Hierarchy of Controls: Revitalizing the Occupational Safety and Health Practices of State

Universities and Colleges (SUCs) in Davao Region

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Educational institutions are beacons of knowledge, growth, and development, tasked with

their stakeholders' academic and professional nurturing and ensuring their safety and well-being.

The importance of creating a healthy and safe workplace within these institutions cannot be

overstated, as it directly impacts the quality of education, research, and community service they

can provide. Recognizing this, the Philippine government has set stringent Occupational Safety

and Health (OSH) standards through Joint Memorandum Circular No. 1, s. 2020. This mandate

underscores the necessity for all government institutions, including State Universities and

Colleges (SUCs), to implement robust OSH measures to protect their workforce from the risks of

injury, illness, or death, thereby preserving human life and preventing resource loss and property

damage.

However, the evolving global landscape marked by the COVID-19 pandemic, rapid

technological advancements, and increasing globalization has introduced new complexities into

the traditional understanding of workplace safety and health. These changes have highlighted

existing vulnerabilities within the OSH frameworks of SUCs and raised questions about the

adaptability and effectiveness of current safety practices (Nadalin & Smith, 2020). Amidst these

challenges, there is a pressing need for comprehensive safety measures that extend beyond
physical health to address psychological strains and ensure the resilience of educational

environments.

The significance of this need is further illuminated by Atusingwize et al. (2019), which

reveal a concerning gap in the prioritization and implementation of OSH measures. Institutions

lacking dedicated OSH personnel or structures and targeted training and education for staff point

to a broader issue of compliance and commitment to safety standards. This gap not only

jeopardizes the health and safety of the educational community but also affects institutional

reputation and operational efficiency through direct and indirect costs associated with workplace

incidents.

This Study aims to bridge these gaps by investigating and evaluating the current state of

OSH educational initiatives in SUCs within the Davao Region. It seeks to understand how these

institutions have navigated the compounded challenges of the pandemic, globalization, and

technological shifts. By examining the intersection of these factors, the research endeavors to

uncover areas of vulnerability, identify best practices, and recommend strategies for developing

more resilient and effective OSH frameworks. The ultimate goal is to foster a culture of safety

and well-being that can support the academic and professional aspirations of students and staff

alike, ensuring that educational institutions can thrive in the face of 21st-century challenges.

Through this lens, the Study addresses an immediate need for enhanced safety and health

measures. It contributes to the broader discourse on the sustainability and success of educational

institutions in a rapidly changing world. By focusing on the adaptability and responsiveness of

OSH practices, the research aims to provide a blueprint for creating safer, healthier, and more

resilient educational environments equipped to handle modern challenges' complexities.

Statement of the Problem

Considering the OSH Program of SUC's, this Study intended to answer the following research

questions:

1. What current occupational safety and health (OSH) practices are implemented in

the Davao Region's state universities and colleges (SUCs)?

2. How do globalization and technological advancements impact OSH programs in

SUCs?

3. Are existing OSH educational initiatives in SUCs effectively addressing safety and

health challenges?

4. What are the critical gaps in the OSH practices of SUCs?

5. What recommendations can strengthen OSH practices in SUCs to address future

challenges?

Objectives of the Study

● To assess Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) practices in State Universities and

Colleges (SUCs) within the Davao Region.

● To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, globalization, and technological

advancements on the work, safety, and health of employees in SUCs.

 ● To determine the effectiveness of existing OSH educational initiatives in addressing the

challenges of the pandemic, globalization, and technological advancements.

● To identify areas for improvement and enhancement in the design and implementation of

OSH programs in SUCs.

● To develop recommendations for strengthening OSH practices in SUCs to support better

the health and safety of employees in the face of current and future challenges.

Significance of the Study

State Universities and Colleges (SUCs): This research will provide SUCs with actionable

insights to enhance their OSH standards, ensuring a safer and healthier environment for students,

faculty, and staff. Improved OSH measures will contribute to the overall well-being and

productivity of the academic community, fostering a culture of safety and resilience against

existing and emerging challenges.

Government Agencies: This Study offers evidence-based recommendations to refine and

strengthen OSH policies for regulatory bodies and agencies overseeing educational and

workplace safety standards. It underscores the need for continuous adaptation of regulations to

meet the evolving demands of workplace safety in the education sector.

Occupational Health Practitioners: Health professionals working in the occupational safety

and health field will benefit from the research findings by gaining a deeper understanding of the

specific challenges faced by SUCs. This knowledge can guide the development of targeted
interventions and training programs to address gaps in OSH practices within educational

institutions.

