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Advanced Integration
Techniques

Advanced approaches for solving many complex integrals using special functions, some
transformations and complex analysis approaches

Third Version

ZAID ALYAFEAI
YEMEN

mailto:alyafey22@gmail.com
Contents

1 Differentiation under the integral sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.1 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.3 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2 Laplace Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.1 Basic Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.1.1 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.3 Convolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.4 Inverse Laplace transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.4.1 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.5 Interesting results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2.5.1 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2.5.2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.5.3 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3 Gamma Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.3 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3.5 Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.5.1 Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.5.2 Reduction formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.6 Other Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.6.1 Euler Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.6.2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

3.6.3 Weierstrass Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

3.7 Laurent expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

3.8 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3.9 More values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3.10 Legendre Duplication Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

1
 3.11 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

3.12 Euler’s Reflection Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3.13 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

3.14 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

4 Beta Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

4.1 Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

4.1.1 First integral formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

4.1.2 Second integral formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

4.1.3 Geometric representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

4.2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

4.3 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

4.4 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

4.5 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

4.6 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4.7 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

4.8 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

4.9 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

4.10 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

5 Digamma function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

5.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

5.2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

5.3 Difference formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

5.3.1 First difference formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

5.3.2 Second difference formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

5.4 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

5.5 Series Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

5.6 Some Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

5.7 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

5.8 Integral representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

5.8.1 First Integral representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

5.8.2 Second Integral representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

5.8.3 Third Integral representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

5.8.4 Fourth Integral representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

2
 5.9 Gauss Digamma theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

5.10 More results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

5.11 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

5.12 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

5.13 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

5.14 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

5.15 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

6 Zeta function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

6.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

6.2 Bernoulli numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

6.3 Relation between zeta and Bernoulli numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

6.4 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

6.5 Integral representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

6.6 Hurwitz zeta and polygamma functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

6.6.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

6.6.2 Relation between zeta and polygamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

6.7 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

7 Dirichlet eta function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

7.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

7.2 Relation to Zeta function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

7.3 Integral representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

8 Polylogarithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

8.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

8.2 Relation to other functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

8.3 Integral representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

8.4 Square formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

8.5 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

8.6 Dilogarithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

8.6.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

8.6.2 First functional equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

8.6.3 Second functional equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

8.6.4 Third functional equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

8.6.5 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

3
 8.6.6 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

8.6.7 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

8.6.8 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

9 Ordinary Hypergeometric function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

9.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

9.2 Some expansions using the hypergeomtric function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

9.3 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

9.4 Integral representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

9.5 Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

9.6 Special values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

10 Error Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

10.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

10.2 Complementary error function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

10.3 Imaginary error function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

10.4 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

10.5 Relation to other functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

10.6 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

10.7 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

10.8 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

10.9 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

10.10 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

11 Exponential integral function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

11.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

11.2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

11.3 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

11.4 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

11.5 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

11.6 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

11.7 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

12 Complete Elliptic Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

12.1 Complete elliptic of first kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

12.2 Complete elliptic of second kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

12.3 Hypergeometric representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

4
 12.4 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

12.5 Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

12.6 Special values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

12.7 Differentiation of elliptic integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

13 Euler sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

13.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

13.2 Generating function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

13.3 Integral representation of Harmonic numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

13.4 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

13.5 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

13.6 General formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

13.7 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

13.8 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

13.9 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

13.10 Relation to polygamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

13.11 Integral representation for r=1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

13.12 Symmetric formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

13.13 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

14 Sine Integral function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

14.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

14.2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

14.3 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

14.4 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

14.5 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

14.6 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

14.7 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

14.8 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

15 Cosine Integral function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

15.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

15.2 Relation to Euler constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

15.3 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

15.4 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

15.5 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

5
 15.6 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

15.7 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

15.8 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

16 Integrals involving Cosine and Sine Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

16.1 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

16.2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

17 Logarithm Integral function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

17.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

17.2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

17.3 Find the integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

17.4 Find the integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

17.5 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

17.6 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

18 Clausen functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

18.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

18.2 Duplication formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

18.3 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

18.4 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

19 Clausen Integral function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

19.1 Definiton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

19.2 Integral representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

19.3 Duplication formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

19.4 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

19.5 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

19.6 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

19.7 Second Integral representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

19.8 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

20 Barnes G function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

20.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

20.1.1 Functional equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

20.2 Reflection formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

20.3 Values at positive integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

20.4 Relation to Hyperfactorial function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

6
 20.5 Loggamma integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

20.6 Glaisher-Kinkelin constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

20.7 Relation to Glaisher-Kinkelin constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

20.8 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

20.9 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

20.10 Relation to Howrtiz zeta function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

20.11 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

21 Complex Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

21.1 Introduction to complex numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

21.2 Polar representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

21.3 Complex functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

21.3.1 Exponential function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

21.3.2 Sine and Cosine and hyperbolic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

21.3.3 Complex logarithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

21.4 Taylor and Laurent expansions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

21.5 Poles and residues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

21.6 Integration around paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

21.7 Bounds on integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

21.8 Contours around poles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

22 Real integrals using contour integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

22.1 Trigonometric functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

22.1.1 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

22.2 Integrating around an ellipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

22.2.1 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

22.3 Creating crazy integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

22.3.1 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

22.3.2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

22.3.3 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

22.4 Trigonometric functions with rationals of polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

22.4.1 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

22.5 Integration along contours with detours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

22.5.1 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

22.6 Integrals of functions with branch cuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

7
 22.6.1 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

22.6.2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

22.6.3 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

22.6.4 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

22.6.5 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

22.6.6 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

22.7 Rectangular contours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

22.7.1 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

22.7.2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

22.7.3 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

22.8 Triangular contours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

22.8.1 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

22.9 Residue at infinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

22.9.1 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

22.10 Inverse of Laplace transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

22.10.1 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

22.11 Infinite sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

22.11.1 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

8
ÕækQË@ áÔgQË@ é<Ë@ Õæ„.

9
Acknowledgement

I want to offer my sincerest gratitude to all those who supported me during my journey to finish this

book. Especially my parents, sisters and friends who supported the idea of this book. I also want to

thank my Math teachers at King Fahd University because I wouldn’t be able to learn the advanced

without having knowledge of the elementary. I also want to extend my thanks to all my friends on the

different math forums like MMF, MHB and stack exchange without them I wouldn’t be learning any

thing.

Reviewers

A special thank for Mohammad Nather Shaaban for reviewing some parts of the book.

What is new?

The new version is all about contour integration using the concepts from complex analysis. One might

deviate from such approaches because of the heavy theory behind them but I tried to give a brief

overview of the theory before delving deep into approaches.

The future work

I have a plan to add many other sections. Basically I’ll try to focus on transformations like Mellin and

fourier transforms. Also many other functions like the Jacobi theta function and q-series.

10
Introduction

This book is a summary of working on advanced integrations for around five years. It collects many

examples that I gathered during that period. The approaches taken to solve the integrals aren’t neces-

sarily the only and best methods but they are offered for the sake of explaining the topic. Most of the

content of this book I already wrote on mathhelpboards.com during the past three years but I thought

that publishing it using a pdf would be easier to read and distribute. The motivation behind this book is

to allow those who are interested in solving complicated integrals to be able to use the different methods

to solve them efficiently. When I started learning about these techniques I would suffer to get enough

information about all the required approaches so I tried to collect every thing in just one book. You are

free to distribute this book and use any of the methods to solve the integrals or use the same techniques.

The methods used are not necessarily new or ground-breaking but as I said they introduce the concept

as easy as possible.

To follow this book you have to be know the basic integration techniques like integration by parts, by

substitution and by partial fractions. I don’t assume that the readers know any other stuff from any

other topics or advanced courses from mathematics. Usually the details that require deep knowledge of

analysis or advanced topics are left or just touched upon lightly to give the reader some hints but not

going into details.

After reading this book you should be able to solve many advanced integrals that you might face

in engineering courses. I hope you enjoy reading this book and if you have any suggestions, com-

ments or correction I will be happy to recieve them through my email mailto:alyafey22@gmail.com

or this email mailto:alyafey_22@hotmail.com. Also I am avilable as a staff member at http://www.

mathhelpboards.com if you have some questions that I could reply to you directly using Latex.

11
1 Differentiation under the integral sign

This is one of the most commonly used techniques to solve a numerous number of questions.

Assume that we have the following function of two variables

b
∫ f (x, y) dx
a

Then we can differentiate with respect to y provided that f is continuous and has a partial continuous

derivative on a chosen interval

b
F ′ (y) = ∫ fy (x, y) dx
a

Now using this in many problems is not that clear you have to think a lot to get the required answer

because many integrals are usually in one variable so you need to introduce the second variable and

assume it is a function of two variables.

1.1 Example

Assume we want to solve the following integral

1 x2 − 1
∫ dx
0 log(x)
That seems very difficult to solve but using this technique we can solve it easily. The crux move is to

decide where to put the second variable! So the problem with the integral is that we have a logarithm

in the denominator which makes the problem so difficult to tackle! Remember that we can get a natural

logarithm if we differentiate exponential functions i.e F (a) = 2a ⇒ F ′ (a) = log(2) ⋅ 2a

Applying this to our problem

1 xa − 1
F (a) = ∫ dx
0 log(x)
Now we take the partial derivative with respect to a

1 ∂ xa − 1 1 1
F ′ (a) = ∫ ( ) dx = ∫ xa dx =
0 ∂a log(x) 0 a+1
Integrate with respect to a

F (a) = log (a + 1) + C

12
To find the value of the constant put a = 0

F (0) = log(1) + C Ô⇒ C = 0

This implies that

1 xa − 1
∫ dx = log (a + 1)
0 log(x)
By this powerful method we were not only able to solve the integral we also found a general formula for

some a where the function is differentiable in the second variable.

