Computational Science and Its Applications ICCSA 2020 20th International Conference Cagliari Italy July 1 4 2020 Proceedings Part V Osvaldo Gervasi

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Osvaldo Gervasi · Beniamino Murgante ·
Sanjay Misra · Chiara Garau · Ivan Blečić ·
David Taniar · Bernady O. Apduhan ·
Ana Maria A. C. Rocha · Eufemia Tarantino ·
Carmelo Maria Torre · Yeliz Karaca (Eds.)
Computational Science
LNCS 12253
and Its Applications –

ICCSA 2020
20th International Conference
Cagliari, Italy, July 1–4, 2020
Proceedings, Part V
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12253
Founding Editors
Gerhard Goos
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Juris Hartmanis
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Editorial Board Members

Elisa Bertino
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Wen Gao
Peking University, Beijing, China
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
Gerhard Woeginger
RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Moti Yung
Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7407
Osvaldo Gervasi Beniamino Murgante
• •
Sanjay Misra Chiara Garau

• •
Ivan Blečić David Taniar

• •
Bernady O. Apduhan Ana Maria A. C. Rocha

• •
Eufemia Tarantino Carmelo Maria Torre

• •
Yeliz Karaca (Eds.)
Computational Science
and Its Applications –
ICCSA 2020
20th International Conference
Cagliari, Italy, July 1–4, 2020
Proceedings, Part V
123
Editors
Osvaldo Gervasi Beniamino Murgante
University of Perugia University of Basilicata
Perugia, Italy Potenza, Potenza, Italy
Sanjay Misra Chiara Garau
Chair- Center of ICT/ICE University of Cagliari
Covenant University Cagliari, Italy
Ota, Nigeria
David Taniar
Ivan Blečić Clayton School of Information Technology
University of Cagliari Monash University
Cagliari, Italy Clayton, VIC, Australia
Bernady O. Apduhan Ana Maria A. C. Rocha
Department of Information Science University of Minho
Kyushu Sangyo University Braga, Portugal
Fukuoka, Japan
Carmelo Maria Torre
Eufemia Tarantino Polytechnic University of Bari
Polytechnic University of Bari Bari, Italy
Bari, Italy
Yeliz Karaca
Department of Neurology
University of Massachusetts
Medical School
Worcester, MA, USA
ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Computer Science
ISBN 978-3-030-58813-7 ISBN 978-3-030-58814-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58814-4
LNCS Sublibrary: SL1 – Theoretical Computer Science and General Issues
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

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Preface
These seven volumes (LNCS volumes 12249–12255) consist of the peer-reviewed

papers from the International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applica-
tions (ICCSA 2020) which took place from July 1–4, 2020. Initially the conference was
planned to be held in Cagliari, Italy, in collaboration with the University of Cagliari,
but due to the COVID-19 pandemic it was organized as an online event.
ICCSA 2020 was a successful event in the conference series, previously held in
Saint Petersburg, Russia (2019), Melbourne, Australia (2018), Trieste, Italy (2017),
Beijing, China (2016), Banff, Canada (2015), Guimaraes, Portugal (2014), Ho Chi
Minh City, Vietnam (2013), Salvador, Brazil (2012), Santander, Spain (2011),
Fukuoka, Japan (2010), Suwon, South Korea (2009), Perugia, Italy (2008), Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia (2007), Glasgow, UK (2006), Singapore (2005), Assisi, Italy
(2004), Montreal, Canada (2003), and (as ICCS) Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2002)
and San Francisco, USA (2001).
Computational science is the main pillar of most of the present research, industrial
and commercial applications, and plays a unique role in exploiting ICT innovative
technologies. The ICCSA conference series has provided a venue for researchers and
industry practitioners to discuss new ideas, to share complex problems and their
solutions, and to shape new trends in computational science.
Apart from the general track, ICCSA 2020 also included 52 workshops in various
areas of computational science, ranging from computational science technologies to
specific areas of computational science, such as software engineering, security,
machine learning and artificial intelligence, blockchain technologies, and of applica-
tions in many fields. We accepted 498 papers, distributed among 6 conference main
tracks, which included 52 in workshops and 32 short papers. We would like to express
our appreciation to the workshops chairs and co-chairs for their hard work and
dedication.
The success of the ICCSA conference series in general, and of ICCSA 2020 in
particular, vitaly depends on the support from many people: authors, presenters, par-
ticipants, keynote speakers, workshop chairs, session chairs, Organizing Committee
members, student volunteers, Program Committee members, Advisory Committee
members, international liaison chairs, reviewers, and others in various roles. We take
this opportunity to wholeheartedly thank them all.
We also wish to thank our publisher, Springer, for their acceptance to publish the
proceedings, for sponsoring part of the Best Papers Awards, and for their kind assis-
tance and cooperation during the editing process.
vi Preface
We cordially invite you to visit the ICCSA website http://www.iccsa.org where you
can find all the relevant information about this interesting and exciting event.
July 2020 Osvaldo Gervasi

Beniamino Murgante
Sanjay Misra
Welcome to the Online Conference
The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted our plans for ICCSA 2020, as was the case for the
scientific community around the world. Hence, we had to promptly regroup and rush to
set in place the organization and the underlying infrastructure of the online event.
We chose to build the technological infrastructure using only open source software.
In particular, we used Jitsi (jitsi.org) for the videoconferencing, Riot (riot.im)
together with Matrix (matrix.org) for chat and asynchronous communication, and
Jibri (github.com/jitsi/jibri) for live streaming sessions on YouTube.
Six Jitsi servers were set up, one for each parallel session. The participants of the
sessions were helped and assisted by eight volunteer students (from the Universities of
Cagliari, Florence, Perugia, and Bari), who assured technical support and smooth
running of the conference proceedings.
The implementation of the software infrastructure and the technical coordination
of the volunteers was carried out by Damiano Perri and Marco Simonetti.
Our warmest thanks go to all the volunteering students, to the technical coordina-
tors, and to the development communities of Jitsi, Jibri, Riot, and Matrix, who made
their terrific platforms available as open source software.
Our heartfelt thanks go to the keynote speakers: Yaneer Bar-Yam, Cecilia
Ceccarelli, and Vincenzo Piuri and to the guests of the closing keynote panel: Mike
Batty, Denise Pumain, and Alexis Tsoukiàs.
A big thank you goes to all the 454 speakers, many of whom showed an enormous
collaborative spirit, sometimes participating and presenting in almost prohibitive times
of the day, given that the participants of this year’s conference come from 52 countries
scattered over many time zones of the globe.
Finally, we would like to thank Google for letting us livestream all the events via
YouTube. In addition to lightening the load of our Jitsi servers, that will allow us to
keep memory and to be able to review the most exciting moments of the conference.
We all hope to meet in our beautiful Cagliari next year, safe from COVID-19, and
finally free to meet in person and enjoy the beauty of the ICCSA community in the
enchanting Sardinia.
July 2020 Ivan Blečić

Chiara Garau
Organization
ICCSA 2020 was organized by the University of Cagliari (Italy), University of Perugia
(Italy), University of Basilicata (Italy), Monash University (Australia), Kyushu Sangyo
University (Japan), and University of Minho (Portugal).
Honorary General Chairs

Antonio Laganà Master-UP, Italy
Norio Shiratori Chuo University, Japan
Kenneth C. J. Tan Sardina Systems, UK
Corrado Zoppi University of Cagliari, Italy
General Chairs
Osvaldo Gervasi University of Perugia, Italy
Ivan Blečić University of Cagliari, Italy
David Taniar Monash University, Australia
Program Committee Chairs

Beniamino Murgante University of Basilicata, Italy
Bernady O. Apduhan Kyushu Sangyo University, Japan
Chiara Garau University of Cagliari, Italy
Ana Maria A. C. Rocha University of Minho, Portugal
International Advisory Committee

Jemal Abawajy Deakin University, Australia
Dharma P. Agarwal University of Cincinnati, USA
Rajkumar Buyya The University of Melbourne, Australia
Claudia Bauzer Medeiros University of Campinas, Brazil
Manfred M. Fisher Vienna University of Economics and Business, Austria
Marina L. Gavrilova University of Calgary, Canada
Yee Leung Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
International Liaison Chairs

Giuseppe Borruso University of Trieste, Italy
Elise De Donker Western Michigan University, USA
Maria Irene Falcão University of Minho, Portugal
Robert C. H. Hsu Chung Hua University, Taiwan
x Organization
Tai-Hoon Kim Beijing Jaotong University, China

Vladimir Korkhov Saint Petersburg University, Russia
Sanjay Misra Covenant University, Nigeria
Takashi Naka Kyushu Sangyo University, Japan
Rafael D. C. Santos National Institute for Space Research, Brazil
Maribel Yasmina Santos University of Minho, Portugal
Elena Stankova Saint Petersburg University, Russia
Workshop and Session Organizing Chairs

Jorge Gustavo Rocha University of Minho, Portugal
Award Chair
Wenny Rahayu La Trobe University, Australia
Publicity Committee Chairs

Elmer Dadios De La Salle University, Philippines
Nataliia Kulabukhova Saint Petersburg University, Russia
Daisuke Takahashi Tsukuba University, Japan
Shangwang Wang Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,
China
Technology Chairs
Damiano Perri University of Florence, Italy
Marco Simonetti University of Florence, Italy
Local Arrangement Chairs

Ivan Blečić University of Cagliari, Italy
Ginevra Balletto University of Cagliari, Italy
Michele Campagna University of Cagliari, Italy
Mauro Coni University of Cagliari, Italy
Anna Maria Colavitti University of Cagliari, Italy
Giulia Desogus University of Cagliari, Italy
Sabrina Lai University of Cagliari, Italy
Francesca Maltinti University of Cagliari, Italy
Pasquale Mistretta University of Cagliari, Italy
Augusto Montisci University of Cagliari, Italy
Francesco Pinna University of Cagliari, Italy
Organization xi
Davide Spano University of Cagliari, Italy

Roberto Tonelli University of Cagliari, Italy
Giuseppe A. Trunfio University of Sassari, Italy
Program Committee
Vera Afreixo University of Aveiro, Portugal
Filipe Alvelos University of Minho, Portugal
Hartmut Asche University of Potsdam, Germany
Michela Bertolotto University College Dublin, Ireland
Sandro Bimonte CEMAGREF, TSCF, France
Rod Blais University of Calgary, Canada
Ivan Blečić University of Sassari, Italy
Ana Cristina Braga University of Minho, Portugal
Massimo Cafaro University of Salento, Italy
Yves Caniou Lyon University, France
José A. Cardoso e Cunha Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
Rui Cardoso University of Beira Interior, Portugal
Leocadio G. Casado University of Almeria, Spain
Carlo Cattani University of Salerno, Italy
Mete Celik Erciyes University, Turkey
Hyunseung Choo Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
Min Young Chung Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
Florbela Maria da Cruz Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Portugal
Domingues Correia
Gilberto Corso Pereira Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
Alessandro Costantini INFN, Italy
Carla Dal Sasso Freitas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Pradesh Debba The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR), South Africa
Hendrik Decker Instituto Tecnológico de Informática, Spain
Frank Devai London South Bank University, UK
Rodolphe Devillers Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada
Joana Matos Dias University of Coimbra, Portugal
Paolino Di Felice University of L’Aquila, Italy
Prabu Dorairaj NetApp, India/USA
M. Irene Falcao University of Minho, Portugal
Cherry Liu Fang U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, USA
Florbela P. Fernandes Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal
Jose-Jesus Fernandez National Centre for Biotechnology, CSIS, Spain
Paula Odete Fernandes Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal
Adelaide de Fátima Baptista University of Aveiro, Portugal
Valente Freitas
xii Organization
Manuel Carlos Figueiredo University of Minho, Portugal

