Guía Metodológica-Lengua Extranjera IV-Inglés-Primavera 2024

Lengua Extranjera IV: Inglés
Student’s
Elaborada por:
Andrade Bonilla Fernando Gustavo
Jainz Suárez Eckeer
López Pérez Claudia
Madrid Alcázar Magdalena
Academia General de Lengua Extranjera NMS-BUAP
Guía Metodológica
Lengua Extranjera IV-Inglés
Comisión de elaboración:
Nombre ID Unidad Académica
Andrade Bonilla Fernando Gustavo 100195800 Preparatoria 2 de Octubre 1968
Jainz Suárez Eckeer 100299366 Preparatoria Emiliano Zapata
López Pérez Claudia NSS520298 Preparatoria Emiliano Zapata San Martín
Preparatoria Regional Enrique Cabrera
Madrid Alcázar Magdalena 100209177
Barroso
Primavera 2024
Propósito de la guía
El propósito de esta guía metodológica es apoyar en forma integral al estudiante a lograr
el nivel de conocimiento deseado para este curso, haciendo uso de las competencias
comunicativas de acuerdo con el Marco Curricular Común Europeo de las Lenguas enfocado
en las 4 habilidades básicas del idioma (escuchar, leer, escribir, hablar), requeridas en el
aprendizaje de una segunda lengua (Inglés), a través de la cual los alumnos utilizarán algunos
contenidos del plan 07 de Lengua Extranjera IV en un contexto determinado.
Índice
BLOQUE 1 Páginas
Adjectives 5
Activity 1 Writing
Activity 2 Speaking
Activity 3 Listening
Activity 4 Reading
Adverbs of Time for Past Tense 18
Activity 1 Reading
Activity 3 Writing
Activity 4 Speaking
Regular & Irregular Verbs 30
Activity 2 Reading
Activity 3 Writing
Activity 4 Speaking
Comparatives 42
Activity 1 Reading
Activity 3 Writing
Activity 4 Speaking
Comparative & Superlative Forms 55
Activity 1 Reading
Activity 3 Writing
Activity 4 Speaking
BLOQUE 2 BLOQUE 2
Modals Polite Request, Offer & Invitation 68
Activity 1 Writing
Activity 3 Speaking
Activity 4 Reading
Prohibition Modals 74
Activity 1 Writing
Activity 2 Reading
Activity 4 Speaking
Vocabulary & expressions according to communicative intention 85
Activity 1 Writing
Activity 2 Speaking
Activity 4 Reading
BLOQUE 3 BLOQUE 3
Present simple with future meaning 101
Activity 1 Writing
Activity 2 Speaking
Activity 3 Reading
Future structure 103
Activity 2 Writing
Activity 3 Speaking
Activity 4 Reading
Time expression 117
Activity 1 Writing
Activity 3 Reading
Activity 4 Speaking
Connectors 122
Activity 1 Writing
Activity 3 Speaking
Activity 4 Reading
DISCOVER
In English there is a variety of adjective types but, we work on Descriptive Adjectives.
1. Qualifiers: fat, blonde, caring, stubborn, smart, etc.

2. Demonstration: this, that, these, those.
3. Quantitative: none, some, any, many, etc.
4. Possessive: my, his, their, your, etc.
5. Numerical: one, three, fourth, nineth, etc.
Descriptive Adjectives
1. Qualifying adjectives, better known descriptive adjectives are those words that we use to
modify or complement the noun. In general, they are used to describe, complement, or
quantify the name in the sentence. For example:
I have a happy cat.

Mathematics is not a difficult thing.
His dad drives a nice sport car.
The students got a good grade in the test.
I hope you have a nice day!
Characteristics of Adjectives in English

1. They precede the noun in most cases:
• The latest update.
• A piece of important information.
• My grandma loves sewing.
2. A noun can function as an adjective when used to describe another noun: The leather purse.
• A department store.
• The police officer.
3. They are invariable in gender and number:
• She has funny friends.
• He called his grandma last night.
• You need to buy two yellow flowers.
4. Adjectives can come after state or sensation verbs, such as the verbs to be, to feel, to smell, etc.
• I feel good this morning! I think I’ll go running.
• You look awesome! Are you on a diet?
• Chris didn’t come because he’s sick.
The order where to place adjective:
They are almost always used in the opposite of Spanish (are put one after the other unused “y” as
in Spanish) And they are always placed in front of the noun.
El auto viejo - the old car
La casa chica rosa y maravillosa - The wonderful small pink house.
La chica hermosa y alta - the beautiful tall girl
For basic level it is better to use only one or two adjectives, more advanced the level of English the
stricter the order of the adjectives.
In fact, in English it is necessary to follow a strict order in case we want to use several adjectives to
describe a noun. This is a very marked difference between English and Spanish, because in our
language we do not usually give importance to the order in which we say the adjectives.
There are 10 kinds of adjectives in English, and they always go in the same order within a sentence.
In addition, pay attention to this list on adjective order in English:
Number. Cardinal or ordinal numbers can serve as adjectives, if they precede a noun and serve to
add information about it. Examples: the second row, six coins.
Opinion (opinion). That is, what we think about that thing or person. Examples: a controversial
opinion, a funny book, a good teacher.
Size. What the name implies: a tall mountain, a big cat.

Shape. This includes not only adjectives such as round or circular, but also adjectives of weight.
Examples: a heavy table, a round room.
Condition. How this thing or person is doing at any given time. Examples: a clean glass, a broken
umbrella.
Age. These adjectives refer to the age or seniority of something or someone. Examples: an old chair, a
modern building.
Colour/color. This includes not only basic colors, but also adjectives such as "reddish" or "yellowish".
Examples: a reddish fruit, a yellowish wall.
Pattern. The pattern or drawing of a material or an animal. Examples: a spotted dog, a stripped dress.
Origin. Where the thing (or person) comes from. Examples: an American girl, the Nordic countries.
Material (material). What something is made of. Examples: a plastic fork, a ceramic bowl.
Purpose. These types of adjectives describe what something is made for and are usually in the form
of gerunds. Examples: a fishing rod, a drawing board.
Activity 1 writing
EXAMPLES
1. glass / a / round/ small/ table

A small round glass table
2. Paris / French / city / a / old / wonderful / is
____________________
3. a / blue / cotton / bath / towel / large
____________________
4. fat / brown / cats / two
____________________
5. red / new / a / car / fast
___________________
6. day / a / cold / winter / long
____________________
7. small / three / books / black
____________________
8. big / red / a / apple / delicious
____________________
9. man / an / Canadian / old / intelligent.
____________________
10. wooden / a / chair / old / big
____________________
REMEMBER
Activity 2 Speaking
According to the adjective above in pairs describe the picture below.

1.
A: What does he look like?
B:He´s tall and bald. He has oval face, and straight nose with slight body.
2.___________________?
__________________________
3. ___________________?
__________________________
4. ___________________?
__________________________
5. ___________________?
__________________________
6. ___________________?
__________________________
Extra activity: Practice in pairs these questions: What do you look like? What kind of hair have you
got? What colour eyes have you got? Are you happy with your appearance? Why? Why not?
First read exercises 1 and 2. Click the link below and listen to the dialogue and answer the exercises.
A1_describing_people.mp3
Extra activity
In pairs practice the dialogue below, then change information according to your preferences.
❖ Aurelia: Who’s that boy over there, Hannah?
❖ Hannah: That? Er, that’s my brother, Jem.
❖ Aurelia: Your brother?
❖ Hannah: Yes, and that’s his girlfriend Lucy. The pretty girl with the long, brown hair.
❖ Aurelia: Oh right. So, you’ve got a brother?
❖ Hannah: No, I’ve got two brothers. Jem and Alex.
❖ Aurelia: Really? ... and ... how old is Alex?
❖ Hannah: Alex and Jem are twins, they’re both 15.
❖ Aurelia: 15, mmm ... and does Alex look like Jem?
❖ Hannah: They’re exactly the same! They’re both tall and thin. They’ve both got short brown
hair, green eyes and big ears!
❖ Aurelia: They’re not big, I think they’re cute. And ... has Alex got a girlfriend?
Activity 4 Reading
DISCOVER
What are past tense adverbs?
Adverbs of time are before, after, then, late, early, still, yet already, yesterday, today, tomorrow, the day
before, always, last night, right away, now, while.
English Adverbs from Past Time
• Always, seldom, sometimes, never, frequently, often, usually, etc.

• En ese día-In that day- en ese día.
• Durante aquella semana/momento/año/temporada, etc. During that
week/day/moment/year/season, etc.
• A eso de/alrededor de las at about (time)
• Ayer-yesterday.
• Ayer en la mañana/noche/afternoon-yesterday morning /night /afternoon.
• Anteayer-day before yesterday.
• Anoche-night.
• A mediodía-noon.
• A medianoche-at midnight.
• En ese momento-At that moment.
• Por la mañana-In the morning.
• La noche pasada /la semana pasada /el año pasado-last night/ week/ month/ year.
What is the order of adverbs of time in general in English?
Adverbs that indicate how often an action takes place are usually placed before the main verb but after
auxiliary verbs (such as be, have, may, must). The only exception occurs when the main verb is "to be":
in this case, the adverb is placed after the verb.
Note: remember that there are two types of adverbs: those that come before the verb and those that go
at the end of the sentence.
REMEMBER
Observe the following charts, pay attention to the uses of adverbs of time in past tense.
Notes: The past time adverbs yesterday, last week etc., cannot be used with present or future tenses.
However, expressions like since last week, since yesterday etc., can be used with the present perfect
tense.
Grammar Practice
Exercise
Convert the following sentences into interrogative and negative form (did not/didn’t)
1. I moved to North Korea in June.
2. My wife left me the day before yesterday.
3. She never invited me to her parties.
4. It happened too often in the past.
5. Her father changed jobs a month ago.
6. He called the other night.
7. My mom talked to him once at my wedding.
8. I never went to the cinema while I was a kid.
9. My parents moved to Chicago when I was a baby.
10. I read that fairy tale during my childhood.
Activity 1 Reading
Read the article and answer the following sentences, check √ True or False.
True False
1 Madela became an activist when he was 18.
2 He was politically active in the 1940’s.
3 He founded against racism for two decades.
4 He won the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize alone.
5 In the 1990’s, Mandela became President of South Africa
Listening 2 Activity
In this activity, you will listen to a radio program about the most important events of
the 20th century according to a poll conducted in the US by the Gallup News Service.
Click on the link to listen
The top five events of the 20th Century.ogg
The top five events of the 20th Century
___The assassination of President Kennedy in 1963

___Dropping the atomic bomb on Hiroshima in 1945
___Women gaining the right to vote in 1920
___The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989
___The Nazi Holocaust during world war II
___Landing a man on the moon in 1969
___The US Depression in the 1930
___Passage of the 1964 Civil Right Act
___World War I
___World War II
Writing 3 Activity
The top five historical events of your country
In the listening activity, you found out which are the most important events in the 20th
century for the American people. Now it's your turn to talk about your country.
In this activity, you will choose the most important events of the history of your country.
First, think which are the most critical events in the history in your country. Then, choose
five and write them in order. Number 1 is the most important. Use past time expressions to
say when the events happened.
Please, before you give your teacher your Top 5, make sure it has the characteristics
contained in the rubrics.
According to the example given above, write your five historical events of your country using
between 40 - 60 words.
When you finish, use the following rubrics to evaluate your progress.
Speaking 4 Activity
In pairs you will find a list of questions. First, read the questions and then choose ten
questions. Then answer them using full sentences with past time expressions. Don’t forget
to give details about that time.
Look at the examples:
A: When was the last time you went shopping?
B: I went shopping three months ago. I bought a pair of shoes. I went on a date last month. I
went out with Sandra.
When was the last time you……..

