History Of Tribology: 1)September 1964: Conference On Contact Takes Place.
This Often Exists During The Starting And
Lubrication In Iron And Steel Works In Cardiff (UK). Realization Of Stopping Or When Heavy Load Rotates At Very Low Speeds Or Considerable Losses Due To Lack Of Knowledge Related Friction At High Temperature When The Lubricant Tends To Squeeze And Wear Of Machine Components. 2) After This Realization UK Out. The Co-Efficient Of Friction In Boundary Lubrication Varies Minister Of State For Science Formed A Committee To Investigate From 0.08-0.2. 2)Mixed Film Lubrication When Under The Education, Research And The Need Of Industry Related To Conditions Of Fluid Film Lubrication, The Viscosity Of The Lubrication.3)Committee After Discussions Concluded That Only Lubricant Or The Relative Velocity Between The Surfaces Lubrication Could Not Provide Complete Solution To Deal With Decreases Or If The Load Increases, The Lubricant Thins Out Friction And Wear Of Machine Components.4)An Interdisciplinary And The Interacting Surfaces In Relative Motion Come Closer And Approach Embracing Solid And Fluid Mechanics, Chemistry, And If Slight Asperities Comes In Contact With The Surface The Material Science Is Essential. Since There Was No Word For Regime Of Lubrication Is Mixed Film Lubrication. 3)Fluid Film Such New Concept, A New Name “Tribology” Was Coined In Lubrication Or Full Film Lubrication In This Regime The 1966.5)Major Breakthrough In Tribological Science Came In 1981 Lubricant Film Is Sufficiently Thick To Prevent The Opposing With Development Of “Scanning Tunneling Microscope” (STM) Surfaces From Coming Into Contact And Provides Low Friction, And Systematic Theory Based On “Contact Mechanics”. Such High Resistance To Wear, Good Damping Characteristics, Better Developments Provided Tools To Predict And Estimate The Cooling And Minimum Chance Of Fatigue Failure Of Surfaces. Behavior Of A Single Asperity Contact. PURPOSE OF The Viscosity Of The Lubricant Plays A Very Important Role In LUBRICATION: Though Lubrication Was Basically Conceived This Type Of Lubrication Mechanism. Fluid Film Lubrication Can With The Purpose Of Reducing Friction, Lubrication Also Performs Further Be Divided As: I. Hydrostatic Lubrication Ii. Hydrodynamic Several Functions Such As: 1. Reduce Sliding And Rolling Lubrication Hydrostatic Lubrication: In Hydrostatic Lubrication, Frictions For Prolonging The Life Of Parts And Components In A High Pressure Oil Is Supplied Over The Whole Range Of Load Machine To Prevent Wear. 2. Protect Bearings And Other And Speed From External Pump Source To Separate The Two Components From Rust And Corrosion. 3. To Work As A Coolant Surfaces (Journal And Bearing) By Thick Oil Film. The Friction Is Thereby Absorbing Heat From The Components. 4. Act As A Nearly Zero And Co-Efficient Of Friction Is Nearly 0.0001 As The Cleansing Agent By Carrying Away The Chips And Other Foreign Load Fully Floats And The Friction Depends Mainly On The Matters. 5. Act As A Sealant By Preventing The Escaping Of Gas Viscosity Of The Oil. Hydrodynamic Lubrication: In Or The Working Fluid 6. Reduce Vibration, Noise And Shock Hydrodynamic Lubrication Relative Velocity Between The Two Between The Gear Teeth And Other Components. REGIME OF Surfaces Is Used To Generate Liquid Pressure Between Two LUBRICATION: 1)Boundary Film Lubrication This Is The Thin Surfaces. The Load Is Transmitted On The Self-Renewing Film Of Film Lubrication Where The Organic Film Is Physically Adsorbed The Lubricant. SELECTION OF LUBRICANTS :Other Criterion Or Chemisorbed. The Film Of Lubrication Occasionally Breaks By For Selection Of The Lubricants Is Mainly Done On The Basis The Asperities Of The Two Surfaces And Often Metal To Metal Of:1)Component Design And Life.2)Type Of Operation (Continuous/Periodic/ Intermittent) And Machineb3) Longest Drain Products Derived Can Be Operated At Temperature Ranging Interval.4) Operating Parameters Such As Power Consumption, From -70℃ To +300℃.Based On The Applications Lubricating Oils Number Of Cycles, Type Of Tools Etc. 5)Easy Availability And Are Further Classified Into: I. Automotive Lubricating Oils Ii. Low Cost.6) Effect On Environmental Conditions Selection Industrial Lubricating Oils Iii. Metal Working Oils Iv. Industrial Stages Of Lubricants: Considerations At The Following Three Specialty Oils V. Marine Lubricating Oils. B. GREASES: Derived Levels Of A Machine Development Is Vital For Choosing A From The Greek Word ‘Crassus’ Meaning Fat As Initially Animal Lubricant. 