To solve our original integral put a = 2

1 x2 − 1
∫ dx = log (2 + 1) = log(3)
0 log(x)

1.2 Example

Find the following integral

π
2 x
∫ dx
0 tan x
So where do we put the variable a here? that doesn’t seem to be straight forward , how do we proceed ?

Let us try the following

π
2 arctan(a tan(x))
F (a) = ∫ dx
0 tan(x)
Now differentiate with respect to a

π
1
F ′ (a) = ∫
2
dx
0 1 + (a tan(x))2
It can be proved that

π
2 1 π
∫ dx =
0 1 + (a tan(x))2 2(1 + a)
Now Integrate both sides

π
F (a) = log(1 + a) + C
2
Substitute a = 0 to find C = 0

13
 π
2 arctan(a tan(x)) π
∫ dx = log(1 + a)
0 tan(x) 2
Put a = 1 in order to get our original integral

π
2 x π
∫ dx = log(2)
0 tan(x) 2

1.3 Example
∞ sin(x)
∫ dx
0 x
This problem can be solved by many ways , but here we will try to solve it by differentiation. So as I

showed in the previous examples it is generally not easy to find the function to differentiate. Actually

this step might require trial and error techniques until we get the desired result, so don’t just give up if

an approach doesn’t work!

Let us try this one

∞ sin(ax)
F (a) = ∫ dx
0 x
If we differentiated with respect to a we would get the following

∞
F ′ (a) = ∫ cos(ax) dx
0

But unfortunately this integral doesn’t converge, so this is not the correct one. Actually, the previous

theorem will not work here because the integral is improper.

So let us try the following

∞ sin(x)e−ax
F (a) = ∫ dx
0 x
Take the derivative

∞
F ′ (a) = − ∫ sin(x)e−ax dx
0

Use integration by parts twice

∞ −1
F ′ (a) = − ∫ sin(x)e−ax dx =
0 a2 + 1
Integrate both sides

14
 F (a) = − arctan(a) + C

To find the value of the constant take the limit as a grows large

π
C = lim F (a) + arctan(a) =
a→∞ 2
So we get our F (a) as the following

π
F (a) = − arctan(a) +
2
For a = 0 we have

∞ sin(x) π
∫ =
0 x 2

15
2 Laplace Transform

2.1 Basic Introduction

Laplace transform is a powerful integral transform. It can be used in many applications. For example, it

can be used to solve Differential Equations and its rules can be used to solve integration problems.

The basic definition of Laplace transform

∞
F (s) = L(f (t)) = ∫ e−st f (t) dt
0

This integral will converge when

Re(s) > a , ∣f (t)∣ ≤ M eat

Let us see the Laplace transform for some functions

2.1.1 Example

Find the Laplace transform of the following functions

1. f (t) = 1

∞ 1
F (s) = ∫ e−st dt =
0 s

2. For f (t) = tn where n ≥ 0

We can prove using integration by parts

∞ n!
F (s) = ∫ e−st tn dt =
0 sn+1

3. For the geometric function f (t) = cos(at), Use integration by parts

∞ s
F (s) = ∫ e−st cos(at) dt =
0 s2 + a2

16
2.2 Example

Find the following integral

∞
∫ e−2t t3 dt
0

We can directly use the formula in the previous example

∞ n!
∫ e−st tn dt =
0 sn+1
Here we have s = 2 and n = 3

∞ 3! 3
∫ e−2t t3 dt = =
0 23+1 8

2.3 Convolution

Define the following integral

t
(f ∗ g)(t) = ∫ f (s)g(t − s) ds
0

Then we have the following

L ((f ∗ g)(t)) = L(f (t))L(g(t))

2.4 Inverse Laplace transform

So, basically you are given F (s) and we want to get f (t) this is denoted by

L(f (t)) = F (s) Ô⇒ L−1 (F (s)) = f (t)

2.4.1 Example

Find the inverse Laplace transform of

1. F (s) = 1
s3

We use the results applied previously

2! 1 1
L(t2 ) = 3
⇒ L(t2 ) = 3
s 2 s

17
 Now take the inverse to both sides

t2 1
= L−1 ( 3 )
2 s

2. F (s) = s
s2 +4

we can use the Laplace of cosine to deduce

s
cos(2t) = L−1 ( )
s2 + 4

Exercises

Find the Laplace transform

sin(at)

Find the inverse Laplace

1
sn+1

2.5 Interesting results

2.5.1 Example

Prove the following

1 Γ(x)Γ(y)
β(x, y) = ∫ tx−1 (1 − t)y−1 dt =
0 Γ(x + y)
β is the Beta function and Γ is the Gamma function. We will take enough time and examples to explain both

functions in the next sections.

proof

We need convolution rule we described earlier

Let us choose some functions f and g

f (t) = tx , g(t) = ty

Hence we get

t
(tx ∗ ty ) = ∫ sx (t − s)y ds
0

So by the convolution rule we have the following

18
 L (tx ∗ ty ) = L(tx )L(ty )

We can now use the Laplace of the power

x! ⋅ y!
L (tx ∗ ty ) =
sx+y+2
Notice that we need to find the inverse of Laplace L−1

x! ⋅ y! x! ⋅ y!
L−1 (L(tx ∗ ty )) = L−1 ( ) = tx+y+1
sx+y+2 (x + y + 1)!
So we have the following

x! ⋅ y!
(tx ∗ ty ) = tx+y+1
(x + y + 1)!
By definition we have

x! ⋅ y! t
tx+y+1 = ∫ sx (t − s)y ds
(x + y + 1)! 0

Now put t = 1 we get

x! ⋅ y! 1
= ∫ sx (1 − s)y ds
(x + y + 1)! 0

By using that n! = Γ(n + 1) we deduce that

1 Γ(x + 1)Γ(y + 1)
∫ sx (1 − s)y ds =
0 Γ(x + y + 2)
which can be written as

1 Γ(x)Γ(y)
∫ sx−1 (1 − s)y−1 ds =
0 Γ(x + y)

2.5.2 Example

Prove the following

∞ f (t) ∞
∫ dt = ∫ L(f (t)) ds
0 t 0

proof

we know from the definition

19
 ∞ ∞ ∞
∫ L(f (t)) ds = ∫ (∫ e−st f (t) dt) ds
0 0 0

Now by the Fubini theorem we can rearrange the double integral

∞ ∞
∫ f (t) (∫ e−st ds) dt
0 0

The integral inside the parenthesis

∞ 1
∫ e−st ds =
0 t
Now substitute this value in the integral

∞ f (t)
∫ dt
0 t

2.5.3 Example

Find the following integral

∞ sin(t)
∫ dt
0 t
This is not the first time we see this integral and not the last . We have seen that we can find it using

differentiation under the integral sign.

Let us use the previous example

∞ sin(t) ∞
∫ dt = ∫ L(sin(t)) ds
0 t 0

We can prove that

1
L(sin(t)) =
s2 + 1
Substitute in our integral

∞ ds π
∫ = tan−1 (s)∣s=∞ − tan−1 (s)∣s=0 =
0 1 + s2 2

20
3 Gamma Function

The gamma function is used to solve many interesting integrals, here we try to define some basic prop-

erties, prove some of them and take some examples.

3.1 Definition
∞
Γ(x + 1) = ∫ e−t tx dt
0

For the first glance that just looks like the Laplace Transform, actually they are closely related.

So let us for simplicity assume that x = n where n ≥ 0 (is an integer )

∞
Γ(n + 1) = ∫ e−t tn dt
0

We can use the Laplace transform

∞ n!
∫ e−t tn = ∣s=1 = n!
0 sn+1
So we see that there is a relation between the gamma function and the factorial. We will assume for the

time being that the gamma function is defined as the following

n! = Γ(n + 1)

This definition is somehow limited but it will be soon replaced by a stronger one.

3.2 Example

Find the following integrals

∞
∫ e−t t4 dt
0

By definition this can be replaced by

∞
∫ e−t t4 dt = Γ(4 + 1) = 4! = 24
0

21
3.3 Example

Solving the following integrals

1.
∞
e−t t dt
2
∫
0

We need a substitution before we go ahead, so let us start by putting x = t2 so the integral becomes

1 ∞ −x 21 − 12 1 1
∫ e x ⋅ x dt = Γ(1 + 0) =
2 0 2 2

2.
1
∫ log(t) t2 dt
0

we use the substitution t = e− 2

x

1 1 ∞ − 3x
∫ log(t) t2 dt = − ∫ e 2 ⋅ x dx
0 4 0

Using another substitution t = 3x

2

−1 ∞ −x −Γ(2) −1
∫ e x dx = =
9 0 9 9

It is an important thing to get used to the symbol Γ. I am sure that you are saying that this seems

elementary, but my main aim here is to let you practice the new symbol and get used to solving some

problems using it.

3.4 Exercises

Prove that

Γ(5) ⋅ Γ(2) 1
=
Γ(7) 30
Find the following integral

∞
e− 60 t t20 dt
1
∫
0

22
3.5 Extension

For simplicity we assumed that the gamma function only works for positive integers. This definition

was so helpful as we assumed the relation between gamma and factorial. Actually, this restricts the

gamma function, we want to exploit the real strength of this function. Hence, we must extend the gamma

function to work for all real numbers except for some values. Actually we will see soon that we can

extend it to work for all complex numbers except where the function has poles.