DISCOVER
Regular And Irregular Verbs
Basic verbs
• Drink – Beber • Travel – Viajar
• Be – Ser/estar • Understand –
• Have – Tener Entender
• Do – Hacer • Write – Escribir
• Make – Hacer • Read – Leer • Start – Empezar
• Get – Conseguir • Speak – Hablar • Stop – Parar
• Take – Tomar • Tell – Decir • Need – Necesitar
• Try – Intentar • Meet – • Use – Usar
• Know – Saber Encontrarte (con • Can – Poder
• Think – Pensar alguien) • Clean – Limpiar
• Feel – Sentir • Teach – Enseñar • Help – Ayudar
• See – Ver • Learn – Aprender • Run – Correr
• Give – Dar • Send – Enviar • Cook – Cocinar
• Bring – Traer • Forget – Olvidar • Open – Abrir
• Buy – Comprar • Dream – Soñar • Close – Cerrar
• Cost – Costar • Pay – Pagar • Move – Mover
• Break – Romper • Sell – Vender • Sing – Cantar
• Put – Poner • Call – Llamar • Swim – Nadar
• Eat – Comer • Play – Jugar • Dance – Bailar
• Sleep – Dormir • Drive – Manejar • Work – Trabajar
In English there are regulars and irregulars verbs in past tense.
Regular verbs are the ones that their conjugation just adds -ed at the end of the verbs (as a suffix)
Play – played
Work - worked
Irregular verbs are the ones that change their phonemes when you do the conjugation.
Write - wrote
Speak - spoke
PRACTICE
Warm up
Complete the table below the words are missing
Verb in base Verb in the form of the past Verb Translation
form tense type
be Was/Were Irregular Ser/Estar
Can Could Irregular
Came Irregular Venir
Do Did Hacer
Feel Irregular
Get Got Irregular Conseguir/Llegar/Recibir/Comprar
Gave Irregular Dar
Go Irregular
Have Had Irregular Tener
Help Helped Ayudar
Laugh Laughed Regular
Left Irregular Dejar
Like Liked Regular Gustar
Live Vivir
Love Loved Amar
Made Irregular Construir/Hacer/Fabricar
Need Needed Regular
Say Decir
See Saw Ver
Started Regular Empezar
Stop Stopped Regular
Talk Talked Hablar
Think Irregular
Walk Regular Caminar
Watch Watched Regular
Worked Regular Trabajar
DISCOVER
Sometimes when we use a dictionary, we often find transitive verbs (tr) or intransitive verbs (itr), and
we do not understand what they are. Here is a brief explanation about them:
Transitive Verbs
A transitive verb is a verb that requires an object to receive the action.

Example:
Correct: The speaker discussed different marketing strategies in the video.
Incorrect: The speaker discussed in the video.
The verb "discuss" requires an object ("different marketing strategies"). It is necessary to state what
the speaker discussed.
Example Sentences
Some other examples of transitive verbs are "address," "borrow," "bring," "discuss," "raise," "offer,"
"pay," "write," "promise," and "have."
The instructor addressed the student’s question.
Miriam borrowed the methodology book from her classmate because she forgot her copy.
Can you bring your copy of the textbook to our study group meeting?
Donovan gave the gift to his sister.
The committee members will raise money for the new project.
Direct and Indirect Objects
A transitive verb can take more than one object.

Donovan gave his sister a laptop.
In this sentence, there is an indirect object, "his sister," and a direct object, "a laptop." However, there
is another way to say this same idea using a prepositional phrase.
Donovan gave a laptop to his sister.
In English, an indirect object may come between a transitive verb and the direct object, like the first
example sentence about Donovan, or the indirect object could be in the form of a prepositional phrase,
like the second example sentence about Donovan.
An indirect object is only needed if the action is being done to or for somebody; when using a transitive
verb, you need to include a direct object, but you may not need to include an indirect object.
Finding the Object
You can figure out the direct object by using this question format: “The subject did what?” or “The
subject [verb] what?”
The instructor addressed what?
the student’s question
Miriam borrowed what?
the methodology book
Can you bring what?
your copy of the text book
The speaker discussed what?
different marketing strategies
The committee members will raise what?
money
You can find the indirect object by asking the question “To whom?” or “For whom?”
Donovan gave a laptop to whom?
his sister
Intransitive Verbs
An intransitive verb does not take an object. Using an object immediately after an intransitive verb will
create an incorrect sentence. However, there may be other information after the verb, such as one or
more prepositional phrases or an adverb.
Example
Correct: The students arrived at the residency in Houston.
Incorrect: The students arrived in Houston.
The second sentence is incorrect because the verb cannot take an object.
Example Sentences
Some other examples of intransitive verbs are "deteriorate," "vote," "sit," "increase," "laugh,"
"originate," "fluctuate," and "trend."
The patient’s health deteriorated quickly.
Ahmad voted in the local election.
May I sit here?
Attendance increased at the weekly study sessions as finals drew near.
Susan laughed.
Note: An intransitive verb can take more than one prepositional phrase or adverb.
The patient’s health deteriorated quickly during the night.
Ahmad voted for the incumbent in the local election.
Verbs That Are Both Transitive and Intransitive
Some verbs can be both transitive and intransitive, depending on the situation. In some instances,
such a verb may require an object, while in others it does not require an object.
Example Sentences
Format reminder: verb, object, propositional phrase, adverb
continue
We will continue the meeting after the break. (transitive)
The meeting continued after the break. (intransitive)
play
Three of the students play the guitar. (transitive)
The students will play outside today. (intransitive)
return
Javier returned the book to the library. (transitive)
The students returned to school after the winter break. (intransitive)
grow
I grow zucchini in my garden. (transitive)
My daughter is growing quickly. (intransitive)
If you are unsure about whether a verb is transitive or intransitive, you can check a dictionary. Most
dictionaries, such as the online version of Merriam Webster, Larousse dictionary, internet dictionaries,
indicate whether a verb, and each definition of the verb, is transitive or intransitive. Whether a verb is
transitive, or intransitive may depend on whether the verb has multiple meanings. Make sure to read
through the examples provided in the dictionary, if available, to ensure that you are using the verb
correctly.
REMEMBER
Regular and irregular verbs
Regular Irregular
Regular verbs are verbs whose past tense Irregular verbs in English are those whose
versions are formed by adding an -ed to the conjugation does not return to the -ed ending in
end, such as 'walk,' 'climb,' 'decide,' 'describe,' its past tense and past participle forms. For this
'drop,' 'want,' 'call,' and 'beg. ' A simple past reason, in order to conjugate this type of verb, it
sentence contains only the past tense verb, as in is necessary to contemplate specific rules and
'She walked to school. exceptions. See list of irregular verbs.
Verbs in English are one of the most important grammatical elements. Along with nouns, adjectives
and adverbs, they represent one of the most numerous categories of words in the language. Thanks
to all of them it is possible to structure sentences. In addition to this, their importance also lies in the
fact that they fulfill the function of expressing actions or states, which is why they are present in all
types of sentences.
What are regular verbs in English?
Regular verbs in English are those to which you only have to add –ed or –d to the end of the infinitive
form, or base form, to obtain the past and past participle conjugation forms. For example, play is a
regular verb because its preterite and past participle forms are as follows:
Past tense of the verb play : played
Past participle of the verb play : played .
Although this rule applies to all regular verbs, there are some exceptions subject to certain aspects
that you can learn about below.
Spelling rules for regular verbs

There are five rules for the conjugation of regular verbs in English:
1. Add –do –ed to the infinitive form.
For example:
Infinitive form : jump
Past tense form: jumped
Past participle form: jumped .
NOTE: How do you know when to add –d and when to add –ed to a verb?
The verbs to which only –d is added at the end are those that end in e. For example:
Infinitive form: Smile
Past tense form: Smiled
Form in past participle: Smiled (smiled).
On the other hand, –ed is added to verbs that end in a consonant. For example:
Infinitive form: Open
Past tense form: Opened
Past participle form: Opened
2. If the verb consists of only one syllable and the order of sounds is consonant + vowel +
consonant, then the last consonant is doubled and –ed is added. Example:
Infinitive form: Plan (plan)
Past tense form: Planned
Past participle form: Planned .
There is an exception to this rule: If the verb ends in h, -j, -q, -v, -w, -xe –y the consonant is
not doubled. For example, fixed.
3. If the verb has two syllables and the stress falls on the second, the last consonant is
doubled and –ed is added.
Infinitive form: Commit
Past tense form: Committed
Past participle form: Committed .
4. When the verb ends in a consonant + -y, this last letter is changed to –i + -ed. Example:
Infinitive form : Study
Past tense form: Studied
Form in past participle: Studied (studied).
5. If the verb ends with a vowel + -y, then only –ed is added.
Infinitive form : Destroy
Past tense form: Destroyed
Form in past participle: Destroyed (destroyed).
Pronunciation rules for regular verbs

Pronunciation rules for regular verbs help you know when to pronounce the correct sound regardless
of how the verb is spelled. They are the following:
1. If the infinitive verb ends with the sounds /t/ or /d/, the pronunciation of the preterit and
past participle will be /id/.
For example, in the case of the verb to start, which ends in /t/ in the infinitive, the pronunciation of the
preterit and past participle will be /id/.
2. When the infinitive of the verb ends in a voiced consonant, the written ending -ed is
pronounced /d/
Note: The voiced consonants, those that are pronounced, are the following: /b/, /g/, /z/,
/v/, /m/, /n/, /l/, /r/, and /ð /. Note: this last one (/ð/) is the sound of the letters th in, for
example, they.
An example of this is the verb to grab, past participle and preterite grabbed (agarré/agarrado) which
is pronounced /grabd/
3. If the last sound of the verb in the infinitive is a voiceless consonant (the vocal cords are
not used to pronounce it), the ending -ed of the preterite/past participle is pronounced
as /t/.
Note: The voiceless consonants, that is, those for which the vocal cords are not used to
pronounce them, are these: /p/, /s/, /f/, /k/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/, / θ/, /h/. Take into account that:
/ʃ/ is equivalent to the “sh” sound
/tʃ/ is equivalent to the “ch” sound
/θ/ represents the sound of the letters “th”
For example, the pronunciation of wished is /wisht/.

In the following table you can find ten of the most common verbs for each of the above pronunciations:
Regular verbs ending in Regular verbs whose ending Regular verbs ending in
/id/ is /d/ /t/
Accepted Closed Cooked

Added Copied Danced
Adopted Enjoyed Dressed
Hated Followed Finished
Shouted Lived Forced
Started Mailed Helped
Visited Opened Practiced
Waited Phoned Stepped
Wanted Signed Talked
Wasted Studied Wished
What are irregular verbs in English?
Irregular verbs in English represent one of the most important challenges to learning English since it
is one of the essential grammatical elements for speaking or writing. In this article you will find basic
information to understand them, such as what they are, their importance, and their rules and patterns,
as well as a list of the most common irregular verbs with their different forms of conjugation.
List of irregular verbs in English
To master the use of irregular verbs, you have to start by knowing them. In this table you will find 50
of the most common in a conversation or text.
Base Form Past tense Pasado participio Translation
To be (Am, are, is) Was / Were Been Ser / Estar
Awake Awoke Awoken Despertar
Become Became Become Convertirse
Bite Bit Bitten Morder
Break Broke Broken Romper
Bring Brought Brought Traer/Llevar
Buy Bought Bought Comprar
Creep Crept Crept Arrastrarse
Do/Does Did Done Hacer
Drink Drank Drunk Beber
Eat Ate Eaten Comer
Feel Felt Felt Sentir
Fly Flew Flown Volar
Forget Forgot Forgotten Olvidar
Go Went Gone Ir
Have Had Had Haber
Hear Heard Heard Oír
Hit Hit Hit Golpear
Hurt Hurt Hurt Herir
Know Knew Known Saber/Conocer
Lay Laid Laid Poner
Learn/Learnt Learned/Learnt Learned Aprender
Leave Left Left Dejar
Let Let Let Permitir
Lie Lay Lain Echarse
Light Lit/Lighted Lit/Lighted Encender
Lose Lost Lost Perder
Make Made Made Hacer
Pay Paid Paid Pagar
Put Put Put Poner
Read Read Read Leer
Ring Rang Rung Llamar
Run Ran Run Correr
Say Said Said Decir
See Saw Seen Ver
Sell Sold Sold Vender
Send Sent Sent Enviar
Set Set Set Poner(se)
Shake Shook Shaken Sacudir
Shut Shut Shut Cerrar
Sing Sang Sung Cantar
Sleep Slept Slept Dormir
Smell Smelt Smelt Oler
Spend Spent Spent Gastar
Steal Stole Stolen Robar
Strike Struck Struck Golpear
Swim Swam Swum Nadar
Teach Taught Taught Enseñar
Understand Understood Understood Entender
Win Won Won Ganar
Spelling Rules for Irregular Verbs
Learning how to conjugate irregular verbs is a task that requires attention and dedication, however,
there are spelling rules and patterns that help identify the different types of irregular verbs that exist
and how they should be conjugated. Below you can find some of the patterns and rules that apply to
these types of verbs.
1. Verbs with a form (the same for the base form, past tense, and past participle).
Base Form Past tense Past participle Translation
Bet Bet Bet Apostar
Cut Cut Cut Cortar
Hit Hit Hit Pegar
Read Read Read Leer
Set Set Set Poner/colocar
What rules apply?
When there is only one form for the three conjugations, it is usually because the verb in its base form
ends in –t and sometimes with –d.
2.Verbs with two forms. One for the base form, while the past tense and past participle have another.
Build Built Built Construir
Catch Caught Caught Cachar
Get Got Got/Gotten Obtener
Sell Sold Sold Vender
Sweep Swept Swept Barrer
What rules apply?
a) The most common endings in the past tense and past participle are –t, –ght and –d.
b) The endings -en, –n or –ne are never added, unless the verb in its base form already has them. For
example: Shine / Shone / Shone).
3. Verbs with two forms. Past tense and base form have the same tense, while past participle has
another.
Come Came Come Venir
Become Became Become Convertir
Overcome Overcame Overcome Superar
Run Ran Run Correr
What rules apply?
This is a pattern that only applies to the verbs run, come, become, and overcome.
4. Verbs with two forms. The base form and the past tense share the same form, while the past
participle has another.
Beat Beat Beaten Pegar/golpear
Pay attention:
Beat is the only verb with this pattern.