Future Researchers: Scholars and researchers interested in occupational health and safety,

education policy, and organizational behavior will find this Study a valuable resource. It

contributes to the academic discourse on integrating OSH standards into the operational

frameworks of educational institutions, offering a foundation for further research in this critical

area.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This research focuses on State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) within the Davao

Region, aiming to assess and evaluate their Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) practices

amidst the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, globalization, and technological

advancements. The Study is designed to provide a comprehensive overview of current OSH

measures, identify gaps, and recommend improvements.

However, the Study's scope is limited by its geographical and institutional focus, which

focuses solely on SUCs in the Davao Region. This regional focus may limit the generalizability

of findings to other regions or educational institutions. Additionally, the dynamic nature of the

COVID-19 pandemic and rapidly evolving technological landscape presents a moving target for

OSH practices, requiring the Study to adapt and evolve in response to new developments.

Data collection may also need to be improved due to the reliance on self-reported

measures and the potential for varying degrees of participant engagement. Despite these
limitations, the Study aims to contribute valuable insights into effective OSH practices, serving

as a stepping stone for further research and policy development.

Definition of Terms

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH): The discipline focused on the safety, health, and

welfare of people engaged in work or employment, aiming to foster a safe and healthy work

environment.

State Universities and Colleges (SUCs): Public institutions of higher education funded and

operated by the government, serving as a critical component of the national educational system.

Pandemic: An epidemic of an infectious disease that has spread across a large region, for

instance, multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of people.

Globalization: The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international

influence or start operating on an international scale, impacting social, economic, and political

factors.

Technological Advancements: Innovations and technological improvements that enhance

productivity, efficiency, and communication in various sectors, including education.

Stakeholders: Individuals or groups interested in any decision or activity of an organization,

including employees, students, faculty, regulatory bodies, and the community at large.

Resilience: The capacity of an organization, system, or individual to maintain its core purpose

and integrity in the face of dramatically changed circumstances.

Culture of Safety: An organizational culture that places high importance on safety beliefs,

values, and attitudes and promotes a safe environment for all organization members.

Chapter 2 – REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Related Literature and Studies

Occupational Safety

Occupational safety focuses on ensuring workers' health, well-being, and protection in the

workplace. In a study conducted by Sinclair et al. (2020), they revealed an array of issues beyond

the initial ten, indicating the complexity and depth of COVID-19's impact on occupational

health. Although each topic could warrant detailed examination, the paper aims to spur

occupational health researchers to explore unanswered questions regarding COVID-19's

implications and assist organizations in safeguarding their workers with evidence-based

practices. Despite the eventual end of the COVID-19 crisis, the lessons learned underscore the

interconnectedness of workers' experiences and the importance of recognizing their contributions

across society. The crisis presents an opportunity for increased appreciation of workers'

sacrifices and a commitment to creating safer and healthier workplaces through disseminating

knowledge gained during this challenging period.

Moreover, Godeau et al. (2021) emphasized the societal impact of the pandemic and its

implications on occupational health, particularly regarding return-to-work strategies influenced

by factors such as individual socioeconomic status, psychological effects, and occupations at the

highest risk of virus transmission. Before the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, an estimated

800 million working-age individuals worldwide lived with disabilities. By early January 2021,

the COVID-19 hospitalization rates were notably high, particularly among the 18–49 and 50–64

age groups in the United States and across all age groups in France. A recent cohort study

highlighted the long-term health implications of COVID-19 for hospitalized working-age men.

The pandemic has introduced new challenges in occupational health, shifting focus towards

strategies for resuming work during outbreaks, managing lockdown situations, and addressing

the needs of vulnerable workers. Three distinct aspects of occupational medicine during a

pandemic were recommended for consideration.

Firstly, for workers at high risk of severe COVID-19, decisions regarding work resumption

require comprehensive assessments considering underlying medical conditions, contamination

risks associated with work environments, teleworking options, and vaccination opportunities.

Secondly, for workers recovering from COVID-19, strategies promoting return to work must

account for potential long-term effects, including those associated with "long COVID-19."

Enhanced support from rehabilitation and occupational health specialists may be necessary due

to the potential for severe sequelae following critical illness. Finally, the long-term consequences

of the pandemic on individuals with pre-existing functional limitations should be evaluated,

considering both physical and mental health modifications resulting from the pandemic and

associated lockdown measures.

Furthermore, Patel et al. (2021) explored the latest trends in commercial workplace technologies

focused on monitoring and managing occupational risks, injuries, accidents, and diseases. It

delves into workplace safety wearables designed for safe lifting, ergonomics, hazard

identification, sleep monitoring, fatigue management, and heat and cold stress management.