3.5.1 Theorem

Using the integral representation we can extend the gamma function to x > −1.

proof

We need only consider the case when −1 < x < 0.

Near infinity we have the following

∞ ∞
∣∫ e−t tx dt∣ ≤ ∫ e−t dt < ∞
0 

Near zero when x = −z we have the following

 e−t  1
∣∫ dt∣ ∼ ∫ dt < ∞
0 tz 0 tz

3.5.2 Reduction formula

Γ(x + 1) = xΓ(x)

This can be proved through integration by parts for x > 0. Actually this representation allows us to

extend the gamma function for all real numbers for non-negative integers. In terms of complex analysis

this function is analytic except at non-positive integers where it has poles.

3.6 Other Representations

3.6.1 Euler Representation

z
1 ∞ (1 + k )
1
nz n k
Γ(z) = lim ∏ = ∏
k=1 k + z z k=1 1 + kz
n→∞ z

proof

Note that

n
Γ(z + n + 1) = Γ(z + 1) ∏ (k + z)
k=1

23
Which indicates that

n
Γ(z + n + 1)
∏ (k + z) =
k=1 zΓ(z)
Also note that

n
∏ k = n!
k=1

Hence we have

nz n k nz × n!
lim ∏ = Γ(z) lim
k=1 k + z
n→∞ z n→∞ Γ(z + n + 1)

Hence we must show that

nz × n!
lim =1
n→∞ Γ(z + n + 1)

Note that by Stirling formula

√
Γ(z + n + 1) ∼ 2π(n + z)n+z+1/2 e−(n+z)

and

√
n! ∼ 2πnn+1/2 e−n

Hence we have by

√
nz × ( 2πnn+1/2 e−n ) nn
lim √ = lim =1
n→∞ 2π(n + z)n+z+1/2 e−(n+z) n→∞ (n + z)n e−z
Note that
z n
lim (1 + ) = ez
n→∞ n
To prove the other product formula note that

z
n
1 z ∏nk=1 (1 + k)
∏ (1 + ) = n = (n + 1)z ∼ nz
k=1 k ∏k=1 k z
Hence we deduce

z z
∏k=1 (1 + k1 ) n 1 1 ∞ (1 + k )
n 1
nz n k
lim ∏ = lim ∏ = ∏
k=1 k + z k=1 1 + k z k=1 1 + kz
n→∞ z z
n→∞ z

24
3.6.2 Example

Prove that

∞
Γ(x)Γ(y) z z
= ∏ [(1 + ) (1 − )]
Γ(x + z)Γ(y − z) k=0 x+k y+k
proof

Start by

nz n k
Γ(z) = lim ∏
k=1 k + z
n→∞ z

We have

x y

Γ(x)Γ(y) ( nx ∏nk=1 k
k+x
) ( ny n
∏k=1 k
k+y
)
= lim
Γ(x + z)Γ(y − z) n→∞ ( nx+z ∏n
k=1 k+x+z ) ( y−z
ny−z
x+z
k
∏k=1
n k
k+y−z
)
By simplifications we have

Γ(x)Γ(y) (x + z)(y − z) n (k + x + z)(k + y − z)

= lim ∏
Γ(x + z)Γ(y − z) n→∞ xy k=1 (k + x)(k + y)
This simplifies to

∞
Γ(x)Γ(y) (k + x + z)(k + y − z) ∞ z z
=∏ = ∏ [(1 + ) (1 − )]
Γ(x + z)Γ(y − z) k=0 (k + x)(k + y) k=0 x+k y+k

3.6.3 Weierstrass Representation

e−γz ∞ z −1 z/n
Γ(z) = ∏ (1 + ) e
z n=1 n
where γ is the Euler constant

proof

Take logarithm to the Euler representation

n n
z
log zΓ(z) = lim z ∑ (log (1 + k) − log(k)) − ∑ log (1 + )
n→∞
k=1 k=1 k
Note the alternating sum

n
∑ (log (1 + k) − log(k)) = log(n + 1)
k=1

Hence we have

25
 n
z
log zΓ(z) = lim z log(n + 1) − ∑ log (1 + )
n→∞
k=1 k
Now we can use the harmonic numbers

n
1
Hn = ∑
k=1 n
Add and subtract zHn+1

n
z −1 z z
log zΓ(z) = lim z log(n + 1) − zHn+1 + ∑ [log (1 + ) + ] +
n→∞
k=1 k k n +1
The last term goes to zero and by definition we have the Euler constant

γ = lim Hn − log(n)
n→∞

Hence the first term is the Euler constant

∞
z −1 z
log zΓ(z) = −zγ + ∑ log (1 + ) +
k=1 k k
By taking the exponent of both sides

∞
z −1 z
zΓ(z) = e−γz ∏ (1 + ) e k
k=1 k

3.7 Laurent expansion

1 1
Γ(z) = − γ + (γ 2 + ζ(2))z + O(z 2 )
z 2!
proof

Note that f (z) = Γ(z + 1) has a Maclurain expansion near 0

∞
Γ(k) (1) k
Γ(z + 1) = ∑ z
k=0 k!
For the first term

f (0) = Γ(1 + 0) = 1

For the second term

f ′ (0)
= Γ′ (1)
1!

26
To find the derivative, note that by the Weierstrass representation

∞
z −1 z
log Γ(z) = −γz − log(z) + ∑ log (1 + ) +
n=1 n n
By taking the derivaive we have

Γ′ (z) 1 ∞
1
= −γ − + z ∑
Γ(z) z k=1 k(z + k)
Hence we have
∞
1
Γ′ (1) = −γ − 1 + ∑ = −γ − 1 + 1 = −γ
k=1 k(1 + k)

For the third term

f ′′ (0) Γ′′ (1)

=
2! 2
Taking the second derivative

Γ′′ (z)Γ(z) − (Γ′ (z))2 1 ∞

1
= + ∑
Γ (z)
2 z 2
k=1 (z + k)
2

Which indicates that

∞
1
Γ′′ (1) = (Γ′ (z))2 + 1 + ∑ = γ 2 + ζ(2)
k=1 (1 + k) 2

Hence we deduce that

1 2
Γ(z + 1) = 1 − γz + (γ + ζ(2))z 2 + O(z 3 )
2!
Dividing by z we get our result.

3.8 Example

Find the integral

∞ e−t
∫ √ dt
0 t
Now according to our definition this is equal to Γ ( 21 ) but this value can be represented using elementary

functions as follows
√
Let us first make a substitution t=x

∞
e−x dx
2
2∫
0

27
Now to find this integral we need to do a simple trick, start by the following

∞ 2 ∞ ∞
e−x dx) = (∫ e−x dx) ⋅ (∫ e−x dx)
2 2 2
(∫
0 0 0

Since x is a dummy variable we can put

∞ ∞
e−x dx) ⋅ (∫ e−y dy)
2 2
(∫
0 0

Now since they are two independent variables we can do the following

∞ ∞
e−(x +y 2 )
2
∫ ∫ dy dx
0 0

Now by polar substitution we get

π
∞
e−r r dr dθ
2 2
∫ ∫
0 0

The inner integral is 21 , hence we get

π
2 1 π
∫ dθ =
0 2 4
So we have

∞ 2
π
e−x dx) =
2
(∫
0 4
Take the square root to both sides

∞
√
π
e−x dx =
2
∫
0 2

∞ √
e−x dx =
2
2∫ π
0

So we have our result

1 √
Γ( ) = π
2

3.9 More values

We can use the reduction formula and the value of Γ(1/2) to deduce other values. Assume that we want

to find

28
 3
Γ( )
2
If we used this property we get

√
1 1 1 π
Γ (1 + ) = ⋅ Γ ( ) =
2 2 2 2
Not all the time the result will be reduced to a simpler form as the previous example. For example we

don’t know how to express Γ( 41 ) in a simpler form but we can approximate its value

1
Γ ( ) ≈ 3.6256 ⋯
4
Hence we just solve some integrals in terms of gamma function since we don’t know a simpler form.

For example solve the integral

∞
e−t t 4 dt
1
∫
0

we know by definition of gamma function that this reduces to

∞ 5 Γ ( 41 )
e−t t 4 dt = Γ ( ) =
1
∫
0 4 4
√
We have seen that Γ ( 21 ) = π but what about Γ ( −1
2
)?

By the reduction formula

1 −1 −1
Γ (1 − ) = Γ( )
2 2 2
so we have that

1 √
Γ (− ) = −2 π
2
Then we can prove that any fraction where the denominator equals to 2 and the numerator is odd can be

reduced into

2n + 1 1
Γ( ) = C Γ( ) , C ∈ Q , n ∈ Z
2 2

29
3.10 Legendre Duplication Formula
1 (2n)! √
Γ ( + n) = n π
2 4 n!
proof

For the proof we use induction by assuming n ≥ 0. If n = 0 we have our basic identity

1 √
Γ( ) = π
2
Now we need to prove that

1 (2n)! √ 1 (2n + 2)! √

Γ ( + n) = n π Ô⇒ Γ ( + n + 1) = n+1 π
2 4 n! 2 4 (n + 1)!
Now we use the reduction formula

1 1 + 2n 1
Γ ( + n + 1) = Γ ( + n)
2 2 2
By the inductive step we have

1 + 2n 1 1 + 2n (2n)! √
Γ ( + n) = ⋅ n π
2 2 2 4 n!
We can multiply and divide by 2n + 2

1 + 2n (2n)! √ 2n + 2 (2n + 2)! √

⋅ n π⋅ = n+1 π
2 4 n! 2n + 2 4 (n + 1)!

