Correlation between the Concentration of Nitrates and Chlorides

Using the Spearman Rank Correlation coefficient to test for the relationship between the two
chemical constituents of underground water. At 0.05 significance level (α=0.05).

Hypotheses: Two sided

H0: Concentration of Nitrates and chlorides are independent.
H1: There is a direct relationship between the concentration of nitrates and chlorides in
underground water of Aisleby farm and its environs.
-let the concentration of nitrates be represented by (Xi)
-let the concentration of chlorides be represented by (Yi)

The steps followed are shown in the table below.

B/H No. (Xi) (Yi) R(Xi) R(Yi) di d2
1 14.2 486.54 9 10 -1 1
2 11.43 17.04 7 2 5 25
3 0.053 114.87 2 7 5-5 25
4 0.97 272.96 3 8 -5 25
5 32.6 85.2 14 6 8 64
6 6.47 337.12 5 9 -4 16
7 0.01 979.52 1 11 -10 100
8 42.87 73.5 15 4 11 121
9 6.86 74.96 6 5 1 1
10 28 28 11 3 8 64
11 12.7 6 8 1 7 49
Leachates
1 32.5 3544.75 13 15 -2 4
2 29.08 2787 12 14 -2 4
3 14.29 1536 10 13 -3 9
4 2.38 1091.5 4 12 -8 64
d2 572

rs= 1- =-0.021

1
Decision rule:
Table A21 of the appendixes reveals that, for n=15 and α=0.05, the critical value of rs is
0.446, since the computed value 0.021 is less than 0.446 we conclude that the concentration
of nitrates is not related to the concentration of chlorides.

Correlation between the Concentration of Nitrates and Temperature

Using the Spearman Rank Correlation to test for the relationship between the two parameters
of underground water. At 0.05 significance level (α=0.05).

Hypotheses: Two sided

H0: Concentration of Nitrates and temperature are independent.
H1: There is a direct relationship between the concentration of nitrates and temperature in
underground water of Aisleby farm and its environs.
-let the concentration of nitrates be represented by (Xi)
-let the temperature be represented by (Yi)
The steps followed are shown in the table below.
B/H No. (Xi) (Yi) R(Xi) R(Yi) di d2
1 14.2 23.4 7 4 3 9
2 11.43 26.9 5 9 -4 16
3 0.053 24.4 1 5 -4 16
4 0.97 29.2 2 10 -8 64
5 32.6 21.9 9 3 6 36
6 6.47 26.1 3 8 5 25
8 42.87 19.6 10 1 9 81
9 6.86 26 4 7 -3 9
10 28 24.8 8 6 2 4
11 12.7 21.8 6 2 4 16
d2 276

2
rs= 1- =-0.673

Decision rule:
Table A21 of the appendixes reveals that, for n=9 and α =0.05, the critical value of rs is
0.600, since the computed value -0.673 is greater than 0.600 we conclude that the
concentration of nitrates is related to temperature.

Correlation Between the Concentration of Nitrates and Depth

Using the Spearman Rank Correlation to test for the relationship between the two parameters
of underground water. At 0.05 significance level (α=0.05).

Hypotheses: Two sided

H0: Concentration of Nitrates and depth are independent.
H1: There is a direct relationship between the concentration of nitrates and depth in
underground water of Aisleby farm and its environs.
-let the concentration of nitrates be represented by (Xi)
-let the depth be represented by (Yi)

The steps followed are shown in the table below.

B/H No. (Xi) (Yi) R(Xi) R(Yi) di d2
1 14.2 18.5 7 2 5 25
3
2 11.43 29 5 7 -2 4
3 0.053 30.5 1 8 -7 49
4 0.97 34 2 10 -8 64
5 32.6 27.2 9 6 3 9
6 6.47 26.0 3 5 -2 4
8 42.87 17.5 10 1 9 81
9 6.86 24.0 4 3 1 1
10 28 25.5 8 4 4 16
11 12.7 30.8 9 9 -3 9
Summation of d2 236

rs= 1- =0.59

Decision rule:
Table A21 of the appendixes reveals that, for n=10 and α =0.05, the critical value of rs is
0.564, since the computed value 0.59 is grater than 0.564 we conclude that the concentration
of nitrates is related to the level of depth.