Examples of workplace productivity wearables, including asset tracking, augmented reality,

gesture and motion control, brain wave sensing, and stress management tools, are discussed. The

review also highlights workplace health wearables addressing work-related musculoskeletal

disorders, functional movement disorders, respiratory hazards, cardiovascular health, outdoor

sun exposure, and continuous glucose monitoring. Furthermore, connected worker platforms are

explored, detailing their architecture, system modules, intelligent operations, and industry

applications. The integration of predictive analytics is also examined, providing insights into

occupational safety risks, resource allocation, equipment failures, and predictive maintenance.

These examples underscore the tangible benefits of real-time visibility into frontline workers,

work environments, distributed assets, workforce efficiency, and safety compliance.

In addition, Michaels and Wagner (2020) discussed how the COVID-19 pandemic in the United

States has led to an unprecedented worker safety crisis, with thousands of individuals facing

potential exposure to the virus in their workplaces. Despite legal obligations for employers to

maintain hazard-free workplaces and the oversight of the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), the federal government's utilization of OSHA's authority still needs to

be improved. The authors emphasized that workers, particularly those in essential services and

communities of color, are disproportionately affected due to challenges such as inadequate

personal protective equipment (PPE), poor sanitation measures, and crowded workspaces. While

some states have taken steps to protect workers, a comprehensive federal response, including

issuing an Emergency Temporary Standard (ETS) mandating infection control plans, is

necessary to ensure worker safety and mitigate the spread of COVID-19 in workplaces.

Moreover, Tamers et al. (2020) outlined the Future of Work Initiative by the Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, proposing

an integrated approach to address worker safety, health, and well-being. It introduces priority

topics and subtopics to guide future research directions and practical applications, emphasizing

the interconnectedness of all aspects of the future of work. While the future of work presents

opportunities, it also poses challenges and hazards that require thorough understanding by OSH

researchers and collaborators to develop effective interventions for ensuring workers' safety,

health, and well-being in evolving work environments.

Health Practices and Well-being of Employees

Employees' health practices encompass a range of behaviors and habits that influence their

physical and mental well-being in the workplace. Goldenberg et al. (2020) conducted a

systematic literature review to explore the connection between the interior design of offices and
employees' physical, psychological, and social well-being. Out of 2816 papers in the database,

50 addressed this relationship, focusing on six key features: layout, furniture, lighting, presence

of greenery, control mechanisms, and noise levels. The review highlighted that while some

empirical evidence links specific characteristics of office interiors with employee health,

research in this area is still limited. For instance, open-plan offices and high background noise

negatively affect health. At the same time, features promoting physical activity, access to natural

light, individual control, and greenery were associated with better physical and psychological

well-being. However, the Study emphasized that understanding healthy office environments is

still in its early stages, indicating the need for further research to validate claims and advance

knowledge in this field.

Furthermore, Herlitz et al. (2020) aimed to investigate the evidence regarding the sustainability

of such interventions in high-income countries, exploring whether schools continue these

interventions once initial funding ceases and identifying barriers and facilitators influencing

sustainability. Out of 9677 unique references identified, 24 studies involving 18 interventions

were included. Findings revealed that no interventions were sustained in their entirety, with all

experiencing some level of discontinuation. There was no clear association between intervention

effectiveness and sustainability. Key facilitators included support from senior leaders, positive

impact observed by staff on student engagement and well-being, and staff confidence in

delivering health promotion. Contextual barriers included competing priorities, limited resources,

staff turnover, and inadequate training. Adaptation to existing routines and changing contexts

emerged in the sustainability process. The review concluded that sustaining interventions relies

on schools cultivating knowledgeable, skilled, and motivated leaders and staff capable of
delivering health promotion despite evolving circumstances, with the effectiveness of the

intervention not necessarily influencing sustainability. However, the review highlighted the need

for more robust primary research informed by theory to understand sustainability dynamics

better.

On the other hand, Johnson et al. (2020) delved into two major technology-driven workplace

trends and their effects on mental health, examining both positive and negative impacts. Firstly,

it explores changes in how work is performed, focusing on automation and advanced technology.

Secondly, it delves into changes in where and when work is conducted, particularly about

flexible work arrangements facilitated by telecommunication technology. The review also

addresses the implications for future research and stakeholders such as industry, government, and

educational institutions. By integrating disparate literature on mental health, including

psychiatry, psychology, occupational stress, management, and the future of work literature, the

review aims to advance understanding and practical approaches to workplace mental health.