Maria Celia Furtado Rocha PRODEB–PósCultura, UFBA, Brazil
Paulino Jose Garcia Nieto University of Oviedo, Spain
Jerome Gensel LSR-IMAG, France
Maria Giaoutzi National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Arminda Manuela Andrade University of Minho, Portugal
Pereira Gonçalves
Andrzej M. Goscinski Deakin University, Australia
Sevin Gümgüm Izmir University of Economics, Turkey
Alex Hagen-Zanker University of Cambridge, UK
Shanmugasundaram B.S. Abdur Rahman University, India
Hariharan
Eligius M. T. Hendrix University of Malaga, Spain, and Wageningen
University, The Netherlands
Hisamoto Hiyoshi Gunma University, Japan
Mustafa Inceoglu EGE University, Turkey
Peter Jimack University of Leeds, UK
Qun Jin Waseda University, Japan
Farid Karimipour Vienna University of Technology, Austria
Baris Kazar Oracle Corp., USA
Maulana Adhinugraha Kiki Telkom University, Indonesia
DongSeong Kim University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Taihoon Kim Hannam University, South Korea
Ivana Kolingerova University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic
Rosa Lasaponara CNR, Italy
Maurizio Lazzari CNR, Italy
Cheng Siong Lee Monash University, Australia
Sangyoun Lee Yonsei University, South Korea
Jongchan Lee Kunsan National University, South Korea
Chendong Li University of Connecticut, USA
Gang Li Deakin University, Australia
Fang Liu AMES Laboratories, USA
Xin Liu University of Calgary, Canada
Andrea Lombardi University of Perugia, Italy
Savino Longo University of Bari, Italy
Tinghuai Ma Nanjing University of Information Science
and Technology, China
Ernesto Marcheggiani Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Antonino Marvuglia Research Centre Henri Tudor, Luxembourg
Nicola Masini CNR, Italy
Ilaria Matteucci CNR, Italy
Eric Medvet University of Trieste, Italy
Nirvana Meratnia University of Twente, The Netherlands
Organization xiii
Noelia Faginas Lago University of Perugia, Italy

Giuseppe Modica University of Reggio Calabria, Italy
Josè Luis Montaña University of Cantabria, Spain
Maria Filipa Mourão IP from Viana do Castelo, Portugal
Louiza de Macedo Mourelle State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Nadia Nedjah State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Laszlo Neumann University of Girona, Spain
Kok-Leong Ong Deakin University, Australia
Belen Palop Universidad de Valladolid, Spain
Marcin Paprzycki Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
Eric Pardede La Trobe University, Australia
Kwangjin Park Wonkwang University, South Korea
Ana Isabel Pereira Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal
Massimiliano Petri University of Pisa, Italy
Maurizio Pollino Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy
and Sustainable Economic Development, Italy
Alenka Poplin University of Hamburg, Germany
Vidyasagar Potdar Curtin University of Technology, Australia
David C. Prosperi Florida Atlantic University, USA
Wenny Rahayu La Trobe University, Australia
Jerzy Respondek Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Humberto Rocha INESC-Coimbra, Portugal
Jon Rokne University of Calgary, Canada
Octavio Roncero CSIC, Spain
Maytham Safar Kuwait University, Kuwait
Francesco Santini University of Perugia, Italy
Chiara Saracino A.O. Ospedale Niguarda Ca’ Granda, Italy
Haiduke Sarafian Penn State University, USA
Marco Paulo Seabra University of Coimbra, Portugal
dos Reis
Jie Shen University of Michigan, USA
Qi Shi Liverpool John Moores University, UK
Dale Shires U.S. Army Research Laboratory, USA
Inês Soares University of Coimbra, Portugal
Takuo Suganuma Tohoku University, Japan
Eufemia Tarantino Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Sergio Tasso University of Perugia, Italy
Ana Paula Teixeira University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal
Senhorinha Teixeira University of Minho, Portugal
M. Filomena Teodoro Portuguese Naval Academy, University of Lisbon,
Portugal
Parimala Thulasiraman University of Manitoba, Canada
Carmelo Torre Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Javier Martinez Torres Centro Universitario de la Defensa Zaragoza, Spain
Giuseppe A. Trunfio University of Sassari, Italy
xiv Organization
Pablo Vanegas University of Cuenca, Ecuador

Marco Vizzari University of Perugia, Italy
Varun Vohra Merck Inc., USA
Koichi Wada University of Tsukuba, Japan
Krzysztof Walkowiak Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Zequn Wang Intelligent Automation Inc., USA
Robert Weibel University of Zurich, Switzerland
Frank Westad Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Norway
Roland Wismüller Universität Siegen, Germany
Mudasser Wyne SOET National University, USA
Chung-Huang Yang National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan
Xin-She Yang National Physical Laboratory, UK
Salim Zabir France Telecom Japan Co., Japan
Haifeng Zhao University of California, Davis, USA
Fabiana Zollo University of Venice, Italy
Albert Y. Zomaya The University of Sydney, Australia
Workshop Organizers
Advanced Transport Tools and Methods (A2TM 2020)
Massimiliano Petri University of Pisa, Italy
Antonio Pratelli University of Pisa, Italy
Advances in Artificial Intelligence Learning Technologies: Blended Learning,

STEM, Computational Thinking and Coding (AAILT 2020)
Valentina Franzoni University of Perugia, Italy
Alfredo Milani University of Perugia, Italy
Workshop on Advancements in Applied Machine Learning and Data Analytics

(AAMDA 2020)
Alessandro Costantini INFN, Italy
Daniele Cesini INFN, Italy
Davide Salomoni INFN, Italy
Doina Cristina Duma INFN, Italy
Advanced Computational Approaches in Artificial Intelligence and Complex

Systems Applications (ACAC 2020)
Yeliz Karaca University of Massachusetts Medical School, USA
Dumitru Baleanu Çankaya University, Turkey, and Institute of Space
Sciences, Romania
Majaz Moonis University of Massachusetts Medical School, USA
Yu-Dong Zhang University of Leicester, UK
Organization xv
Affective Computing and Emotion Recognition (ACER-EMORE 2020)

Valentina Franzoni University of Perugia, Italy
Giulio Biondi University of Florence, Italy
AI Factory and Smart Manufacturing (AIFACTORY 2020)

Jongpil Jeong Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
Air Quality Monitoring and Citizen Science for Smart Urban Management.
State of the Art And Perspectives (AirQ&CScience 2020)
Grazie Fattoruso ENEA CR Portici, Italy
Maurizio Pollino ENEA CR Casaccia, Italy
Saverio De Vito ENEA CR Portici, Italy
Automatic Landform Classification: Spatial Methods and Applications

(ALCSMA 2020)
Maria Danese CNR-ISPC, Italy
Dario Gioia CNR-ISPC, Italy
Advances of Modelling Micromobility in Urban Spaces (AMMUS 2020)

Tiziana Campisi University of Enna KORE, Italy
Giovanni Tesoriere University of Enna KORE, Italy
Ioannis Politis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Socrates Basbas Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Sanja Surdonja University of Rijeka, Croatia
Marko Rencelj University of Maribor, Slovenia
Advances in Information Systems and Technologies for Emergency Management,

Risk Assessment and Mitigation Based on the Resilience Concepts (ASTER 2020)
Maurizio Pollino ENEA, Italy
Marco Vona University of Basilicata, Italy
Amedeo Flora University of Basilicata, Italy
Chiara Iacovino University of Basilicata, Italy
Advances in Web Based Learning (AWBL 2020)

Birol Ciloglugil Ege University, Turkey
Mustafa Murat Inceoglu Ege University, Turkey
xvi Organization
Blockchain and Distributed Ledgers: Technologies

and Applications (BDLTA 2020)
Bio and Neuro Inspired Computing and Applications (BIONCA 2020)

Nadia Nedjah State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Luiza De Macedo Mourelle State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Computer Aided Modeling, Simulation and Analysis (CAMSA 2020)

Jie Shen University of Michigan, USA
Computational and Applied Statistics (CAS 2020)

Ana Cristina Braga University of Minho, Portugal
Computerized Evidence Based Decision Making (CEBDEM 2020)

Clarice Bleil de Souza Cardiff University, UK
Valerio Cuttini University of Pisa, Italy
Federico Cerutti Cardiff University, UK
Camilla Pezzica Cardiff University, UK
Computational Geometry and Applications (CGA 2020)

Marina Gavrilova University of Calgary, Canada
Computational Mathematics, Statistics and Information Management

(CMSIM 2020)
Maria Filomena Teodoro Portuguese Naval Academy, University of Lisbon,
Portugal
Computational Optimization and Applications (COA 2020)

Ana Rocha University of Minho, Portugal
Humberto Rocha University of Coimbra, Portugal
Computational Astrochemistry (CompAstro 2020)

Marzio Rosi University of Perugia, Italy
Cecilia Ceccarelli University of Grenoble, France
Stefano Falcinelli University of Perugia, Italy
Dimitrios Skouteris Master-UP, Italy
Organization xvii
Cities, Technologies and Planning (CTP 2020)

Ljiljana Zivkovic Ministry of Construction, Transport and Infrastructure
and Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial
Planning of Serbia, Serbia
Malgorzata Hanzl University of Łódź, Poland
Data Stream Processing and Applications (DASPA 2020)

Raja Chiky ISEP, France
Rosanna VERDE University of Campania, Italy
Marcilio De Souto Orleans University, France
Data Science for Cyber Security (DS4Cyber 2020)

Hongmei Chi Florida A&M University, USA
Econometric and Multidimensional Evaluation in Urban Environment

(EMEUE 2020)
Carmelo Maria Torre Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Pierluigi Morano Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Maria Cerreta University of Naples, Italy
Paola Perchinunno University of Bari, Italy
Francesco Tajani University of Rome, Italy
Simona Panaro University of Portsmouth, UK
Francesco Scorza University of Basilicata, Italy
Frontiers in Machine Learning (FIML 2020)

Massimo Bilancia University of Bari, Italy
Paola Perchinunno University of Bari, Italy
Pasquale Lops University of Bari, Italy
Danilo Di Bona University of Bari, Italy
Future Computing System Technologies and Applications (FiSTA 2020)

Bernady Apduhan Kyushu Sangyo University, Japan
Rafael Santos Brazilian National Institute for Space Research, Brazil
Geodesign in Decision Making: Meta Planning and Collaborative Design

for Sustainable and Inclusive Development (GDM 2020)
Ana Clara Mourao Moura Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
xviii Organization
Geomatics in Forestry and Agriculture: New Advances

and Perspectives (GeoForAgr 2020)
Maurizio Pollino ENEA, Italy
Giuseppe Modica University of Reggio Calabria, Italy
Marco Vizzari University of Perugia, Italy
Geographical Analysis, Urban Modeling, Spatial Statistics

(GEOG-AND-MOD 2020)
Hartmut Asche University of Potsdam, Germany
Geomatics for Resource Monitoring and Management (GRMM 2020)

Eufemia Tarantino Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Enrico Borgogno Mondino University of Torino, Italy
Marco Scaioni Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
Alessandra Capolupo Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Software Quality (ISSQ 2020)

Collective, Massive and Evolutionary Systems (IWCES 2020)

Rajdeep Niyogi Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
Alina Elena Baia University of Florence, Italy
Large Scale Computational Science (LSCS 2020)

Elise De Doncker Western Michigan University, USA
Fukuko Yuasa High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
(KEK), Japan
Hideo Matsufuru High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
(KEK), Japan
Land Use Monitoring for Sustainability (LUMS 2020)

Carmelo Maria Torre Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Alessandro Bonifazi Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Pasquale Balena Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Massimiliano Bencardino University of Salerno, Italy
Francesco Tajani University of Rome, Italy
Pierluigi Morano Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Maria Cerreta University of Naples, Italy
Giuliano Poli University of Naples, Italy
Organization xix
Machine Learning for Space and Earth Observation Data (MALSEOD 2020)
Rafael Santos INPE, Brazil
Karine Ferreira INPE, Brazil
Building Multi-dimensional Models for Assessing Complex Environmental

Systems (MES 2020)
Marta Dell’Ovo Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
Vanessa Assumma Polytechnic University of Torino, Italy
Caterina Caprioli Polytechnic University of Torino, Italy
Giulia Datola Polytechnic University of Torino, Italy
Federico dell’Anna Polytechnic University of Torino, Italy
Ecosystem Services: Nature’s Contribution to People in Practice. Assessment