1)Design Level Based On Design Parameters Fats Were Used As Grease. Grease Form The Semi-Solid Class Particularly The Pressure And Speed A Designer Can Suggest Of The Lubricants And Were Developed For Applications Where The Appropriate Lubricant. If The Machine Is A Conventional Oil Would Run-Out Of The Lubricating Zones. It’s A Semi Fluid Type, Then For A Given Viscosity Different Grades Of Lubricant Product Of Dispersion Of Thickening Agents In Liquid Lubricants. Oils Might Be Used Based On The Input From The Manufacturers Some Amount Of Fatty Acids And Other Ingredients Are Added Guide Book.2)Manufacturers Level Based On The Designer’s For Imparting Special Properties. C. SOLID LUBRICANTS The Recommendations The Manufacturer Can Review The Additive Limitations Of Lubricating Oils And Greases Such As Physical Package Or Develop A New Package Conducting Physio- And Chemical Degradation Dueto High Operating Temperature, Chemical And Field Tests. The Lubricant Type Is Then Chosen As Low Volatility Of The Lubricating Oils And Undesirability For Per The Standards Set By The Organizations Like Prolonged Storage Like In Missile Components, Requirement For ISO/SAE/AGMA/ASTM. 3)Selection At User Level The End User Regular Re-Lubrication Led To The Development Of Solid Can Choose The Lubricant Based On The Catalogues Of The Lubricants. Graphite And Molybdenum Di-Sulphide (Mos2) Are Machine And The Lubricants Specified For Different Operations. The Best Known Lamellar Solids Which Work As Excellent The User Adopts Some Stringent Analysis Such As Spectroscopic Lubricants. Their High Thermal And Oxidation Stabilities At Analysis Of The Lubricant Oil To Predict The Possible State Of Temperatures Of 500 To 6000℃ Enable Use Of This Solid Replenishment Of The Lubricant. TYPES OF LUBRICANTS Lubricant At High Temperatures And High Sliding Speeds. D. Lubricants Can Be Broadly Classified Under Four Categories GASEOUS LUBRICANTS Gas (I.E., Air, Nitrogen, And Helium) Namely: A. Lubricating Oils B. Greases (Semi-Solid Lubrication Is Used For Ultra-Thin Film Thickness(Separation) Lubricants) C. Solid Lubricants D. Gaseous Lubricants A. Between Tribo-Pairs. Gas Lubricated Bearings Have Numerous LUBRICATING OILS: The Lubricating Oils Used Are Mostly The Advantages Over Liquid And Solid Lubricated Bearings For A Mineral Oils Produced By Petroleum Refining. They Are Wide Range Of Applications. A Gas Bearing Is Virtually Composed Of Hydrocarbons And Other Aromatic Compounds. Frictionless, Silent, Clean And Vibration Free. Gas Bearings Can However, Some Amount Of Fattyoils And Fatty Acids Like Be Used For Extremely Large Surface Velocities. A Gas Bearing Vegetable Oils, Fish Oil Etc. Are Used To Increase The Oiliness Can Eliminate The Risk Of Contaminating A Process With Of The Mineral Oils. Synthetic Lubricant Oils Are Produced By Lubricant.Effect Of Viscosity With Temperature : Temp Strongly Synthesizing Different Constituents Of Hydrocarbons So That The Influences A Fluid Viscosity A Substance Viscosity Decreases With Increasing Temp And Vice Versa This Inversely Proportional Classification Is Based On Viscosity Values At 210 ⁰F. The Suffix Relation Applies To All Substance Any Change In Temp ‘W’ Indicates Winter Grades, I.E. These Grades Have Good Cold Influences Viscosity But For Different Fluid The Size Of This Start-Up Characteristics. These Characteristics Mean Lubricant Influences Certain Fluid React With A 10% Increases In Viscosity Retaining Fluidity At Low Temperatures And Are Easily If Temp Decreases By 1 C A Fluid Viscosity Strongly Depend On Pumped.3) AGMA (American Gear Manufacturers Association) Its Temp Even 1K Temp Increase Can Decrease The Viscosity By Viscosity Grades AGMA Grades Standardize Gear Oils Based On 10%. Effect Of Viscosity With Pressure: Normally An Increase Additives Used. These Are Rust And Oxidation Inhibited Gear Oil, In Pressure