While acknowledging challenges such as the increased pace of work and the blurring of work-

life boundaries, the review also highlights positive opportunities. Organizational role in shaping

and maintaining employee mental health is emphasized, yet the review notes a gap between

existing research findings and their application in work design. Collaboration across disciplines

is advocated to address remaining research questions. Ultimately, the future of workplace mental

health hinges on how work is designed and integrated to provide meaning and purpose to

employees.
Lee and Li (2020) examined how organizations' communication practices influence employees'

perceptions of health-related matters and their willingness to disclose health information at work.

Specifically, it investigated the impact of transparent internal communication and the quality of

relationships between employees and their organizations on employees' perceptions of the risks

and benefits of disclosing health information. An online survey of full-time employees in the

United States revealed that a positive employee-organization relationship, fostered by transparent

communication, increased employees' perception of the benefits and decreased their perception

of the risks of disclosing health information to their supervisor. Both perceived risks and benefits

were linked to employees' intentions to disclose physical health problems, while only perceived

benefits were associated with intentions to disclose mental health issues. The Study's

implications for public relations and health communication were discussed, highlighting the

importance of addressing employees' fears of discrimination and inequality in fostering a culture

of openness regarding health in the workplace.

Globalization’s Impact on Occupational Health

Globalization has significantly influenced occupational health practices and standards

worldwide. A journal written by Kıran (2021) aimed to identify the keyword content within

studies about occupational health and safety, which serves as a fundamental framework in trade

and health, particularly in globalization. Data were gathered from the SCOPUS database,

focusing on articles related to occupational health and safety and their associated keywords,

specifically on abstracts and titles. Analysis and summarization of the data were conducted based

on keywords sourced from the MeSH database. Out of 24,499 manuscripts within the domain,

1,346 (5.40%) were identified as containing occupational health-related keywords, including

overlapping ones. The most commonly referenced keyword related to occupational health was
"occupational health" (452 articles), followed by "occupational safety" (141 articles). Notably,

there were fewer keywords related to occupational health within the trade and health literature.

Given the heightened importance of the world of work, particularly in the wake of the COVID-

19 pandemic, understanding the focus of occupational health priorities from a global perspective

remains critical.

Moreover, Rantanen et al. (2020) conducted a study entitled “Decent Work, ILO’s Response to

the Globalization of Working Life: Basic Concepts and Global Implementation with Special

Reference to Occupational Health.” The Study delved into the origins of the Decent Work

concept by analyzing ILO policy documents, survey reports, and relevant United Nations (UN)

documents. Additionally, it assessed the implementation of Decent Work Country Programmes

(DWCPs) and reviewed available external evaluation reports. The Study also scrutinized the

alignment of the objectives of the ILO Decent Work Agenda with those outlined in the UN 2030

Agenda for Sustainable Development, with a particular focus on occupational health. Findings

revealed that the Decent Work Agenda had been successfully introduced in two-thirds of the

ILO's Member States and had been either fully or partially implemented in their DWCPs. The

sustainability of the Decent Work approach was bolstered by alignment with the UN 2030

Agenda, the ILO Global Commission Report on the Future of Work, and the ILO Centenary

Declaration. However, objectives related to ILO Convention No. 161 on Occupational Health

Services were notably absent from the DWCPs. Despite successes in various aspects of the

achievement of Decent Work objectives and UN Sustainable Development Goals, further

development and inclusion of strategies, objectives, and actions for occupational health services

were deemed necessary, especially in light of the significant burden of work-related diseases and
global pandemics such as the present one. The Study underscored the need to strengthen national

capabilities to participate in and implement decent work country programs in many countries.

Additionally, Torp and Reiersen (2020) aimed to outline the critical components of the Nordic

working life model, focusing on Norway, and analyze how globalization could potentially impact

this model and consequently influence public health. Drawing from an extensive review of

relevant research, the authors highlighted the coordinated wage bargaining system between

employers and employees as a central aspect of the Nordic model, contributing to productive

enterprises, minimum wage disparities, favorable working conditions, and high levels of well-

being. However, global trends such as the liberalization of working life, increased labor

migration, the rise of the platform economy, declining unionization rates, and the prevalence of

precarious work were identified as challenges to the Nordic model's sustainability. These trends

may exacerbate inequality, diminish generalized trust, and negatively affect public health

outcomes. The authors emphasized the importance for policymakers and other stakeholders in

the Nordic countries to address globalization and technological advancements effectively to

maintain the well-structured working life and societal achievements characteristic of the Nordic

model.

