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Tenses (काल) - Basic English Grammar for Competitive Exams - Bank Exams PDF Download
Tenses (काल) - Basic English Grammar for Competitive Exams - Bank Exams PDF Download
Introduction of Tense
English tenses are the form the verb takes to show the time of an action.
जब एक व्यक्ति कोई वाक्य (Sentence) बोलता है तो उस वाक्य में क्रिया (Verb) से हमें समय (Time) का बोध (Sense)
होता है, इसी को काल (Tense) कहते हैं।
Types of Tenses
1. Present Tense (वर्तमान काल) - It is used to describe actions that are happening currently or
habits that are ongoing. In Hindi, there are three types of present tense:
a. Simple Present (सामान्य वर्तमान) - Describes general facts or habits.
I eat. (मैं खाता हूँ।)
b. Present Continuous (वर्तमान अव्ययीभाव) - Describes actions that are currently happening.
I am eating. (मैं खा रहा हूँ।)
c. Present Perfect (पूर्ण वर्तमान) - Describes actions that have recently been completed.
I have eaten. (मैंने खा लिया।)
2. Past Tense (भूत काल) - It is used to describe actions that have already happened. In Hindi, there
are three types of past tense:
a. Simple Past (सामान्य भूत) - Describes actions that happened in the past and are completed.
I ate (मैंने खाया।)
b. Past Continuous (भूत अव्ययीभाव) - Describes actions that were happening in the past.
I was eating. (मैं खा रहा था।)
c. Past Perfect (पूर्ण भूत) - Describes actions that were completed before another action in the past.
I had eaten. (मैंने खा लिया था।)
3. Future Tense (भविष्य काल) - It is used to describe actions that will happen in the future. In
Hindi, there are three types of future tense:
a. Simple Future (सामान्य भविष्य) - Describes actions that will happen in the future.
I will eat. (मैं खाऊं गा।)
b. Future Continuous (भविष्य अव्ययीभाव) - Describes actions that will be happening in the future.
I will be eating. (मैं खा रहा होऊं गा।)
c. Future Perfect (पूर्ण भविष्य) - Describes actions that will be completed before another action in
the future.
I will have eaten. (मैंने खा लिया होगा।)
2. Present Continuous Tense: This tense indicates an action that is currently happening. The
verb is formed by adding 'is/are/am' + present participle (-ing form).
Rule: Add 'is' for singular subjects, 'are' for plural subjects, and 'am' for 'I.'
Example: She is working. They are working. I am working.
3. Simple Past Tense: This tense expresses actions that have already occurred in the past. The
verb is changed to its past form.
Rule: Regular verbs take '-ed' in the past tense, while irregular verbs have different forms.
Example: She worked yesterday. They ate breakfast.
4. Past Continuous Tense: This tense is used to describe an ongoing action in the past. The verb is
formed by adding 'was/were' + present participle (-ing form).
Rule: Use 'was' for singular subjects and 'were' for plural subjects.
Example: He was working when she called.
5. Simple Future Tense: This tense is used to express actions that have not yet occurred but will
happen in the future. The verb is formed using 'will' + base form of the verb.
Rule: Use 'will' for all subjects.
Example: They will work tomorrow.
6. Future Continuous Tense: This tense indicates an ongoing action that will occur in the future.
The verb is formed by adding 'will be' + present participle (-ing form).
Rule: Use 'will be' for all subjects.
Example: She will be working when you arrive.
7. Present Perfect Tense: This tense is used to describe actions that have been completed at an
unspecified time in the past. The verb is formed by adding 'has/have' + past participle.
Rule: Use 'has' for singular subjects and 'have' for plural subjects.
Example: She has worked here for five years.
8. Past Perfect Tense: This tense is used to describe actions that were completed before another
past action. The verb is formed by adding 'had' + past participle.
Rule: Use 'had' for all subjects.
Example: They had eaten before the movie started.
9. Future Perfect Tense: This tense is used to describe actions that will be completed before
another future action. The verb is formed by adding 'will have' + past participle.
Rule: Use 'will have' for all subjects.
Example: She will have finished her work by the time you arrive.
10. Present Perfect Continuous Tense: This tense is used to describe actions that started in the
past and continue to the present. The verb is formed by adding 'has/have' + been + present
participle (-ing form).
Rule: Use 'has been' for singular subjects and 'have been' for plural subjects.
Example: She has been working here for five years.
11. Past Perfect Continuous Tense: This tense is used to describe actions that were ongoing in
the past and were completed before another past action. The verb is formed by adding 'had been'
+ present participle (-ing form).
Rule: Use 'had been' for all subjects.
Example: They had been waiting for two hours when the bus finally arrived.
12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense: This tense is used to describe actions that will be ongoing
in the future and will be completed before another future action. The verb is formed by adding
'will have been' + present participle (-ing form).
Rule: Use 'will have been' for all subjects.
Example: She will have been working for three hours by the time you arrive.
Functions of Tesnse
1. Simple Present Tense (साधारण वर्तमान काल)
Function: It is used to express a general truth, habitual actions, and present states.
Example: She writes a letter. वह पत्र लिखती है। (Vah patra likhti hai.)
Solved Exercises
1. Present Simple Tense:
Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in brackets.
(a) She always _______ (drink) coffee in the morning.
She always drinks coffee in the morning.
We use the present simple tense for habits and routines. The verb "drink" is changed to
"drinks" because it is the third person singular (she).