Correlation Between the Concentration of Nitrates and PV

Using the Spearman Rank Correlation to test for the relationship between the two parameters
of underground water. At 0.05 significance level (α=0.05).

Hypotheses: Two sided

H0: Concentration of Nitrates and PV are independent.
H1: There is a direct relationship between the concentration of nitrates and PV in
underground water of Aisleby farm and its environs.
-let the concentration of nitrates be represented by (Xi)
-let the PV be represented by (Yi)

4
The steps followed are shown in the table below.
B/H No. (Xi) (Yi) R(Xi) R(Yi) di d2
1 14.2 0.36 7 1 6 36
2 11.43 6.2 6 7 -1 1
3 0.053 4.8 2 6 -4 16
4 0.97 1.5 3 5 -2 4
5 32.6 0.5 8 3 5 25
6 6.47 1.0 4 4 0 0
7 0.01 8.2 1 8 -7 49
8 42.87 0.4 9 2 7 49
9 6.86 23.6 5 9 -4 16
196

rs= 1- =-0.633

Decision rule:
Table A21 of the appendixes reveals that, for n=9 and α =0.05, the critical value of rs is
0.600, since the computed value 0.633 is greater than 0.600 we conclude that the
concentration of nitrates is inversely related to PV.

Correlation Between the Concentration of Nitrates and pH

Using the Spearman Rank Correlation to test for the relationship between the two parameters
of underground water. At 0.05 significance level (α=0.05).

5
Hypotheses: Two sided
H0: Concentration of Nitrates and pH are independent.
H1: There is a direct relationship between the concentration of nitrates and pH in
underground water of Aisleby farm and its environs.
-let the concentration of nitrates be represented by (Xi)
-let the pH be represented by (Yi)

The steps followed are shown in the table below.

B/H No. (Xi) (Yi) R(Xi) R(Yi) di d2
1 14.2 6.55 7 1 6 36
2 11.43 7.08 6 3 3 9
3 0.053 7.77 2 7 -5 25
4 0.97 7.22 3 4 -1 1
5 32.6 6.97 10 2 8 16
6 6.47 7.29 5 5 0 0
7 0.01 7.37 1 6 -5 25
Leachates
1 32.5 8.20 11 10 1
2 29.08 8.06 9 8 1
3 14.29 8.29 8 11 9
4 2.38 8.16 4 9 25
Summation of d2 148

rs= 1- =0.327

Decision rule:
Table A21 of the appendixes reveals that, for n=11 and α =0.05, the critical value of rs is
0.536, since the computed value 0.327 is less than 0.536 we conclude that the concentration
of nitrates is not related to the pH.

6
Correlation between the Concentration of Nitrates and Sulphates
Using the Spearman Rank Correlation to test for the relationship between the two
constituents of underground water. At 0.05 significance level (α=0.05).

Hypotheses: Two sided

H0: Concentration of Nitrates and Sulphates are independent.
H1: There is a direct relationship between the concentration of nitrates and sulphates in
underground water of Aisleby farm and its environs.
-let the concentration of nitrates be represented by (Xi)
-let the pH be represented by (Yi)

The steps followed are shown in the table below.

B/H No. (Xi) (Yi) R(Xi) R(Yi) di d2
1 14.2 39.9 7 3 3 9
2 11.43 31.03 6 1 5 25
3 0.053 41.8 2 4 -2 4
4 0.97 175.5 3 9 -6 36
5 32.6 35.29 8 2 6 36
6 6.47 114.39 4 8 -4 16
7 0.01 58.82 1 6 -5 25
8 32.5 59.3 9 5 4 16
9 29.08 106.7 5 7 -2 4

rs= 1- =-0.125

Decision rule:

7
Table A21 of the appendixes reveals that, for n=11 and α =0.05, the critical value of rs is
0.600, since the computed value 0.125 is less than 0.600 we conclude that the concentration
of nitrates is not related to the concentration of sulphates.