Furthermore, Magnavita and Chirico (2020) noted that the landscape of workplace health and

safety has continuously evolved in developed and developing nations. Advancements in

technology have led to shifts in working environments, giving rise to new occupational hazards

and unprecedented risk scenarios associated with novel ways of organizing work. Concurrently,
progress in medical science, particularly in areas like genetics, metabolomics, big data, and

intelligent technologies, has enabled the swift identification and treatment of risk conditions that

may have previously gone unnoticed. Personalized occupational medicine has emerged as a

forefront strategy for workplace prevention, focusing on total worker health and resource

sustainability. Contributions to this Special Issue encompass various risks, from chemical,

physical, and biological hazards to psychosocial factors. These contributions explore novel

approaches to managing established risks like mercury toxicity while also addressing prevalent

workplace pathologies such as repetitive trauma diseases, immunodeficiency resulting from

biological injuries, and instances of violence and psychological trauma. The evolving nature of

workplace health and safety necessitates new insights and approaches to tackle emerging

challenges in this domain effectively.

Shobande et al. (2024) explored the potential effects of globalization and technology on health

outcomes by analyzing a global panel dataset covering 52 countries from 1990 to 2019. The

empirical findings reveal the significant role played by globalization and technology in

advancing global health initiatives. The Study identifies various impacts of globalization on

global health indicators and underscores the beneficial contributions of technology in tracking,

monitoring, and promoting health worldwide. Additionally, the analysis emphasizes the

importance of adopting a health-centric approach to globalization and technological innovation,

advocating for the inclusion of the health interests of countries and vulnerable populations in

international decision-making processes related to global economic integration. Overall, the

Study underscores the critical need to leverage globalization and information technology to
extend human activities and ensure equitable access to global health resources, thereby

advancing the overarching goal of global health.

Technological Advancements in Occupational Health

Technological advancements are reshaping the landscape of occupational health, revolutionizing

how risks are identified, monitored, and managed in the workplace. Rajendran et al. (2021)

aimed to identify various risk factors categorically, including biological, chemical, and

physiological hazards, to raise awareness among workers for immediate preventive actions. It

also discussed a hierarchical strategic model to mitigate these workplace hazards. However, it

was observed that these strategies and legal reforms needed to be revised to eliminate hazards.

Therefore, the chapter emphasized equipping workers with wearable technology for real-time

monitoring and hazard prevention. It reviewed existing effective devices for ensuring workplace

safety. The review underscored the significance of integrating wearable technology with risk

management practices to enhance occupational safety for all workers.

Moreover, Babalola et al. (2023) conducted a comprehensive systematic literature review on the

utilization of immersive technologies (ImTs) for occupational safety and health (OSH) training

and education, encompassing bibliometric analysis and content review of 67 relevant articles.

The bibliometric analysis revealed a growing trend in research publications since 2016, with high

research intensity observed in countries such as the USA, UK, China, and Canada, while regions

like Africa and the Middle East showed relatively lower research intensity. The content review
examined the industrial contexts, OSH hazards addressed, OSH outcomes targeted, and

challenges associated with ImTs for OSH training and education. ImTs have been applied across

various industries, with a notable focus on the construction sector due to its high-risk profile. The

review identified a range of OSH hazards addressed, emphasizing fire, struck-by, and fall

incidents. IMTs positively impacted OSH training and education, although challenges such as

development costs, user discomfort, and device handling difficulties were noted. Despite these

drawbacks, IMTs were deemed effective in complementing or replacing traditional OSH training

methods.

In addition, Nnaji and Karakhan (2020) addressed the imperative need for innovative solutions to

enhance safety performance in the construction sector, which has historically experienced higher

rates of worker injuries and fatalities compared to other industries. It aimed to bridge the gap in

understanding regarding the use of technology for safety and health management in construction,

as well as factors hindering its adoption. Through a survey involving 102 construction

practitioners, the Study identified safety and health management technologies, assessed their

current adoption rates, and examined their benefits and limitations. Findings indicated a modest

increase in technology adoption owing to its potential to enhance safety conditions, yet

significant resistance to its continuous use persisted across the industry. The Study offered

insights into the challenges associated with technology implementation and barriers to adoption.

It proposed strategies to address them, aiming to facilitate the broader adoption of safety

management technologies within the construction sector.

Meshko et al. (2023) addressed the issue of studying teachers' occupational health and seeking

methods to preserve and enhance it during the quarantine period prompted by the coronavirus

outbreak. The authors developed A Google Forms questionnaire to assess teachers' overall

occupational health status, including their motivation for engaging in healthy activities, internal

perception of occupational health, and emotional well-being before and during the quarantine.