5. Verbs with three forms. One for the base form, one for the past tense, and one more for the past
participle.
To be (am, are, is) Was/Were Been Ser/Estar
Drink Drank Drunk Beber
Go Went Gone Ir
See Saw Seen Ver
Write Wrote Written Escribir
6. Verbs with regular and irregular conjugation

Burn Burned / Burnt Burned / Burnt Quemar
Dream Dreamt / Dreamed Dreamt / Dreamed Soñar
Learn Learnt / Learned Learnt / Learned Aprender
Hang Hung / Hanged Hung / Hanged Colgar
Smell Smelled / Smelt Smelled / Smelt Oler
There are other rules that apply to all patterns:
Sometimes the past participle is formed by adding –en, –n, or –ne to the end of the base or past tense
form.
Eat Ate Eaten Comer
Give Gave Given Dar
Do Did Done Hacer
Freeze Froze Frozen Congelar
Sometimes, when the last vowel of the base form is i, in the past tense it changes to a and in the past
participle to u.
Begin Began Begun Empezar
Ring Rang Rung Sonar
Pronunciation rules for irregular verbs
Just as the rules of grammar vary thanks to the great diversity of irregular verbs that exist, the same
happens with the pronunciation of each conjugation of each verb. But it is possible to identify patterns
such as the following.
1. Ending -ought is pronounced /oot/ (the long)

Escritura Pronunciación
Brought /Broot/
Caught /Coot/
Thought /Toot/
2. –ea and –ee are pronounced as /ii/, /e/, and /e/ for the base form, past tense, and past participle,
respectively.
Base Pronunciation Past tense Pronunciation Pasado participio Pronunciación
Deal /Diil/ Dealt /Delt/ Dealt /Delt/
Leave /Liiv/ Left /Left/ Left /Left/
Sleep /Sliip/ Slept /Slept/ Slept /Slept/
3. /u/ and /on/ sounds for past and past participle, depending on British and American accent.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
Listen to Sophie’s nightmare and fill the blanks with the proper information.
Click on the link to listen to the dialogue.
SOPHIE'S NIGHTMARE.mp4
Sophie’s nightmare
Sophie: I am so happy to be home!

Oliver: I bet. So, tell us what __________.
Sophie: Well, on Thursday afternoon I ______the weather forecast on the TV in the hotel and it ___
there ____ a big storm coming.
Oliver: Yes, that was when we _______.
Sophie: That’s right. So, I took a taxi to the airport straight away. I _______ to leave before the storm
_______.
Daisy: Good idea. ______ you _____ to the airport, OK?
Sophie: Yes, I got there, but hundreds of other people ___ the same idea. The storm _____ faster
than anybody expected so there ________no flights! The road to the airport was completely flooded,
so nobody ________ go back into town. We got stuck in the airport!
Oliver: ______ you think it would_____ for so long?
Sophie: Not at all. We all ______ one night ... possibly two ...
Daisy: Did you have enough food?
Sophie: I ______ some food on the first day, but it wasn’t very good by the third day. On my birthday
I ______ a packet of crisps and a two-day-old sandwich for lunch.
Oliver: Poor Mum.
Daisy: What about the bathrooms at the airport? Were you able to have a shower?
Sophie: No! The water pipes ______ so after the first day there ______ any water. It wasn’t nice!
Oliver: That’s disgusting!
Sophie: Don’t worry. I’m clean now!
Daisy: So, what _______ you ______ all day in the airport?
Sophie: I ______some really nice people! We talked, read, ______cards. When they found out it
______ my birthday, one of them gave me his last bar of chocolate!
Daisy: Ah, cute!
Sophie: It ______ a strange feeling having no Internet connection, no phone line. It was horrible not
being able to phone you two! We’re all so used to being connected all the time. It ______ hard. I
know you think I’m on holiday when I’m working, but it’s not always easy you know!
Oliver and Sophie: Happy Birthday, Mum!
Answer key
Sophie’s nightmare
Sophie: I am so happy to be home!

Oliver: I bet. So, tell us what happened.
Sophie: Well, on Thursday afternoon I saw the weather forecast on the TV in the hotel and it said
there was a big storm coming.
Oliver: Yes, that was when we spoke.
Sophie: That’s right. So, I took a taxi to the airport straight away. I wanted to leave before the storm
came.
Daisy: Good idea. Did you get to the airport OK?
Sophie: Yes, I got there, but hundreds of other people had the same idea. The storm arrived faster
than anybody expected so there were no flights! The road to the airport was completely flooded, so
nobody could go back into town. We got stuck in the airport!
Oliver: Did you think it would be for so long?
Sophie: Not at all. We all thought one night ... possibly two ...
Daisy: Did you have enough food?
Sophie: I bought some food on the first day, but it wasn’t very good by the third day. On my birthday
I had a packet of crisps and a two-day-old sandwich for lunch.
Oliver: Poor Mum.
Daisy: What about the bathrooms at the airport? Were you able to have a shower?
Sophie: No! The water pipes froze so after the first day there wasn’t any water. It wasn’t nice!
Oliver: That’s disgusting!
Sophie: Don’t worry. I’m clean now!
Daisy: So, what did you do all day in the airport?
Sophie: I met some really nice people! We talked, read, played cards. When they found out it was
my birthday, one of them gave me his last bar of chocolate!
Daisy: Ah, cute!
Sophie: It was a strange feeling having no Internet connection, no phone line. It was horrible not
being able to phone you two! We’re all so used to being connected all the time. It was hard. I know
you think I’m on holiday when I’m working, but it’s not always easy you know!
Oliver and Sophie: Happy Birthday, Mum!
Activity 2 Reading
Read the dialogue, put number 1 to 18 according to the best coherence of the following
dialogue.
Alfie took his driving test for the second time this morning.
_____Alfie: Yeah, OK. See you in five minutes.

_____Oliver: I don’t believe it! How did you fail again? What happened this time?
_____Alfie: Yep.
_____Oliver: No way! Not another cat?
_____Alfie: I know! I’m in shock! I love cats!
_____Oliver: So, how did it go? Did you pass?
_____Oliver: Did you hit it?
_____ _____Alfie: What can I say? I know - it’s totally crazy. The owner of the cat arrived ...
_____Oliver: Oh no ... and?
_____Alfie: Well, he said it wasn’t my fault, the cat escaped from the garden ... the driving instructor
agreed too. So, we carried on with the test, but I was too nervous, and I crossed a red traffic light.
_____Oliver: Poor you, mate! Do you want to come over?
_____Alfie: You won’t believe it!
_____Oliver: No? No way, Alfie, not the same as last time?
Alfie: I did. It was impossible to stop.
_____Oliver: I don’t believe you, Alfie. You’re joking, aren’t you? You didn’t fail, did you? Nobody can
kill two cats on two driving tests!
_____Oliver: So, what happened?
_____Alfie: No, I failed ... again!
_____Alfie: Well, I stopped at a zebra crossing to let an old man cross the road. No problem there. He
walked across the road so I started to drive. Just then a cat appeared from nowhere!
Activity 3 Writing
Look at the film review and do the exercises to practice and improve your writing skills
Write a review of a film that you saw. Remember to look at the example review.
Writing Activity
Activity
Activity 4 Speaking
In pairs talk about films that you really liked. Use questions like these:
What films did you see recently? Were they good? What kind of movie was it? Who starred? Do you
think was great? Tell me, what was the plot? How did it end?
DISCOVERY
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS
■ One-syllable adjectives take -(e)r/-(e) st to form their comparative and superlative forms.
tall – taller (than) – the tallest (of/in),
short – shorter (than) – the shortest (of/in)
■ Adjectives of two or more syllables take more/most.
generous – more generous (than) – the most generous (of/in)
Spelling:
■ One-syllable adjectives ending in a vowel + a consonant, double the consonant.
big – bigger (than) – the biggest (of/in)
■ Two-syllable adjectives ending in a consonant + y, replace –y with –ier/-iest
crazy – crazier (than) – the craziest (of/in)
Use:
■ We use the comparative form to compare two people, things, places, etc. We usually use
than with comparative adjectives.
Jack is stronger than Bob.
■ We use the superlative form to compare one person or thing with more than one person or
thing in the same group. We use the…of/in with superlative adjectives.
Sam is the tallest student in his class.

Adjective Comparative Superlative
one-syllable fast faster the fastest

adjectives
long longer the longest
thin thinner the thinnest
-y adjectives busy busier the busiest
adjectives with two or beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful

more syllables
irregular forms good better the best
bad worse the worst
Activity 1 Reading
Read the dialogue and write the correct comparative or superlative form of the adjective in
parenthesis.
Kathy: How about going to Alaska on our vacation this year?
Jim: No, Let’s go somewhere 1) ______________(warm). If we go there, we´ll freeze to death.
Kathy: But the hotel looks nice.
Jim: So does this one. In fact, this hotel in the Caribbean is 2) _______________(nice) I’ve ever seen.
And the weather is much 3) _______________(hot) there.
Kathy: Let’s have a look. Gosh! Look at the price! It’s much 4) _______________ (expensive) than we
can afford.
Jim: We’d better find somewhere 5) ________________(cheap).
Kathy: What about Acapulco? I’ve heard it’s as beautiful as the Caribbean, but not as crowded.
Jim: Here’s a nice hotel! It’s not too expensive and it has a swimming pool for the kids.
Kathy: The restaurant looks nice, too. Let’s call our travel agent and get some more information.
PRACTICE
Then decide if the statements below are True or False. If they are False, write the true information.
1. Jim wants to go to a colder place.
_____________________________________________
2. In the Caribbean the weather is hotter.
_____________________________________________
3. Jim and Kathy can’t pay the hotel in the Caribbean.

_____________________________________________
4. Acapulco is more beautiful than the Caribbean.
_____________________________________________
5. The hotel in Acapulco doesn’t have a swimming pool.
_____________________________________________
Watch the video and fill the blanks with the comparative or superlative forms.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylbBI-ik7eU&t=6s
The best pizza in the world.