Correlation between the Concentration of Nitrates and Phosphates

Using the Spearman Rank Correlation to test for the relationship between the two chemical
constituents of underground water. At 0.05 significance level (α=0.05).

Hypotheses: Two sided

H0: Concentration of Nitrates and phosphates are independent.
H1: There is a direct relationship between the concentration of nitrates and phosphates in
underground water of Aisleby farm and its environs.
-let the concentration of nitrates be represented by (Xi)
-let the phosphates be represented by (Yi)

The steps followed are shown in the table below.

B/H No. (Xi) (Yi) R(Xi) R(Yi) di d2
1 14.2 1.635 5 4 1 1
3 0.053 1.396 1 2 -1 1
4 0.97 0.13 2 1 1 1
6 6.47 0.14 3 3 0 0
8 32.5 0.27 7 5 2 4
9 29.08 3.195 4 6 -2 4
12 19.4 5.65 6 7 -1 1
11

rs= 1- =0.81

Decision rule:

8
Table A21 of the appendixes reveals that, for n=7and α =0.05, the critical value of rs is 0.714,
since the computed value 0.81 is less than 0.714 we conclude that the concentration of
nitrates is directly related to the concentration of phosphates.

Correlation between the Concentration of Nitrates and Total Hardness

Using the Spearman Rank Correlation to test for the relationship between the two parameters
constituents of underground water. At 0.05 significance level (α=0.05).

Hypotheses: Two sided

H0: Concentration of Nitrates and total hardness are independent.
H1: There is a direct relationship between the concentration of nitrates and total hardness in
underground water of Aisleby farm and its environs.
-let the concentration of nitrates be represented by (Xi)
-let the total hardness be represented by (Yi)

The steps followed are shown in the table below.

B/H No. (Xi) (Yi) R(Xi) R(Yi) di d2
1 14.2 905 5 6 -1 1
3 0.053 410 1 4 -3 9
4 0.97 937 2 7 -5 25
6 6.47 823 3 5 -2 4
8 32.5 270.5 7 2 5 25
9 29.08 178 4 1 3 9
12 19.4 381.5 6 3 3 9
82

rs= 1- =-0.46

Decision rule:
9
Table A21 of the appendixes reveals that, for n=7and α =0.05, the critical value of rs is 0.714,
since the computed value –0.46 is less than 0.714 we conclude that the concentration of
nitrates is not related to the concentration of total hardness.

Correlation between the Concentration of Nitrates and Alkanity

Using the Spearman Rank Correlation to test for the relationship between the two parameters
of underground water. At 0.05 significance level (α=0.05).

Hypotheses: Two sided

H0: Concentration of Nitrates and total hardness are independent.
H1: There is a direct relationship between the concentration of nitrates and alkalinity in
underground water of Aisleby farm and its environs.
-let the concentration of nitrates be represented by (Xi)
-let alkalinity be represented by (Yi)

The steps followed are shown in the table below.

B/H No. (Xi) (Yi) R(Xi) R(Yi) di d2
1 14.2 272 5 5 0 0
3 0.053 90.7 1 2 -1 1
4 0.97 568 2 6 -4 16
6 6.47 634 3 7 -4 16
8 32.5 17 7 1 6 36
9 29.08 196.5 4 4 0 0
12 19.4 98 6 3 3 9
77

rs= 1- =-0.375

Decision rule:

10
Table A21 of the appendixes reveals that, for n=7and @=0.05, the critical value of rs is
0.714, since the computed value –0.375 is less than 0.714 we conclude that the concentration
of nitrates is not related to the alkalinity.