Causes A Fluid Viscosity To Increase Too However Extreme Pressure Gear Lubricant AndCompoundOil.VISCOSITY Fluid Are Not Dramatically Affected If The Pressure Is Low R MEASUREMENT:1)ROTATIONAL VISCOMETER: Rotational Medium Liquid Is Almost Non Compressible In This Pressure Viscometers Use The Idea That The Torque Required To Turn An Range Most Liquid React To A Significantly Altered Pressure Object In A Fluid Is A Function Of The Viscosity Of That Fluid. (From 0.1 MPA To 30MAP) With A Viscosity Change Of About They Measure The Torque Required To Rotate A Disk Or Bob In 10% In Case The Pressure Goes Up From 0.1MPA To 200 Mpa A Fluid At A Known Speed. This Is Perhaps The Only Viscometer The Viscosity Can Rise T 3to 7 Time The Original Value . This That Measure The Absolute Viscosity Of The Oil. It Is In The Form Applied To Most Low Molecular Liquid Higher Viscous Mineral Oil Of Two Concentric Cylinders Of Which One Rotates In The Oil React With Viscosity Increase To Time 20000, For Example Whose Viscosity Is To Be Measured. The Absolute Viscosity Is Lubrication In Cogwheels Or Gear Can Be Submitted To Pressure Measured By Measuring The Frictional Drag Due To Viscous Of 1 Gpa And Higher In Most Liquid, Pressure Reduces The Free Shear On The Inner Cylinder At A Particular Velocity. This Volume In The Internal Structure. LIBRICANT GRADES OR Viscometer Is Suitable For Measuring The Viscosities Of Oils GRADES VISCOSITY :1)ISO (International Standards Having Higher Viscosity. 2)U-TUBE VISCOMETER: These Organization) Viscosity Grades: Features Of ISO Grades Of Viscometers Are Also Known As Glass Capillary Viscometers Or Viscosity Are: I. Consists Of 18 Viscosity Grades In The Range Of Ostwald Viscometer. IT Consists Of A U-Shaped Glass Tube Held 2cst1500cst At 40℃Summarized In The Table Below. Ii. Viscosity Vertically In A Controlled Temperature Bath. In One Arm Of The U Grade Indicates The Mid-Point Kinematic Viscosity In Cst At 40℃. Is A Vertical Section Of Precise Narrow Bore (The Capillary). Iii. The Classification Is Silent About Any Aspect On Viscosity Above There Is A Bulb, With It Is Another Bulb Lower Down On Temperature Or Other Behavioral Characteristics, Quality, Type The Other Arm. In Use, Liquid Is Drawn Into The Upper Bulb By Of Hydrocarbon And Application Of Lubricant. Iv. The Graduation Suction, Then Allowed To Flow Down Through The Capillary Into Is Based On The Principle That The Mid-Point Kinematic Viscosity The Lower Bulb. Two Marks (One Above And One Below The Of Each Grade Is Nearly 50% Greater Than The Preceding Upper Bulb) Indicate A Known Volume. 3)CAPILLARY One.2)SAE (Society Of Automotive Engineers) Viscosity VISCOMETER: The earliest method for measuring viscosity were Grades. SAE GRADES SAE Viscosity Grades Are Categorized based n using capillary tubes and measuring the time it took for a Into SAE Engine Oil And SAE Transmission Lubricants. The volume of liquid to pass through the length of the tube 4)Zahn cup similar to this method is Zahn cup which is a small container with handle and a small hole in the bottom the time take to empty the cup through the hole is correlated to viscosity it is used in the paint industry.5) falling sphere viscometer : anther technique is (fsp) in which a sphere of known density is dropped into the fluid sample and the time it take for the sphere to fall ta a specified point is recorded. 6) saybolt and redwood : saybolt – has a vertical cylindrical chamber filled with liquid whose viscosity is to b measured. It is surrounded by a constant temp bath and a capillary tube (length 12mm and dia 1.75mm ) is attached vertically at the bottom of the chamber for measuring of viscosity the stopper at bottom of the tube is removed and time for 6ml of liquid to flow is noted which is named as saybolt second. Redwood – it is another type viscometer that work on the same principle of saybolt here the sopper is replace with an orifice and redwood second is define for collection of 50ml of liquid to flow out of orifice . in general both the viscometer are used to compare the viscosities of different liquid so the value of viscosity of the liquid may be obtained by comparison with valve of the for the liquid of known viscosity .