Oliver: So, where do you get 1) _______________(good) pizza in London?
Alfie: No doubt about it, it has to be Pietro’s.
Daisy: No way! The pizzas in La Bella Napoli, just around the corner, are so much 2) tastier (tasty)
... and they’ve got more variety ... and 3) _______________ (friendly) waiters!
Oliver: Yeah, I think she’s right, Alfie; much 4) __________________________(good) quality. It’s not
5) __________(cheap) though, but they’re so good!
Alfie: All right then, yeah, La Bella Napoli is 6) _______________ (near) Pietro’s. The cheese isn’t as
good though, and for me it’s all in the cheese!
Daisy: You could have pasta?
Alfie: Pasta in La Bella Napoli? They do 7) ____________________(disgusting) pasta I’ve ever tasted.
Daisy: All right!
Daisy: Hi, Mum. How’s Rome?
Sophie: Hello, love, yes, all’s well, thanks. What are you doing?
Daisy: I’m with Oliver and Alfie. We’re going to have a pizza. I’ll put you on speaker phone.
Sophie: That’s a coincidence! I’ve just eaten 8) _______________________(amazing) pizza ever. It
was 9) __________ (good) I’ve ever had.
Daisy: Sounds good!
Oliver: Was the base good, Mum?
Sophie: Oh yes, 10) _____________(crispy) base ever, really delicious.
Alfie: I wish you could send it over here, Mrs. G!
Sophie: I’ll save you a slice, Alfie! So, where are you all going to eat?
Oliver: La Bella Napoli.
Sophie: Oh yes, they’re not bad. They use 11) ______(bad) cheese though. For me, it’s all in the
cheese!
Alfie: That’s just what I said, Mrs. G!
Oliver: Yeah, maybe the pizza at La Bella Napoli isn’t as good as I remember.
Daisy: Thanks a lot, Mum ... I like the pizza there. Obviously not as good as the pizza you get to eat in
Rome, but it’s absolutely fine! Shall we speak tomorrow, Mum?
Sophie: OK, love, enjoy your pizza.
Daisy: Oh, I really fancied a pizza ... until Mum called.
Oliver: Yeah, me too, but thinking about the pizza in Rome ...
Alfie: It sounded so delicious!
Oliver: How about fish and chips?
Daisy: Good idea, you can’t go wrong with fish and chips.
Alfie: Yeah, you know what they say ... When in Rome ...
Oliver: When in Rome? What do you mean?
Alfie: You know that saying ... When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
Oliver: Ah ...
Daisy: Fish and chips it is then - but should we go to Hubbard’s or The Dolphin?
Activity 3 Writing
COMPARATIVE QUIZ
Put these words in the correct order and write sentences with the comparative and superlative.
1. large
sea / ocean / lake
An ocean is ________________. A sea is __________________ a lake.
2. important
captain / sergeant / major
A major is ______________________. A captain is __________________ a sergeant.
3. big
city / village / town
A city is ___________________________. A town is _____________ than a village.
4. strong
whisky / beer / wine
Whisky is ____________________. Wine is _____________________________ beer.
5. precious
gold / platinum / silver
Platinum is ____________________________. Gold is _______________________ silver.
6. wide
motorway / lane / road
A motorway is ________________________. A road is ____________________ than a lane.
7. deep
puddle / river / stream
An river is ____________________________. A stream is _______________ a puddle.
8. fast
train / plane / bicycle
A plane is ____________. A train is __________________ a bicycle.

9. popular
cinema / TV / theatre
TV is _____________________. The cinema is _____________________than the theatre.
10. young
baby / teenager / newborn
A newborn is _____________________. A baby is _____________________ than a teenager.

Activity 4 Speaking
In pairs look at the pictures and compare them using comparative and superlative forms.
EXAMPLE
Angelina is slimer than Salma Hayek.
Short
Angelina Jolie Salma Hayek

1. ______________________________________________________________
Easy
2. ______________________________________________________________
important
King Charles III Rishi Sunak
2. ______________________________________________________________
exciting
painting parachuting
4. ______________________________________________________________
dangerous
Working as a firefighter Working as a pet sitter Working as a dentist
5.
_____________________________________________________________,but______________________
________________________________________
Weak
elephant sloth
6. ______________________________________________________________
intelligent
Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador NoamChomsky Eugenio Derbez
7.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
Safe
Mexico Tokyo
8. ______________________________________________________________
healthy
apples hamburgers
9. ______________________________________________________________
Cold
Alaska Russia Canada
10. ______________________________________________________________
DISCOVERY
MODALS POLITE REQUESTS, OFFERS AND INVITATIONS
Requests
We use could you … and would you … as polite ways of telling or asking someone to do something:
✓ Could you send a message, please?
✓ Would you bring this for me, please?
Offers and invitations.

We use would you like (to) ... for invitations:
✓ Would you like to come round tomorrow?
✓ Would you like another drink?
We can use you must … or we must … for a very polite invitation:

✓ You must come round and see us.
✓ We must meet again soon.
REMEMBER
Activity 1 Writing
Study the situations and make sentences using could you, would you, would you like, or you/we must.
A: ____________carry your bag for you?
B: Thank you. It is rather heavy!
A: ____________help me with my homework?
B: No problem. What is it?
A: ____________lend me 50 pounds?
B: Maybe. When could you give it back?
A: ____________ to go out tonight?
B: Sure. Where do you want to go?
A: ____________see each other again.
B: That would be lovely.
Look at the situation and make a sentence with a modal verb.

a. It´s very hot in the room and you would like to open the window. Tell your teacher.
____________ I open the window, please?
b. You need to borrow some money because you have lost your bus fare. Ask your friend.
____________lend me $9 for my bus, please?
c. Someone’s mobile phone is ringing during the film. Ask the mobile phone’s owner to turn it off.
____________ turning off your mobile phone, please?
d. A person behind you talks all the time during a conference. Ask her/him to be silent.
____________be quiet?
e. You were going to go to a concert with your sister, but she got the flu and she can’t go. Ask a friend
to go with you.
____________ to go with me to a concert tonight?
Listen to the audio and fill in the blanks.
https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening/a2-listening/shopping-clothes
Shop assistant: ____________help you?
Customer: Yes, have you got this T-shirt in other colours?
Shop assistant: We’ve got it in white, black, red and purple. What size do you want?
Customer: Medium.
Shop assistant: OK, in medium we’ve got black and red.
Customer: And in purple?
Shop assistant: No, just black and red.
Customer: OK, red. ____________try it on?
Shop assistant: Yes, of course. The changing rooms are over there.
(pause)
Shop assistant: Is it OK?
Customer: Yes, I’ll take it.
Shop assistant: That’s £10.95. ____________to pay by credit card or with cash?
Customer: Cash please. Here’s twenty.
Shop assistant: OK, thanks, that’s nine pounds, 5 p change and here’s your receipt.
Customer: Thanks. Bye.
Extra activity: in pairs practice the dialogue above.

Activity 3 Speaking
Look at the pictures and make sentences using the correct modal verbs to be polite.
Practice in pairs
4. ____________ try it on?

1. ____________ call a bell boy to help us with
our luggage?
5. ____________ see your passports please?
2. What ____________for your starter?

3. ____________ come and see us soon.
Activity 4 Reading
Read the conversation and decide if the sentences are True or False.
Daisy: Wow, it's cold out there! You're home early. Are you alright?
Oliver: Never better … Hey, you couldn't pass me that plate, could you? Please? Thanks. But
the heating at college broke down this morning, so when our accountancy lecturer said, “Ladies
and gentlemen, would you like a free afternoon to study at home?” Well, it was an offer we
couldn't refuse really. It was freezing!
Daisy: Well, I see you've been busy. What is it? Can I have a taste?
Oliver: Yes, of course you can! Here. What do you think?
Daisy: Mmmm. Wow, that's really good soup, there, big brother. What is it?
Oliver: It's a country recipe. I found it in one of Gran's old cookery books. But I've made a lot.
Why don't you call Amy? You can ask her round for dinner, if you like. There's more than enough.
I've made bread too, look.
Daisy: You are one amazing brother!
Oliver: I know. Now go and phone.
Daisy: Amy? Oh, hi, Mrs Hao. Could I speak to Amy, please? … Thank you ... Amy? It's Daisy.
Amy: Hi! What's up?
Daisy: Would you like to come to our house for dinner?
Amy: Ah, yes, that would be really cool. Thank you. And could you say thanks to your mum for
me?
Daisy: Well, actually, she isn't here. It's Oliver's idea. He's made some wonderful soup. And
bread.
Amy: Nice! I could bring something for dessert if you like. I can make an apple cake ... Pardon,
Mum? Ah, thanks! It's Chinese New Year, so we've got some special sweets here. My mother says
I can bring some to your house, so you can try them.
Daisy: Oh yes! Chinese New Year! Mum's in Hong Kong this week, writing about the
celebrations. She emailed us some photos. But I thought your family's from Cambridge ... ? Do
you celebrate Chinese New Year?
Amy: Yes, of course! Three of my grandparents are from Hong Kong, in fact – though my
mother's father is Scottish. My parents and I are British, but we celebrate as a family. Listen, I'd
better go and make that cake, or it'll be too late.
Daisy: OK! Oh, Mum's calling. See you in an hour.
Amy: Great. See you.
Daisy: Hi, Mum!
Sophie: Hi! Listen, it's just after midnight here and it's really noisy ...
Oliver: Wow, it sounds amazing!
Sophie: It is. Plus, I've recorded some great interviews and got some fantastic photos for the
blog. WOW!
Daisy: You couldn't send some photos to Amy too, could you, Mum? Is that, OK? Her families
from Hong Kong – I'm sure she'd love to see it.
Sophie: Yes, no problem, but don't give me her email address now, I can't hear anything very
well! It's too loud!
Daisy: OK.
Sophie: I'll phone you again tomorrow morning, OK?
Oliver/Daisy: OK. Love you.
Write T (True) F (False) If they are false, write the true information.
a. The accountancy lecturer offers the student the chance to study at home. ____________
Guía Metodológica-Primavera 2024

69
b. Daisy can’t have a taste of Oliver’s soup. ____________.
c. Amy refuses Amy’s invitation to have dinner with her and her brother. ____________
d. Amy could bring strawberry pie for dessert. ____________
e. Sophie could send some photos about Hong Kong to Amy. ____________

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DISCOVERY
PROHIBITION MANNERS (Modal Verbs of prohibitions)
FORM USE
We form the imperative with the base form of the We use the imperative to:
verb, but without a subject. Give orders: get out!
We form the negative imperative with do Give instructions: First, mix the butter and the
not/don’t and the base form of the verb. sugar.
Don’t close the window! Offer something: Have some cake.
Make a request: Give me your passport, please!
HAVE TO- DON’T HAVE TO
We use have to (must) express necessity. I have to (must) return the book to the library. (=It’s
necessary)
We use don’t/doesn’t have to express lack of necessity. You don’t have to wear a uniform at
work. (isn’t necessity)
MUST- CAN’T/MUSTN’T
We use must and can’t/ mustn’t to express obligation or duty. You return the books within four
days
We use must and can’t/ mustn’t to express very strong advice.
You must tell the truth (It’s very important that you tell the truth)
You can’t/ mustn’t let anybody else know. (It’s very important that you don’t let anybody else
know)
We use can’t/mustn’t to express prohibition.
You can’t /mustn’t drink and drive. (It’s prohibited and absolutely not permitted (often by law)
NOTE: Must can only be used in the present tense. We use have to form all the other tenses.
I’ll have to work overtime tomorrow. (future) I had to go to the supermarket yesterday. (past)
Also, mustn’t is commonly used in British English, but not in American English

71
CAN- CAN’T
We use can to:
Ask for permission. Can I borrow your pencil?
Give permission. You can take my book.
Make a request or a suggestion. Can you make me a sandwich, please? (request) We can make
spaghetti for dinner tonight. (suggestion)
We can use can’t to refuse permission. You can’t sit here!
We use could ask for permission or o make a request/ a suggestion (when we want to be
politer)
Could I open the window? (asking for permission)
Could you come early tomorrow? (making a request)
We could go to the movies later. (making a suggestion)
Activity 1 Writing
a) Match the imperatives (1-5) to the phrases (a-e)
1 Don’t touch a-your cigarette, please

2 Put out b- daydreaming
3 Don’t speak c- the lawn
4 Stop d- the kettle. It’s hot.
5 Stay off e- rudely to your teachers
b) Make 5 sentences with must, can’t /must using the sentences as in the example
I can’t / mustn’t touch the kettle. It’s hot. (answers will be varied)
c) Make sentences with HAVE TO – DON’T HAVE TO
What do you/ don’t you have to do at school?
Write sentences, as in the examples.
I don’t have to wear a uniform.
We don’t have to take lunch in the classroom.

