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Collaborating Through Collective Efficacy Cycles Ensuring All Students and Teachers Succeed 1st Edition Toni Faddis
Collaborating Through Collective Efficacy Cycles Ensuring All Students and Teachers Succeed 1st Edition Toni Faddis
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WHAT YOUR COLLEAGUES ARE
SAYING . . .
Toni Faddis
Douglas Fisher
Nancy Frey
FOR INFORMATION:
Corwin
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(800) 233-9936
www.corwin.com
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ISBN 978-1-0718-8862-9
What Is Efficacy?
Self-Efficacy
Collective Efficacy
Fueling High-Performing Teams
Module 2: Determining the Common Challenge
INTRODUCTION
Denise Finney
Educator
Chula Vista Elementary School District
Chula Vista, CA
Krista Geffre
Graduate Instructor
The Innovative Northwest Teacher
Hillsboro, OR
Giulia Longo
Educator
Chula Vista, CA
Beverly Prange
Principal
Chula Vista Elementary School District
Chula Vista, CA
Michael Rafferty
Elaine Shobert
Literacy Coach and Lead Teacher
Monroe, NC
Christopher Turner
Educator
A RUNNER’S HIGH
If you’ve ever completed a long run and felt like you could keep going
a few more miles, you may have experienced a runner’s high. It’s a
feeling of bliss and excitement that occurs when a runner hits a
certain stride. People who play other sports or exercise with intensity
may also feel a runner’s high when they get into a rhythm or groove.
In this case, the euphoric feeling occurs after intense exercise, but
others experience a similar sensation when they’re on a winning team
or playing music in perfect rhythm with a band or orchestra. There is
newfound energy, a second wind. If you’ve felt this sensation before,
you know that your head feels clear and your entire being seems
lighter. You’re in a groove, a zone, or state of flow (e.g.,
Csikszentmihalyi, 1990).
There are mental benefits that stem from collective teacher efficacy.
These benefits don’t just happen by chance, though, just as the mere
act of running doesn’t promise a runner’s high. We may run several
miles each day but still feel awkward and out of breath at the end of
each run. Instead, the right conditions must be present to feel the
sensation. We must train in specific ways to create the best conditions
for the runner’s high to manifest.
Description
This playbook highlights the value of question 4: What did we learn
today? While promoting student learning and well-being is our shared
purpose, this playbook focuses on adults’ ongoing learning and
deepening expertise as professional educators. In schools where there
isn’t a shared commitment to adult learning, teachers often “turn
inward, relying only on their own experience” (Bird & Little, 1986, p.
495). Research indicates that teaching is not a static profession;
rather, effective instruction “requires a solid and continuing education
for educators” (Joyce & Calhoun, 2015, p. 43).
HOW A COLLECTIVE EFFICACY CYCLE FITS
WITHIN THE PLC+ FRAMEWORK
The Collective Efficacy Cycle is designed to correspond to the five
PLC+ questions; teams use their existing knowledge to focus on
addressing a common challenge. There is no need for existing PLC+
teams to learn a different structure. For teachers new to the PLC+
process, each of the five guiding questions is detailed in PLC+: Better
Decisions and Greater Impact by Design (Fisher et al., 2020). The
Collective Efficacy Cycle described in this book offers teacher teams
an established process that can be used repeatedly; the content
changes, but the process doesn’t.
Description
The Collective Efficacy Cycle offers a way for teachers and schools to
shift from isolated professional development events to creating
cultures where professional learning is expected, received, and
valued. While there have been many advances in the field of
education, including the meta-analyses that determined 322
influences on student learning (Hattie, 2021), many innovative
practices have not yet found their way to classrooms. Often, schools
use professional development strategies and plans that have grown
stale. This is unfortunate for both students and teachers, as students
may be missing out on high-quality instruction and teachers may be
missing out on professional learning experiences that could be
energizing to their careers.
A VISUAL SCHEDULE
The Collective Efficacy Cycle is conceptualized through a visual
schedule that provides a road map of the cycle and serves to keep
oriented to the common challenge.