The research focused on analyzing key psychological indicators of occupational health, such as

emotional well-being, stress resistance, and teaching satisfaction, while considering factors like

tenure, school type, and gender. The findings served as the basis for designing a program offered

by the Center of Pedagogical Consulting to support teachers' occupational health. This included

integrating digital technologies for pedagogical consulting amid quarantine restrictions.

Challenges exacerbated by the pandemic, such as deteriorating psychological well-being and

increased need for psychological support, were identified. Strategies to address these challenges

included promoting responsible attitudes toward occupational health, enhancing stress resistance,

and providing advisory assistance. The article emphasized the importance of further research to

explore gender differences in implementing occupational health strategies among teachers and

developing remote psycho-correctional interventions tailored to the quarantine context.

Moreover, Ismara et al. (2021) aimed to create instructional media for occupational safety and

health, specifically targeting vocational schools, and to assess the feasibility of the developed

media along with student feedback. Following the Research and Development (R&D) approach

with the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) method, the

Study involved analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation stages. Data

collection relied on a questionnaire with four scales administered to two experts and 103 users.
Quantitative descriptive analysis was employed to analyze the research data. The outcome of the

Study was the creation of android-based instructional media for Occupational Safety and Health,

with the development of an application named Zerosicks for mobile devices aimed at aiding

students in learning occupational safety and health principles. Testing confirmed that all features

and navigation within the application functioned effectively. Evaluation by content experts,

media experts, and student users indicated high suitability for the media. Suggestions for further

product enhancement included incorporating videos, offering selected music, and integrating

user discussion forums.

Synthesis

The reviewed literature and studies present a comprehensive overview of studies focusing on

various aspects of occupational safety and health, spanning the impact of the COVID-19

pandemic, employee health practices and well-being, globalization's influence on occupational

health, and technological advancements in the field. Despite their diverse scopes, these studies

collectively underscore the critical importance of safeguarding workers' health and well-being in

the workplace. They highlight challenges such as ensuring worker safety during the pandemic,

promoting healthy work environments, addressing globalized workplace dynamics, and

leveraging technology to enhance occupational health practices.

However, amidst this breadth of literature, a significant gap emerges regarding the specific

context of state universities and colleges (SUCs) in the Davao Region. While existing studies

offer valuable insights into occupational health across various sectors, a notable need for more

research focuses on the unique challenges and needs faced by educational institutions in this
region. This gap is particularly pronounced when implementing systematic frameworks for

occupational safety and health management, such as the hierarchy of controls.

The proposed Study aims to address this gap by examining the applicability of the hierarchy of

controls framework within SUCs. By conducting this Study, you can assess the current state of

occupational safety and health practices in SUCs, identify specific hazards and risks prevalent in

educational settings, and propose targeted interventions aligned with the hierarchy of controls

framework.

Through this research, you can provide valuable insights into enhancing occupational safety and

health standards within SUCs in the Davao Region, ultimately contributing to the well-being of

faculty, staff, and students. By bridging this gap in the literature, this Study has the potential to

inform evidence-based practices and policies tailored to the unique needs of educational

institutions, thereby fostering safer and healthier work environments within SUCs.

Theory Base
 Figure 1. Diffusion of Innovation Theory

Figure 2. Adaptation Model

The research effectively focused on the complex obstacles in developing transactional

communication skills among senior high school students, achieving the stated research goals.

The statement emphasized the need to improve communication skills, address difficulties in

language proficiency, utilize one's native language, adopt strategic learning methods, and

effectively incorporate technology. Targeted treatments that address these qualities can

substantially enhance students' communication skills, directly correlating with the Study's
primary objective. The research provides evidence for implementing changes in the curriculum

to promote the practical use of language and the establishment of supportive academic settings

that encourage taking risks in communication practice.

Furthermore, the results of the Study support the integration of students' diverse linguistic

origins into the educational experience, emphasizing the potential of bilingual or multilingual

approaches to enhance the acquisition of the English language. This approach acknowledges and

values students' cultural and linguistic identities and leverages them as valuable resources in

learning English. When technology is strategically included in the curriculum, it becomes crucial

for engaging students and improving their language learning experience. However, it should be

used with traditional learning methods rather than as a replacement.

The findings of this Study have significant consequences for educational policy and

practice, indicating a fundamental change towards language learning systems that are more

inclusive, interactive, and focused on the needs of the students. It necessitates reassessing

existing teaching approaches and curriculum designs to cater to the varied requirements of

learners more effectively. Moreover, it underscores the significance of teaching training and

professional growth in embracing novel pedagogical approaches that facilitate the cultivation of

transactional communication abilities.