Frameworks, Models, Mapping, and Implications (NC2P 2020)
David Cabana International Marine Center, Italy
Ana Clara Mourao Moura Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Open Knowledge for Socio-economic Development (OKSED 2020)

Luigi Mundula University of Cagliari, Italy
Flavia Marzano Link Campus University, Italy
Maria Paradiso University of Milan, Italy
Scientific Computing Infrastructure (SCI 2020)

Elena Stankova Saint Petersburg State University, Russia
Vladimir Korkhov Saint Petersburg State University, Russia
Natalia Kulabukhova Saint Petersburg State University, Russia
Computational Studies for Energy and Comfort in Buildings (SECoB 2020)

Senhorinha Teixeira University of Minho, Portugal
Luís Martins University of Minho, Portugal
Ana Maria Rocha University of Minho, Portugal
Software Engineering Processes and Applications (SEPA 2020)

Smart Ports - Technologies and Challenges (SmartPorts 2020)

Gianfranco Fancello University of Cagliari, Italy
Patrizia Serra University of Cagliari, Italy
Marco Mazzarino University of Venice, Italy
xx Organization

Sustainability Performance Assessment: Models, Approaches and Applications

Toward Interdisciplinary and Integrated Solutions (SPA 2020)
Valentin Grecu Lucian Blaga University, Romania
Jolanta Dvarioniene Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania
Iole Cerminara University of Basilicata, Italy
Smart and Sustainable Island Communities (SSIC 2020)

Anastasia Stratigea National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Paola Zamperlin University of Pisa, Italy
Science, Technologies and Policies to Innovate Spatial Planning (STP4P 2020)

Daniele La Rosa University of Catania, Italy
Anna Maria Colavitti University of Cagliari, Italy
Paolo La Greca University of Catania, Italy
New Frontiers for Strategic Urban Planning (StrategicUP 2020)

Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and its Applications (TCCMA 2020)

Noelia Faginas-Lago University of Perugia, Italy
Andrea Lombardi University of Perugia, Italy
Tools and Techniques in Software Development Process (TTSDP 2020)

Urban Form Studies (UForm 2020)

Malgorzata Hanzl Łódź University of Technology, Poland
Organization xxi
Urban Space Extended Accessibility (USEaccessibility 2020)

Francesco Pinna University of Cagliari, Italy
Mauro Coni University of Cagliari, Italy
Francesca Maltinti University of Cagliari, Italy
Vincenza Torrisi University of Catania, Italy
Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania, Italy
Virtual and Augmented Reality and Applications (VRA 2020)

Osvaldo Gervasi University of Perugia, Italy
Damiano Perri University of Perugia, Italy
Marco Simonetti University of Perugia, Italy
Workshop on Advanced and Computational Methods for Earth Science

Applications (WACM4ES 2020)
Luca Piroddi University of Cagliari, Italy
Laura Foddis University of Cagliari, Italy
Gian Piero Deidda University of Cagliari, Italy
Augusto Montisci University of Cagliari, Italy
Gabriele Uras University of Cagliari, Italy
Giulio Vignoli University of Cagliari, Italy
Sponsoring Organizations
ICCSA 2020 would not have been possible without tremendous support of many
organizations and institutions, for which all organizers and participants of ICCSA 2020
express their sincere gratitude:
Springer International Publishing AG, Germany

(https://www.springer.com)
Computers Open Access Journal

(https://www.mdpi.com/journal/computers)
IEEE Italy Section, Italy

(https://italy.ieeer8.org/)
xxii Organization
Centre-North Italy Chapter IEEE GRSS, Italy

(https://cispio.diet.uniroma1.it/marzano/ieee-grs/
index.html)
Italy Section of the Computer Society, Italy

(https://site.ieee.org/italy-cs/)
University of Cagliari, Italy

(https://unica.it/)
University of Perugia, Italy

(https://www.unipg.it)
University of Basilicata, Italy

(http://www.unibas.it)
Monash University, Australia

(https://www.monash.edu/)
Organization xxiii
Kyushu Sangyo University, Japan

(https://www.kyusan-u.ac.jp/)
University of Minho, Portugal

(https://www.uminho.pt/)
Scientific Association Transport Infrastructures,

Italy
(https://www.stradeeautostrade.it/associazioni-e-
organizzazioni/asit-associazione-scientifica-
infrastrutture-trasporto/)
Regione Sardegna, Italy

(https://regione.sardegna.it/)
Comune di Cagliari, Italy

(https://www.comune.cagliari.it/)
xxiv Organization
Referees
A. P. Andrade Marina ISCTE, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Portugal
Addesso Paolo University of Salerno, Italy
Adewumi Adewole Algonquin College, Canada
Afolabi Adedeji Covenant University, Nigeria
Afreixo Vera University of Aveiro, Portugal
Agrawal Smirti Freelancer, USA
Agrawal Akshat Amity University Haryana, India
Ahmad Waseem Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
Akgun Nurten Bursa Technical University, Turkey
Alam Tauhidul Louisiana State University Shreveport, USA
Aleixo Sandra M. CEAUL, Portugal
Alfa Abraham Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
Alvelos Filipe University of Minho, Portugal
Alves Alexandra University of Minho, Portugal
Amato Federico University of Lausanne, Switzerland
Andrade Marina Alexandra ISCTE-IUL, Portugal
Pedro
Andrianov Sergey Saint Petersburg State University, Russia
Anelli Angelo CNR-IGAG, Italy
Anelli Debora University of Rome, Italy
Annunziata Alfonso University of Cagliari, Italy
Antognelli Sara Agricolus, Italy
Aoyama Tatsumi High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Japan
Apduhan Bernady Kyushu Sangyo University, Japan
Ascenzi Daniela University of Trento, Italy
Asche Harmut Hasso-Plattner-Institut für Digital Engineering GmbH,
Germany
Aslan Burak Galip Izmir Insitute of Technology, Turkey
Assumma Vanessa Polytechnic University of Torino, Italy
Astoga Gino UV, Chile
Atman Uslu Nilüfer Manisa Celal Bayar University, Turkey
Behera Ranjan Kumar National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
Badsha Shahriar University of Nevada, USA
Bai Peng University of Cagliari, Italy
Baia Alina-Elena University of Perugia, Italy
Balacco Gabriella Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Balci Birim Celal Bayar University, Turkey
Balena Pasquale Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Balletto Ginevra University of Cagliari, Italy
Balucani Nadia University of Perugia, Italy
Bansal Megha Delhi University, India
Barazzetti Luigi Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
Barreto Jeniffer Istituto Superior Técnico, Portugal
Basbas Socrates Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Organization xxv
Berger Katja Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany

Beyene Asrat Mulatu Addis Ababa Science and Technology University,
Ethiopia
Bilancia Massimo University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
Biondi Giulio University of Firenze, Italy
Blanquer Ignacio Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
Bleil de Souza Clarice Cardiff University, UK
Blečíć Ivan University of Cagliari, Italy
Bogdanov Alexander Saint Petersburg State University, Russia
Bonifazi Alessandro Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Bontchev Boyan Sofia University, Bulgaria
Borgogno Mondino Enrico University of Torino, Italy
Borruso Giuseppe University of Trieste, Italy
Bouaziz Rahma Taibah University, Saudi Arabia
Bowles Juliana University of Saint Andrews, UK
Braga Ana Cristina University of Minho, Portugal
Brambilla Andrea Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
Brito Francisco University of Minho, Portugal
Buele Jorge Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Ecuador
Buffoni Andrea TAGES sc, Italy
Cabana David International Marine Centre, Italy
Calazan Rogerio IEAPM, Brazil
Calcina Sergio Vincenzo University of Cagliari, Italy
Camalan Seda Atilim University, Turkey
Camarero Alberto Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
Campisi Tiziana University of Enna KORE, Italy
Cannatella Daniele Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Capolupo Alessandra Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Cappucci Sergio ENEA, Italy
Caprioli Caterina Polytechnic University of Torino, Italy
Carapau Fermando Universidade de Evora, Portugal
Carcangiu Sara University of Cagliari, Italy
Carrasqueira Pedro INESC Coimbra, Portugal
Caselli Nicolás PUCV Chile, Chile
Castro de Macedo Jose Universidade do Minho, Portugal
Nuno
Cavallo Carla University of Naples, Italy
Cerminara Iole University of Basilicata, Italy
Cerreta Maria University of Naples, Italy
Cesini Daniele INFN-CNAF, Italy
Chang Shi-Kuo University of Pittsburgh, USA
Chetty Girija University of Canberra, Australia
Chiky Raja ISEP, France
Chowdhury Dhiman University of South Carolina, USA
Ciloglugil Birol Ege University, Turkey
Coletti Cecilia Università di Chieti-Pescara, Italy
xxvi Organization
Coni Mauro University of Cagliari, Italy

Corcoran Padraig Cardiff University, UK
Cornelio Antonella Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italy
Correia Aldina ESTG-PPorto, Portugal
Correia Elisete University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal
Correia Florbela Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Portugal
Costa Lino Universidade do Minho, Portugal
Costa e Silva Eliana ESTG-P Porto, Portugal
Costantini Alessandro INFN, Italy
Crespi Mattia University of Roma, Italy
Cuca Branka Polytechnic University of Milano, Italy
De Doncker Elise Western Michigan University, USA
De Macedo Mourelle Luiza State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Daisaka Hiroshi Hitotsubashi University, Japan
Daldanise Gaia CNR, Italy
Danese Maria CNR-ISPC, Italy
Daniele Bartoli University of Perugia, Italy
Datola Giulia Polytechnic University of Torino, Italy
De Luca Giandomenico University of Reggio Calabria, Italy
De Lucia Caterina University of Foggia, Italy
De Morais Barroca Filho Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Itamir
De Petris Samuele University of Torino, Italy
De Sá Alan Marinha do Brasil, Brazil
De Souto Marcilio LIFO, University of Orléans, France
De Vito Saverio ENEA, Italy
De Wilde Pieter University of Plymouth, UK
Degtyarev Alexander Saint Petersburg State University, Russia
Dell’Anna Federico Polytechnic University of Torino, Italy
Dell’Ovo Marta Polytechnic University of Milano, Italy
Della Mura Fernanda University of Naples, Italy
Deluka T. Aleksandra University of Rijeka, Croatia
Demartino Cristoforo Zhejiang University, China
Dereli Dursun Ahu Istanbul Commerce University, Turkey
Desogus Giulia University of Cagliari, Italy
Dettori Marco University of Sassari, Italy
Devai Frank London South Bank University, UK
Di Francesco Massimo University of Cagliari, Italy
Di Liddo Felicia Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Di Paola Gianluigi University of Molise, Italy
Di Pietro Antonio ENEA, Italy
Di Pinto Valerio University of Naples, Italy
Dias Joana University of Coimbra, Portugal
Dimas Isabel University of Coimbra, Portugal
Dirvanauskas Darius Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania
Djordjevic Aleksandra University of Belgrade, Serbia
Organization xxvii
Duma Doina Cristina INFN-CNAF, Italy

