1. Why does sodium form a chemical bond with chlorine?

2. Why does sodium lose an electron and attains +1 charge?

3. How do atoms follow octet rule?

4. Which electrons are involved in chemical bonding?

5. Why does group 1 elements prefer to combine with group 17 elements.

Group 1 elements are electropositive with low ionization energy and high tendency to lose electron
to form position ion & group 7 are electronegative and high ionization energy and high
tendency to gain electron to form negative ion so due to electrostatic forces of attraction they
form ionic bond
6. Why chlorine can accept only 1 electron?
Chlorine already has 7 electrons in its valence shell it needs only one electron to
attain the electronic configuration of noble gasses
7. Give the electronic configuration of carbon atom.
2 2 2
6C= 1s , 2s , 2p

8. What type of elements have tendency of sharing of electrons?

Nonmetallic elements with low electronegativity difference have
tendency to share electron
EXAMPLE: group 13 to 17 elements
9. If repulsive forces dominate to attractive forces will a covalent bond
form? no
10. Considering the electronic configuration of nitrogen atom, how many
11. electrons are involved in bond formation and what type of covalent
bond is formed.

There are 3 unpaired electrons in nitrogen involved in bond formation.

12. Point out the type of covalent bonds in the following molecules
CH4 , C2 H 4 , H2 , N2 , and O2
Single double single triple double
 13. What is a lone pair? How many lone pairs of electrons are present on
nitrogen in ammonia?
Nonbonded electron pair is called lone pair and there is only one lone pair
available on ammonia.

14. Why is the BF3 electron deficient?

Boron has 3 electrons in valence shell. It needs 5 electrons to complete
its valence shell. It shares its 3 electrons with 3 fluorine atoms even
after sharing it has 6 electron and it still is deficient of 2 electrons.
15. What types of electron pairs make a molecule good donor?

16. What is difference between bonded and lone pair of electron and how
many bonded pair of electrons are present in NH3 molecule?

17. What do you mean by delta sign and why it develops?

18. Why does oxygen molecule not form a polar covalent bond?
Because the bond is between similar atoms and has no electronegativity
difference so electron pair is equally shared between both atoms.
19. Why has water polar covalent bonds?
There is electronegativity difference between H and O so bond pair of
electrons is not equally shared between atoms
20. What type of elements form metallic bonds?
Metals form metallic bond because of low ionization energy and high
shielding effect they easily lose electron and form sea of negative
electrons with positive ions.
21. Why is the hold of nucleus over the outermost electrons in metals
weak?
Due to large size of metal atoms and greater no of shells decreases the
hold of nucleus over valence shell electrons
22. Why the electrons move freely in metals?
Due to large size of metal atoms and greater no of shells decreases the
hold of nucleus over valence shell electrons so they easily lose electrons.
That’s why they have free electrons
23. Which types of electrons are responsible for holdings the atoms
together in metals.

24. Why a dipole develops in a molecule ?

Due to electronegativity difference between two bonded atoms, there
will be unequal sharing of electrons and one atom will develop partial
positive charge and other partial negative charge. Hence dipole develops
in molecule.
25. What do you mean by induced dipole?
Temporary dipole develops in nonpolar molecule due to influence of
polar molecule.
26. Why are dipole forces of attraction not found in halogen molecules?
Because the bond is between similar atoms and has no electronegativity
difference so electron pair is equally shared between both atoms.

27. What types of attractive forces exist between HCl molecules?

HCL has polar covalent bond due to electronegativity difference
between dissimilar atoms so there exists a dipole in molecule

28. Why the ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?
Ionic compounds are made of positive negative ions. Due to strong
electrostatic forces of attraction between them great amount of energy
is required to break the bond. Hence high melting and boiling points.
 29. Why are ionic compounds easily soluble in water?
They dissolve easily in polar solvents like water. Water has high dielectric
constant that weakens the attraction between ions.
30. Metals are good conductor of electricity. Why?
Due to mobile free electrons
31. Ionic compounds are solids. Justify.
Ionic compounds are made up of positively and negatively charged ions. These positively and
negatively charged ions are held together in a solid or crystal form with strong electrostatic
attractive forces.
32. Describe at least two necessary conditions for the formation of a
covalent bond.
1. Low electronegativity difference
2. Atoms should share electrons
33. Ionic compounds conduct electricity in solution or molten form. Why?
Ionic compounds in solid state have negligible electrical conductance
but they are good conductors in solution and in the molten form. It is
due to presence of free ions in them.