3.11 Example
√
∞ e−t cosh(a t)
∫ √ dt
0 t
we have a hyperbolic function

We know that we can expand cosh using power series

∞
x2n
cosh(x) = ∑
n=0 (2n)!
√
Let x = a t

√ ∞
a2n ⋅ tn
cosh(a t) = ∑
n=0 (2n)!

Substituting back in the integral we have

30
 ∞ ∞
a2n ⋅ tn
∫ e−t ∑ √ dt
0 n=0 (2n)! t

Now since the series is always positive we can swap the integral and the series

∞ ∞
a2n
e−t tn− 2 dt]
1
∑ [∫
n=0 (2n)! 0

Hence we have by using the gamma function

∞ a2n Γ ( 21 + n)
∑
n=0 (2n!)
Using LDF (Legendre Duplication Formula) we get

∞
a2n (2n)! √
∑ ( n π)
n=0 (2n!) 4 n!
By further simplification

√ ∞
a2n
π ∑ n
n=0 4 n!

Now that looks familiar since we know that

∞
zn
∑ = ez
n=0 n!
a2 √
Putting z = 4
and multiplying by π we get

2 n
√ ∞ ( a4 ) √ a2
π∑ = πe 4

n=0 n!
So we have finally that

√
∞ e−t cosh(a t) √ a2
∫ √ dt = πe 4
0 t

3.12 Euler’s Reflection Formula

π
Γ (z) Γ (1 − z) = , ∀z ∉ Z
sin (πz)
proof

We have to use the sine infinite product formula

−1
π 1 ∞ z2
= ∏ (1 − 2 )
sin(πz) z n=1 n

31
Now we start by noting that

Γ(z)Γ(1 − z) = −zΓ(z)Γ(−z)

Now using the Weierstrass formula we have

e−γz ∞ z −1 z/n eγz ∞ z −1 −z/n

−zΓ(z)Γ(−z) = −z ⋅ ∏ (1 + ) e ⋅ ∏ (1 − ) e
z n=1 n −z n=1 n
This simplifies to

−1
1 ∞ z2 π
∏ (1 − 2 ) =
z n=1 n sin(πz)

3.13 Example

Find the following

1.
3 1
Γ( ) Γ( )
4 4

The first example we can write

1 1
Γ (1 − ) Γ ( )
4 4

Now by ERF (Euler reflection formula) we have the following

1 1 π √
Γ (1 − ) Γ ( ) = = 2π
4 4 sin ( 4 )
π

2.
1+i 1−i
Γ( ) Γ( )
2 2

Using the same idea for the second one

1+i 1+i
Γ( ) Γ(1 − )
2 2

This expression simplifies to

π π
=
sin ( π(1+i) ) cos ( iπ
2
)
2

32
 By geometry to hyperbolic conversions we get

π π
= π sech ( )
cosh ( 2 )
π 2

3.14 Example

Find the integral

a+1
∫ log Γ(x)dx
a

Let the following

a+1
f (a) = ∫ log Γ(x)dx
a

Differentiate both sides

f ′ (a) = log Γ(1 + a) − log Γ(a) = log(a)

Integrate both sides

f (a) = a log(a) − a + C

Let a → 0

We have

1
C=∫ log Γ(x) dx
0

By the reflection formula

1 1 1 1
∫ log Γ(x) dx = ∫ log π dx − ∫ log sin(πx) dx − ∫ log Γ(1 − x) dx
0 0 0 0

Which implies that

1 1 1 1
2∫ log Γ(x) dx = ∫ log π dx − ∫ log sin(πx) dx = log(2π) − ∫ log ∣2 sin(πx)∣ dx
0 0 0 0

Note that this is the Clausen Integral

1 2 2π 2
∫ log ∣2 sin(πx)∣ dx = ∫ log ∣2 sin(x/2)∣ dx = cl2 (2π) = 0
0 π 0 π

33
Hence we finalize by

1 1
∫ log Γ(x) dx = log(2π)
0 2

34
4 Beta Function

4.1 Representations

4.1.1 First integral formula

1
∫ tx−1 (1 − t)y−1 dt = B(x, y)
0

It is related to the gamma function through the identity

Γ(x)Γ(y)
β(x, y) =
Γ(x + y)
We have proved this identity earlier when we discussed convolution.

We shall realize the symmetry of beta function that is to say

β(x, y) = β(y, x)

Beta function has many other representations all can be deduced through substitutions

4.1.2 Second integral formula

∞ tx−1
B(x, y) = ∫ dt
0 (1 + t)x+y

4.1.3 Geometric representation

π
2
B(x, y) = 2 ∫ cos2x−1 (t) sin2y−1 (t) dt
0

The proofs are left to the reader as practice.

4.2 Example

Prove the following

∞ 1 π
∫ dz =
0 z2 + 1 2
proof
√
Put z = t

1 ∞ t2
−1

∫ dt
2 0 t+1

35
We can use the second integral representation by finding the values of x and y

−1 1
x−1= ⇒ x=
2 2

1
x+y =1 ⇒ y =
2
Hence we have

√ √
1 ∞ t2 B( 21 , 12 ) Γ( 12 ) Γ( 12 ) π⋅ π π
−1

∫ dt = = = =
2 0 (t + 1) 2 2 2 2

4.3 Example
∞ 1
∫ dz
0 (z 2 + 1)2
Using the same substitution as the previous example we get

1 ∞ t2
−1

∫ dt
2 0 (t + 1)2
Then we can find the values of x and y

−1 1
x−1= ⇒ x=
2 2

3
x+y =2 ⇒ y =
2
Then

1 ∞ t2 B( 12 , 32 ) Γ( 21 ) Γ( 32 ) Γ( 21 ) Γ( 12 ) π
−1

∫ dt = = = =
2 0 (t + 1)2 2 2 4 4

4.4 Example

Find the generalization

∞ 1 1
∫ dx , ∀ n >
0 (x2 + 1)n 2
Using the same substitution again

1 ∞ t2
−1

∫ dt
2 0 (t + 1)n

36
Then we can find the values of x and y

−1 1
x−1= ⇒ x=
2 2

1
x+y =n ⇒ y =n−
2
Then

1 ∞ t2 Γ( 12 ) ⋅ Γ (n − 21 )
−1

∫ dt =
2 0 (t + 1)n 2Γ(n)
Now by LDF

√ √
1 (2n − 2)! π Γ (2n − 1) π
Γ (n − ) = n−1 =
2 4 (n − 1)! 4n−1 Γ(n)
Substituting in our integral we have the following

1 ∞ t2 2π ⋅ Γ (2n − 1)
−1

∫ dt =
2 0 (t + 1) n 4n ⋅ Γ2 (n)

∞ 1 π ⋅ Γ (2n − 1)
∫ dx = 2n−1 2
0 (x2 + 1)n 2 ⋅ Γ (n)
It is easy to see that for n ∈ Z+ we get a π multiplied by some rational number.

4.5 Example
1 zn (2n)!!
∫ √ dz = 2 ⋅
0 1−z (2n + 1)!!
Where the double factorial !! is defined as the following

⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪n ⋅ (n − 2) ⋯ 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1 ; if n is odd
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
n!! = ⎨n ⋅ (n − 2) ⋯ 6 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 2 ; if n is even
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪1 ; if n = 0
⎩
The integral in hand can be rewritten as

1
z n ⋅ (1 − z)− 2 dz
1
∫
0

We find the variables x and y

37
 x−1=n ⇒ x=n+1

−1 1
y−1= ⇒ y=
2 2
This can be written as

1 1
z n ⋅ (1 − z)− 2 dz = B(n + 1, )
1
∫
0 2
By some simplifications

√
1 Γ ( 12 ) Γ(n + 1) π Γ(n + 1)
B (n + 1, ) = =
2 Γ (n + 2 )
3
(n + 12 )Γ (n + 12 )
Now you shall realize that we must use LDF

√ √
πΓ(n + 1) 2 π n! 2 ⋅ 22n (n!)2
= √ =
(n + 21 )Γ (n + 12 ) (2n + 1) π (2n)!
4n n!
(2n)!
Now we should separate odd and even terms in the denominator

22n (n ⋅ (n − 1) ⋯ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1)2
2⋅
(2n ⋅ (2n − 2) ⋯ 4 ⋅ 2)((2n + 1) ⋅ (2n − 1) ⋯ 3 ⋅ 1)
We insert 22n into the square to obtain

(2n ⋅ (2n − 2) ⋯ 6 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 2)2 (2n)!!

2⋅ =2⋅
(2n ⋅ (2n − 2) ⋯ 4 ⋅ 2)((2n + 1) ⋅ (2n − 1) ⋯ 3 ⋅ 1) (2n + 1)!!