Dumlu Demircioğlu Emine Yıldız Technical University, Turkey
Dursun Aziz Virginia Tech University, USA
Dvarioniene Jolanta Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania
Errico Maurizio Francesco University of Enna KORE, Italy
Ezugwu Absalom University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Fattoruso Grazia ENEA, Italy
Faginas-Lago Noelia University of Perugia, Italy
Falanga Bolognesi ARIESPACE, Italy
Salvatore
Falcinelli Stefano University of Perugia, Italy
Farias Marcos National Nuclear Energy Commission, Brazil
Farina Alessandro University of Pisa, Italy
Feltynowski Marcin Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Fernandes Florbela Instituto Politecnico de Bragança, Portugal
Fernandes Paula Odete Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Portugal
Fernandez-Sanz Luis University of Alcala, Spain
Ferreira Ana Cristina University of Minho, Portugal
Ferreira Fernanda Porto, Portugal
Fiorini Lorena University of L’Aquila, Italy
Flora Amedeo University of Basilicata, Italy
Florez Hector Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas,
Colombia
Foddis Maria Laura University of Cagliari, Italy
Fogli Daniela University of Brescia, Italy
Fortunelli Martina Pragma Engineering, Italy
Fragiacomo Massimo University of L’Aquila, Italy
Franzoni Valentina Perugia University, Italy
Fusco Giovanni University of Cote d’Azur, France
Fyrogenis Ioannis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Gorbachev Yuriy Coddan Technologies LLC, Russia
Gabrielli Laura Università Iuav di Venezia, Italy
Gallanos Theodore Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria
Gamallo Belmonte Pablo Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
Gankevich Ivan Saint Petersburg State University, Russia
Garau Chiara University of Cagliari, Italy
Garcia Para Ernesto Universidad del Pais Vasco, EHU, Spain
Gargano Riccardo Universidade de Brasilia, Brazil
Gavrilova Marina University of Calgary, Canada
Georgiadis Georgios Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Gervasi Osvaldo University of Perugia, Italy
Giano Salvatore Ivo University of Basilicata, Italy
Gil Jorge Chalmers University, Sweden
Gioia Andrea Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Gioia Dario ISPC-CNT, Italy
xxviii Organization
Giordano Ludovica ENEA, Italy

Giorgi Giacomo University of Perugia, Italy
Giovene di Girasole CNR-IRISS, Italy
Eleonora
Giovinazzi Sonia ENEA, Italy
Giresini Linda University of Pisa, Italy
Giuffrida Salvatore University of Catania, Italy
Golubchikov Oleg Cardiff University, UK
Gonçalves A. Manuela University of Minho, Portugal
Gorgoglione Angela Universidad de la República, Uruguay
Goyal Rinkaj IPU, Delhi, India
Grishkin Valery Saint Petersburg State University, Russia
Guerra Eduardo Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
Guerrero Abel University of Guanajuato, Mexico
Gulseven Osman American University of The Middle East, Kuwait
Gupta Brij National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
Guveyi Elcin Yildiz Teknik University, Turkey
Gülen Kemal Güven Namk Kemal University, Turkey
Haddad Sandra Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime
Transport, Egypt
Hanzl Malgorzata Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Hegedus Peter University of Szeged, Hungary
Hendrix Eligius M. T. Universidad de Málaga, Spain
Higaki Hiroaki Tokyo Denki University, Japan
Hossain Syeda Sumbul Daffodil International University, Bangladesh
Iacovino Chiara University of Basilicata, Italy
Iakushkin Oleg Saint Petersburg State University, Russia
Iannuzzo Antonino ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Idri Ali University Mohammed V, Morocco
Ignaccolo Matteo University of Catania, Italy
Ilovan Oana-Ramona Babes-Bolyai University, Romania
Isola Federica University of Cagliari, Italy
Jankovic Marija CERTH, Greece
Jorge Ana Maria Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Portugal
Kanamori Issaku RIKEN Center for Computational Science, Japan
Kapenga John Western Michigan University, USA
Karabulut Korhan Yasar University, Turkey
Karaca Yeliz University of Massachusetts Medical School, USA
Karami Ali University of Guilan, Iran
Kienhofer Frank WITS, South Africa
Kim Tai-hoon Beijing Jiaotong University, China
Kimura Shuhei Tottori University, Japan
Kirillov Denis Saint Petersburg State University, Russia
Korkhov Vladimir Saint Petersburg University, Russia
Koszewski Krzysztof Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Krzysztofik Sylwia Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Organization xxix
Kulabukhova Nataliia Saint Petersburg State University, Russia

Kulkarni Shrinivas B. SDM College of Engineering and Technology,
Dharwad, India
Kwiecinski Krystian Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Kyvelou Stella Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences,
Greece
Körting Thales INPE, Brazil
Lal Niranjan Mody University of Science and Technology, India
Lazzari Maurizio CNR-ISPC, Italy
Leon Marcelo Asociacion de Becarios del Ecuador, Ecuador
La Rocca Ludovica University of Naples, Italy
La Rosa Daniele University of Catania, Italy
Lai Sabrina University of Cagliari, Italy
Lalenis Konstantinos University of Thessaly, Greece
Lannon Simon Cardiff University, UK
Lasaponara Rosa CNR, Italy
Lee Chien-Sing Sunway University, Malaysia
Lemus-Romani José Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, Chile
Leone Federica University of Cagliari, Italy
Li Yuanxi Hong Kong Baptist University, China
Locurcio Marco Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Lombardi Andrea University of Perugia, Italy
Lopez Gayarre Fernando University of Oviedo, Spain
Lops Pasquale University of Bari, Italy
Lourenço Vanda Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
Luviano José Luís University of Guanajuato, Mexico
Maltese Antonino University of Palermo, Italy
Magni Riccardo Pragma Engineering, Italy
Maheshwari Anil Carleton University, Canada
Maja Roberto Polytechnic University of Milano, Italy
Malik Shaveta Terna Engineering College, India
Maltinti Francesca University of Cagliari, Italy
Mandado Marcos University of Vigo, Spain
Manganelli Benedetto University of Basilicata, Italy
Mangiameli Michele University of Catania, Italy
Maraschin Clarice Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Marigorta Ana Maria Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
Markov Krassimir Institute of Electrical Engineering and Informatics,
Bulgaria
Martellozzo Federico University of Firenze, Italy
Marucci Alessandro University of L’Aquila, Italy
Masini Nicola IBAM-CNR, Italy
Matsufuru Hideo High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
(KEK), Japan
Matteucci Ilaria CNR, Italy
Mauro D’Apuzzo University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy
xxx Organization
Mazzarella Chiara University of Naples, Italy

Mazzarino Marco University of Venice, Italy
Mazzoni Augusto University of Roma, Italy
Mele Roberta University of Naples, Italy
Menezes Raquel University of Minho, Portugal
Menghini Antonio Aarhus Geofisica, Italy
Mengoni Paolo University of Florence, Italy
Merlino Angelo Università degli Studi Mediterranea, Italy
Milani Alfredo University of Perugia, Italy
Milic Vladimir University of Zagreb, Croatia
Millham Richard Durban University of Technology, South Africa
Mishra B. University of Szeged, Hungary
Misra Sanjay Covenant University, Nigeria
Modica Giuseppe University of Reggio Calabria, Italy
Mohagheghi Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Iran
Mohammadsadegh
Molaei Qelichi Mohamad University of Tehran, Iran
Molinara Mario University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy
Momo Evelyn Joan University of Torino, Italy
Monteiro Vitor University of Minho, Portugal
Montisci Augusto University of Cagliari, Italy
Morano Pierluigi Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Morganti Alessandro Polytechnic University of Milano, Italy
Mosca Erica Isa Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
Moura Ricardo CMA-FCT, New University of Lisbon, Portugal
Mourao Maria Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Portugal
Mourāo Moura Ana Clara Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Mrak Iva University of Rijeka, Croatia
Murgante Beniamino University of Basilicata, Italy
Muñoz Mirna Centro de Investigacion en Matematicas, Mexico
Nedjah Nadia State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Nakasato Naohito University of Aizu, Japan
Natário Isabel Cristina Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
Nesticò Antonio Università degli Studi di Salerno, Italy
Neto Ana Maria Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil
Nicolosi Vittorio University of Rome, Italy
Nikiforiadis Andreas Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Nocera Fabrizio University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
Nocera Silvio IUAV, Italy
Nogueira Marcelo Paulista University, Brazil
Nolè Gabriele CNR, Italy
Nuno Beirao Jose University of Lisbon, Portugal
Okewu Emma University of Alcala, Spain
Oluwasefunmi Arogundade Academy of Mathematics and System Science, China
Oppio Alessandra Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
P. Costa M. Fernanda University of Minho, Portugal
Organization xxxi
Parisot Olivier Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology,

Luxembourg
Paddeu Daniela UWE, UK
Paio Alexandra ISCTE-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Portugal
Palme Massimo Catholic University of the North, Chile
Panaro Simona University of Portsmouth, UK
Pancham Jay Durban University of Technology, South Africa
Pantazis Dimos University of West Attica, Greece
Papa Enrica University of Westminster, UK
Pardede Eric La Trobe University, Australia
Perchinunno Paola Uniersity of Cagliari, Italy
Perdicoulis Teresa UTAD, Portugal
Pereira Ana Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal
Perri Damiano University of Perugia, Italy
Petrelli Marco University of Rome, Italy
Pierri Francesca University of Perugia, Italy
Piersanti Antonio ENEA, Italy
Pilogallo Angela University of Basilicata, Italy
Pinna Francesco University of Cagliari, Italy
Pinto Telmo University of Coimbra, Portugal
Piroddi Luca University of Cagliari, Italy
Poli Giuliano University of Naples, Italy
Polidoro Maria Joāo Polytecnic Institute of Porto, Portugal
Polignano Marco University of Bari, Italy
Politis Ioannis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Pollino Maurizio ENEA, Italy
Popoola Segun Covenant University, Nigeria
Pratelli Antonio University of Pisa, Italy
Praticò Salvatore University of Reggio Calabria, Italy
Previtali Mattia Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
Puppio Mario Lucio University of Pisa, Italy
Puttini Ricardo Universidade de Brasilia, Brazil
Que Zeli Nanjing Forestry University, China
Queiroz Gilberto INPE, Brazil
Regalbuto Stefania University of Naples, Italy
Ravanelli Roberta University of Roma, Italy
Recanatesi Fabio University of Tuscia, Italy
Reis Ferreira Gomes Karine INPE, Brazil
Reis Marco University of Coimbra, Portugal
Reitano Maria University of Naples, Italy
Rencelj Marko University of Maribor, Slovenia
Respondek Jerzy Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Rimola Albert Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
Rocha Ana University of Minho, Portugal
Rocha Humberto University of Coimbra, Portugal
Rocha Maria Celia UFBA Bahia, Brazil
xxxii Organization
Rocha Maria Clara ESTES Coimbra, Portugal

Rocha Miguel University of Minho, Portugal
Rodriguez Guillermo UNICEN, Argentina
Rodríguez González Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
Alejandro
Ronchieri Elisabetta INFN, Italy
Rosi Marzio University of Perugia, Italy
Rotondo Francesco Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy
Rusci Simone University of Pisa, Italy
Saganeiti Lucia University of Basilicata, Italy
Saiu Valeria University of Cagliari, Italy
Salas Agustin UPCV, Chile
Salvo Giuseppe University of Palermo, Italy
Sarvia Filippo University of Torino, Italy
Santaga Francesco University of Perugia, Italy
Santangelo Michele CNR-IRPI, Italy
Santini Francesco University of Perugia, Italy
Santos Rafael INPE, Brazil
Santucci Valentino Università per Stranieri di Perugia, Italy
Saponaro Mirko Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Sarker Iqbal CUET, Bangladesh
Scaioni Marco Politecnico Milano, Italy
Scorza Francesco University of Basilicata, Italy
Scotto di Perta Ester University of Naples, Italy
Sebillo Monica University of Salerno, Italy
Sharma Meera Swami Shraddhanand College, India
Shen Jie University of Michigan, USA
Shou Huahao Zhejiang University of Technology, China
Siavvas Miltiadis Centre of Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH),
Greece
Silva Carina ESTeSL-IPL, Portugal
Silva Joao Carlos Polytechnic Institute of Cavado and Ave, Portugal
Silva Junior Luneque Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil
Silva Ângela Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Portugal
Simonetti Marco University of Florence, Italy
Situm Zeljko University of Zagreb, Croatia
Skouteris Dimitrios Master-Up, Italy
Solano Francesco Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Italy
Somma Maria University of Naples, Italy
Sonnessa Alberico Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Sousa Lisete University of Lisbon, Portugal
Sousa Nelson University of Algarve, Portugal
Spaeth Benjamin Cardiff University, UK
Srinivsan M. Navodaya Institute of Technology, India
Stankova Elena Saint Petersburg State University, Russia
Stratigea Anastasia National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Organization xxxiii
Šurdonja Sanja University of Rijeka, Croatia

