Entropy:

Entropy is the disorderness of molecules. If the disorderness is more,

entropy will be more. Entropy is an abstract property and it is difficult to
provide its physical description. Second law of thermodynamics clearly
explains its definition. Entropy is expressed in kJ/K.

Specific Entropy:

Entropy per unit mass is termed as specific entropy. It is expressed

in . Generally, we are more concerned about the change in

specific entropy in engineering calculations.

Enthalpy:

Enthalpy is a property of a thermodynamic system, which is equal to the

internal energy of the system plus the product of pressure and volume. It is
expressed in kJ.

Specific Enthalpy:

Enthalpy per unit mass is termed as specific enthalpy. It is expressed

in
. Generally, we are more concerned about the change in specific enthalpy
in engineering calculations.

Dryness fraction (or Quality):

It is the ratio of mass of the vapor content to the total mass (mass of vapor
+ mass of liquid).

Adiabatic process:

It is a thermodynamic process in which there is no heat transfer.

Reversible process:

A process is said to be reversible if it follows the same path when reversed.

Otherwise, it is an irreversible process. For the process to be reversible,
there should be no-friction and the process should be quasi-static
(extremely slow).
Isentropic process:

If the process is both reversible and adiabatic, then it is said to be an

isentropic process. In an isentropic process, entropy remains constant i.e.
change in entropy is zero.

Heat:

Heat is a form of energy which crosses the boundary because of

temperature difference. It is a transit form of energy. It can be described as
a path function because it depends on the path followed by the process. It
is not a property. Heat lost from the system is considered as negative and
heat gained by the system is considered as positive.

Work:

In thermodynamics, work done is the amount of energy transfer between

the system and the surroundings because of forces exerted by the system
on the surroundings or vice versa. Work done is negative when the work is
done on the system and work done is positive when the work is done by
the system.

Thermal efficiency of the cycle:

It is defined as the ratio of net work done by the cycle to the amount of heat
supplied to the cycle. It is denoted by .

In this problem, the difficult part is drawing the reheat Rankine cycle from
the information given in the question, and the rest of the steps are easy.
Use property tables and fundamental relations for determining the
properties of the steam at different states of the cycle. Once the properties
are known, it is easy finding the quality at the turbine exit, the thermal
efficiency of the cycle, and the mass flow rate of the steam.

Rankine Cycle: A simple Rankine cycle is the idealized cycle for steam
power plants. It consists of two reversible adiabatic processes and two
constant pressure processes.

Reheat Rankine Cycle:

In reheat Rankine cycle, the turbine expansion process takes place in two
stages. In the first stage, steam is expanded to an intermediate pressure,
and then reheat the steam in the boiler mostly to the inlet temperature of
the first turbine at constant pressure, In the second stage, steam is
expanded to the condenser pressure. First stage expansion takes place in
high-pressure turbine, and second stage expansion takes place in low-
pressure turbine. Introducing reheat will improve the efficiency of the cycle
by at least 4%.

T-s diagram of reheat Rankine Cycle:

In the above figure, 1-2s-3-4s-5-6s is the ideal reheat Rankine cycle,

whereas 1-2-3-4-5-6 is the actual reheat Rankine cycle.

List of processes in ideal reheat Rankine cycle:

Process 1-2s: Isentropic compression during which work is supplied to the

pump

Process 2s-3: Constant pressure heat addition to the boiler

Process 3-4s: First-stage isentropic work expansion

Process 4s-5: Reheating

Process 5-6s: Second-stage isentropic work expansion

Process 6s-1: Constant pressure heat rejection in the condenser

List of processes in actual reheat Rankine cycle:

Process 1-2: Actual compression during which work is supplied to the

pump

Process 2-3: Constant pressure heat addition to the boiler

Process 3-4: First-stage actual (irreversible) work expansion

Process 4-5: Reheating

Process 5-6: Second-stage actual (irreversible) work expansion

Process 6-1: Constant pressure heat rejection in the condenser

Useful relations on reheat Rankine cycle for the above T-s diagram:

The actual specific work input to the cycle is given by,

Here, specific volume at state 1 is , pressure in the boiler is
, pressure in the condenser

is and isentropic efficiency of the

pump is .

The expression for actual specific work input for 1-2, from first law of
thermodynamics is expressed as:

Here, specific enthalpy at state 2 is and specific enthalpy at state 1

is

The expression for total work output from the turbine is given by,

Here, specific enthalpy at state 3 is , specific enthalpy at state 4

is specific enthalpy at state 5 is , and specific enthalpy at state 6
is
The equation for the net-work output of the cycle is given by,

Here, the net-work output is .