4.6 Example

Find the following integral

−n
∞ x2 2

∫ (1 + ) dx
−∞ n−1
First we shall realize the evenness of the integral

−n
∞ x2 2

2∫ (1 + ) dx
0 n−1
x2
Let t = n−1

√ ∞ t− 2
1

n − 1∫ n dt
0 (1 + t) 2

38
Now we see that our integral becomes so familiar

√
√ 1 n−1 π(n − 1)Γ ( n−1 )
n − 1B ( , )= 2
2 2 Γ ( n2 )

4.7 Example

Find the following integral

∞ x−p
∫ dx
0 x3 + 1
Let us do the substitution x3 = t

∞ t− 3
p+2
1
∫ dt
3 0 t+1
Now we should find x, y

1−p
x=
3

1−p
y+x=1 ⇒ y =1−
3
so we have our beta representation of the integral

B ( 1−p , 1−p ) Γ ( 1−p ) Γ (1 − 1−p

)
3 3
= 3 3
3 3
Now we should use ERF

Γ ( 1−p ) Γ (1 − 1−p
) π π π − πp
3 3
= = csc ( )
3 3 sin ( π(1−p)
3
) 3 3

4.8 Example

Now let us try to find

π
2
√
∫ sin3 z dz
0

Rewrite as

π
2 3
∫ sin 2 z cos0 z dx
0

39
This is the Geometric representation

3 5
2x − 1 = ⇒ x=
2 4

1
2y − 1 = 0 ⇒ y =
2
Then

π
2 3 B ( 45 , 12 ) Γ ( 54 ) Γ ( 12 )
∫ sin 2 z dz = =
0 2 2Γ ( 74 )

4.9 Example

Find the following integral

(sin z)i ⋅ (cos z)−i dz

2
∫
0

This is the geometric representation

1+i
2x − 1 = i ⇒ x =
2

1−i
2y − 1 = −i ⇒ y =
2
Then

1 1+i 1−i
Γ( ) Γ( )
2 2 2
Now we see that we have to use ERF

1 1+i 1+i π π π
Γ( ) Γ (1 − )= π(1+i)
= sech ( )
2 2 2 2 sin ( 2 ) 2 2

4.10 Exercise

Prove

∞ x2m+1 m! (n − m − 2)!
∫ dx =
0 (ax + c)
2 n 2(n − 1)! am+1 cn−m−1

40
5 Digamma function

5.1 Definition
Γ′ (x)
ψ(x) =
Γ(x)
We call digamma function the logarithmic derivative of the gamma function. Using this we can define

the derivative of the gamma function.

Γ′ (x) = ψ(x) Γ(x)

5.2 Example

Find the derivative of

Γ(2x + 1)
f (x) =
Γ(x)
We can use the differentiation rule for quotients

2Γ′ (2x + 1)Γ(x) − Γ′ (x)Γ(2x + 1)

Γ2 (x)
which can be rewritten as

2Γ(2x + 1)ψ(2x + 1)Γ(x) − ψ(x)Γ(x)Γ(2x + 1) Γ(2x + 1)

= (2ψ(2x + 1) − ψ(x))
Γ2 (x) Γ(x)

5.3 Difference formulas

5.3.1 First difference formula

ψ(1 − x) − ψ(x) = π cot(πx)

proof

We know by ERF that

Γ(x)Γ(1 − x) = π csc(πx)

Now differentiate both sides

41
 ψ(x)Γ(x)Γ(1 − x) − ψ(1 − x)Γ(x)Γ(1 − x) = −π 2 csc(πx) cot(πx)

Which can be simplified

Γ(x)Γ(1 − x) (ψ(1 − x) − ψ(x)) = π 2 csc(πx) cot(πx)

Further simplifications using ERF results in

ψ(1 − x) − ψ(x) = π cot(πx)

5.3.2 Second difference formula

1
ψ(1 + x) − ψ(x) =
x
proof

Let us start by the following

Γ(1 + x)
=x
Γ(x)
Now differentiate both sides

Γ(1 + x)
(ψ(1 + x) − ψ(x)) = 1
Γ(x)
Which simplifies to

Γ(x) 1
ψ(1 + x) − ψ(x) = =
Γ(1 + x) x

5.4 Example

Find the following integral

∞ log(x)
∫ dx
0 (1 + x2 )2
Consider the general case

∞ xa
∫ dx
0 (1 + x2 )2
Use the following substitution x2 = t

42
 a−1
1 ∞ t 2
∫ dt
2 0 (1 + t)2
By the beta function this is equivalent to

a−1
1 ∞ t 2 1 a+1 a+1 1 a+1 a+1
∫ dt = B ( ,2 − ) = Γ( ) Γ (2 − )
2 0 (1 + t)2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Differentiate with respect to a

a−1
1 ∞ log(t) t 2 1 a+1 a+1 a+1 a+1
F ′ (a) = ∫ dt = Γ ( ) Γ (2 − ) [ψ ( ) − ψ (2 − )]
4 0 (1 + t)2 4 2 2 2 2
Now put a = 0

1 ∞ log(t) t 2
−1
1 1 3 1 3
∫ dt = Γ ( ) Γ ( ) [ψ ( ) − ψ ( )]
4 0 (1 + t) 2 4 2 2 2 2
Now we use our second difference formula

1 3 1 1
ψ ( ) − ψ ( ) = − (ψ (1 + ) − ψ ( )) = −2
2 2 2 2
Also by some gamma manipulation we have

1 3 1 1 π
Γ ( ) Γ ( ) = Γ2 ( ) =
2 2 2 2 2
The integral reduces to

1 ∞ log(t) t 2
−1
π
∫ dt = −
4 0 (1 + t)2 4
Putting x2 = t we have our result

∞ log(x) π
∫ dx = −
0 (1 + x )
2 2 4

5.5 Series Representation

∞
1 x
ψ(x) = −γ − +∑
x n=1 n(n + x)
proof

We start by taking the logarithm of the Weierstrass representation of the gamma function

∞
x x
log (Γ(x)) = −γ x − log(x) + ∑ − log (1 + )+
n=1 n n

43
Now we shall differentiate with respect to x

∞ −1
1 1
ψ(x) = −γ − +∑ nx +
x n=1 1 + n n
Further simplification will result in the following

∞
1 x
ψ(x) = −γ − +∑
x n=1 n(n + x)

5.6 Some Values

Find the values of

1. ψ(1)

∞
1
ψ(1) = −γ − 1 + ∑
n=1 n(n + 1)

It should be easy to prove that

∞
1
∑ =1
n=1 n(n + 1)

Hence we have

ψ(1) = −γ

2. ψ ( 12 )

∞
1 1
ψ ( ) = −γ − 2 + ∑
2 n=1 n(2n + 1)

We need to find
∞
1
∑
n=1 n(2n + 1)