72
73
d) Now practice using MUST- MUSTN’T
1) Match the verbs in column A to the phrases in column B, as in the example.
Column A Column B
1 protect a. the sea
2 cut down b. dolphins
3 pollute c. air pollution
4 hurt d. the beaches clean
5 reduce e. trees
6 keep f. forests from fire
2) Now look at the pictures below and use must or mustn’t to make sentences about
how we can protect the environment, as in the example.
1. We must protect forests from fire. 2. .
3. ________________________. 4. ________________________.
5. ________________________. 6. ________________________.

74
e) Look at the pictures and write a rule for each place, using must or can’t / mustn’t, as in
the example.
1. Library 1. Hospital
Talk / quietly Use / cellular phones.

You must talk quietly in the library. ________________________
2. School 3. Swimming pool
Run/ up and down /stairs. Wear/ swimming cap

________________________. ________________________.
4. Zoo 5. Hotel

75
Feed/ animals Reserve/room
________________________. . ________________________
f) Make sentences using MUST, CAN’T, MUSTN’T, HAVE TO, or DON’T HAVE TO, as in
the example.
1. You/be/quiet/- The baby/ be/asleep.
You must be quiet. The baby is asleep.
2. We/ not / hurry/ home- It/be/still/ early.
________________________________________________
3. Dora/ see/ doctor / - she/ be/ sick.
________________________________________________
4. They/ not /go/to / school/ tomorrow/ - It/be/ holiday.
________________________________________________
5. We / not/ pollute / rivers- It / kill/ the fish.
________________________________________________
6. We/ not / litter / beaches – It / pollute / them.
________________________________________________
7. You / raise / your hand / first / - It / more / polite.
________________________________________________
8. Mark / not / mow / lawn – I / mow / it / this morning.
________________________________________________
9. You / lose / your temper – It / only / make / / things worse.
________________________________________________
10. Sonia/ walk / to school – She / not afford / the bus fare.
________________________________________________
CAN- CAN’T
Use the prompts to make requests, as in the example.
1. Tell / son / not steal roses from my garden.
Can you tell your son not to steal roses from my garden?
2. Turn / music.

76
________________________________________________
3. Keep / your dog / away from mine.
________________________________________________
4. Stop parking / your car / in front of my garage.
________________________________________________
5. Tell / your children / not to play in my yard.
________________________________________________
Underline the correct response.

1. Can you help me move these boxes, please?
a. Yes, I could. b. Certainly.
2. Could I make a call from your office, please?
a. No, you couldn’t b. Yes, of course.
3. We could go to the movies tonight.
a. No, I’m afraid you can’t. b. Yes, you should.
4. We could go to the movies tonight.
a. No, we will not b. That’s a good idea.
5. Can I help you, Ma’am?
a. No, thank you, I’m just looking b. No, I can’t.
6. Can I borrow this CD, please?
a. Of course. b. No, you couldn’t
7. Could you help me with my homework, please?
a. I’m sorry but I can’t. b. I’m sorry but I couldn’t.
Read the short conversations and underline the best answer.
1. A: Can/ Must I feed the animals at the zoo?

B: No, you don’t have to / can’t. Read the song.
2. A: Why do you have to / can you be at work at 8:00 tomorrow?
B: I have to / can see a client at 8:15.
3. A: I have no idea what to wear to the party.
B: Don’t worry. You mustn’t / don’t have to wear formal clothes.
A: Can / Must I wear jeans then?
4. A: Mom, can/must I have some friends over tonight?
B: Yes, but you can/must clean up your room first.
A: Oh, do I have to / can’t I do it now?
B: Yes. You don’t have to/ can’t have your friends over until your room is clean.
5. A: Can / Must I have a party for my birthday?
B: Yes, of course you can.

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Activity 2 Reading
Look at the pictures, the title, and the subheadings and tell us what do you think the
article is about?
Very Unusual Throwing Contests
People who tree.
Everyone has heard of sports like javelin and discuss. But how many people have heard of
sporting events like tossing the caber? Caber tossing is an important event in the Scottish
Highland Games. The object of the competition is for a man to throw an enormous tree trunk
directly ahead so that it lands on the heavy end, and the light end turns in a perfect arc and
lands in a straight line facing away from the thrower. The tree trunks used in the competition
weigh about 68 kg and are about 5.5m long and 23 cm thick at the tick end.
Good Catch, Wizard!
Some dogs just love to catch things, and there is a special sport for dogs whose owners love to
throw things. It’s dog Frisbee, and at the top of this sport is Peter Bloeme with his amazing
Frisbee dogs. One of his most famous canine sports partners was Whirlin’ Wizard. Wizard was
world champion in 1984 and is a member of the sports Hall of Fame.
Wizard began his sports career at the age of 16 weeks when he entered his first amateur Frisbee
show. By the time he was eight months old, he had made his professional debut at Shea
Stadium in New York in front of 40, 000 spectators. The Wizard’s owner, Peter Bloeme, had
already been competing in Frisbee competition for people, but he didn’t become famous until
he had Wizard as a partner. They won many competitions and entertained thousands of people
during Wizard’s sports career. When Wizard died at the age of 16, he had performed in hundreds
of shows and media events.
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Throwing what? Oh, Gross!
A less serious throwing contest is practiced in the southwestern USA. It is cow patty tossing. The
object is to pick up a piece of cow excrement and throw it as you can. The world cow patty
tossing record is currently about 55m. this record was set in1979, and no one has thrown as cow
patty farther since then.
What do you know, or what can you guess, about the sports in the article? Write T (true) of
F(false) for the statements.
a. Caber tossing is a sport in Scotland. ______

b. The object of caber tossing is to cut down a tree very quickly. ______
c. There is a professional category in dog Frisbee. ______
d. The sports Hall of Fame include canine athletes. ______
e. The object of cow patty tossing is to throw a cow on the ground. ______
f. Cow patty tossing is a popular sport in all of the US. ______
Look at the statements below and write CT (caber tossing), CP (cow patty tossing), or DF (dog
Frisbee) next to each one and discuss your answers.
a. This sport involves throwing something for a very short distance. ______
b. Many people might consider this sport disgusting! ______
c. Competitors in this sport have to be able to jump very high. ______
d. Many of the competitors in this sport are two or three years old and weigh less than 20
kg. ____
e. This sport is popular on US ranches but not in cities. ______

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Listen to a news report. Choose a, b or c.
https://talkandcomment.com/p/28aa047ba4ed790826ccbfb0
1. Before landing on the Moon, humans ...

a. tried to go to Mars.
b. saw Mars as the next destination.
c. thought going to Mars was impossible.
2. What is the similarity between the Earth and Mars?

a. Their seasons.
b. Their air.
c. Their surface.
3. Humans have sent more space probes to Mars than to any other planet because ...
a. we are convinced we will find life.
b. it's easier to go today.
c. the presence of life is a possibility.
4. Elon Musk ...

a. is working with NASA to send people to Mars.
b. will send humans to Mars within the next two decades.
c. wants to send humans to Mars in 2024.
5. The journey to Mars ...

a. can only be made once every nine months.
b. takes 26 months.
c. can only be made when the planets are aligned.
6. According to the audio

a. At present, taking humans to Mars is too expensive.
b. It's not possible to find life on Mars.
c. Some people will probably die trying to get to Mars.
7. How long is the journey to Mars?

a. 10 months

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b. 9 months
c. 24 months
8. Travel to Mars is considered.

a. too expensive.
b. too cheap.
c. not expensive, not cheap.
9. How is Mars made?

a. iron, air, legends.
b. rock, iron, fable, and myth.
c. rock, snow, water.
10. Its name is in honor to

a. God of wine.
b. God of war.
c. God of sleep.
Activity 4 Speaking
IMPERATIVE
1. Work in pairs, use the prompts for a dialogue, tell your partner what you do and
what you do not do while your mom is out, and ask him or her what s/he does
when her or his mom is out, as in the example.
What does your mom ask you when she is out?
Well, she sometimes asks me to take the dog for a walk while she is out. She also
recommends me not to play music loudly because my neighbors get angry easily. What
about you?
Walk/ dog.
Play/ loud music.
Do/homework.
Clean/living room.
Talk/on phone/ for long

81
Go/supermarket.
Wash/dishes
Give/dog/chocolate.
Use/my/computer
2. Work in teams of three students to practice must, mustn’t, can or can’t. You have three
situations, use the prompts below; you can also add more ideas to the list.
a) What a driver must or mustn’t do while driving.
• Use your cellphone.
• Fasten your seat belt.
• Exceed the speed limit.
• Listen to loud music.
• Pay attention to the road signs.
b) Swimming pool rules.

• Run
• Wear a swimming cap.
• Wear goggles.
• Take a shower before you enter the pool.
• Dive off the diving board if the lifeguard is not there.
• Bring food or drinks into the pool area.
• Throw objects into the pool.
• Bring your own towel.
c) Your first camping trip.
• Get a good tent.
• A warm sleeping bags.
• Find out about the area or the place you will camp.
• Wear a pair of strong boots.
• Take canned food.
• Take some water.
• Get some first aids kit.

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DISCOVER
Vocabulary & expressions according to communicative situation
Vocabulary related to pollution.
DEFINITIONS.
• fossil: the ancient remains of an animal or plant
• organism: a living thing
• geologist: someone who studies the history and materials of the Earth
• compress: to pack something into a small space
• deposit: a layer of material in the ground
• marine life: plants or animals that live in the water
• atmosphere: the gases that surround the Earth
• carbon dioxide or other gaseous carbon compounds released into the atmosphere,
associated with climate change.
• combustion: Many combustion reactions occur with a hydrocarbon, a compound
made up solely of carbon and hydrogen.
• conservation: the principle by which the total value of a physical quantity or
parameter (such as energy, mass, linear or angular momentum) remains constant in
a system which is not subject to external influence.
• contaminate: make (something) impure by exposure to or addition of a poisonous
or polluting substance.
• deforestation: the action of clearing a wide area of trees.
• emission: the production and discharge of something, especially gas or radiation.
• environmental: relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on its
condition.
• fossil fuel: a natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from
the remains of living organisms.
• garbage: a thing that is considered worthless or meaningless.
• global warming: Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air
pollutants collect in the atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar radiation ...
• greenhouse: the trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere, due
to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than
to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface.
• hydrocarbon: a compound of hydrogen and carbon, such as any of those which
are the chief components of petroleum and natural gas.
• ozone: a colorless unstable toxic gas with a pungent odor and powerful oxidizing
properties, formed from oxygen by electrical discharges or ultraviolet light. It differs
from normal oxygen (O2) in having three atoms in its molecule (O3).