An example of a Collective Efficacy Cycle in fourth-grade mathematics
is presented in Figure 0.2. Note that each square in the schedule isn’t
completed; it’s not necessary, or possible, for teams to complete
every square. Instead, use the schedule as a map to provide structure
for the cycle. Teams are encouraged to begin with a blank visual
schedule and display it publicly. This supports team accountability but
also signals to the school community what the team is learning about.
Others will be interested in the cycle, which promotes another
opportunity for collective efficacy to develop.
◂ Toni Explains How the Visual Schedule Is Used
resources.corwin.com/collectiveefficacy
NOTES
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Description
Figure 0.2 Collective Efficacy Cycle Visual Schedule Example
Source: Adapted from Chula Vista Elementary School District, 2018.
While the cycle repeats throughout each school year and is flexible,
we recommend that teams follow the modules in order until you’re
comfortable with the process. We also encourage equity of voice in
your team so that each member has opportunities to be the team’s
activator throughout a cycle. The activator is a member of the team
who has the skills required to engage peers in conversations and
learning.
A cycle is guided by the data, not by external mandates.
NOTES
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NOTES
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Back to Figure
Back to Figure
MODULE 1 DEVELOPING
INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE
EFFICACY
MODULE OVERVIEW
Mastery experiences
Vicarious experiences
Social persuasion
Positive emotional states
◂ Introduction to Module 1
resources.corwin.com/collectiveefficacy
Dina, Julia, and Tracy aren’t bad teachers. They care about their kids
and believe they hold high expectations for student learning. They
receive strong evaluations from their administrators, so there’s no
compelling reason to do anything different from year to year. They
may not know of other ways to teach. They may be unaware that
their collaboration could look and feel different. Use Figure 1.1 to
note your thoughts, and at the end of this module, we’ll revisit this
scenario to see how collaboration between Dina, Julia, and Tracy
could look.
Description
Figure 1.1 A Mindful Moment
WHAT IS EFFICACY?
Would you purchase a car that doesn’t pass safety tests? Should a
doctor prescribe a medication that hasn’t been shown to effectively
treat a disease? In healthcare and other fields, it’s a common
practice that treatments and products undergo research and testing
in order to validate claims about their efficacy. Efficacy is a measure
of a desired effect. Consumers can research the efficacy of the
products they purchase and the medications they take. Measures of
efficacy are also studied in education. In addition to testing
strategies and interventions, educational researchers study and
measure teachers’ efficacy, because efficacy is related to effort. In
this way, we can think about efficacy and effort as a teacher’s
capacity to produce a desired effect, such as an effect on student
learning.
Achievement is more complex and greater than the sum of
teachers’ individual contributions.
In the 1990s, Stanford University psychologist Albert Bandura
identified that students’ academic achievement in schools is
reflective of the efforts of a collective group, meaning that
achievement is more complex and greater than the sum of teachers’
individual contributions. Bandura found that teachers who work
together may develop a strong sense of collective efficacy within
their school community. These combined efforts contribute
significantly to students’ academic achievement (Bandura, 1997).
SELF-EFFICACY
Self-efficacy is a person’s belief in their own ability to take actions
that lead to a specific result. It’s the “conviction that one can
successfully execute the behavior required to produce outcomes”
(Bandura, 1977, p. 193). This belief, on the part of the individual, is
that they can take the necessary actions such that a desired result is
attained. Teacher self-efficacy is a teacher’s belief that they are
capable of taking the actions necessary to assure positive student
learning outcomes.
Teacher self-efficacy refers to a “teacher’s sense of competence—not
some objective measure of actual competence” (Protheroe, 2008, p.
43). This sense of competence is context specific and forms as
teachers assess their personal competence in relation to the given
demands of a particular situation. For example, a teacher might feel
capable of teaching early literacy but feel less capable when
teaching mathematics at a conceptual level.