Correlation between the Concentration of Nitrates and Conductivity

Using the Spearman Rank Correlation to test for the relationship between the two parameters
of underground water. At 0.05 significance level (α=0.05).

Hypotheses: Two sided

H0: Concentration of Nitrates and conductivity are independent.
H1: There is a direct relationship between the concentration of nitrates and conductivity in
underground water of Aisleby farm and its environs.
-let the concentration of nitrates be represented by (Xi)
-let the conductivity be represented by (Yi)

The steps followed are shown in the table below.

B/H No. (Xi) (Yi) R(Xi) R(Yi) di d2
1 14.2 229 6 7 -1 1
2 11.43 94.2 5 3 2 4
3 0.053 116.9 2 4 -2 4
4 0.97 0.34 3 1 2 4
5 32.6 196.6 7 6 1 1
6 6.47 0.36 4 2 2 4
7 0.01 174.2 1 5 4 16

rs= 1- =-0.19

Decision rule:

11
Table A21 of the appendixes reveals that, for n=7and α =0.05, the critical value of rs is 0.714,
since the computed value –0.19 is less than 0.714 we conclude that the concentration of
nitrates is not related to the conductivity.

12
Questionnaire: Occurrence of Nitrates in Underground Water of Aisleby
Farm and its Environs.

1. Address
54 Alexander

2. Agricultural activities at the neighborhood of a borehole.

Irrigated Lawn

3. Source of water for irrigation

Borehole water

Compund D
4. Type of fertilizers used

5. Size of farming area 60m2

30 years
6. Period of duration of the type of farming

7. Is the borehole water used for drinking water?

NO

8. Any experiences of the blue baby syndrome

NO

9. Depth of borehole
29m

13
Questionnaire: Occurrence of Nitrates in Underground Water of Aisleby
Farm and its Environs.

1. Address
56 Primula

2. Agricultural activities at the neighborhood of a borehole.

Irrigated vegetable, cabbages,fruits

3. Source of water for irrigation

Borehole water

N/A
4. Type of fertilizers used

5. Size of farming area 5ha

many
6. Period of duration of the type of farming

7. Is the borehole water used for drinking water?

yes

8. Any experiences of the blue baby syndrome

NO

9. Depth of borehole
18.5

14
Questionnaire: Occurrence of Nitrates in Underground Water of Aisleby
Farm and its Environs.

1. Address
29 Fletcher

2. Agricultural activities at the neighborhood of a borehole.

Irrigated maize, sorghum, sugar

beans

3. Source of water for irrigation

Treated W/W

NO
4. Type of fertilizers used

5. Size of farming area 4.2ha

15 years
6. Period of duration of the type of farming

7. Is the borehole water used for drinking water?

NO

8. Any experiences of the blue baby syndrome

NO

9. Depth of borehole
30.5m

15
Questionnaire: Occurrence of Nitrates in Underground Water of Aisleby
Farm and its Environs.

1. Address
6 Cunningham

2. Agricultural activities at the neighborhood of a borehole.

Irrigated vegetables

3. Source of water for irrigation

Borehole water

Chicken manure
4. Type of fertilizers used

5. Size of farming area

18years
6. Period of duration of the type of farming

7. Is the borehole water used for drinking water?

yes

8. Any experiences of the blue baby syndrome

NO

9. Depth of borehole
30.8

16
Questionnaire: Occurrence of Nitrates in Underground Water of Aisleby
Farm and its Environs.

1. Address
19 Nerine

2. Agricultural activities at the neighborhood of a borehole.

Irrigated oranges, naartjies

3. Source of water for irrigation

Borehole water

NO
4. Type of fertilizers used

5. Size of farming area 5ha

Many years
6. Period of duration of the type of farming

7. Is the borehole water used for drinking water?

NO

8. Any experiences of the blue baby syndrome

NO

9. Depth of borehole
34

17