We can start by

∞
xn
∑ = − log(1 − x)
n=1 n

So we can prove easily that

44
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Flip scrambled to her feet and Madame Perceval tried them against
her. "How are they?" Flip asked eagerly.
"Perfect. Couldn't be better. Put on your things and we'll go out and
try them."
As Flip snapped the skis onto her boots Madame Perceval said,
"Now don't expect miracles, Philippa. The skis don't make as much
difference as all that. Just go very slowly and do as I say."
Madame Perceval was right. Flip was not able, all of a sudden, to ski
like an angel because of the new skis. But she no longer fell quite so
frequently, or had such a desperate struggle to get to her feet again.
"Better, much better!" Madame Perceval cried as Flip slid down a
tiny incline and stopped without falling. "Now turn around."
Flip raised her leg and the long ski no longer tumbled her
ignominiously onto the snow. She snapped her other leg around and
there she was, all in one piece and erect.
"Bravo!" Madame cried. "Now herring-bone up the little hill and come
down again."
Her tongue sticking out with eagerness, Flip did as Madame
Perceval told her.
"Good," the art teacher said. "Good, Philippa. More spring in your
knees if you can. How about that bad knee? Does it bother you?"
"Not much." Flip shook her head. "Oh, Madame, do you think I can
learn?"
"I know you can. Just don't stick your tongue out so far. You might
bite it off in one of your tumbles."
"Do you think Fräulein Hauser will take me back in the skiing class?"
"Wait! Wait!" Paul cried, waving his ski sticks in wild excitement. "I
have a much better idea."
Madame laughed and ducked as one of the sticks went flying. "All
right, Paul. Calm down and tell us this magnificent idea." But Flip
could see that she was pleased because Paul sounded excited and
happy, and the dark look had fled from his face.
"Well, Flip was telling me about this ski meet you have at school and
how everybody can go in for it and there's a prize for form, and a
long race, and a short race, and a prize for the girl who's made most
progress and all sorts of things. And I think it would be wonderful if
we could teach Flip and she could enter the ski meet and win and
surprise everybody."
Madame Perceval started to laugh but then she looked at Flip and
Paul and their eager excited faces, and she said slowly, "It would be
rather a tall order teaching Flip just on week-ends. She needs lots of
practice."
"I could slip out in the morning before Call Over," Flip cried. "If I
make my bed before breakfast and hurry breakfast I'd have almost
an hour and nobody'd see me then."
"And think how surprised that Fräulein Hauser would be," Paul cried.
"And the girls would be so surprised," Flip shouted. "Erna and Jackie
and all of them. Oh, Madame, do you think I could learn? I'd work
terribly hard. I'd practice and practice."
"If you keep on improving the way you've improved this afternoon,"
Madame Perceval told her, "I'm sure you could."
"Come on, Aunt Colette," Paul cajoled.
Madame Perceval looked at them for a moment longer. Then she
smiled and said, "Why not?"
4
Flip finished her still life of a plaster head of Diana, a wine bottle, a
loaf of bread, and a wine glass, early during the next art class.
"That's good, Flip," Madame Perceval said. "Really very good,
though your perspective is wobbly—everything's going up hill at
quite an alarming angle and poor Diana looks as though she were
about to fall on her ear. But the color and texture is excellent. That's
really bread, and the transparency of your glass is a great
improvement over your last still life. That's good work, Flip."
Flip blushed with pleasure, partly at the praise, and partly because
Madame was calling her Flip. Several of the girls looked up at the
name and Gloria actually winked at her.
"You have time to start something else," Madame was saying.
"Here's a clean sheet of paper and a piece of charcoal. Just draw
anything you like. Either from something in the room or from your
imagination."
For the past two days Flip had been thinking of three things, Paul,
skiing, and Madame's daughter. She had not had another
opportunity to ask Paul about Denise, how old she was, or whether
she was alive or dead. Somehow Flip felt that she must be dead and
that perhaps that accounted for the sadness in Madame Perceval's
eyes. She wondered what Madame's daughter would look like and,
almost without volition, her hand holding the charcoal moved across
the paper and she began to draw a girl, a girl about her own age
sitting on a rock and looking out across the valley to the mountains.
The likeness was stronger than she could possibly have guessed.
She was trying, more or less, to draw a girl who looked like Madame
and who had short hair like hers. But the girl who appeared on the
paper did not look like Madame and Flip felt discouraged because
she knew the perspective was wrong again and the mountains were
too small and far away and the girl's feet weren't right. She sighed
and tried to erase the mountains and the feet and correct them.
Madame Perceval stood behind her and looked over her shoulder
down at the paper. Flip almost jumped as the art teacher's strong
fingers dug into her arm.
"What are you doing?" Madame Perceval's voice was calm and low,
but Flip felt the strain in it.
"Just—just a girl looking at the mountains," she stammered. "The—
the feet aren't right."
"I'll show you," Madame Perceval said; but instead of explaining
what was wrong, and then telling Flip what to do to correct it, as she
usually did, she took the charcoal and swiftly put the feet in again
herself; and then she took the thumbtacks out of Flip's board and
took the paper and walked over to the cupboard with it and Flip saw
that her hands were trembling.
In a moment she came back with a fresh piece of paper. "Why don't
you try drawing one of the girls in the class?" Madame suggested,
and her voice was natural again. "Erna, you've finished, haven't you?
Will you sit still and let Flip sketch you?"
"Yes, Madame. How do you want me to sit, Pi—Philippa—uh—Flip?"
Madame Perceval smiled as Erna stumbled over Flip's name, and
Flip said, "Oh, the way you are now looking over the back of your
chair is fine, if you're comfortable."
She took up the charcoal and sketched quickly and then she laughed
because the girl on her paper was so out of proportion and funny-
looking and at the same time she was Erna. In trying to get a
likeness Flip had over-accentuated and the braces on Erna's teeth
were ridiculous and her chin jutted out and the barette pulled the hair
back far too tightly from the forehead.
"What are you laughing at?" Erna demanded.
Flip looked at her drawing and thought,—oh, dear, now Erna will be
mad.
But Madame Perceval had come over and was laughing, too, and
showing the paper with Erna on it to the class, and everybody was
laughing.
"I think you have a flair for caricature, Flip," Madame said.
And Jackie bounced up and down on her chair, crying, "Draw me,
Flip, draw me!"
"Hold still, then, Jackie," Madame said, handing Flip another sheet of
paper.
Flip's hand holding the charcoal made Jackie's curly hair fly wildly
about the paper; the enormous, long lashed black eyes took up half
the page, and the mouth was a tiny bud above the pointed little chin.
Erna had been watching and as Flip laid down the charcoal for a
moment she grabbed the paper and held it up, shouting,
"Look at Jackie! She looks just like a cat!"
"Draw me! Draw me!" All the girls were shouting at Flip until Madame
Perceval stopped them, saying, "Not now, girls. The bell just rang.
You can get Flip to draw you any time. I know she'd like to, wouldn't
you, Flip?"
"Oh, yes, Madame!"
So they besieged Flip in the Common Room with requests for
caricatures to send home, and Flip went to her locker, her face bright
with happiness, to get her sketch book and pencils.
"Don't make my nose too big!" "Should I take my glasses off, Flip?"
"Oh, Pill, don't put in my freckles!" 'Flip' and 'Pill' came
indiscriminately, and somehow quite suddenly and surprisingly Flip
knew that she no longer minded the 'Pill' because it sounded
friendly; it was being said to her, not at her.
—I'm liking school, she thought.—I'm liking it. Now it will sound
better when I tell Paul I like it.
Only Esmée Bodet was discontented with her picture. "I don't look
like that!" she said, and tore the page across, tossing the pieces in
the waste paper basket.
"She looks exactly like that," Erna said in Flip's ear. "Come on up on
the billiard table and let's play jacks." The entire school had a jacks
craze on. Even the seniors were playing though Esmée turned up
her nose and said it was a child's game, and continued to play very
bad bridge.
"Oh, jacks! Let me play too!" Gloria cried, clambering up and sitting
cross-legged on the green felt of the billiard table; and Flip realized
that one reason Gloria never lacked for partners, or a place in the
Common Room games, was that she never hesitated to ask.
"Come on, Jackie," Erna called. "Climb up."
Flip was quite good at jacks and Gloria bounced up and down
impatiently. "Come on, Pill, miss can't you? I want a turn." And she
gave Flip's elbow a jog, but Flip caught the ball and laughed
triumphantly.
"Good for you, Flip," Erna cried. "You can't play if you're going to
cheat, Glo."
"It's Erna's turn next, anyhow," Jackie said. "By the way, Pill, I think
it's a dirty shame Hauser made you drop skiing."
"Me too." Erna nodded so violently that her hair came out of the
barette and she had to fasten it again.
Flip thought of the progress she had already made on her skis, and
smiled to herself. Then she shrugged, "Well, if she thinks I'm too
impossible to teach, I guess that's that."
"The old minge, the mangy old minge," Gloria muttered. "I say, Pill.
What're you going to be when you get out of this place, an artist?"
Flip nodded. "I'd like to be. The way my father is. I'd like to paint
portraits and do illustrations for children's books." She reached wildly
for the jacks' ball, which was this time an old golf ball Gloria's mother
had sent, but it bounced off the table and Erna scrambled after it.
"At last," she said, bringing it back and collecting the jacks. "I'm
going to be a doctor like my father. I think it must be wonderful to cut
people up and put them back together again." Underneath her joking
words Flip could tell that she was serious.
"The trouble is that you can't always put them back together again,"
Jackie said.
"I will." Erna swept up her jacks with a confident gesture. "If people
have their legs and things blown off I'll discover a way to put them
back or give them new ones off dead people."
Flip started to tell Erna that Paul wanted to be a doctor too, but
Gloria, who didn't mind when she herself talked about glass eyes or
false teeth, put her hands over her ears. "Oh, stop! Stop!"
"Well, dead people can give their eyes so blind people can see,"
Erna said, "so I don't see why they shouldn't give their legs and
things, too."
Gloria clapped her hand over Erna's mouth. "You go talk about your
old operations somewhere else."
"Who asked you to play jacks anyhow?" Erna mumbled from behind
Gloria's hand. "Let go and let me play. I'm on fivesies, eggs in the
basket."
"Foursies."
"Fivesies."
"It's fivesies," Flip corroborated. "Are you going to be a movie
actress, Jackie?"
Jackie laughed and waved her arms. "My father says I'll be an
actress over his dead body. I haven't thought about it much. Maybe
I'll just be a wife like my mother. She says that's a career in itself,
only lots of people forget it."
"Love," Gloria sighed, "that's what I'm cut out for."