In conclusion, this Study effectively achieves its objectives by identifying obstacles and

suggesting treatments, thereby substantially contributing to the broader academic conversation

around language instruction. Promoting modifications in curriculum design, pedagogical

approaches, and the incorporation of technology establishes the foundation for subsequent

scholarly investigations and policy formulation aimed at augmenting students' proficiency in

transactional communication. Consequently, it is anticipated that this will yield favorable

outcomes regarding individuals' personal, academic, and professional achievements, thereby

emphasizing the crucial significance of proficient communication in contemporary international

society.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 3. Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework for this Study investigating Occupational Safety and Health

(OSH) practices in State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) within the Davao Region integrates
vital principles from the Diffusion of Innovation Theory and the Adaptation Model by Sister

Callista Roy to elucidate the multifaceted dynamics between globalization, technological

advancements, and OSH practices.

At the foundation of this framework are the independent variables of globalization and

technological advancements. These forces act as external stimuli that precipitate changes in the

operational and environmental context of SUCs, necessitating adaptations in OSH practices to

maintain or enhance safety and health standards. The impact of these variables is not direct but is

mediated through several key factors that influence the process of adoption and adaptation within

institutions.

Mediating variables play a crucial role in shaping the response to these stimuli. These

include the characteristics of OSH innovations (such as relative advantage, compatibility,

complexity, trialability, and observability), which affect their attractiveness and likelihood of

adoption. The social system of the SUCs, encompassing organizational culture, structure, and

readiness for change, further influences how these innovations are received and integrated.

Additionally, communication channels within the SUCs determine the efficiency and

effectiveness with which information about new OSH practices is disseminated and understood,

affecting overall engagement and adoption rates.

The outcome of these interactions is reflected in two dependent variables: the adoption of

OSH practices and adaptive responses in OSH. The adoption of OSH practices is influenced by

how well the innovations meet the institution's needs and align with existing practices and

values. Meanwhile, adaptive responses in OSH, guided by Roy's Adaptation Model, include
adjustments across physiological-physical, self-concept-group identity, role function, and

interdependence modes. These adaptations are critical for individuals and institutions to

effectively incorporate new OSH practices into their operations, ensuring that safety and health

standards are maintained and improved in response to changing conditions.

The ultimate outcomes of this complex process are enhanced OSH practices and

increased resilience to the challenges posed by globalization and technological advancements.

Enhanced OSH practices refer to the successful integration of innovative safety and health

measures that effectively address the specific needs and challenges of SUCs in the Davao

Region. Resilience reflects the capacity of these institutions and their members to adapt to future

changes and challenges, ensuring the sustainability of effective OSH practices over time.

This conceptual framework underlines the importance of a holistic understanding of the

factors influencing OSH practices in educational institutions. By examining the interplay

between external changes, organizational dynamics, and individual and collective adaptive

processes, the Study aims to uncover actionable insights for strengthening OSH practices in the

face of evolving global and technological landscapes.

Research Hypotheses

H1: There is a significant relationship between globalization and technological advancements

and the current OSH practices in SUCs in the Davao Region.

H2: Globalization and technological advancements significantly impact the adoption of OSH

practices within SUCs in the Davao Region.

H3: Existing OSH educational initiatives are significantly effective in addressing employees'

safety and health challenges in SUCs in the Davao Region.

H4: Significant gaps in the OSH practices among SUCs in the Davao Region hinder effective

management of workplace safety and health.

H5: Implementing targeted recommendations based on identified gaps significantly strengthens

OSH practices in SUCs in the Davao Region.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Method Used

The Study will employ a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and

qualitative methodologies to address the research objectives comprehensively. This approach is

particularly beneficial for exploring the multifaceted nature of Occupational Safety and Health

(OSH) practices within State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) in the Davao Region, allowing

for a holistic understanding of current practices, challenges, and opportunities. Quantitatively,

the research will analyze survey data to assess the prevalence and effectiveness of OSH practices

and educational initiatives. Qualitative interviews will provide in-depth insights into the

experiences and perceptions of stakeholders regarding the impact of globalization and

technological advancements on OSH programs, identifying critical gaps and developing

actionable recommendations.
 The mixed-methods approach facilitates triangulation, enhancing the validity of the

research findings by corroborating evidence from multiple sources and perspectives. This

methodological strategy will enable the research to capture the complexity of OSH practices in

the academic context, incorporating both statistical analysis and the nuanced understanding of

qualitative inquiry. The sequential exploratory design will be utilized, starting with qualitative

data collection and analysis to inform the development of the quantitative phase. This sequence

ensures that the survey instruments are grounded in the realities of the Study's context, enhancing

the relevance and applicability of the quantitative analysis.