NOTES
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Description
Figure 1.2 Self-Efficacy Self-Assessment
Another random document with
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Der Vorrat an organischen Stoffen im See erneuert sich also
durch das Hinzukommen neuer Materien, welche die weggeführten
ersetzen. Es ist klar, dass der grösste Teil der Stoffe durch den
Abfluss dem See entzogen wird. Das gestattet uns annähernd die
Intensität eines solchen Stoffwechsels im Lac Leman, der uns als
Beispiel gedient, zu berechnen. Die Wassermasse dieses Sees
beträgt 89000 Millionen cm; die Wassermasse, die jährlich durch die
Rhône bei Genf abfliesst, beträgt etwa 10000 Millionen; die jährlich
abfliessende Wassermasse ist also ungefähr der neunte Teil der
Totalmasse; es wird somit durch den Abfluss jährlich ungefähr ein
Neuntel des Vorrates an organischen Stoffen entzogen. Da noch die
Stoffe in Rechnung gebracht werden müssen, die in der Atmosphäre
aufgehen oder die im Alluvium fossilisiert werden, so können wir
sagen, dass die organischen Stoffe höchstens sieben oder acht
Jahre im See verweilen, um den lokalen Kreislauf unter den
verschiedenen ihn bewohnenden Wesen zu vollenden, bevor sie in
den grossen Cyklus der allgemeinen Weltzirkulation zurückkehren.
Ein See stellt uns also nach dem Dargelegten ein beschränktes,
mit Wasser gefülltes Becken dar, das, obschon es im Vergleich mit
dem Meerwasser süss ist, doch auf je ein Liter
150–250 mg aufgelöste mineralische Salze,
10 „ organische Stoffe,
20–25 cc Gase
enthält. Dieses Wasser enthält ausserdem schwebenden
organischen und mineralischen Staub, dessen Menge vom
Wasserstand der Zuflüsse und von ihrer Natur (Gletscherbäche,
Moorwasser etc.) abhängt.
Diese Materien bilden einen Vorrat, der durch die
atmosphärischen Niederschläge und die Gewässer der Zuflüsse
erhalten wird; ein Teil dieser Stoffe wird durch den Abfluss entzogen
oder verliert sich in der atmosphärischen Luft. Allein Zufuhr und
Abfuhr heben sich auf und die Zusammensetzung des Wassers
bleibt immer dieselbe.
Dieser Vorrat dient zur Ernährung zahlreicher und mannigfaltiger
Organismen, welche den beiden Reichen der organischen Welt
angehören, den verschiedenen Typen: von den Wirbeltieren und
Dikotyledonen an bis zu den Protozoen, Algen, Protisten und den
Mikroben.
Diese verschiedenen Typen zusammen lebender Wesen
absorbieren organische Stoffe und bilden neue; durch die
Wechselbeziehungen entgegengesetzter Funktionen ergänzen sie
sich in der Konsumtion und Restitution der Vorratssubstanzen
gegenseitig. In dieser Hinsicht ist ein See ein Mikrokosmos, eine
abgeschlossene Welt, die sich selbst genügt. Aber zugleich greift er
mittels seiner Zuflüsse und seines Abflusses in die allgemeine
Kreisbewegung des Erdballes ein. In dieser Hinsicht ist der See
nichts weniger als isoliert, sondern gehört mit zum Ganzen des
Universums.
Indem wir uns auf das obige, über die allgemeine Biologie
Gesagte stützen, ziehen wir folgende Schlüsse:
1. Der organische Stoff vollzieht seinen Kreislauf unter den
verschiedenen Wesen verschiedener Typen, welche im
beschränkten Raume eines Süsswassersees neben einander leben.
2. Dieser dem See angehörende organische Stoff ist nicht
absolut und für immer in diesem verhältnismässig kleinen Raume
lokalisiert, sondern er tritt als Glied in den grossen Cyklus des
allgemeinen Kreislaufes ein, welcher die verschiedenen Regionen
des Erdballes durch die Ströme, den Ozean und die Atmosphäre
verbindet.
Die Algen.