Sviatov Kirill Ulyanovsk State Technical University, Russia
Sánchez de Merás Alfredo Universitat de Valencia, Spain
Takahashi Daisuke University of Tsukuba, Japan
Tanaka Kazuaki Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan
Taniar David Monash University, Australia
Tapia McClung Rodrigo Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de Información
Geoespacial, Mexico
Tarantino Eufemia Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Tasso Sergio University of Perugia, Italy
Teixeira Ana Paula University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal
Teixeira Senhorinha University of Minho, Portugal
Tengku Izhar Tengku Adil Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
Teodoro Maria Filomena University of Lisbon, Portuguese Naval Academy,
Portugal
Tesoriere Giovanni University of Enna KORE, Italy
Thangeda Amarendar Rao Botho University, Botswana
Tonbul Gokchan Atilim University, Turkey
Toraldo Emanuele Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
Torre Carmelo Maria Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Torrieri Francesca University of Naples, Italy
Torrisi Vincenza University of Catania, Italy
Toscano Domenico University of Naples, Italy
Totaro Vincenzo Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Trigo Antonio Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Portugal
Trunfio Giuseppe A. University of Sassari, Italy
Trung Pham HCMUT, Vietnam
Tsoukalas Dimitrios Centre of Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH),
Greece
Tucci Biagio CNR, Italy
Tucker Simon Liverpool John Moores University, UK
Tuñon Iñaki Universidad de Valencia, Spain
Tyagi Amit Kumar Vellore Institute of Technology, India
Uchibayashi Toshihiro Kyushu University, Japan
Ueda Takahiro Seikei University, Japan
Ugliengo Piero University of Torino, Italy
Valente Ettore University of Naples, Italy
Vallverdu Jordi University Autonoma Barcelona, Spain
Vanelslander Thierry University of Antwerp, Belgium
Vasyunin Dmitry T-Systems RUS, Russia
Vazart Fanny University of Grenoble Alpes, France
Vecchiocattivi Franco University of Perugia, Italy
Vekeman Jelle Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium
Verde Rosanna Università degli Studi della Campania, Italy
Vermaseren Jos Nikhef, The Netherlands
xxxiv Organization
Vignoli Giulio University of Cagliari, Italy

Vizzari Marco University of Perugia, Italy
Vodyaho Alexander Saint Petersburg State Electrotechnical University,
Russia
Vona Marco University of Basilicata, Italy
Waluyo Agustinus Borgy Monash University, Australia
Wen Min Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China
Westad Frank Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Norway
Yuasa Fukuko KEK, Japan
Yadav Rekha KL University, India
Yamu Claudia University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Yao Fenghui Tennessee State University, USA
Yañez Manuel Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
Yoki Karl Daegu Catholic University, South Korea
Zamperlin Paola University of Pisa, Italy
Zekeng Ndadji Milliam University of Dschang, Cameroon
Maxime
Žemlička Michal Charles University, Czech Republic
Zita Sampaio Alcinia Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal
Živković Ljiljana Ministry of Construction, Transport and Infrastructure
and Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial
Planning of Serbia, Serbia
Zoppi Corrado University of Cagliari, Italy
Zucca Marco Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
Zullo Francesco University of L’Aquila, Italy
Contents – Part V
International Workshop on Geomatics in Forestry and Agriculture:

New Advances and Perspectives (GeoForAgr 2020)
Evaluation of Meteorological Data-Based Models for Potential and Actual

Evapotranspiration Losses Using Flux Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Mirka Mobilia and Antonia Longobardi
GNSS Network RTK for Automatic Guidance in Agriculture:

Testing and Performance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Fabio Radicioni, Aurelio Stoppini, Raffaella Brigante, Andrea Brozzi,
and Grazia Tosi
The Contribution of Remote Sensing and Silvicultural Treatments

to the Assessment of Decline in an Oak Deciduous Forest:
The Study Case of a Protected Area in Mediterranean Environment . . . . . . . 36
Fabio Recanatesi, Matteo Piccinno, Benedetta Cucca,
Carlo Maria Rossi, and Maria Nicolina Ripa
Evaluating the Potential of Vegetation Indices in Detecting Drought Impact

Using Remote Sensing Data in a Mediterranean Pinewood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Benedetta Cucca, Fabio Recanatesi, and Maria Nicolina Ripa
Unsupervised Burned Area Mapping in a Protected Natural Site.

An Approach Using SAR Sentinel-1 Data and K-mean Algorithm. . . . . . . . . 63
Giandomenico De Luca, Giuseppe Modica, Carmen Fattore,
and Rosa Lasaponara
Using Sentinel 2 Data to Guide Nitrogen Fertilization in Central Italy:

Comparison Between Flat, Low VRT and High VRT Rates Application
in Wheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Francesco Santaga, Paolo Benincasa, and Marco Vizzari
International Workshop on Collective, Massive and Evolutionary

Systems (IWCES 2020)
A Learning Based Approach for Planning with Safe Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Rajdeep Niyogi, Saurabh Sharma, Michal Vavrecka, and Alfredo Milani
Service Composition in a Context-Aware Setting with Functionally

Equivalent Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Sujata Swain and Rajdeep Niyogi
xxxvi Contents – Part V
Formal Verification of a Distributed Algorithm for Task Execution . . . . . . . . 120

Amar Nath and Rajdeep Niyogi
Semantic Similarity Measures for Topological Link Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Giulio Biondi and Valentina Franzoni
International Workshop on Large Scale Computational Science

(LSCS 2020)
Large Scale Automatic Computations for Feynman Diagrams

with up to Five Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
E. de Doncker, F. Yuasa, O. Olagbemi, and T. Ishikawa
Performance Evaluation of Strassen Matrix Multiplication Supporting

Triple-Double Precision Floating-Point Arithmetic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Tomonori Kouya
Acceleration of Boltzmann Equation for Core-Collapse Supernova

Simulations on PEZY-SC Processors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Hideo Matsufuru and Kohsuke Sumiyoshi
International Workshop on Land Use Monitoring

for Sustanability (LUMS 2020)
Shrinking Phenomena in Italian Inner Mountainous Areas. Resilience

Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Francesco Rotondo, Giovanni Marinelli, and Luca Domenella
Evaluating Socio-spatial Exclusion: Local Spatial Indices of Segregation

and Isolation in Naples (Italy). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Maria Cerreta, Giuliano Poli, and Maria Reitano
Sustainable Local Development and Smart Specialisation Strategies:

Recent Developments in Agri-food Research and Innovation
Partnerships
in Puglia, Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Manuela Persia, Pasquale Balena, Alessandro Bonifazi,
Maria Immacolata Marzulli, Antonio Orlando, and Carmelo M. Torre
International Workshop on Machine Learning for Space and Earth

Observation Data (MALSEOD 2020)
An Approach to Classify Burned Areas Using Few Previously

Validated Samples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Olga O. Bittencourt, Fabiano Morelli, Cícero A. S. Júnior,
and Rafael Santos
Contents – Part V xxxvii
Total Solar Irradiance Forecasting with Keras Recurrent Neural Networks . . . 255
Amita Muralikrishna, Luis E. A. Vieira, Rafael D. C. dos Santos,
and Adriano P. Almeida
Assessing Satellite Image Time Series Clustering Using Growing SOM . . . . . 270
Rodrigo de Sales da Silva Adeu, Karine Reis Ferreira,
Pedro R. Andrade, and Lorena Santos
International Workshop on Building Multi-dimensional Models

for Assessing Complex Environmental Systems (MES 2020)
The Estimation of the Optimal Level of Productivity for Sponsors

in the Recovery and Enhancement of the Historical-Architectural Heritage . . . 285
Luigi Dolores, Maria Macchiaroli, Gianluigi De Mare, Antonio Nesticò,
Gabriella Maselli, and Elena Merino Gómez
Evaluating the Urban Quality Through a Hybrid Approach:

Application in the Milan (Italy) City Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Oppio Alessandra, Bottero Marta, Dell’Anna Federico, Dell’Ovo Marta,
and Gabrielli Laura
Universal Design-Based Framework to Assess Usability and Inclusion

of Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Erica Isa Mosca and Stefano Capolongo
Urban Ecosystem Services: A Review of Definitions and Classifications

for the Identification of Future Research Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Caterina Caprioli, Marta Bottero, and Giulio Mondini
Complex Projects Assessment. The Impact of Built Environment

on Healthcare Staff Wellbeing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Andrea Brambilla, Alessandro Morganti, Göran Lindahl, Andrea Riva,
and Stefano Capolongo
An Analytic Network Process (ANP)-Based Approach for Investigating

Alternative Planning Scenarios of Mining Activities in Piedmont Region . . . . 355
Vanessa Assumma, Marta Bottero, Giulio Mondini, and Elisa Zanetta
Exploring the Redundancy Capacity Through a System

Dynamics Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Marta Bottero, Giulia Datola, and Elena De Angelis
xxxviii Contents – Part V
International Workshop on Ecosystem Services: Nature’s Contribution

to People in Practice. Assessment Frameworks, Models, Mapping,
and Implications (NC2P 2020)
Use of Landscape Metrics and Multi-criteria Analysis to Identify Landscape

Units Concerning of Vegetation of Quadrilátero Ferrífero - MG . . . . . . . . . . 381
Lourdes Manresa Camargos, Nicole Andrade da Rocha,
and Ana Clara Mourão Moura
Locally-Provided and Globally-Relevant Ecosystem Services:

A Needed Distinction for Quantification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Dani Broitman
Spatial Distribution of Surface Temperature and Land Cover: A Study

Concerning Sardinia, Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Sabrina Lai, Federica Leone, and Corrado Zoppi
Soil Ecosystem Services and Sediment Production: The Basilicata Region

Case Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Angela Pilogallo, Lucia Saganeiti, Francesco Scorza,
and Beniamino Murgante
International Workshop on Open Knowledge for Socio-economic

Development (OKSED 2020)
Smart Communities and Knowledge Sharing as Main Tools to Achieve

Common Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Luigi Mundula and Flavia Marzano
The Impact of the COVID-19 Outbreak on the Socio-Economic Issues

of the Black Sea Region Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
George Abuselidze and Lela Mamaladze
Integrated Data and Service Platforms for Smart Energy Networks as a Key
Component for Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
Jan-Philipp Exner, Michelle Krämer, Dirk Werth, Andreas Eitel,
Jochen Britz, and Boris Brandherm
Short Papers
Numerical Analysis of Single Jet Impinging a Flat and Non-flat Plate . . . . . . 487
Flávia V. Barbosa, Senhorinha F. C. F. Teixeira, and José C. F. Teixeira
Computational Models of Defect Clustering for Tethered

Bilayer Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Tomas Raila, Marija Jankunec, Tadas Meškauskas,
and Gintaras Valinčius
Contents – Part V xxxix
Model of Post Fire Erosion Assessment Using RUSLE Method, GIS Tools
and ESA Sentinel DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Gabriele Nolè, Valentina Santarsiero, Antonio Lanorte, Biagio Tucci,
Vito Augusto Capurso, Francesco Vito Ronco, and Beniamino Murgante
A Mobile Small Sized Device for Air Pollutants Monitoring Connected

to the Smart Road: Preliminary Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Stefano Chiesa, Maurizio Pollino, and Sergio Taraglio
Using Google Trends, Gaussian Mixture Models and DBSCAN

for the Estimation of Twitter User Home Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
Paola Zola, Paulo Cortez, and Maurizio Tesconi
Lurking Reduction at School Through Virtual Communities of Practice:

The Binario 9 ¾ Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Fabio Sartori, Claudia Maga, Barbara Tosi, and Alessandro Varallo
The Navigation of Multi-itineraries for the Cultural Heritage Context . . . . . . 544

Yuri Palazzo, Silvia Calegari, Paolo Avogadro, and Matteo Dominoni
Adsorption of Atoms on a Crystalline Ice Surface Model:

Results from Periodic ab Initio Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Stefano Ferrero, Berta Martínez-Bachs, Joan Enrique-Romero,
and Albert Rimola
A Combined DFT and RRKM-Based Study on the Reactivity

of HCO + NH2 on Amorphous Water Ice Surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Joan Enrique-Romero, Albert Rimola, and Cecilia Ceccarelli
Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Urban and Natural Areas in the Northern

Littoral Zone of Rome: Land-Cover Change Analysis During the Last
Thirty Years. Preliminary Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Maurizio Pollino, Francesco Lodato, and Nicola Colonna
Attractive Arcade-Based Platform Approach to Exam Preparation . . . . . . . . . 576

Matheus Lorenzato Braga, Victor Martins de Sousa,
Clara Scheffer Emerich, and Rafael Américo Führich
The Cross Validation in Automated Valuation Models:

A Proposal for Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Agostino Valier
Neural Nets on FPGA a Machine Vision Algorithm Applied On MNIST

Dataset Using Hls4ml Library. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Fabrizio Alfonsi, Alessandro Gabrielli, and Elisabetta Ronchieri
xl Contents – Part V
Assessing the Impact of Land Use Changes on Ecosystem Services Value . . . 606
Angela Pilogallo, Lucia Saganeiti, Francesco Scorza,
and Beniamino Murgante
Cyber-Physical Platform for Preeclampsia Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

Iuliana Marin, Maria Iuliana Bocicor, and Arthur-Jozsef Molnar
System Integration and Functional Priorities to Maximize Profit

and Loss for Smart Factory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
Jeong Seog Kho and Jongpil Jeong
Impact of Renewable Energy Installations on Habitat Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . 636

Valeria Muzzillo, Angela Pilogallo, Lucia Saganeiti,
Valentina Santarsiero, Francesco Scorza, and Beniamino Murgante
Habitat Degradation: A Comparative Study Between Tomar (PT)

and Potenza (IT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Luciana Nolè, Angela Pilogallo, Lucia Saganeiti, Francesco Scorza,
Luis Santos, and Beniamino Murgante
Fast Multiple Montgomery Multiplications Using Intel

AVX-512IFMA Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Daisuke Takahashi
Algorithms for Enhancing Satellite Imagery to Discover Archaeological

Finds Covered by Shadow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
Stefano Chiappini, Francesco Di Stefano, Eva Savina Malinverni,
and Roberto Pierdicca
Test Case Generation Framework for Client-Server Apps:

Reverse Engineering Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
Emine Dumlu Demircioğlu and Oya Kalıpsız
A Novel Cleaning Method for Yield Data Collected by Sensors:

A Case Study on Winter Cereals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
Antonio Natale, Sara Antognelli, Emanuele Ranieri, Andrea Cruciani,
and Antonio Boggia
Physical and Numerical Models of Atmospheric Urban Dispersion

of Pollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692
D. Toscano, M. Marro, B. Mele, F. Murena, and P. Salizzoni
Optimal Field Calibration of Multiple IoT Low Cost Air Quality Monitors:
Setup and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
E. Esposito, G. D’Elia, S. Ferlito, A. Del Giudice, G. Fattoruso,
P. D’Auria, S. De Vito, and G. Di Francia
Contents – Part V xli
An ADMM Approach for Constructing Abnormal Subspace

of Sparse PCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
Wenmin Jiang, Ying Zhao, and Kazi Abir Adnan
Prevalence of Calves’ Cryptosporidiosis in Northern Kazakhstan. . . . . . . . . . 718

Altay Ussenbayev, Dariyash Kurenkeyeva, Christian Bauer,
and Ablaikhan Kadyrov
Formal Language Model for Transcriptome and Proteome

Data Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Reginaldo Inojosa da Silva Filho, Ricardo Luis de Azevedo da Rocha,
and Claudio Santos Oliveira
Towards Integration of Containers into Scientific Workflows:

A Preliminary Experience with Cached Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736
Bruno da Silva Alves and Andrea Schwertner Charão
Modeling Interstellar Amorphous Solid Water Grains by Tight-Binding

Based Methods: Comparison Between GFN-XTB and CCSD(T) Results
for Water Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
Aurèle Germain and Piero Ugliengo
Error Correction in Nanopore Reads for de novo Genomic Assembly . . . . . . 754

Jacqueline Aldridge-Águila, Diego Álvarez-Saravia, Marcelo Navarrete,
and Roberto Uribe-Paredes
A Large-Scale Security Analysis of Web Vulnerability: Findings,

Challenges and Remedies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
Primož Cigoj, Živa Stepančič, and Borka Jerman Blažič
Embryo Spatial Model Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772

Darius Dirvanauskas, Rytis Maskeliūnas, Vidas Raudonis,
and Sanjay Misra
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781

International Workshop on Geomatics
in Forestry and Agriculture: New
Advances and Perspectives
(GeoForAgr 2020)
Evaluation of Meteorological Data-Based
Models for Potential and Actual
Evapotranspiration Losses Using Flux
Measurements
Mirka Mobilia(B) and Antonia Longobardi
University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy

lncs@springer.com
Abstract. Evapotranspiration is a key process within the hydrological cycle, so

it requires an accurate assessment. This work aims at assessing monthly scale
performances of six meteorological data-based methods to predict evapotranspi-
ration by comparing model estimates with observations from six flux tower sites
differing for land cover and climate. Three of the proposed methodologies use
a potential evapotranspiration approach (Penman, Priestley-Taylor and Blaney-
Criddle models) while the additional three an actual evapotranspiration approach
(the Advection-Aridity, the Granger and Gray and the Antecedent Precipation
Index method). The results show that models efficiency varies from site to site,
even though land cover and climate features appear to have some influence. It is
difficult to comment on a general accuracy, but an overall moderate better per-
formance of the Advection-Aridity model can be reported within a context where
model calibration is not accounted for. If model calibration is further taken into
consideration, the Granger and Gray model appears the best performing method
but, at the same time, it is also the approach which is mostly affected by the cal-
ibration process, and therefore less suited to evapotranspiration prediction tools
dealing with a data scarcity context.
Keywords: Actual evapotranspiration · Potential evapotranspiration ·

Ameriflux · Fluxnet · Tereno earth observation
1 Introduction
Evapotranspiration (ET) is a key process within the hydrological cycle [1, 2]. It represents
a critical parameter in many different applied hydrology studies [3] and uncertainties in
its assessment propagate through the hydrological soil-water balance. For this reason, a
correct assessment of ET is essential. Eddy covariance (EC) towers represent the best
available techniques for determining the ET fluxes but they are expensive to establish and
maintain. For these reasons, in the past, many authors have introduced various data-based
approaches for actual (AET) and potential (PET) ET modeling [4–6]. Meteorological
data-based models for potential evapotranspiration estimation include radiation-based
and temperature-based approaches. Among the first type of approaches, the Priestley
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

O. Gervasi et al. (Eds.): ICCSA 2020, LNCS 12253, pp. 3–18, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58814-4_1
4 M. Mobilia and A. Longobardi
and Taylor (PT) [7], Turc (TRC) [8], and Abtew (AB) [9] methods are the most com-
mon. Among the temperature-based methods, Hargreaves (H) [10], Thornthwaite (TW)
[11], Blaney- Criddle (BC) [12] and Linacre (LN) [13] formulations can be listed. The
first category requires the solar radiation as the main meteorological variable for the
simulation while the second class uses the temperature. A third category is represented
by the combination of the previous methods, which couples energetic components, such
as net radiation and air temperature, with atmospheric drivers, including air humidity
and wind speed. Among these, the Penman (P) model [14, 15] is a universally accepted
approach to evaluate potential ET. Concerning actual evapotranspiration, one of the
best-known approaches within the class of meteorological data-based methods is the
Antecedent Precipitation Index (API) model [16]. Actual evapotranspiration data driven
models also include complementary models among which the Advection-Aridity (AA)
model [17], the Granger and Gray (GG) model [18], the Complementary Relationship
Areal Evaporation (CRAE) model [19], and the modified Advection-Aridity (MAA)
model [20]. Considering the large number of proposed approaches, the choice of the
most appropriate method for simulating evapotranspiration fluxes is an important issue
to be addressed so, in time, many researchers have performed detailed comparative stud-
ies [21]. The overall results of the comparative studies suggested that there is not a single
approach able to outperform other modeling methods for a particular biome. Given these
premises, practical and scientific interest and continuation in this direction appear then
encouraged. Within this framework, the current paper presents a comparative analysis
where six models and six experimental sites have been taken into consideration. PT, P
and BC formulations have been considered for the assessment of potential evapotranspi-
ration, while the AA model, the GG approach and the API model have been considered
among actual evapotranspiration empirical relationships. Six experimental sites, belong-
ing to the AMERIFLUX, FLUXNET, and TERENO platforms, have been selected as
case studies. They differ in terms of climate type, specifically temperate Oceanic and
Mediterranean, and in terms of land covers, specifically forests (FOR), grasslands (GRA)
and croplands (CRO). Testing and comparing the performance of the six models for the
six experimental sites, it was possible to provide recommendations about the most suited
method to be applied in the case of a calibrated and non-calibrated approach and fur-
thermore it was possible to identify, for each model, which is the importance and impact
generated by the calibration itself.
2 Materials and Methods

2.1 The Case Studies
Experimental data have been used to compare the relative performance of the selected
approaches for evapotranspiration assessment. Six EC towers have been selected for
this purpose, belonging to the TERENO (http://teodoor.icg.kfa-juelich.de/overview-en),
FLUXNET (http://fluxnet.fluxdata.org/), and AMERIFLUX global networks (http://ame
riflux.lbl.gov/). They are representative of specific biomes as they focus on the combi-
nation of three different land covers which are grassland, cropland and forests and two
climatic regions namely the Mediterranean and the Oceanic climate. According to the
Koppen classification [22], the Mediterranean climate (Cs) is characterized by hot, dry
Evaluation of Meteorological Data-Based Models 5
summers and cool, wet winters with the highest percentage of rain in the year. The
Mediterranean climate includes the subtypes “Csa” and “Csb” where the letter “a” rep-
resents an average temperature in the warmest month above 22 C, while “b” indicates
the average temperature in the warmest month below 22 C. The oceanic climate (Cf)
has cool but not cold winters and warm summers, precipitation is evenly distributed
throughout the year. Cf splits in “Cfa” and “Cfb” too. Six sites with the selected biomes
have been analyzed in the present research including “us-twt” in California, “us-arm” in
Oklahoma, “us-fwf” located in Arizona, “de-rur” and “de-hai” in Germany, “us-me3”
in Oregon. Figure 1 shows the location of the stations, the identification number (ID)
and the corresponding platforms.
Fig. 1. Location of the investigated flux towers in U.S.A. and Europe.
As an additional climate characterization, which will help the discussion of the

results, the moisture index (IM) has been estimated. The moisture index [11], previ-
ously calculated for the six sites, allows to classify the climate conditions of various
geographical areas. Table 1 represents climate types together with the range of their IM
values:
Table 1. Thornthwaite’s climate types according to moisture index IM .
Climatic Type IM
Per Humid >100
B4) Humid (Strongly) from 81 to 100
B3) Humid from 61 to 80
B2) Humid (Moderate) from 41 to 60
B1) Humid (Mild) from 21 to 40
C2) Moist Sub-humid from 0 to 20
C1) Dry Sub-humid from −20 to 0
D) Semi-arid from −40 to −21
E) Arid from −60 to −41
Additional details for each site are listed in Table 2, including relevant references
and Thornthwaite moisture index (IM).
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Title: From ploughshare to pulpit

A tale of the battle of life
Author: Gordon Stables
Release date: November 1, 2023 [eBook #71997]
Language: English
Original publication: London: James Nisbet & Co, 1895
Credits: Al Haines, Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FROM

PLOUGHSHARE TO PULPIT ***
TOWN AND GOWN.—Page 155. Frontispiece.
FROM PLOUGHSHARE TO
PULPIT
A Tale of the Battle of Life
BY
GORDON STABLES, M.D., C.M.
(Surgeon Royal Navy)
AUTHOR OF “THE CRUISE OF THE SNOWBIRD,” “JUST LIKE JACK,”

“CHILDREN OF THE MOUNTAIN,” ETC. ETC.
“Who walked in glory and in pride,

Following his plough along the mountain-side”
SECOND EDITION.
London
JAMES NISBET & CO.
21 BERNERS STREET
Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson & Co

At the Ballantyne Press
TO
MY OLD PROFESSOR
SIR WM. D. GEDDES
PRINCIPAL OF ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY
This Book is Dedicated

WITH SUNNY MEMORIES OF AULD LANG SYNE
BY
THE AUTHOR
CONTENTS
BOOK I.
THE STUDENT AT HOME.

CHAP. PAGE
A DEATH THE MOST DREADFUL LOOMED BEFORE
I. HIM 3
II. AT THE OLD FARM OF KILBUIE 11
III. THE PLOUGHMAN-STUDENT AT HOME 21
IV. AN IDYLLIC LIFE 30
SORROW NEVER COMES SINGLY—CHRIST-LIKE
V. CHRISTIANITY 39
VI. SMASHING A BULLY—GENTLE WILLIE MUNRO 49
VII. THE LOVE-DARG—THE BALL AT KILBUIE 61
VIII. THE STORM—SNOWSHOES—A SLEIGH-RIDE 70
IX. THE ADVENTURE AT BRUCE’S CAVERN 81
BOOK II.
UPS AND DOWNS OF UNIVERSITY LIFE.

I. THE GREAT COMPETITION 93
II. VICTORY—POOR HERBERT GRANT 104
III. HARD WORK AND EARNEST STRUGGLES 114
IV. A STRANGE DUEL—BAD BOYS’ PRANKS 126
V. AMONG THE WHITE HARES—HOGMANAY NIGHT 137
VI. IN SNOW-TIME—A TOWN AND GOWN 147
VII. THE INSTALLATION RIOT 158
VIII. BACK AT THE DEAR OLD FARM 168
IX. WISE WEE JOHN AND WITTY EPPIE 178
X. LIFE AT JOHN’S COTTAGE—THE FISHING 185
XI. SINKS BEFORE THE VERY EYES OF THOSE ON SHORE 195
XII. A STRANGE TERROR CREEPS OVER SANDIE’S HEART 205
BOOK III.
FAR, FAR AT SEA.

I. “NAE POSSIBLE!” SAID TIBBIE 217
II. “REMEMBER, REMEMBER THIS FIFTH OF NOVEMBER” 227
“WE HAVE BEEN AS BROTHERS: WE ARE BROTHERS
III. STILL” 237
IV. THE DANGER AND DIFFICULTY WAS TO COME 247
V. FIGHTING THE FIRELANDERS 257
VI. THE LAST OF THE BRAVE BARQUE “BOO-BOO-BOO” 267
VII. AFLOAT ON A DERELICT SHIP 273
VIII. CRUSOES—PREPARED FOR ANYTHING 281
IX. “O MY POOR, DEAR FATHER!” CRIED SANDIE 291
X. HOW IT ALL ENDED 302
BOOK I
THE STUDENT AT HOME
FROM PLOUGHSHARE TO PULPIT
CHAPTER I
A DEATH THE MOST DREADFUL LOOMED BEFORE

HIM
There was something well calculated to raise the spirits of such a man as
Mackenzie on this balmy spring morning. Mackenzie was the minister of
the parish of Belhaven, a parish that lies far up the winding Don, in a
country that combines all the beauties of Lowland vegetation and treescape
with the wilder scenery of the true Scottish Highlands.
Mac had been called to this parish when very young, but had remained
here ever since, and he was now over forty, hale, handsome, and as straight
as the ramrod of the old muzzle-loader he used when shooting rabbits;
cheery also to a degree, and he seldom moved around anywhere without
singing some old Scotch lilt or merry jig. Well, the fact is Mac’s life was a
very easy one. His Church was the Established, not the Free Kirk, and he
therefore was to all intents and purposes independent. He had not to depend
upon the whims and caprices of the people for his salary, nor upon the state
of the crops at harvest-time. Not only had he a good stipend “bound to his
head,” as his parishioners phrased it, but a bonnie stretch of glebe land,
quite a farm, in fact, that extended for over a mile along one bank of the
river.
On this fair day in May, with its blue, blue sky and its fleecy cloudlets,
against which, like little dots of darkness, the laverocks quivered and sang,
the corn braird was waving green on the braes; the fields, in which sleek-
coated kine were roaming, were yellow with buttercups, and starred over
with gowans or mountain daisies—Burns’s “wee, modest, crimson-tippèd
flower”—and a cool soft breeze went sighing through the lofty pine-trees.
Here cawed the busy rooks, here the magpies chattered, and the cushats
croodled and moaned; but elsewhere birds were seen and heard in every
direction. In the thickets of spruce the blackbird and the mavis had their
nests, and their musical rivalry was delightful to listen to, while high up in
the lordly rowan-tree by the minister’s gate, the merry bold chaffinch
chanted loud and long, and would not be denied. But it was away across the
minister’s hill, perhaps, where spring was seen in its greatest beauty to-day.
It was a heather hill and a blaeberry[1] hill, and it was gilded over here and
there by great patches of golden whins or furze. These were now all in
compact masses of bloom, and the rich delicious odour from their blossoms
—Ah! surely there is no finer perfume in nature—filled the air on every
side.
There would have been silence up there to-day, save for the plaintive
bleating of lambs, the occasional barking of the shepherd’s collie, the hum
of bees among the whins, and the sweet tender notes of the rose-linnet
perched on a thorn twig above them.
Yes, it was indeed a day to raise the spirits of any one possessed of a
soul, and that is just one thing that Mackenzie had, and a very sensitive one
too. Not that he was ever much cast down, even in the gloomiest or
murkiest of weather, but when the sun glinted in silver radiance off the river
that went singing past the old-fashioned manse, with its old-fashioned front
garden, and its gate-posts made out of a whale’s jaw-bones;—when the sun
was bright, I say, and warm balmy western winds were blowing, then,
whether in his study or out of doors, Mackenzie could no more help singing
than could the mavis on the lawn, or the starling on the one solitary poplar-
tree.
Mac’s life was not a very busy one. He bothered himself far less in
visiting even his sick parishioners, and praying with them or talking good
things to them, than English parsons invariably do; for most of this sort of
thing he could with confidence leave the honest elders of his kirk to
perform. But on this particular morning it happened that one of those very
elders was lying ill and must be visited. So soon after breakfast, Mac had
ordered out the Shetland pony and the little four-wheel trap.
Few who have not seen these ponies in their own wild homes in
Shetland, the sea-girdled peat-mosses of the Northern seas, nor seen them in
the Highlands of Aberdeenshire, which county seems congenial to the
development of their health and powers, could believe the strength they are
able at times to put forth, and the self-willed determination they exhibit
when they take an idea into their hirsute little noddles.
Larnie, the minister’s pony, was no exception. But indeed he never had
been thoroughly broken, since bought for a five-pound note out of a drove
at Alford market. Stuart, the minister’s orra man, or, in plain English, man-
of-all-work, had pretended to break in the beastie, but Stuart hadn’t really
done anything of the kind, and Mackenzie himself was easy-going and far
too apt to take things for granted.
But soon Larnie with his little trap was on the gravel in front of the
porch, and looking full of life and spirit, despite the fact that Stuart held
him not only by the bridle but by the snout as well; and the little animal
casting sharp sidelong glances towards the house, kept scraping up the
gravel as if impatient to be off.
“Maggie May! Maggie May! are ye coming?” shouted the minister as he
strolled out. “It’s a heavenly morning, my lassie.”
Maggie May had appeared in the porch for just a moment in answer to
the summons.
A sweet-faced girl of little over twelve, but tall for her years, with blue
eyes, an intelligent face, and a wealth of brown hair flowing loose over her
shoulders. A slight shade of sadness seemed natural to her, but rather
increased than detracted from her singular beauty.
But a smile lit up that bonnie face of hers when she went to smooth and
cuddle Larnie.
“Come,” Larnie appeared to say, if ponies’ eyes can speak, “kissing is all
very well, but I want some more substantial proof of the affection you
pretend to have for me.”
Back to the house ran Maggie May, and next minute had returned with a
delicious slab of well-baked white oatcake, and Larnie was happy for once.
“Yes, father, I will gladly go with you; I have merely my cloak to put on.”
. . . . . .
The day was so truly delightful that Mackenzie would have been glad to
drive quite leisurely in order to enjoy the sweet spring scenery. But Larnie
took another view of the matter. He scented oats at the other end of the
journey, and determined to push on and have the business over.
The flowers were nodding in dingle and dell; the young crimson-
tasselled larch-trees brightened many a hillside; the rich yellow primroses
peeped coyly up at their feet; the silver-stemmed birch-trees were drooping
on the braelands, their sweet-scented foliage still weeping with the dews of
night; but nothing of all this saw Larnie—his thoughts were on oats intent.
Many a strange and beautiful wild bird made wood and welkin ring with
his glad notes, but Larnie heard not the songs. Up yonder in a green corn
patch a hare pauses in the act of washing his face, that he may sit up and
stare curiously at the fast flying equipage—Larnie takes no heed. Rabbits in
little groups of five or six scurry here and there among the boulders on bare
hillsides, but Larnie takes not the slightest notice. Oats alone absorb his
thoughts, so on he flies.
The road was a very winding one. It kept well away from the river,
though sometimes approaching it. It was up hill and down dell too, and
Larnie was wise enough to get up extra speed when rushing down a hill, so
that the momentum might carry the vehicle half-way up the next hill. This is
the Highland plan of driving, and in some ways is sensible enough.
But now they were within half-a-mile of the most dangerous part of all
the road, for here there was a terribly steep descent, with a high precipice
and sharp curve right at the bottom. More than one fatal accident had
already taken place at this place, so Mackenzie set himself to the task of
immediately restraining the impetuosity of his Shetland steed. This he
might have succeeded in doing without much difficulty, but for once fate
seemed against him, for just at that moment a hare suddenly bounded from
a bush of broom, and crossed the path almost among Larnie’s feet. So
startling an apparition caused the nervous little animal to lose all control
over himself. Larnie felt as if under the influence of some dreadful
nightmare, and I am convinced this is precisely how horses do feel under
such circumstances, and off he dashed at a speed that was perfectly
uncontrollable by his driver, and which would have been so even had he
been a younger and stronger man.
Death, and a death the most dreadful, loomed before him and his little
daughter. When they should make the descent and reach the precipice,
nothing on earth could save them!
The ground beneath goes rushing past like a grey bewildering mist, the
bank at each side, with its greenery of ferns and its wild flowers yellow and
crimson, glides by like a lovely rainbow. Maggie May sits quiet and pale,
holding on to the side of the trap; Mackenzie himself has almost ceased his
futile endeavours to rein up, and abandoned himself to fate, yet his lips are
moving in prayer.
And now they are within a hundred—seventy—fifty yards of the
dreaded brae that has death at its foot.
Soon all will be over for ever and for aye.
. . . . . .
But see, while still within thirty yards of the hill, a stalwart young figure,
who has been reading by the bush-side, takes cognisance of the situation at
a glance. He drops the book, and next moment has sprung into the road.
Will he succeed in catching the reins? That is the momentous question.
And if he catches them, will all his young strength suffice to restrain the
speed of that equine demon? He has but a moment to brace himself for
action. Next instant he has sprung like catamount upon its prey.
Brave lad! The attempt so manfully made has succeeded. Yes, he is
successful, but the trap is overturned, and he himself has been dragged and
is sadly stunned.
What matters that? we may say. He has saved two precious lives, for
both Mackenzie and his little daughter are unhurt—intact.
But who is the hero? Who is this bold yet unfortunate stranger?
CHAPTER II
AT THE OLD FARM OF KILBUIE

