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Computational Electromagnetics :
Summary of Integral Equation Methods

Uday Khankhoje

Electrical Engineering, IIT Madras

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Topics in this module

1 Surface v/s Volume Integral Approach

2 Finding the Radar Cross-Section (RCS)

3 Computational Considerations
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Table of Contents

1 Surface v/s Volume Integral Approach

2 Finding the Radar Cross-Section (RCS)

3 Computational Considerations
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Quick aside: Surface Integral Equations and PECs

How do we deal with scatters that are made of perfect electric conductors?
Recall boundary conditions

The original system of equations:

[g1 (r, r0 )∇φ(r) · n̂ − φ(r)∇g1 (r, r0 ) · n̂] dl = φi (r0 ), r0 ∈ V2
H

[g2 (r, r0 )∇φ(r) · n̂ − φ(r)∇g2 (r, r0 ) · n̂] dl = 0, r0 ∈ V1

H
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Surface v/s Volume Integral Equations

Surface approach: Volume approach:
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Surface v/s Volume Integral Equations

Surface approach:
φ(r0 ) = φi (r0 ) + S [φ(r)∇g1 (r, r0 ) − g1 (r, r0 )∇φ(r)] · n̂ dl
H

Volume approach:
φ(r0 ) = φi (r0 ) + k02 g1 (r, r0 )[r (r) − 1]φ(r) dr
R
V2
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Table of Contents

1 Surface v/s Volume Integral Approach

2 Finding the Radar Cross-Section (RCS)

3 Computational Considerations
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Definition of Radar Cross-Section (RCS): σ

σT M (θ, θi) = σT M (θ, φ, θi, φi) =
|Ez2 (r,θ|2 |Ez2 (r,θ,φ|2
lim 2πr |E i (0,0)|2 lim 4πr2 |E i (0,0,0)|2
r→0 z r→0 z

Mono-static and Bi-static

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Approximations in the RCS

An integral involving Green’s function : φ(r0 ) = φi (r0 ) + k02 g1 (r, r0 )χ(r)φ(r) dr
R
V2

−j (2)
In 2D:g(r, r0 ) = 4 H0 (k|r − r0 |) In 3D: g(r, r0 ) = 1
4π|r−r0 | exp(−jk|r − r0 |)
q
(2) 2j
for x  1, H0 (kρ) ≈ πkρ exp(−jkρ)

Note: RCS independent of r

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Table of Contents

1 Surface v/s Volume Integral Approach

2 Finding the Radar Cross-Section (RCS)

3 Computational Considerations
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Computational Considerations
• How fine do you discretize?
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Topics that were covered in this module

1 Surface v/s Volume Integral Approach

2 Finding the Radar Cross-Section (RCS)

3 Computational Considerations

Reference: