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Osvaldo Gervasi · Beniamino Murgante ·
Sanjay Misra · Chiara Garau · Ivan Blečić ·
David Taniar · Bernady O. Apduhan ·
Ana Maria A. C. Rocha · Eufemia Tarantino ·
Carmelo Maria Torre (Eds.)
Computational Science
LNCS 12958
and Its Applications –

ICCSA 2021
21st International Conference
Cagliari, Italy, September 13–16, 2021
Proceedings, Part X
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12958
Founding Editors
Gerhard Goos
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Juris Hartmanis
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Editorial Board Members

Elisa Bertino
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Wen Gao
Peking University, Beijing, China
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
Gerhard Woeginger
RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Moti Yung
Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
More information about this subseries at http://www.springer.com/series/7407
Osvaldo Gervasi Beniamino Murgante
• •
Sanjay Misra Chiara Garau

• •
Ivan Blečić David Taniar

• •
Bernady O. Apduhan Ana Maria A. C. Rocha

• •
Eufemia Tarantino Carmelo Maria Torre (Eds.)

•
Computational Science
and Its Applications –
ICCSA 2021
21st International Conference
Cagliari, Italy, September 13–16, 2021
Proceedings, Part X
123
Editors
Osvaldo Gervasi Beniamino Murgante
University of Perugia University of Basilicata
Perugia, Italy Potenza, Potenza, Italy
Sanjay Misra Chiara Garau
Covenant University University of Cagliari
Ota, Nigeria Cagliari, Italy
Ivan Blečić David Taniar
University of Cagliari Monash University
Cagliari, Italy Clayton, VIC, Australia
Bernady O. Apduhan Ana Maria A. C. Rocha
Kyushu Sangyo University University of Minho
Fukuoka, Japan Braga, Portugal
Eufemia Tarantino Carmelo Maria Torre
Polytechnic University of Bari Polytechnic University of Bari
Bari, Italy Bari, Italy
ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Computer Science
ISBN 978-3-030-87015-7 ISBN 978-3-030-87016-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87016-4
LNCS Sublibrary: SL1 – Theoretical Computer Science and General Issues
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

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Preface
These 10 volumes (LNCS volumes 12949–12958) consist of the peer-reviewed papers

from the 21st International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications
(ICCSA 2021) which took place during September 13–16, 2021. By virtue of the
vaccination campaign conducted in various countries around the world, we decided to
try a hybrid conference, with some of the delegates attending in person at the
University of Cagliari and others attending in virtual mode, reproducing the infras-
tructure established last year.
This year’s edition was a successful continuation of the ICCSA conference series,
which was also held as a virtual event in 2020, and previously held in Saint Petersburg,
Russia (2019), Melbourne, Australia (2018), Trieste, Italy (2017), Beijing. China
(2016), Banff, Canada (2015), Guimaraes, Portugal (2014), Ho Chi Minh City, Viet-
nam (2013), Salvador, Brazil (2012), Santander, Spain (2011), Fukuoka, Japan (2010),
Suwon, South Korea (2009), Perugia, Italy (2008), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2007),
Glasgow, UK (2006), Singapore (2005), Assisi, Italy (2004), Montreal, Canada (2003),
and (as ICCS) Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2002) and San Francisco, USA (2001).
Computational science is the main pillar of most of the present research on
understanding and solving complex problems. It plays a unique role in exploiting
innovative ICT technologies and in the development of industrial and commercial
applications. The ICCSA conference series provides a venue for researchers and
industry practitioners to discuss new ideas, to share complex problems and their
solutions, and to shape new trends in computational science.
Apart from the six main conference tracks, ICCSA 2021 also included 52 work-
shops in various areas of computational sciences, ranging from computational science
technologies to specific areas of computational sciences, such as software engineering,
security, machine learning and artificial intelligence, blockchain technologies, and
applications in many fields. In total, we accepted 494 papers, giving an acceptance rate
of 30%, of which 18 papers were short papers and 6 were published open access. We
would like to express our appreciation for the workshop chairs and co-chairs for their
hard work and dedication.
The success of the ICCSA conference series in general, and of ICCSA 2021 in
particular, vitally depends on the support of many people: authors, presenters, partic-
ipants, keynote speakers, workshop chairs, session chairs, organizing committee
members, student volunteers, Program Committee members, advisory committee
members, international liaison chairs, reviewers, and others in various roles. We take
this opportunity to wholehartedly thank them all.
We also wish to thank Springer for publishing the proceedings, for sponsoring some
of the best paper awards, and for their kind assistance and cooperation during the
editing process.
vi Preface
We cordially invite you to visit the ICCSA website https://iccsa.org where you can
find all the relevant information about this interesting and exciting event.
September 2021 Osvaldo Gervasi