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• pesticide: a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to
cultivated plants or to animals.
• pollutant: a substance that pollutes something, especially water or the
atmosphere.
• pollution: the presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance or
thing that has harmful or poisonous effects.
• preservation: the state of being preserved, especially to a specified degree.
"the homestead is in a fine state of preservation"
• renewable: a source of energy that is not depleted by use, such as water, wind, or
solar power.
"production costs for the renewables are higher than for coal, oil, or gas"
• sewage: waste water and excrement conveyed in sewers.
"sewage treatment"
• sewer: an underground conduit for carrying off drainage water and waste matter.
• smog: fog or haze combined with smoke and other atmospheric pollutants.
• solar panel: a panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for
generating electricity or heating.
• solar: relating to or determined by the sun.
"solar radiation"

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Find the 'pollution' words! There are 22 words.
carbon, combustion, conservation, contaminate, deforestation, emission,
environmental, fosilfuel, garbage, globalwarming, greenhouse, hydrocarbon,
ozone, pesticide, pollutant, pollution, preservation, sewage, sewer, smog,
solarpanel, solar.
K Z K D E F O R E S T A T I O N
N C O N S E R V A T I O N N U S
I H Y D R O C A R B O N Y O R O
P R E S E R V A T I O N W B F L
D E X P O L L U T I O N M R G A
F W K E N V I R O N M E T A L R
Q G A R B A G E O Z O N E C R P
I R H D Z B E M I S S I O N G A
X E E C Y S E W E R R M K P H N
Q E G R B A G E O Z B N E C R E
T N A T U L L O P U N A R E R L
K H W W W F O S S I L F U E L S
X O E D I C I T S E P L E B X M
N U S N U H I R A P S O L A R O
L S W G L O B A L W A R M I N G
G E C O N T A M I N A T E L O C

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Activity 1 Writing
Write a composition about the environmental problems that your community is
facing.
Include vocabulary that is on the list above and include some possible
suggestions. (150- 170 words).
Activity 2 Speaking
Look at the pictures and choose five of them, comment what you see and, mention
the possible solutions.
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

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Now, in teams of three people compare your hometown fifty years ago from nowadays.
You can use slides for your explanation.
https://www.englishclub.com/efl/listen-learn/science/listenlearn-fossil-
fuels/
Listen to the audio and fill the blanks with the vocabulary
______ sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas are called fossil fuels because they
come from ancient plants and animals. The organisms that became our fossil fuels lived
around 300 million years ago, a time that geologists call the Carboniferous Period. After
these plants and animals died, they were slowly buried and compressed. Trees and
ferns from ancient ______ hardened into coal deposits. Oil and natural gas come from
small marine life, such as algae and plankton. Fossil fuels are made up of molecules
called hydrocarbons, which store energy in their chemical bonds. When humans ______
fuels to power cars and provide ______.The carbon is released into the air. This causes
the Earth’s atmosphere to trap heat, leading to higher global ______.
Listen again and choose a, b or c.

1. The plants and animals that became today’s fossil fuels lived during the
a. Cambrian Period

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b. Carboniferous Period
c. Permian Period
2. Coal comes from
a. trees and ferns
b. algae and plankton
c. dinosaurs
3. The molecules in fossil fuels are called
a. hydrocarbons
b. carbohydrates
c. hydroxides

88
Activity 4 Reading
Read the text and decide if the statements are true, false or not mentioned. Write T, F
or NM.
A ‘GREEN’ HOLIDAY
Goa is a natural paradise which offers travellers who need a break from city life an
opportunity to experience nature at its best. If you want to combine a holiday with
conservation work, this is the ideal place to go to. I spent two weeks at a nature
conservation centre in Goa and it was one of the best holidays I've ever been on.
The conservation centre, which serves as a field station for biologists and
ecologists, was set up so that they can do research and check the development of various
plants and wildlife. In addition, the centre tries to make the local communities in the region
aware of environmental issues. There are also volunteers at the centre who help with
various conservation activities in the area.
After a two-day training course, I started working with the team responsible for the
conservation of sea turtles. My role was to collect data on the turtles and also to talk to
people in the local community about things they can do to help protect the turtles. I spent
most of my days walking up and down the beaches observing and writing down everything
I noticed about the turtles. At sunset, I would eat dinner with the other team members and
enjoy the beautiful scenery.
In my free time, I went swimming in the sea and I also went on organised nature
walks into the jungle. This was a truly amazing experience as I got to see all kinds of
interesting wildlife up close. However, the best thing was visiting the waterfalls; they were
simply wonderful. I also took a yoga class which was offered at the centre.
1. According to the text Goa is an ideal location to enjoy a break from living in the city.
___
2. The writer stayed in luxurious accommodation in Goa. ___
3. The conservation centre was set up to study and investigate plants and animals. ___
4. The centre does not inform the local community about environmental issues. ___
5. The writer was involved in sea turtle conservation work. ___
6. The writer studied the turtles mostly at sunset. ___
7. The writer organised nature walks into the jungle. ___
8. The writer plans to return to Goa next year. ___

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DISCOVER
Simple present with future meaning
The present simple is used to refer to events in the future which are certain because they are
facts, or because there is a clear or fixed schedule or timetable, for example: Her birthday falls
on a Friday next year. (a known fact about the future) She has her driving test next week, does
she? (a fixed arrangement). I work tomorrow even though is a holiday.
We have different uses, look the following examples:
• We use the Present Simple for the Future in order to indicate that a future event is
scheduled.
• Something is “scheduled” when it is on a timetable, or programmed; written in
someone’s diary…
• Conditional clauses: If, unless, provided.
• Adverbial clauses with time conjunctions; when, until, before, after, etc.
Some examples would be:
• Transport: “The train leaves at 10pm”

• Entertainment: “The film starts at 7pm”
• Scheduled plans: “I leave for Panama next week”
• Things that will happen at a particular moment in the future because that’s when
they always happen: “I start work at 8 tomorrow”.
PRACTICE
Grammar Practice
Fill the blanks with the verbs in brackets.
1. The plane ________ (arrive) tomorrow at 8:00pm to New York.

2. She ________ (have) a yoga class tomorrow morning.
3. The restaurant ________ (open) at 6:30 tonight.
4. Next Thursday at 2:00 there ________ (be) an English exam.
5. The bus ________ (leave) in ten minutes.

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6. We ________ (start) art class at 11:00 am.
7. When ________ (the movie /finish)?
8. The play ________ (finish) at half past eight.
9. What time ________ (we/have/ the Geography test)?
10. When does the bus________ (arrive) from Chiapas?
11. The train ________ (leave) in five minutes.
12. Our plane ________ (arrive) at 8 o’clock on Sunday.
13. We ________ (fly) back to London at 2 pm tomorrow.
14. I ________ (climb) the Syney Harbour Bridge at 9pm.
15. Our train ________ (touch) down at the airport at 6pm.
16. The party ________ (start) in an hour.
17. Hurry up! The plane ________ (take) off in three hours.
18. She ________ (leave) Mexico in two hours.
19. The principal ________ (come) to the reunion in half an hour.
20. The grocery store ________ (open) at 8am.
Write the question according to the answer.
1. ____________________________________?
When I get home I call him.
2. ____________________________________?
The train leaves at 7am.
3. ____________________________________?
No, it doesn’t. It opens at 10 am.
4. ____________________________________?
The museum closes at 9 pm.
5. ____________________________________?
I think, the party ends in two hours.

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Now, you have to review vocabulary related to health.
Allergy Cough Runny nose Sneeze
Sore throat The flu Backache Stomachache
Earache Red eyes Sprain ankle
Headache Fever Toothache A cold
Chickenpox Varicella Nausea Dizzy

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Now, match the word with the meaning. Write the letter on the left.
1. Varicella a. an infectious illness like a very bad cold that also
causes a fever.
2. Chickenpox b. is the stretching or tearing of ankle ligaments, which
support the joint by connecting bones to each other.
3. Nausea c. a common viral infection in which the mucous
membrane of the nose and throat becomes inflamed,
typically causing running at the nose, sneezing, a sore
throat, and other similar symptoms.
4. Dizzy d. is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by a
virus.
5. A cold e. a feeling of sickness with an inclination to vomit.
6. The flu f. a condition marked by pain in the throat, typically
caused by inflammation due to a cold or other virus.
7. Fever g.an infectious disease causing a mild fever and a rash
of itchy inflamed blisters. It is caused by the herpes
zoster virus and mainly affects children, who are
afterward usually immune.
8. Sore throat h. expel air from the lungs with a sudden sharp sound.
9. Cough i.an abnormally high body temperature, usually
accompanied by shivering, headache, and in severe
instances, delirium.
10. Sprain ankle j. having or involving a sensation of spinning around and
losing one's balance.

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Continue practicing the vocabulary. Underline the words related to illnesses.
I HAVE GOT A NASTY COUGH

Storyline: Vicky is worried that his cough has gotten deeper. So he goes to
a doctor.
Doctor: Hi, how are you feeling?
Vicky: Horrible. I’ve a nasty _______. It gets worse at night so I can’t sleep at all.
Doctor: Do you also have a _______?
Vicky: No.
Doctor: OK. Let me listen to your chest. Please take a deep breath… exhale.
Inhale…exhale. You’ve some _______ in your lungs. By the way, do you
_______stuff up?
Vicky: A little, but not much.
Doctor: Well, I’ll give you some medicines to ease the _______. Here’s the
prescription.
Vicky: OK. Thank you.
Doctor: That’s all right and don’t forget to drink plenty of fluids. Avoid cool drinks
altogether.
Vicky: You got it.
Activity Speaking
Write your diary, something “scheduled” during one week, or something that you have
already programmed for next week.
Example:
I celebrate my pet’s birthday with my cousins next July 6th on Thursday.
Comment on the activities that you have already programmed in this month with your partner.

94
Activity 2 Speaking
Make a conversation with three partners; you are at the airport, and you find an old friend, ask
him/ her at least three questions.
A: What time does your flight leave?
B: __________________________________
A: Do you plan to return to work next week?
B: __________________________________
A: Does your sister pick you up at the airport when you get there?
B: __________________________________
Finally do a report about the answers that your three partners gave you.
Make a dialogue with a partner, one student is a doctor and the other student is
the patient. The patient has to mention the symptoms and the doctor has to find
out what kind of illness the patient has got. You can use the previous dialogue as
an example.
https://english-practice.net/listening-exercises-a2-health-problems/
People are describing how they feel. Listen and underline the problem.
1. a. an upset stomach b. The flu
2. a. a sore throat b. a headache
3. a. a toothache b. a cold
4. a. a backache b. a headache
5. a. an upset stomach b. a sore throat
6. a. a cold b. a backache

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LISTENING COMPREHENSION.
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening/a2-listening/facts-figures
ACTIVITY 1. Listen to the audio and complete the sentences with the correct number.
15,000 2000 40,000 8-10 25,000 2 99 82 1914 1881
1. The Panama Canal connects ________ oceans.

2. It is _______ kilometres long.
3. It is ______ kilometers to travel around South America.
4. It takes _______ hours to cross the canal.
5. The canal was started in ________ .
6. It was finished in ________ .
7. Almost ________ people died while they were building the canal.
8. The control of the canal returned to Panama in _______ .
9. Every year, about _________ ships come through the canal.
10. Now the canal is bigger, and _______ percent of ships can pass through it.
ACTIVITY 2. Listen again and put the topics in order.
_______How many ships cross the Panama Canal.
_______Length of the Panama Canal.
_______Who controls the Panama Canal.
_______History of the constructions of the Panama Canal.

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Activity 4 Reading
Mr. and Mrs. Adams are with a travel agent. Put b-h the conversation in the correct order.
TRAVEL AGENT MR. AND MRS. ADAMS

1. ( ) Yes, of course. Where do you 6. ( ) yes, please. My husband and I want
want to go? to go on a winter vacation.
2. ( ) Children? How many children 7. ( ) Well. Our son’s twelve. He loves all
do you have? sports-skiing, swimming, football… our
daughter is sixteen. She doesn’t like sports.
She likes sunbathing, reading, drinking
coffee… And she wants to practice her
French.
3. ( a ) Good morning, can I help you? 8. ( ) two… two children, a son and a
daughter.
4. ( ) French! Ah, yes! That gives me 9. ( ) well. This is the problem. I like skiing
a good idea! I think I have the and winter sports, but my husband
perfect winter vacation for you! doesn’t. He wants to relax and sit under the
sun, and the children…
5. ( ) And how old are they? What
do they like doing?