The total specific heat input to the cycle is given by,

Here, specific enthalpy at state 3 is , specific enthalpy at state 2

is specific enthalpy at state 5 is , and specific enthalpy at state 4
is

The equation for the thermal efficiency of the cycle is given by,

Here, is the
heat input of the cycle.

The isentropic efficiency of high-pressure turbine is given by,

Here, specific enthalpy at state 3 is , specific enthalpy at state 4

is and specific enthalpy at state 4s is

The isentropic efficiency of low-pressure turbine is given by,

Here, specific enthalpy at state 5 is , specific enthalpy at

state 6 is and specific enthalpy at state 6s is

The general expression for quality in terms of the specific

enthalpy is given by,
Here, specific enthalpy at the required state

is , specific enthalpy of saturated

liquid is and specific enthalpy of saturated vapor is .

The general expression for quality in terms of the specific

entropy is given by,

Here, specific entropy at the required state is , specific entropy of

saturated liquid is , and specific entropy of saturated
vapor is .

Step: 1

T-s diagram for the reheat Rankine cycle is shown below:

Explanation:

In the above figure, 1-2s-3-4s-5-6s is the ideal reheat Rankine cycle,

whereas 1-2-3-4-5-6 is the actual reheat Rankine cycle. 10 MPa is the
boiler pressure, 10 kPa is the condenser pressure, 1 MPa is the
intermediate pressure at which reheating occurs, and is the inlet
temperature of the first turbine (or the second turbine).

Hint:

Use steam tables and the basic relations for finding the properties of steam
at different states of the cycle.

Step: 2
(a)

Refer to “Saturated water-pressure tables”, and interpret the values

of and at

pressure .

Calculate the actual specific work input to the cycle.

Here, specific volume at state 1 is , pressure in the boiler is

, pressure in the condenser

is and isentropic efficiency of the

pump is .

Substitute for , for , for , and 0.95 for

Calculate the specific enthalpy of steam at state 2.

Here, specific enthalpy at state 2 is and specific enthalpy at state 1
is

Substitute for and for .

Refer to “superheated water tables” and interpret the values of ,

and at pressure , and temperature .

Interpret the value of at pressure , and in “superheated

water table” by interpolation method.

Express the efficiency of high-pressure turbine.

Here, specific enthalpy at state 3 is , specific enthalpy at state 4

is and specific enthalpy at state 4s is

Substitute for , 0.80 for ,

and for .
Refer to steam tables and interpret the value of , and at
pressure , and temperature .

Interpret the values of , and from “saturated water-

pressure tables” at pressure .

Express the quality of steam at state 6s.

Here, specific entropy of saturated liquid is and specific

entropy of is .

Substitute for , for , and

for .

Refer to steam tables and interpret the values

of and
at pressure .
Express the specific enthalpy of steam at state 6s.

Substitute for
, for , and 0.9427 for .

Express the efficiency of low-pressure turbine.

Substitute for , 0.80 for ,

and for .

The obtained value is greater than the value of saturated vapor

at pressure in “saturated water-pressure table”.
Hence it implies that it is a superheated vapor. Therefore, from
“superheated water table”, find the

temperature , at pressure ,
and enthalpy value by interpolation method.
Explanation:

The fundamental relations and steam tables are utilized in finding the
quality of the steam or the temperature at the exit of the turbine.

Hint:

Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle by calculating the total net
work output and the heat input to the cycle.

Step: 3

(b)

Express the specific work output from the turbine.

Here, specific work output from the turbine is .

Substitute for
, for , for ,
and for .

Express the specific heat input to the cycle.

Here, specific heat input of the cycle is .

Substitute for , for

, for and for .
Express the specific net-work output of the cycle .

Substitute
for and for .

Express the thermal efficiency of the cycle .

Substitute for and for .

Explanation:

We have already calculated the specific work input to the cycle in step 1.
So, the required variables to be calculated are specific work output and the
net work output. If these are obtained, thermal efficiency can be simply
found out.

Hint:
Determine the mass flow rate of steam in the cycle by considering the ratio
of net power output and the net specific work output.

Step: 4

(c)

Calculate the mass flow rate of steam.

Here, net power output is .

Substitute for and for .

Explanation:

Simply substitute the known values in the formula and calculate the mass
flow rate.

Answer:

The temperature of steam at the exit of turbine is and the

exit of the turbine is in superheated state.