"Do you believe in love at first sight?" Flip asked and blushed.
"I believe in love." Gloria placed her hand dramatically over her
heart. "It's love that makes the world go round."
"Have you seen Maggie Campbell's brother?" Jackie asked. "He's
the handsomest man I ever saw. Maggie's going to give me a
snapshot of him for Christmas."
Flip sat with her legs stuck out in front of her on the old hotel billiard
table, because her stiff knee kept her from sitting cross-legged or on
her heels, and watched, and listened, and occasionally said a word,
and she felt so excited that she could feel the excitement like hunger
in the pit of her stomach. She was excited because for the first time
she felt on the inside, and underneath the new warm sense of being
one of them was the glorious secret knowledge of Paul—and
tomorrow she would see him again.
5
The first thing Paul asked Flip the next day was, "Have you been
practicing your skiing?"
Flip nodded. "Every morning."
"How's it going?"
"Better."
"Well, come on and let's go. Is Aunt Colette coming over?"
"I don't know."
"Well, come on, Flip," Paul said impatiently. "I want to see how much
you've improved."
They went out, Ariel rushing madly about them, digging up the snow,
running and jumping against them, until Paul had to send him in.
Paul was visibly impressed with Flip's progress, and when Madame
Perceval appeared on skis, Paul flew over to her in great excitement.
"Flip's a natural born skier, Aunt Colette!" he cried. "She's
magnificent!"
Madame Perceval smiled at Paul and held out her hand to Flip.
"Let's see what you've accomplished, little one."
She, too, was impressed. "You must have been working hard!" she
said. "We'll have you doing Christianas and all sorts of things in no
time."
"Oh, Madame, do you really think so?"
"Just keep up the practicing, Flip, as you've been doing, and I'm sure
of it."
"She'll be quite a shock to everybody at the ski meet, won't she?"
Paul asked.
Madame laughed. "She certainly will."
And Flip went to bed that night to dream of soaring through the air on
her skis, watched by admiring throngs of girls; of executing perfect
Christianas and the delicate loops of telemarks; and when she woke
up in the morning her mind was still a happy jumble of snow
conditions, stems, and langlaufs.
Flip had thought as she slipped out the ski room door after breakfast
each morning that the girls would become curious about her hurried
breakfasts and ask what she was doing; but they were used to her
disappearances and absences and were too hungry and sleepy and
hurried in the cold dark of the mornings to pay much attention to
anything besides getting themselves out of their warm beds and then
eating as much hot chocolate and porridge and rolls and jam as
possible.
Flip was out practicing intently one Saturday morning when she
noticed someone watching her. She looked up, fearful that she was
being discovered, but it was no one from the school. It was a man
with a dark, wild face, and the look in his eyes frightened her; but he
waved and grinned at her cheerfully and moved away. He wore
climbing boots and carried a stick and he struck off up the mountain,
walking very rapidly. She watched after him until he was lost in the
trees, wondering what a strange man was doing on the grounds of a
girls' school. Then she thought he might be a new gardener or
perhaps someone to help with flooding the hockey field for ice
skating, though that was not to be done till the Christmas holidays.
Oh, well, she thought, there's never anybody around who isn't meant
to be around, so I guess it's all right.
And she kept on working at the skiing until time to get the mail before
Call Over.
Most of the girls were already at the desk in the Hall when she
arrived, flushed from her early morning exercise; and Signorina, who
was on duty, was giving out the mail. Since she had begun noticing
other people besides herself, Flip had learned a lot from the mail.
Hardly a day went by that Jackie did not have a letter from her
mother. Erna always came rushing eagerly to the desk but seldom
received anything. Gloria frequently didn't even bother to come and if
she had a letter someone took it to her. Esmée had already begun to
get letters from boys and read them aloud to anyone who would
listen. Solvei's letters came as regularly as Jackie's, and Sally
received hers every Wednesday and Saturday.
"Philippa Hunter," Signorina called.
Flip took the letter from her father and opened it eagerly.
"My darling baby," he said, beginning the letter as he had not done in
years, "here I am in a hospital in Shanghai, but don't be worried
because it's nothing serious—jaundice—but it's a great nuisance
especially because the doctor says I won't possibly be able to get to
you for your Christmas holidays. Flippet, Flippet, don't be too terribly
disappointed and don't weep that sweet face into a pulp. Eunice will
be delighted to have you for your holidays, and she is in Nice, and
the weather will be wonderful, and I know she'll do everything she
can to make you happy. Your letters have sounded so much more
contented recently and I feel that you are growing up and that you try
to enjoy yourself without your yellow old father. I expect to be in
Germany and Switzerland shortly after New Year and I promise you
that nothing will interfere with our Easter."
Flip's disappointment was so acute and overwhelming that she
thought for a moment she was going to be sick. She turned and ran
until she reached the bathroom and then she shut herself in and
leaned against the door and she felt all hollow inside herself, from
the top of her head down to her toes, and there was no room in this
cold vacuum for tears.
After a few moments she heard a knock. She clenched her fists and
held her breath but whoever it was did not go away, and the knock
came again. If it's Miss Tulip I'll kick her, she thought in fury.
Then Erna's voice came. "Flip."
"What?" Flip said, sounding hard and forbidding.
"Flip, it's just me. Erna."
"Oh."
"Did you—was it—was there bad news in your letter?"
"No. It's all right." Flip's voice was stifled.
"Well, look, Flip," Erna said. "I just meant ... Percy's taking Call Over
this morning and you know how strict she is ... and the bell's about to
ring...."
Flip opened the door and came out. "Thanks, Erna."
"Oh, that's all right," Erna said uncomfortably. "I'm sorry if it was bad
news in your letter."
"It's just that my father's sick in China and I can't be with him for the
Christmas holidays," Flip started to explain in a controlled voice.
Then she burst out, "and I have to spend the holidays with Eunice—
she's a friend of my father's—and I don't like her and if she marries
my father I'll—I'll want to kill her."
"Ach, that's awful," Erna said. "I'm awful sorry, Flip. It certainly is
awful."
"Well—" Flip's voice trailed off; then she spoke briskly. "We'd better
get down to Call Over."
6
The next day she told Paul about the letter and for the first time
since she had received it she started to cry. Ariel, distressed at her
unhappiness, jumped up at her, almost knocking her over, and licked
excitedly at her face.
"That Eunice," Paul said, frowning heavily and pushing Ariel away
from Flip and sending him over to the hearth. Then he jumped up.
"Put on your skis and go on out and start practicing," he
commanded. "I'll be out in a minute." And he half-shoved Flip out the
door.
Flip went out obediently and put on her skis and started working on
her turns. In just a few minutes Paul came flying out of the lodge,
shouting, "Flip! Flip!"
He rushed up, panting, and gasped, "My father says you may stay
here with us for Christmas if your father says it's all right! And Aunt
Colette is going to be with us because my mother can't come." His
face was radiant with pleasure.
Flip sat down in the snow, her feet going every which way.
"And you can work on your skiing every day. And I'm sure Aunt
Colette can take us up to Gstaad to ski, and to Caux too, so you'll be
familiar with Gstaad and all the runs for the ski meet and maybe you
will become such a good skier that we can do a double jump! Papa
said he'd write your father right away this afternoon. Oh, Flip, it will
be wonderful to have you here all the time instead of just on Sunday
afternoons!"
"Oh, Paul!" Flip cried and scrambled to her feet. "Oh, Paul! Next to
being with father it's the most wonderful thing in the world. I know
he'll let me!"
"Well," Paul said, giving her a quick, shy hug. "What a relief. Come
on. Let's get to work on your skiing."
Flip had been skiing conscientiously for about an hour under Paul's
tutelage when Madame Perceval came out and called them.
"Come on in to tea, children!"
They skied over to her, Flip with almost as great ease and
confidence as Paul, shouting, "Hello, Madame!" "Hello, Aunt
Colette!"
"So," Madame said, raising Flip's chin and looking into her eyes.
"You're happy about your holidays now?"
"Oh, yes, Madame!"
"I was wondering what had happened to upset you, my problem
child. You seemed so much happier and then gloom descended. But
you did have some reason this time. It's hard to be away from your
father at Christmas time."
"And it would have been awful to be with Eunice," Flip said. "Eunice
always makes me feel—well, even clumsier and gawkier and
tongue-tieder and everything than I am. But oh, Madame, I'll love
being here, and I'll try to help and not be a bother."
"Hurry up, Flip, take off your skis," Paul called impatiently. "Papa
went over to Lausanne to the dentist yesterday and brought us back
cakes from Nyffeneggers."
When they had finished tea Madame said, "How about skiing back to
school with me, Flip? Feel up to it?"
"Yes, Madame, I think so."
"You haven't skied any distance at all, yet, and I think it would be
good for you. Not afraid of skiing in the dark? I'll keep right beside
you."
"I'm not afraid, Madame."
They pushed off, Flip feeling excited and happy as she turned
around to wave good-bye to Paul, who was standing in the lighted
doorway. And Flip thought how beautiful the night was with the stars
just coming out; and the pine trees' noble arms bowed with snow;
and the shadows of the ruined chateau looming behind them; and
the warmth and comfort of the lodge, the golden light pouring out the
open door and Paul standing there waving good-bye.
"Yes," Madame Perceval said, as if in answer to her thoughts. "It's
beautiful, isn't it? In the spring the fields are as white as they are
now, with narcissi, not snow.... Shall we go?"
They started off down the mountain side, Madame calling Flip from
time to time to check her speed or give her instructions. Now at last
Flip had the feeling of being a bird, of having wings. And as she
pushed through the cold night air she felt that it was as solid and
entire an element as water. A bird must know this solidity; but as she
felt the air against her body the only thing within her own knowledge
with which she could compare it was water, and she felt as she
broke through it that she must be leaving a wake of air behind her,
as a boat does, cutting through water.
Madame let her go faster and faster, and, exhilarated by the speed
and the beauty, she would have gone flying past the school gates if
Madame had not checked her. They turned through the gates
together and moved slowly down the white driveway.
"That was good skiing, Flip," Madame said. "I'm really very proud of
you."
Flip dropped her head in quick confusion, then looked up with eyes
that shone in the starlight. "I love it, Madame, I just love it!"
"You know," Madame told her, "We're not going to be able to enter
you in the beginner's class at the ski meet. You'll have to go in the
