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Chapter 1 Introduction UTAS
Chapter 1 Introduction UTAS
ENCH2102
Chapter 1
Introduction
Dr Rajan
Thermodynamics I
ENCH2102
Chapter 1
Introduction
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University of Technology and Applied Sciences - جامعة التقنية والعلوم التطبيقية
History
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University of Technology and Applied Sciences - جامعة التقنية والعلوم التطبيقية
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the study of the inter-
relation between heat, work and internal
energy of a system.
It involves
• the science of heat and work and related
properties
• the basic science that deals with energy
the study of energy movements
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Scope
• Thermodynamics can predict the
equilibrium yield in a chemical reaction
and help us in selecting the optimum
conditions for the reaction such as
temperature, pressure, concentration of
reactants etc.
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Why Study Thermodynamics ?
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System & Dimensions
• The application of thermodynamics to any real
problem starts with the identification of a particular
body of matter as the focus of attention. This body
of matter is called the system and its
thermodynamic state is defined by a few
measurable macroscopic properties.
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Dimensions and Units?
• The fundamental dimensions are primitives,
recognized through our sensory perceptions and
not definable in terms of anything simpler.
m or
n= m = Mn
M
Where M is the molecular weight
Specific or molar volume:
t
• Specific volume: V =
V or V t = mV
m
Vt or
• Molar volume: V = V t = nV
n
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Force
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TEMPERATURE
• Temperature is commonly measured with
liquid-in-glass thermometers, wherein the
liquid expands when heated.
• Conversion
T (K) = T (oC) + 273.15
T (oF) = 1.8 T (oC) + 32 T (R) = 1.8 T (K); T (R) = 1.8 T (oF) + 459.67
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Pressure
• The pressure P exerted by a fluid on a
surface is defined as the normal force
exerted by the fluid per unit area of the
surface.
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Pressure
Normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area of the
acting surface
F
P =
A
For vertical Column
The pressure to which a fluid height corresponds is
determined by the density of the fluid (which depends
on its identity and temperature) and the local
acceleration of gravity.
F Ahρg
P= = = ρgh
A A
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Gauge & Absolute Pressure
• Most pressure gauges give readings which
are the difference between the pressure of
interest and the pressure of the surrounding
atmosphere. These readings are known as
gauge pressures, and can be converted to
absolute pressures by addition of the
barometric pressure.
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Work
Force acting through distance: W Fl W Fdl F = PA
A
Work caused by displacement of a piston,
e.g. compressing a fluid in a cylinder (work is positive) l
V t V2
W -(PA )d W -PdV t
W - PdV t
A V1
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Analogy between Heat and Work
1. Heat and work are both transient phenomena: system never posses heat or
work, but either or both cross the system boundary
2. Both heat and work are boundary phenomena: they are observed at the
boundary of the system and represent energy crossing the boundary
3. Both heat and work are path functions and inexact differential: a path
between initial state and final state should be specified in order to determine Q
or W
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Energy
Kinetics Energy
If a body m, acted upon a force F, is displaced
F du
a distance dl during a differential time dt. The m dt
work done is given by:
mu 22 mu12
W -
2 2
Where u is the velocity of the body
1
E k mu 2
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Potential Energy
If a body m is raised from an initial elevation Z1 m
to a final elevation Z2. The upward force exerted mg dZ
on the body is equal to its weight.
m
W E P mgZ
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Work accelerating a body is said to produce a change in its kinetic energy, or
mu 2
W E K
2
W E P mgZ
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Conservation of Energy
If a body is given energy when it is elevated, then the body conserves or retains
this energy until it performs the work of which it is capable. An elevated body
allowed to fall freely gains in kinetic energy and loses potential energy.
1 1
Or mu 2 mu12 mgZ 2 mgZ 1 0
2
2 2
Other types of mechanical energies: Compression of spring by external force,
energy is stored in the spring; later when the spring expands, it performs this work
or releases this energy by a resisting force spring has capability for doing work.
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Work & Energy
• The generality of the principle of conservation of energy in
mechanics is increased if we look upon work itself as a form
of energy.
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Heat
• In the thermodynamic sense, heat is never
regarded as being stored within a body.