The farm of Kilbuie was by no means of large dimensions, though it was a
farm, and not merely a croft. Nor was it, at the time our story commences,
in very flourishing conditions, for only one year ago more than twenty head
of fat cattle had been taken dead from the byres, a sad and almost
irreparable loss to honest Farmer M‘Crae, or “Kilbuie,” as he was more
often called, according to the custom of the country.
That last summer and autumn had been a disastrous one all through, for
besides the loss in fat cattle, a cow had succumbed in calving, a splendid
horse had died; then in the autumn, ere the corn was cut, but when it was all
ablaze and ready for the scythe, there had come a terrible storm of wind and
hail, and the destruction to the standing crop was pitiable. There was lost at
least as much seed as would have sufficed to sow the ground twice over.
“The hand of the Lord is against me,” said the farmer sadly and piously.
And he tried to remember what sins he had been guilty of, that he might
“repent,” as he phrased it, in “sackcloth and ashes.”
But there were really many far worse and more wicked men in the world
than honest Farmer M‘Crae. He hadn’t a neighbour all around who would
not have trusted him with their uttermost farthing. Indeed, every Friday,
when he took his butter, eggs, and milk to the far-off city of Aberdeen by
train, to dispose of in the New Market, his neighbours sent with him large
sums of money to bank, and gave him many important commissions
besides.
Then, as far as the internal economy and discipline of the farm and farm-
steading were concerned, everything was as complete as could be desired.
Kilbuie lay some miles from the river, well into the quiet, still, beautiful
country indeed, and at the foot of a highish hill, around whose lower
portions grew the golden furze and the bonnie yellow broom, but on whose
braes in autumn the heather bloomed purple and crimson. It was a romantic
kind of a spot, because there was also not far off a pine wood of tall weird
trees, branchless till near their summits, and with no undergrowth, though
the ground was soft carpeted with the withered fir-needles of many a long
year. This wood was dark even by daylight, and gazing into it from the
fields on a summer’s day gave one the idea one was looking into some
gloomsome pillared cave. This wood was the home, par excellence, of the
cushat or wild pigeon, whose mournful croodling could be heard all day
long. But here hares also dwelt, and the cony had many a well-arranged and
comfortable burrow. On the whole, although the wood occupied more than
a score of acres of the farm, it paid its way after a fashion, for it required no
cultivation, it afforded excellent sport, and it kept the larder full when the
purchase of meat would have been entirely out of the question, for more
reasons than one.
The live stock and working plant of Kilbuie farm consisted of two pairs
of sturdy horses and an orra beast. There is no word in the English language
that could do duty for the term “orra.” An orra horse is one, say, about
thirteen or fourteen hands high, and perhaps half-blooded. He is capable of
doing duty either in a gig or a single harrow, or he will pull a large roller;
you can ride on him to church or market, mill or smithy; and so long as he
has enough to eat and drink, he is by no means particular as to the quality.
He will eat good oats with relish, but he won’t refuse poor hay or even
thistles, and I have known one drink sour beer or butter-milk, and smack his
lips after it. He is generally good-natured and willing to do anything to
oblige, and I do believe he likes his orra life and his constant change of
employment.
Well, as there was an orra beast or horse, so there also was an orra man,
and his were odd jobs also. To be sure, he did not milk the cows or kye—
the indoor servant lassie Jeannie did that—but he fed and attended to them;
he took them out in the morning and in at night, and he also attended well to
the orra horse, did work in the garden, ran errands, and did everything he
was told, like the willing and honest lad his master called him. He was up
with the lark in the morning, and in summer-time to bed with the mavis at
night.
His name was Geordie Black. But nobody ever thought of putting the
Black to his Christian name. Geordie was just Geordie to all and sundry,
and nothing more.
There being two pairs of horses, two horsemen were necessary. The first,
or best pair, was worked by a tall, hardy, and handsome young fellow, as
smart as some ancient Norseman, as tough as an old sea-king. He rejoiced
in the simple name of Jamie Duncan, and took the greatest pride possible in
his tall and handsome horses. He spared no pains in grooming them, so that
what with the brush and the currycomb, and an occasional wash, there were
no horses in all the countryside whose hides glittered and glanced as did
Jamie’s. When Jamie marched them to the distant smithy to get their shoes
seen to, riding sideways on one of them, and singing to himself some old
Scotch lilt, the animals elicited universal praise and encomiums. Then
Jamie was a happy man indeed.
Nearly all his spare time of an evening was devoted to cleaning the
harness of his pets, till the black became like polished jet, and the brass like
burnished gold.
Oh, I am not going to say that Jamie had not a sweetheart that he went to
see at times, but I do aver that not even for her did he ever neglect the
comfort of his horses.
Well, the other pair of horses were worked and seen to equally well by
the farmer’s only son, while the only daughter, a blithe and intelligent lassie
of sixteen, assisted her mother and Jeannie with the household work, the
making of butter and cheese, cooking and cleaning. Jeannie was always
cheerful, always merry, never frivolous. Like every one else in this book,
she is a character from the real life, and while writing about her, I cannot
possibly banish from my mind a bonnie old Scottish song, one verse of
which I may be allowed to give, because it paints Jeannie herself. It is
called—
THE NAMELESS LASSIE.
There’s nane may ever guess or tell

My bonnie lassie’s name;
There’s nane may ken the humble cot
My lassie ca’s her hame.
Yet, though my lassie’s nameless,
Her kin o’ low degree,
Her heart is warm, her thoughts are pure,
And oh! she’s dear to me!
The farm-steading of Kilbuie lay fully four miles back from the river,
into the interior of the wild and beautiful country, a country but little known
to the wandering Englishman, but romantic enough in all conscience, and
rendered famous if only from the fact that here Robert the Bruce lay long in
hiding before he made his grand and successful attempt to secure his
kingdom and free his land from the tyranny of the Saxon invader. It is a
country of hills and dells, of wood and water, lochs and roaring streams; a
country almost every acre of which has been in days long gone by a battle-
field; and hardly can you walk a mile here without stumbling upon the ruins
of some feudal castle. Could these strongholds but speak, what tales we
should have to listen to—tales that would cause our very heart’s blood to
tingle, and nervous cold to run down our spines!
Although four miles from the river and about the same distance from a
railway station, the farm was not over a quarter of a mile from a main road,
being connected therewith by a level straight road, with a ditch at each side,
called the “long loanings.” On each side the fields, level and green, were
spread out, and all were surrounded by sturdy stone fences called dikes. A
dike in England means a ditch, in Scotland it signifies a wall of loose stones
—that is, stones built up without any lime.
The fields around Kilbuie were not, however, all level. By no means.
There were hills on the farm so steep that it taxed all the ingenuity of the
men to plough or harrow them.
A word about the steading itself. There was in front the square-built
unpretentious square house, with bow windows below, and a good old-
fashioned garden in front, a garden in which grew vegetables of all kinds,
bar potatoes, and whose borders round about were filled with gooseberry
and rose trees time about, with fine old-fashioned flowers between. Behind
the house was the steading proper, and which was similar to those we see in
England, with one most important exception, a dirty dunghill did not lie
between the living house and the cattle houses. This is an unsanitary
arrangement never beheld in Scotland. Such places are kept well away from
the stable, byre, and dwelling-house.
It spoke well, I think, for Farmer M‘Crae’s kindliness of heart and
manner, that none of his servants had left him for the last four years, nor
were thinking of leaving him even now. You see, he never was a tyrant, and
he as often as not took Jamie into consultation before carrying out any plan
or beginning any new piece of work. Farmer M‘Crae was not much over
forty, though his son was eighteen. He had married very young, but it seems
never had had reason to repent it, for he was always happy and cheerful,
even in situations where other men might have been much cast down, as
during his recent terrible losses of cattle and corn. There were just two
things, however, that Kilbuie insisted on: one was the presence of all the
servants and family in the best room every evening to family worship; a
chapter read from the Book of Books; a prayer and short dissertation from
Norman Macleod’s book. That was all, short and simple, and every one felt
the better for it. The son’s name was simple enough in all conscience. It was
Sandie.
There were few more handsome lads in all the parish round than Sandie.
You might have taken him to be two-and-twenty from his build and general
deportment, and from the incipient whisker on his cheek and hair on his
upper lip. His cheeks and lips were the rosiest ever seen, while his very blue
eyes sparkled with ruddy health. Yet had he many ways that might have
been called almost childish.
That evening, for instance, before the accident to the minister’s trap,
Sandie entered the best room, where, near to the fire—the evenings are cold
even in May in the far north of Scotland—his gentle mother sat knitting.
He took a low stool, and, seating himself by her knee, laid his head in
her lap.
He had a little book in his hand, a Latin classic, Virgil to wit; but though
his forefinger retained his place, he was not looking at it now. He was
gazing at the fire. He gazed thus for some time, while his mother smoothed
his brow with her soft hands.
“Is my laddie tired?”
“I dinna know, mother. Sometimes I’m happy and hopeful that I’ll take a
bursary,[2] at other times I’m dull and wae and think I won’t.”
“Weel, laddie, you maun keep up your heart and pray.”
“Oh, yes, of course, mother, but I must work as well as pray. I think
you’d better do the principal part of the praying, and I’ll do the work. The
Lord is more likely to listen to you, mother, than to sinful me.”
“Whisht! Sandie; whisht! laddie. But pray I do, mornin’, noon, and
nicht. Ay, and my boy is clever, too. I’ll hear him preachin’ yet in one of the
best pulpits in a’ broad Scotland. And oh! Sandie, that will be a happy,
happy day to me.”
The thoughts of it caused the tears to flow to the good lady’s eyes, and a
lump to rise in her throat that for the time being effectually arrested speech.
“Well, mother, you see it’s like this. Work as I may, I come upon bits o’
hitches here and there that I can’t get over. I have nobody to help me, and
can’t afford a tutor. Again, you see I have nobody else to compare my
knowledge with. In the parish of Drumlade here, our minister is too old; I
wouldn’t think of worrying him, and I don’t know Mackenzie of Belhaven,
though they do say he is very clever, and was in his day a first bursar at
King’s College in Auld Aberdeen.”
“Well, live in hope, my boy, and work awa’.”
“That is just what I mean to do.”
“And may be the Lord will raise you up a frien’.”
“Who can tell?”
Sandie was silent for a while. Then he raised himself up till his glance
could meet that of his mother.
“O mother, dear,” he said gleefully, “won’t it be nice when I’m a
minister, and when I get a call! It must be to some bonnie country parish,
mother. I couldn’t stand the noisy town. I must hear the wild birds sing, see
the wild flowers bloom, and listen to the winds sighing through the pine-
trees. I must be near a stream where on bonnie summer evenings I can fish
and read. My manse must be a bonnie one, too, surrounded by trees and fine
old-fashioned gardens. Mother, I already can hear the church-bell ringing
on the Sabbath morn, and I can see you and father—for, of course, you both
will live with me—coming arm in arm through the auld kirkyard to the
church-door, and slowly up the passage to your pew beneath the pulpit
stairs. Oh, it will be a happy life! But now, mother, I’m off to my study, to
struggle another hour or two with Virgil. I’ll be in again in time for supper.
Ta-ta, mother.”
And off strode Sandie, and his mother resumed her knitting, the tear,
however, still glancing in her eye.
CHAPTER III
THE PLOUGHMAN-STUDENT AT HOME

Sandie M‘Craw’s study was unique in its way. To get to it he had to enter
the stable first, then scramble up a straight ladder fastened against the wall,
and so through a trap-door. This landed him in a large granary and straw
loft. There was a window at the far end, and around this window Sandie,
with his own hands, had boarded off a portion about ten feet square. Here
were a table, a chair, and some rough book-shelves, and this was Sandie’s
study.

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Computational Science and Its

Applications ICCSA 2020 20th

Computational Science and Its Applications ICCSA 2020

Computational Science and Its Applications ICCSA 2020

Computational Science and Its Applications ICCSA 2020

Computational Science and Its Applications ICCSA 2021

Computational Science and Its Applications ICCSA 2021

Computational Science and Its Applications ICCSA 2021

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ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

These seven volumes (LNCS volumes 12249–12255) consist of the peer-reviewed

July 2020 Osvaldo Gervasi

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Advances in Artiﬁcial Intelligence Learning Technologies: Blended Learning,

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