intermediate. If you go on improving at this rate you'd be disqualified
from the beginner's class. And with all the skiing you'll be able to do
during the holidays I don't think there's any question but you'll go on
improving. I want to work with you on your left stem turn. Your right is
fine, but the left is the only place where your weak knee seems to
bother you. Don't worry, though. I think a little extra practice and the
left stem will be as good as the right."
They went indoors and Flip put her skis on the rack, stroking them
lovingly. The smell of the ski room, of hot wax and melted snow, and
damp wool from the ski clothes, was almost as pleasant to her now
as the smell of the art Studio.
"Madame," she said softly, "thank you so much for the skis."
"The girl who left them was rolling in money," Madame spoke shortly,
"and I suspect it was black market money. They're in far better hands
now—or rather on far better feet." She laughed. "Run along upstairs
to the Common Room. There's about half an hour before dinner. We
made better time than I expected."
7
Flip ran up the stairs and across the Hall, almost bumping into Miss
Tulip.
"Really, Philippa Hunter!" Miss Tulip exclaimed in annoyance. "Will
you kindly remember that you are supposed to walk, not run. You
used to be such a nice, quiet girl and you're turning into a regular
little hoyden." And Miss Tulip shut herself up in the cage of the
faculty elevator and pressed the button.
Instead of being crushed by Miss Tulip's irritation Flip had to
surpress a laugh as she watched the elevator rise and saw the
matron's feet in their long, narrow white shoes slowly disappearing
up the elevator shaft. Then, completely forgetting her admonition,
she ran on down the corridor and into the Common Room.
She had just started a letter to her father when the big glass door
was opened and Martha Downs and Kaatje van Leyden came in. A
sudden hush came over the Common Room because the senior girls
had studies and a special living room of their own on the second
floor, and seldom came downstairs unless it was to lecture one of the
girls for some misdeed that affected the two school teams, the Odds
and the Evens, or that came under the jurisdiction of the Student
Government. Martha and Kaatje walked towards Flip now and she
knew that everybody was wondering, "Now what has Pill done?"
But Martha smiled in a friendly way and said, "Hi, Philippa."
"Hi," Flip said, standing up awkwardly.
"I hear you're good at drawing people."
"Oh—just sort of caricatures," Flip mumbled.
Erna, who had been listening curiously, broke in, "She's wonderful,
Martha! I'll show you the ones she did of Jackie and Gloria and me in
the dormitory last night."
Erna had forgotten that they weren't supposed to have books or
drawing materials in the dormitory at night, but Martha and Kaatje
kindly ignored this and looked at the slips of paper Erna held out.
They both laughed.
"Why, you're a genius, Philippa," Kaatje cried.
And Martha said, "We came down to see if you'd do us."
"Oh, I'd love to," Flip said. "Right now?"
"How long does it take you?"
"About a second," Erna told them. "Here's a chair, Martha, and one
for you, Kaatje. Run get your sketch book, Flip."
Flip got her pad and a couple of sharp pencils out of her locker. "Just
stay the way you are, please," she said to Martha. "That's fine."
It wasn't quite as easy to draw Martha as it had been the girls she
saw constantly in the Common Room and the class room, or as easy
as the faculty, whose caricatures, sketched hurriedly at the end of
study halls had thrown the girls into fits of laughter; but she managed
to get a passable exaggeration of Martha's almost Hollywood beauty
onto the paper, and the Head Girl was very pleased.
While Flip was drawing Kaatje, Martha said, "My mother writes me
you're going to be spending the holidays in Nice with Mrs. Jackman,
Philippa. We're going to be there for a week, so maybe we'll see
you."
Flip shook her head, glancing up briefly from her sketch of Kaatje.
"I'm not going to be with Mrs. Jackman. I'm staying up the mountain
with Paul Laurens."
"Percy's nephew?" Martha asked in surprise. "How did you get to
know him?"
"She has tea with him every Sunday afternoon." Erna, who had
evidently appointed herself as Flip's spokesman told the seniors.
"She's just come back from there now, haven't you, Flip?"
Flip nodded, tore off her page, and gave it to Kaatje.
"Thanks simply ages, Philippa," Kaatje said. "You'll probably be
besieged by every girl in school."
"I don't mind," Flip said. "It's what I love to do. If those aren't right or
if you want any more I'd love to try again."
"We may take you up on that." Martha smiled at her. "Sorry you
aren't going to be in Nice for the holidays."
"Flip, you're made," Erna said when the older girls had left. "If Martha
and Kaatje like your pictures there won't be a girl in school who won't
want one. I bet you'll get artist's cramp or something."
"It's all right with me." Flip grinned happily.
"And it's wonderful about the holidays. When did that happen?"
"This afternoon. And Madame's going to be there, too."
"Percy?" Erna looked dubious. "I'm not sure I'd like that. She's so
strict."
"She's not a bit strict when you're not at school. She's—oh, she's so
much fun and she doesn't act a bit like a teacher. And Paul says
she'll take us on all kinds of trips on the holidays, to Gstaad, and
we'll come down from Caux on a bobsled, and we'll go to Montreux
and places to the movies and all sorts of things."
"It's too bad you can't ski," Erna said; and Flip turned away to hide a
grin.
8
Flip was out skiing by herself before breakfast several mornings
later when she saw the strange man again. At first she did not notice
him, and then she became vaguely aware through her concentration
on her skiing that someone was watching her, and she swung
around and there he was leaning against a tree. This time he did not
smile and wave and move away up the mountain. He just stood
there watching her and she stared nervously back. He was very thin
and his cheeks were sunken and his jaw dark as though he needed
to shave. He wore shabby ski clothes and a small beret and his eyes
were very dark and brilliant. She stood, leaning lightly on her ski
sticks, looking back at him and wishing he would go away when
suddenly he came stumbling across the snow towards her. She
started to push away on her skis but he made a sudden leap at her
and she fell headlong. She started to scream but he clapped his
hand across her mouth.
 CHAPTER FIVE
The Stranger
"DON'T be afraid. Don't be afraid. I won't hurt you," he kept saying,
and he righted her and stood her up again, keeping a firm grip on her
arm. She could feel each of his fingers pressing through her sweater
and ski jacket and they hurt as they dug into her arm.
"Let go!" she gasped. "Let me go!"
"It's all right," he repeated. "I won't hurt you. Don't be afraid."
"But you are hurting me! Let go!"
Slowly his fingers relaxed, though he did not release her. "I didn't
mean to knock you down like that. I lost my balance and fell against
you. I'm very tired and hungry. Have you any food?"
She shook her head.
"Just a cracker or a piece of chocolate? School girls always have
something to eat in their pockets."
She shook her head again. "I haven't anything. What are you doing
here?"
"I'm the—uh—I'm the new janitor. I'm going to keep the furnace
going so you'll be warm enough all winter. I live—uh—I live up the
mountain and I didn't have a chance to eat breakfast this morning
because I overslept. Are you sure you haven't even a crust of
bread?"
"I haven't anything. Won't the cook give you something in the
kitchen?"
"She's in a bad mood this morning. What are you doing out here all
alone? Shouldn't you be in the school?"
"Not till Call Over at a quarter to nine."
"But why are you here all alone?" the man asked her, and she was
afraid of the hungry look in his dark eyes.
"I'm skiing."
"But why do you ski here all alone every morning?" he persisted.
"I like it."
Now at last he let go her arm. "Well, I'm off up the mountain," he
said, and without another word or a backwards glance he struck off
across the snow.
The thought of him troubled her until she went in to get the mail
before Call Over. Then she had a letter that made her so angry that
she forgot all about him. The letter was from Eunice, and it ran,
"My dear Philippa, I am glad to hear from your father that at last you
are getting along better at school. But I must admit that I am rather
hurt that you choose to spend the holidays with some strange boy
you have just met rather than with me. However, you have always
been an odd child so I suppose I shouldn't be surprised. I do want to
say, though, Philippa dear, that I know your poor father would be
happier if you came to Nice, and I assure you that I would see that
you had a pleasant vacation. As I said in my letter to you last week,
there will be a number of charming young people nearby, and I am
sure it would do you good to know them. Just remember that all you
have to do if you change your mind is to let me know, and don't
forget that you have your father's peace of mind to think of as well as
your own choice. It is very hard on him to be laid up in the hospital,
poor darling, and I shouldn't think you'd want in any way to add to his
worries. I'm afraid this will make you angry, Philippa dear, but do
remember that I'm just thinking of your best interests and that I'm
very fond of you and devoted to your father. Affectionately, Eunice."
Quivering with rage she tore the letter into as small pieces as
possible. Madame Perceval, on duty behind the desk, finished
distributing the mail and asked with a smile, "What's the cause of
your fury, Flip?"
"It's that Eunice again," Flip said. "A woman who's always after my
father. She thinks I ought to spend the holidays with her and I'm
afraid she'll try to convince father that I ought to, too. There isn't time
for that, is there?"
"No, Flip, there isn't. Anyhow, Mlle. Dragonet had a cable from your
father this morning giving his permission for you to stay with Paul.
She supplemented Georges' cable by one of her own saying that
she thought it far better for you to stay with her nephew than for you
to make the difficult trip to Nice. So I don't think you need worry."
"Thank goodness," Flip said. "I think I'd die if I couldn't spend the
holidays with Paul. I just wish Eunice hadn't written the letter and
tried to spoil things for me."
"Just forget it and enjoy yourself," Madame Perceval advised.
"I will," Flip said, and she ran upstairs to throw the scraps of Eunice's
letter in the classroom waste paper basket. Erna was there before
her, sitting glumly at her desk.
"What's the matter, Erna?" Flip asked shyly.
"I can't spend the holidays with Jackie," Erna answered and put her
head down on her arms.
Flip perched awkwardly on her desk and put her feet on the chair.
"Oh, Erna, why not?"
"My mother wrote Mlle. Dragonet and said she wanted me home for
Christmas. She doesn't want me home at all. She sent me away to
school because she didn't want me home."
"Oh, Erna," Flip said, her voice warm with sympathy.
"Both my brothers were killed in the war," Erna said in a muffled
voice. "And I know mutti wishes it had been me. She always liked my
brothers better. I was the baby and so much younger and I always
got in the way."
"Oh, no, Erna," Flip protested. "Your mother wouldn't feel like that."
"She does," Erna said. "If my father would be home and be all funny
and nice the way he used to be before the war when I was tiny it
would be all right. But he's always at the hospital. He says the only
thing he can do to help people's souls is to try to give them strong,