
  ( 4.245  21.265t  0.13195t 2  0.00544t 3 ) dt
11

t2 t3 t 4 16
 [ 4.245t  21.265  0.13195  0.00544 ]11
2 3 4

17
 1605 m
 Acceleration from Velocity Profile
Find the acceleration of the rocket at t=16s given that

v(t )  4.245  21.265t  0.13195t 2  0.00544t 3 , 10  t  22.5

a t   v t    4.245  21.265t  0.13195t  0.00544t 3 

d d 2 ,

dt dt

 21.265  0.26390t  0.01632t 2

a (16)  21. 265  0.26390(16)  0.01632(16) 2

 29.665 m / s 2

18
THE END