Integrating these methodologies allows for a more flexible and responsive research

design that can adapt to emerging insights and complexities discovered during the Study. This

approach is particularly suited to exploring the dynamic and evolving nature of OSH practices in

SUCs, where the impact of external factors like globalization and technological advancements

must be understood within the specific institutional and cultural contexts of the Davao Region.

Sources of Data

Primary data for this Study will be collected through survey questionnaires and semi-

structured interviews. The survey questionnaires are designed to capture responses from

employees across various SUCs in the Davao Region, focusing on their perceptions, experiences,

and satisfaction with current OSH practices and educational initiatives. This quantitative data

will provide a broad overview of the state of OSH in these institutions, identifying prevalent

practices and areas of concern. In parallel, semi-structured interviews with selected participants

will offer deeper qualitative insights into the nuanced dynamics of OSH practices, the impact of
globalization and technological changes, and the effectiveness of educational initiatives from a

more personal and experiential perspective.

The selection of participants for interviews will be strategically aligned with the insights

gained from the survey, ensuring a diverse representation of roles, experiences, and perspectives

within SUCs. This combination of quantitative and qualitative data sources will enable a

comprehensive analysis of OSH practices grounded in the specific context of each participating

institution. By leveraging both primary data sources, the Study aims to construct a detailed and

nuanced understanding of OSH practices in the Davao Region's SUCs, which will inform both

broad trends and individual experiences.

Data Gathering Instrument

The primary instruments for data collection will be survey questionnaires and semi-

structured interview questions, carefully designed to align with the revised Standard Operating

Procedures (SOPs) and research methods. The survey questionnaire will be structured to include

closed-ended questions, rated on a Likert scale, and open-ended questions to allow respondents

to provide additional insights and comments. This instrument aims to quantitatively assess the

current OSH practices, the perceived impact of globalization and technological advancements,

and the effectiveness of existing OSH educational initiatives among employees of SUCs.

For the qualitative component, semi-structured interview questions will be developed

based on the preliminary analysis of the survey results and the literature review. These

interviews will explore the experiences and perceptions of key stakeholders, including
administrators, faculty, and staff, regarding OSH practices, challenges, and needs. The dual use

of these instruments will facilitate a mixed-methods data collection process, enabling a

comprehensive understanding of the Study's objectives through statistical analysis and thematic

interpretation of participant narratives.

Sampling Technique

The Study will utilize a stratified random sampling technique for the quantitative phase to

ensure that the survey questionnaire reaches a representative sample of employees across

different SUCs in the Davao Region. Before randomly selecting participants from each stratum,

this approach will categorize the population by critical characteristics—such as job role,

department, and years of service. This technique enhances the sample's representativeness,

ensuring that diverse perspectives and experiences are included in the analysis of OSH practices.

For the qualitative phase, purposive sampling will be employed to select interview

participants who can provide in-depth insights into the research questions. This will include

individuals with significant involvement in OSH practices, policy-making, or educational

initiatives within their institutions. The survey results will inform the selection to ensure that

interviewees can offer detailed and relevant perspectives on the critical gaps and opportunities

identified in the quantitative phase.

The Procedure of the Study

 The research will commence with distributing the survey questionnaires to employees of

selected SUCs in the Davao Region, utilizing online platforms to facilitate widespread and

efficient participation. Following the collection and preliminary analysis of survey data, key

themes and areas of interest will be identified to inform the development of the semi-structured

interview questions. Interviews will be conducted with selected participants, offering flexibility

in scheduling and format to accommodate respondents' in-person or virtual preferences to ensure

rich and candid discussions.

Data from both phases will be systematically analyzed in sequence, with the quantitative

data providing a broad overview of OSH practices and the qualitative data offering depth and

context to these findings. This phased approach ensures that each step of the data collection and

analysis is informed by the preceding phase, enhancing the coherence and relevance of the

research findings to the objectives.

Statistical Treatment

Quantitative data from the survey questionnaires will be analyzed using statistical

software, employing descriptive statistics to summarize the data and inferential statistics to

examine relationships between variables and test hypotheses derived from the research questions.

Techniques such as Chi-square tests, t-tests, or ANOVA may be used to explore differences

among groups. At the same time, correlation analysis could assess relationships between

perceptions of OSH practices and factors like department, role, and experience.
 Qualitative data from the interviews will be transcribed and subjected to thematic

analysis to identify patterns, themes, and insights related to the Study's objectives. Coding will

be used to categorize the data, facilitating the identification of common themes that emerge from

the participants' narratives. Quantitative and qualitative data will be integrated through a mixed-

methods analysis, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the research questions by

combining the breadth of survey results with the depth of interview insights.

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