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READING COMPREHENSION.
Text 1.
CARNIVAL ONE FESTIVAL, MANY FACES
A girl throws yellow paint in my face. I’m not angry. I laugh and I throw paint at her. This is fun!
This is Carnival- Trinidad style.
Carnival is a festival that takes place before the Christian season of Lent, 40 days before Easter.
The date changes every year, but it is usually in February and March. It is the last chance to have
some fun before Lent begins.
Around the world people celebrate Carnival in different ways. In New Orleans, musicians play
jazz and people dance in the streets. More than 3000, 000 tourists came to New Orleans for
Carnival. And they spend half a billion dollars! In Rio de Janeiro, samba schools spend a year
making fantastic costumes for the Carnival parade. In Venice, they wear beautiful masks. In
some parts of Germany, for one day the women take control of the town and cut off men’s ties.
Here in Trinidad, people party! It is two o’clock in the morning on Dirty Monday and we are
having a street party. People get dressed in old clothes and throw mud and paint at each other.
But tomorrow the serious celebrations begin. People spend the whole year making costumes
and writing songs for Carnival. Tomorrow is their big day. There is a competition for the best
costumes and songs. The winners get money and a car. It’s serious business.
So, why don’t you come to Trinidad to celebrate carnival?
Choose T for true , F for false or NM for not mentioned.
1. The writer comes from Trinidad. T F N

M
2. Carnival is in May. T F N
M
3. People often wear costumes to participate in a carnival. T F N
M
4. All countries in the world celebrate Carnival. T F N
M
5. In Trinidad, Women cut off men’s ties. T F N
M
6. Dirty Monday is a party from Trinidad. T F N
M
7. Samba schools spend a year practicing samba. T F N
M
8. In Germany, the best costumes and songs win money and a car. T F N
M

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9. The writer invites us to go to Trinidad to celebrate Carnival. T F N
M
10 People from New Orleans spend more than 3000,000 dollars for T F N
. carnival. M
Read the text and answer the questions below.
“I LOVE TEACHING. I AM NEVER TIRED.”
BABUR ALI.
He is 16 years old and a head teacher!
Babur Ali comes from West Bengal in India. He is 16 years old and lives in the small village of
Bhabta. His village doesn’t have a school, but Babur is lucky because he goes to a private school
in the next village. His school costs 1,000 rupees, $17 a year. This is too expensive for many
children in Babur’s village, but they want to learn, so Babur teaches them everything that he
learns. More and more children want to learn, so Babur‘s friends help him teach. The classes are
in bamboo huts, but sometimes they sit outdoors. The school is free and now has a name, the
Anand Shiksha Niketan School, and Babur is the head teacher.
Busy days
Babur’s days are very busy. He has no free time. He gets up at 5o’clock in the morning and helps
his mother with the housework. At 8 o’clock he goes by bus to his school three miles away. He
studies hard all day until 4:00 in the afternoon. Then he travels back to his village and at 5:00 he
begins the classes. He teaches English, Bengali, history, and Math until 8.00 in the evening. He
says, “I love teaching. I am never tired.”
Babur’s ambitions
Now the school has 650 students and ten teachers. Babur wants to go to college, but he doesn’t
want to stop teaching. He says, “I always want to teach poor children.”
1. Where does Babur come from?

___________________________________________
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2. Where does he live?
___________________________________________
3. Does his village have a school?
___________________________________________
4. Why is he lucky?
___________________________________________
5. How much is the school that Babur goes to?
___________________________________________
6. What does he teach the children at his own school?
___________________________________________
7. Are all the classes outdoors?
___________________________________________
8. What is the name of Babur’s school?
___________________________________________
9. Is it free?
___________________________________________
10. How many subjects does Babur teach?
___________________________________________
Read the following text messages and answer the questions below.
DEAR DR. WATSON

From “Sleepy Sue” From “Nervous Student”
Dear Dr. Watson, Dear Dr. Watson,
I sleep ten hours at night, but I feel tired all My muscles ache, I can’t eat, and I can’t sleep.
the time. I watch TV in the evenings, and I I have some important examinations in two
months. I’m not ready. What can I do?
drive everywhere. I shouldn’t be tired, should
Dear “Nervous Student”,
I? You have the usual symptoms of stress. You
Dear “Sleepy Sue” should organize your work for your
You’re tired because you need exercise. You examinations. Make a program. Study some
shouldn’t watch so much TV and go out for a work every day. You shouldn’t worry so
walk! much: organize and you won’t!
From “strawberry Blond”,
Dear Dr. Watson,
My children like fresh strawberries and they
also like ice cream. Which is better for them.

100
Dear “strawberry Blond”,
Fresh strawberries are better for you rather
than ice cream. Fresh strawberries contain
fiber, and they don’t contain refined white
sugar. For a healthier diet, you should serve
fresh strawberries.
1. Why does Sue feel tired even though she sleeps enough?
___________________________________________
2. Why doesn’t Dr. Watson recommend ice cream?
___________________________________________
3. Why can’t the “Nervous Student” eat and sleep?
___________________________________________
4. What does Dr. Watson recommend “Nervous Student”?
___________________________________________
5. Do you feel identified with some of Watson’s patients?
___________________________________________
Activity 4 Writing
Write ten sentences in simple present with future meaning; you can use the following
verbs.
close, depart, end, finish, fly, leave, open, start, begin, come.
1. ___________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________

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6. ___________________________________________________
7. ___________________________________________________
8. ___________________________________________________
9. ___________________________________________________
10. ___________________________________________________
Key:
Answers will be varied.
Extra activity
Write a paragraph comparing a piece of apple pie and a raw apple (use Dr. Watson’s
reply to “strawberry Blond” as a model.

102
Future with “Will”
DISCOVER
WILL
For decision made at the time of speaking.

To make promise, requests and offers.
To make predictions based on our opinion or
We use “will” to make promise because,
experience.
this structure stablishes the difference of
They are usually preceded by: I think, I guess, I an intention and a promise.
imagen, or any other phrase that establishes it
as a personal opinion.
Example.
Example.
a) Don´t worry about that dripping tap. I´ll fix it.
a) I will love you for the rest of my life.
b) Our outdoors ballet recital won´t be affected by
the weather. b) I promise I will help you when you need
me.
c) I guess I will let him sleep. I think chaparro is
tired. c) I will help you with your homework.

103
REMEMBER
Structure Form. When we use will in an affirmative way, we try to describe an action that is
possible to happen in the future.
Subject will Verb (base form) Complement
I will grow old with you
The negative sentences are used to express something that we believe is not
possible to happen in the future.
Subject Will not Verb (base form) Complement
She won't go out with you, stop insisting.
The interrogative sentences help us for activities in the future or requests in a

polite way of something.
Will Subject Verb (base form) Complement
Will you go to a party with me?
The objective of the WH questions is to get information.

104
Wh word will Subject Verb (base form) Complement
What will you do tomorrow?

105
THINK ABOUT
Be GOING TO
For predictions based

Use be going to on what see or know
when we talk
about specific For actions that
future actions.
we intend to do
in the future,
celebrations, or
events. Example.
Example.
Look that man. ¡He´s
Juan is not going to going to drive off the
save any money. He Cliff!
has to pay his rent
this month. Example.
Ali is going to move
to Finland next year.

106
REMEMBER
Structure Form. Be going to Affirmative Sentence.
Subject Verb to Going to Verb Complement

be (base form)
Sara Is going to Travel to Dubai in summer.
For negative form , use to verb to be and NOT.
Subject Verb to Going to Verb Complement

be (base form)
We are going to see Tania later.
For questions form. Use the verb to be as auxiliary at the beginning of the sentence.

107
Auxiliary Subject Going to Verb Complement
(base form)
Are they going to work to Barbados next summer ?
Wh word auxiliary Subject Going to Verb Complement

(base form)
When are you going to travel to Europe?
The objective of the WH questions is to get information.
Grammar Practice
Write positive sentences in the future simple (will).
1. I/do/this/later _____________________________________
2. we/go shopping ___________________________________
3. the sun/shine _____________________________________
4. Peter/call/you ____________________________________
5. they/be/there _____________________________________
Complete the sentences in the future simple (will).
1. It rain/not tomorrow.__________________________________________
2. I promise I be/not late. __________________________________________
3. We start/not to watch the film without you. _________________________
4. The bus wait/not for us.__________________________________________
5. He believe/not us. ______________________________________________
Write questions in the future simple (will).

108
1. what/learn/they _______________________________
2. it/snow ______________________________________
3. when/you/get/home ____________________________
4. she/forgive /me _______________________________
5. what /say/he __________________________________
Put the verbs into the correct form (future I). Use going to.
1. It rain _______________________________.
2. They eat ___________________________ stew.
3. I wear ________________________________ blue shoes tonight.
4. We not / help _______________________ you.
5. Jack not / walk _______________________ home.
6. cook / you _____________________________ dinner?
7. Sue share / not ___________________________ her biscuits.
8. leave / they __________________________ the house?
9. take part / she ________________________in the contest?
10. I not / spend ______________________ my holiday abroad this year.
You are going to listen to a phone conversation between Janis and her mother. Decide if the
following statements are true or false by choosing the appropriate option.
True False
1.Janis will be in her brother’s house for Christmas.
2. Janis ´mom won´t buy a new coat.
3. Robert will meet with his boss in London.
4.Janis’ mom feels terrific.
5.Janis will not travel with her husband to London.

109
6.Janis´mom will be in Mexico for Christmas.
https://avi.cuaieed.unam.mx/uapa/avi/ing_4/U_1/ing4_u1_t2/index.html#act2
Structure with shall.
Modo Estructura Ejemplo
Afirmativo Sujeto + shall + verbo I shall take more notes

en infinitivo + in my classes
complemento
Negativo Sujeto + shall + not + I shall not be in this

verbo en infinitivo + concert.
complemento
Interrogativo Shall + sujeto + verbo Shall I help you?

en infinitivo +
complemento?
Activity 2 Writing
Complete the exercise with shall in future.

1. When ______________we know the result?
2. What _________we do now? We are lost.
3. __________ I wait for you. Tell me.

110
4. Good idea. ……………………………. (I / phone) them?
5. ______ we have breakfast now?
Forma afirmativa del future continuous
Sujeto Auxiliar Verbo en Complemento

gerundio (-ing)
I will be working next Tuesday
Forma negativa del future continuos
Sujeto Auxiliar Verbo en Complemento

gerundio(-ing)
She/It/He will not be / travelling tomorrow

won’t be
We will not be / travelling tomorrow

won’t be
Forma interrogativa del future progressive con will be
Auxiliar Sujeto Be Verbo en Complemen

gerundio (- to
ing)

111
Will I be reading a new book
this
weekend?

112
Write the scramble sentences in correct form.
1. be /Will/ working / midnight /you /until?

2. travelling to / time /tomorrow, /they /This / London./will be /
3. golf/ I /won't be/ playing /this afternoon.
4. They will be having a great time.
5. the baby /Will be again? /sleeping
Activity 3 Speaking
My future in my hands…
Think about your future. Record yourself talking about how you see yourself in 5 or 10 years.
What will you be doing? Where will you be working? Be sure you use the future progressive.
Present continuous (future arrangements)
We often use the present continuous to talk about the future, especially about future plans
when we have decided a time and a place with other people. We normally use a future time
expression, e.g. tomorrow, next week, at 7, etc.
The present continuous for future arrangements is very common with verbs of travelling, and
when we are meeting people.
subject + verb to be +verb +ing + complement + time expression (indicate future).
I'm playing tennis this afternoon.

negative form
subject + verb to be + not +verb +ing + complement + time expression (indicate
future).
She is not playing tennis this afternoon.

Question sentence.
Are they playing tennis this afternoon ?
Activity

113
Use the word and write arrangements in the future. Use Present Continuous
1.They — meet their friends — tonight
2.My brother — get married — next March
3.Matthew and Sam — play tennis — this afternoon
4.We — go out — this evening
5.Emma — fly to Italy — on Monday
ANSWER
1.They are meeting their friends tonight.

2. My brother is getting married next March.
3.Matthew and Susan are playing tennis this afternoon.
4.We are going out this evening.
5.Emma is flying to Italy on Monday.

114
Activity 4 Reading
Read the predictions and answer the question below.
Life in the year 2200

115
DISCOVER
TIME EXPRESSION (FUTURE)

Remember any time Expression in English can only be used the beginning of a sentence. Never
in the middle of the sentence.
1.Tomorrow ( the day after today ) / tonight ( you can use for the same day later )
Ex : I will go swimming tomorrow.
2.The day after tomorrow ( is used when we are talking about a day that is two days after
today )
Ex: My mom is going to come visit me the day after tomorrow
3.Next week/ month/ year / Tuesday, etc.( we are talking about the future)
Ex: I am flying to Spain next week.

