TRANSPORT IN

ANIMALS Brought to you by A. Christie

 Objectives (not necessarily in this order)

1. Describe the structure and function of the blood vessels in

humans
2. Explain how the principles of immunisation are used in the control
of communicable diseases
 “We are linked by blood, and blood is
memory without language.”

—Joyce Carol Oates (American Writer)

04
BLOOD
Vessels
Blood Vessels

The blood vessels are an important

part of the cardiovascular system.
They are tubes that connect the
heart to every cell in the body.
Arteries carry blood away from the
heart, while veins return blood to
the heart.
Do you remember what vessels carry
oxygenated blood and which carry
deoxygenated blood?

Oxygenated Deoxygenated
blood blood

Is carried by Is carried by
ARTERIES VEINS
There are three types of Blood Vessels
Title of the Next Table

TABLE COMPARING THE THREE

BLOOD VESSELS BASED ON
DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS
 Tunica media

DIAGRAM SHOWING THE STRUCTURE OF THE THREE TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS

05

Blood
Groups
BLOOD TYPE

Blood type is a way to

describe the type of
antigens, or proteins, on
the surface of red blood
cells (RBCs). There are four
blood types; A, B, AB, and
O.
ANTIGENS FOUND ON RED
BLOOD CELLS
 Important terms

Antigens are Antibodies

molecules capable (immunoglobulins)
of stimulating an are Y-shaped
immune response. proteins produced
by B-lymphocytes of
the immune system
in response to
exposure to an
antigen.
Why is it important to
know your blood type?
● In the case of emergencies
● Knowing your blood type may help getting a blood transfusion faster
Do you know your blood
type?
● ABO Blood Group
● Rhesus Factor
The ABO blood group
system is important if a
person needs a blood
transfusion. A blood
transfusion is the process
of putting blood or blood
products from one person
into the circulatory system
of another person.
TABLE SHOWING
UNIVERSAL UNIVERSAL
DONOR RECIPIENT
O- AB+
RHESUS FACTOR

The second most important blood group system

in human blood is the Rhesus (Rh) factor. A
person either has, or does not have, the Rh
antigen on the surface of their RBCs. If they do
have it, then the person is positive. If the
person does not have the antigen, they are
considered negative.
THE RHESUS FACTOR BECOMES IMPORTANT IN PREGNANT WOMEN.
THIS IS BECAUSE THE FOETUS IS AN INDEPENDENT BEING WITH ITS
OWN BLOOD GROUP AS WELL AS ITS OWN SURFACE ANTIGENS. THE
MOTHER’S IMMUNE SYSTEM MAY RECOGNISE THIS NEW INDIVIDUAL
AS A THREAT TO THE MOTHER’S WELL BEING, THEREFORE
LAUNCHING AN ATTACK ON THE FOETUS.

Women who are rh+ will not have an immune response whether the child is
rh+ or rh-.

Women who are rh- but pregnant with a foetus that is rh+, their immune
system will attack the foetus. If the foetus is rh-, the immune system will
not attack.
06

Immunity
Being able to resist a
pathogen is called immunity.
Immunity can be active or
passive.
 TYPES OF IMMUNITY

1. PASSIVE IMMUNITY

Passive immunity results when antibodies are transferred to a

person who has never been exposed to the pathogen.
Passive immunity may be acquired by a
fetus through its mother’s blood. It may
also be acquired by an infant through
the mother’s breast milk. Older children
and adults can acquire passive immunity
through the injection of antibodies
(vaccination).
 2. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

Acquired immunity develops with exposure to various antigens. The

immune system will respond to the antigens by making specific
antibodies for that particular antigen. Therefore immunity is acquired.
Active immunity can also result from immunization. Immunization is the
deliberate exposure of a person to a pathogen in order to provoke an immune
response and the formation of memory cells specific to that pathogen. The
pathogen is often injected. However, only part of a pathogen, a weakened form of
the pathogen, or a dead pathogen is typically used. This causes an immune
response without making the immunized person sick. This is how you most likely
became immune to measles, mumps, and chicken pox.
Vaccination

Immunity can also be caused by

vaccination. Vaccination is the process of
exposing a person to a pathogen on
purpose in order to develop immunity. In
vaccination, a modified pathogen is
usually injected under the skin by a shot.
‘Vaccination’ refers simply to the administration of a
vaccine, whereas ‘immunization’ means that the
person developed immunity as a result of being
vaccinated (or immunized).
Examples of Vaccines
These are all
communicable
diseases. What is a
1. Rubella communicable
disease?
2. Tuberculosis (find the definition on
your own and write it)
3. Measles
4. Mumps
5. Diphtheria
6. Small Pox
 Principle of Immunization
The principle in immunization is to
introduce a harmless preparation of
the antigens from an infectious
agent into the body of a person,
who becomes immune to the
infectious agent as a result. The
harmless preparation of antigens is
called a vaccine.
The body will trigger an immune
response to create antibodies to
destroy these new antigens and
in the process it will create
memory cells in case of a
re-infection.
 Can you name two communicable
diseases that do not have a vaccine?
That’s all!