Next month, my friend is coming over to celebrate her birthday.
4. In a year. ( is a future time expression, however it is used when youare talking aboout a
specific period in the future) This weekend / week / month / etc.
Ex: She will be a graduate in a year.

5.Later ( can be either used for the near future or it can be also used for far future)
Ex: I will see you later.

6.In the near future / Soon ( will see that person very soon)
Ex: I will be getting married in 2024 .

In the near future I would have a new washing machine.
7.On ( for days ) In ( for a month and for thr year ) , In an hour /year,etc
8. Be about to (we often use be about to + infinitive to say that something will happen in the
very near future.)
Ex: Some apps are about to disappear from the market.
9.Scientists say they are about to find a vaccine.
10. Be on the brink/verge/point of ( we can also use be on the brink of, be on the verge
of or be on the point of saying that something will happen very soon.

116
Ex: Our country’s economy is on the brink of collapse.
They are on the verge of becoming the team to win the most finals in history.
The two historical enemies are on the point of reaching an agreement.
11. Be due to (we use be due to + infinitive to talk about things that are planned or expected
to happen.)
Ex: Greece is due to repay around £6 billion to its creditors next semester.
The secretary is due to arrive in Montreal tomorrow morning.
Activity 1 Writing
Complete the sentences with time expression
1. I'll start at a new company ____________.

2. We will meet your parents ______________.
3. We'll leave __________________________.
4. I'll phone you ___________________.
5. They'll visit us __________________.
6. I will be studying ________so I can’t go out.
7. He will be making dinner when you get home ___________
8. She won’t be speaking at the conference______________.
9. It won’t be raining ______________
10. _______fall, we will be enjoying the vegetables we planted in the spring.
11. They will be living in Santiago __________
12. Will they be showing the movie we want to see _________?

117
Listen and complette de activity.
https://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Listening_Lab/Listening_Lab_Exercise_15_fut
ure_tense_verbs.html
1. I ___________ to you tomorrow.

2. Where ________ the meeting _________?
3. Who ________ _________ there?
4. She_______ ________ it later.
5. They_______ _________ all the way home.
6. We_______ _________ a good time.
7. ________ you ________ here tomorrow?
8. He________ __________ his homework tomorrow.
9. It_______ ________ until next week.

118
Activity 3 Reading
Read the following information about Canberra, the Bush capital.

The city’s design was influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant
areas of natural vegetation that have earned Canberra the title of the “bush capital”. Canberra’s
annual Floriade festival features a large display of flowers every spring in Commonwealth Park.
The organisers of the event have a strong environmental standpoint promoting and using green
energy, “green catering”, sustainable paper, the conservation and saving of water. The event is
also smoke free.
Canberra. Retrieved and adapted March, February 2019,

from: HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/CANBERRA#SUSTAINABILITY_AND_ENVIRONMENT
the diversity of Australian flowers.

want to go to the Canberra’s annual Floriade.
the mandatory use of sustainable paper in two years.
how Canberrans promote green energy tomorrow.
1. Next spring I _____________________________________________________
2. Our teacher will explain to us _______________________________________
3. Some politicians are promoting ______________________________________
4. Next summer I will be able to watch ___________________________________

119
Activity 4 Speaking

120
DISCOVER
A connector can be one or more words that allow us to link ideas to express a
concept.
There are different types of connectors in English and each of those has a
different use.
https://www.lingobest.com/free-online-english-course/lessons/basic-connectors/
Activity 1 Writing
Complete the sentences with appropriate connectors.
1.We didn’t like the hotel__________________, we had a good time.
2.I would like to have a dog_________________, my husband is allergic to dogs.
3._________________he had a bad leg, he still won the game.
4.I passed the exam,________________ I hadn’t studied.
ANSWER
1.We didn’t like the hotel. However, we had a good time.
2.I would like to have a dog; however, my husband is allergic to dogs.
3.Although he had a bad leg, he still won the game.
4.I passed the exam, although I hadn’t studied.

121
Activity 1 Writing
REWRITE THESE SENTENCES.

1. I couldn’t sleep although I was tired. (despite)
2. Although he has got an English name, he is in fact German. (despite)
3. In spite of her injured foot, she managed to walk to the village(although)
4. I decided to accept the job although the salary was low. (in spite of)
5. We lost the match although we were the better team. (despite)
6. Despite not having eaten for 24 hours, I didn’t feel hungry. (even though)
7. Although she was tired, she went to work (but)
8. They went out for a walk, even though the weather was bad. (despite)
9. She managed to write in spite of her injured hand (although)
10. She has plenty of money, but she is very mean (although)
Listen and complete the exercise use connector.
https://soundgrammar.com/learn/L3-CEFR-A2/L3-13-Connectors.htm
Conversation #1
Man: Do you like your town?

Woman: I do not like living there because the winters are really cold, and the people are not
friendly.
Man: That does not sound like a nice place to live, so why do people live there?
Woman: It is cheap to live there, and there are lots of jobs, so most people stay there. What
about your town?
Man: It’s nice because it has great weather, but it’s not cheap, so you can’t save money.
Woman: I see. Looks like we can’t have the best of both world.
Conversation #2

122
Man: What did you think of the movie?
Woman: I liked the movie, but it was a bit too long for me.
Man: I didn’t like it because the acting was bad, and the story was boring.
Woman: I read the book, so I was interested in the movie, but it was different from the book.
Man: Yeah, I didn’t read the book, but I want to because I heard it is really good.
Woman: I have the book, so I can give it to you if you like, but you have to give it back because
I want to read it again.
Man: Thanks! I would love to, but I don’t have time now.
Woman: OK, suit yourself.
Answer the following questions about the interview.

1) In conversation 1, what does she say about her town?
a) There are many jobs.

b) It is expensive.
2) In conversation 1, what does she say about her town?
a) It is dangerous.
b) It is expensive
3) In conversation 2, who liked the movie?
a) Both of them
b) Just one person
4) In conversation 2, who read the book?
a) Both of them
b) Just one person
Activity 3 Speaking
Practice the dialogue and add more questions. Use the connectors.
1. Q: What do you like to eat?

A: I like to eat hamburgers ___ french fries.

123
2. Q: Which one do you prefer?
A: I don’t know if I prefer this one ___ that one.
3. Q: What is your favorite color?
A: I have two. Blue ___ yellow.
4. Q: Do you like cats?
A: I like cats, ___ I don’t like dogs.
5. Q: What are you doing tomorrow? You don’t have much time.
A: I’m going to the movies ___ I’m going shopping.
6. Q: Do you eat tomatoes?

A: Yes, I do. ___ I don’t eat onions
Activity 4 Reading

124
Referencias
teenager life- better now or in the past?, comparatives. Recuperado de:
https://files.liveworksheets.com/def_files/2020/6/26/626055723140135/626055723529
2.pdf
Is London cheaper than New York. Comparatives. Recuperado de:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QmvIKaLhk4
KSE academy. Comparatives and superlatives. Recuperado de:
https://kseacademy.com/comparativos-superlativos-ingles/
Grammar chart. Comparative and Superlatives. Consultado en:
https://www.pinterest.com.mx/pin/802274121116869945/
Everyday grammar. June o4 (2020). Making comparisons with as…as. Recuperado de:
https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/part-1-making-comparison-with-as-
as/5447902.html
On the phone, reading activity. Recuperado de:

On the telephone | LearnEnglish Teens (britishcouncil.org)
Present progressive with future meaning, grammar chart. Consultado en:
https://avi.cuaed.unam.mx/repositorio/moodle/pluginfile.php/3598/mod_resource/co
ntent/12/contenido/index.html
Present continuous listening activity, recuperado de:
https://elllo.org/class/A2/A2-14-Present-Continuous-Future.html
Reading “peter in Japan”. Recuperado de:
https://avi.cuaed.unam.mx/repositorio/moodle/pluginfile.php/3554/mod_resource/co
ntent/7/contenido/index.html
Grammar chart. Future Be going to. Consultado en:
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es-LA/grammar/british-grammar/future-be-going-
to-i-am-going-to-work
Reading. Predictions about life after Covid-19. Recuperado de:
https://test-english.com/reading/a2/how-will-life-be-different-after-covid-19-a2-
english-reading-test/
IES Libertas. Torrevieja. Departamento de Inglés. Recuperado de:
https://www.istitutobartolo.it/clil/2015/antoninomagliocco/comparativesandsuperlat
ives.pdf
The angry birds superlative test. Recuperado de:

125
https://en.islcollective.com/english-esl-video-lessons/grammar-practice/general-
grammar-practice/comparison-superlative-adjectives-and-structures/superlative-
adjectives/256975
Reading “Desert”. Recuperado de:
https://www.liveworksheets.com/bi1903703nh
Stop wasting time I learn English, consultado en:
https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening/a2-listening/stop-
wasting-time
Modal verbs, reading comprehension, The death line. Recuperado de:
https://es.scribd.com/document/359841359/Modal-Verbs-Reading-Comprehension
Advice for exams, I learn English teens. Recuperado de:
https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening/b1-listening/advice-for-
exams
A short story for modal verb Must. Recuperado de:
A Short Story for the Modal Verb MUST: Time for Lunch – Really Learn English (really-
learn-english.com)
GRAMMAR Exercises, recuperado de:
Simple Present with future meaning – Positive form - Unidad de Apoyo Para el
Aprendizaje (unam.mx)

126

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Lengua Extranjera IV: Inglés

1. Qualifiers: fat, blonde, caring, stubborn, smart, etc.

I have a happy cat.

Characteristics of Adjectives in English

Size. What the name implies: a tall mountain, a big cat.

1. glass / a / round/ small/ table

According to the adjective above in pairs describe the picture below.

What are past tense adverbs?

English Adverbs from Past Time

• Always, seldom, sometimes, never, frequently, often, usually, etc.

What is the order of adverbs of time in general in English?

2 He was politically active in the 1940’s.

3 He founded against racism for two decades.

4 He won the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize alone.

5 In the 1990’s, Mandela became President of South Africa

The top five events of the 20th Century

___The assassination of President Kennedy in 1963

When was the last time you……..

Regular And Irregular Verbs

A transitive verb is a verb that requires an object to receive the action.

Correct: The speaker discussed different marketing strategies in the video.

Incorrect: The speaker discussed in the video.

A transitive verb can take more than one object.

Correct: The students arrived at the residency in Houston.

Incorrect: The students arrived in Houston.

Verbs That Are Both Transitive and Intransitive

Format reminder: verb, object, propositional phrase, adverb

Spelling rules for regular verbs

Pronunciation rules for regular verbs

For example, the pronunciation of wished is /wisht/.

Accepted Closed Cooked

What are irregular verbs in English?

Spelling Rules for Irregular Verbs

What rules apply?

What rules apply?

Beat Beat Beaten Pegar/golpear

Beat is the only verb with this pattern.

6. Verbs with regular and irregular conjugation

There are other rules that apply to all patterns:

1. Ending -ought is pronounced /oot/ (the long)

Sophie: I am so happy to be home!

Sophie: I am so happy to be home!

_____Alfie: Yeah, OK. See you in five minutes.

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS

tall – taller (than) – the tallest (of/in),

short – shorter (than) – the shortest (of/in)

■ Adjectives of two or more syllables take more/most.

generous – more generous (than) – the most generous (of/in)

■ One-syllable adjectives ending in a vowel + a consonant, double the consonant.

big – bigger (than) – the biggest (of/in)

■ Two-syllable adjectives ending in a consonant + y, replace –y with –ier/-iest

crazy – crazier (than) – the craziest (of/in)

Jack is stronger than Bob.

Sam is the tallest student in his class.

one-syllable fast faster the fastest

thin thinner the thinnest

-y adjectives busy busier the busiest

adjectives with two or beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful

irregular forms good better the best

An ocean is . A sea is __ a lake.

A major is ____. A captain is a sergeant.

A city is _______________. A town is _ than a village.

Whisky is . Wine is _________ beer.

Platinum is ______. Gold is _ silver.

A motorway is ____. A road is than a lane.

An river is ______________. A stream is _ a puddle.

A plane is . A train is ______ a bicycle.

TV is _. The cinema is _than the theatre.

A newborn is _. A baby is _ than a teenager.