Beniamino Murgante
Sanjay Misra
Welcome Message from the Organizers
COVID-19 has continued to alter our plans for organizing the ICCSA 2021 conference,
so although vaccination plans are progressing worldwide, the spread of virus variants
still forces us into a period of profound uncertainty. Only a very limited number of
participants were able to enjoy the beauty of Sardinia and Cagliari in particular,
rediscovering the immense pleasure of meeting again, albeit safely spaced out. The
social events, in which we rediscovered the ancient values that abound on this won-
derful island and in this city, gave us even more strength and hope for the future. For
the management of the virtual part of the conference, we consolidated the methods,
organization, and infrastructure of ICCSA 2020.
The technological infrastructure was based on open source software, with the
addition of the streaming channels on YouTube. In particular, we used Jitsi (jitsi.org)
for videoconferencing, Riot (riot.im) together with Matrix (matrix.org) for chat and
ansynchronous communication, and Jibri (github.com/jitsi/jibri) for streaming live
sessions to YouTube.
Seven Jitsi servers were set up, one for each parallel session. The participants of the
sessions were helped and assisted by eight student volunteers (from the universities of
Cagliari, Florence, Perugia, and Bari), who provided technical support and ensured
smooth running of the conference proceedings.
The implementation of the software infrastructure and the technical coordination
of the volunteers were carried out by Damiano Perri and Marco Simonetti.
Our warmest thanks go to all the student volunteers, to the technical coordinators,
and to the development communities of Jitsi, Jibri, Riot, and Matrix, who made their
terrific platforms available as open source software.
A big thank you goes to all of the 450 speakers, many of whom showed an enor-
mous collaborative spirit, sometimes participating and presenting at almost prohibitive
times of the day, given that the participants of this year’s conference came from 58
countries scattered over many time zones of the globe.
Finally, we would like to thank Google for letting us stream all the live events via
YouTube. In addition to lightening the load of our Jitsi servers, this allowed us to
record the event and to be able to review the most exciting moments of the conference.
Ivan Blečić
Chiara Garau
Organization
ICCSA 2021 was organized by the University of Cagliari (Italy), the University of
Perugia (Italy), the University of Basilicata (Italy), Monash University (Australia),
Kyushu Sangyo University (Japan), and the University of Minho (Portugal).
Honorary General Chairs

Norio Shiratori Chuo University, Japan
Kenneth C. J. Tan Sardina Systems, UK
Corrado Zoppi University of Cagliari, Italy
General Chairs
Osvaldo Gervasi University of Perugia, Italy
Ivan Blečić University of Cagliari, Italy
David Taniar Monash University, Australia
Program Committee Chairs

Beniamino Murgante University of Basilicata, Italy
Bernady O. Apduhan Kyushu Sangyo University, Japan
Chiara Garau University of Cagliari, Italy
Ana Maria A. C. Rocha University of Minho, Portugal
International Advisory Committee

Jemal Abawajy Deakin University, Australia
Dharma P. Agarwal University of Cincinnati, USA
Rajkumar Buyya University of Melbourne, Australia
Claudia Bauzer Medeiros University of Campinas, Brazil
Manfred M. Fisher Vienna University of Economics and Business, Austria
Marina L. Gavrilova University of Calgary, Canada
Yee Leung Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
International Liaison Chairs

Giuseppe Borruso University of Trieste, Italy
Elise De Donker Western Michigan University, USA
Maria Irene Falcão University of Minho, Portugal
Robert C. H. Hsu Chung Hua University, Taiwan
Tai-Hoon Kim Beijing Jaotong University, China
x Organization
Vladimir Korkhov St. Petersburg University, Russia

Sanjay Misra Covenant University, Nigeria
Takashi Naka Kyushu Sangyo University, Japan
Rafael D. C. Santos National Institute for Space Research, Brazil
Maribel Yasmina Santos University of Minho, Portugal
Elena Stankova St. Petersburg University, Russia
Workshop and Session Chairs

Jorge Gustavo Rocha University of Minho, Portugal
Awards Chair
Wenny Rahayu La Trobe University, Australia
Publicity Committee Chairs

Elmer Dadios De La Salle University, Philippines
Nataliia Kulabukhova St. Petersburg University, Russia
Daisuke Takahashi Tsukuba University, Japan
Shangwang Wang Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,
China
Technology Chairs
Damiano Perri University of Florence, Italy
Marco Simonetti University of Florence, Italy
Local Arrangement Chairs

Ivan Blečić University of Cagliari, Italy
Alfonso Annunziata University of Cagliari, Italy
Ginevra Balletto University of Cagliari, Italy
Alessandro Buccini University of Cagliari, Italy
Michele Campagna University of Cagliari, Italy
Mauro Coni University of Cagliari, Italy
Anna Maria Colavitti University of Cagliari, Italy
Giulia Desogus University of Cagliari, Italy
Caterina Fenu University of Cagliari, Italy
Sabrina Lai University of Cagliari, Italy
Francesca Maltinti University of Cagliari, Italy
Pasquale Mistretta University of Cagliari, Italy
Organization xi
Augusto Montisci University of Cagliari, Italy

Francesco Pinna University of Cagliari, Italy
Davide Spano University of Cagliari, Italy
Giuseppe A. Trunfio University of Sassari, Italy
Program Committee
Vera Afreixo University of Aveiro, Portugal
Filipe Alvelos University of Minho, Portugal
Hartmut Asche University of Potsdam, Germany
Michela Bertolotto University College Dublin, Ireland
Sandro Bimonte INRAE-TSCF, France
Rod Blais University of Calgary, Canada
Ivan Blečić University of Sassari, Italy
Ana Cristina Braga University of Minho, Portugal
Massimo Cafaro University of Salento, Italy
Yves Caniou University of Lyon, France
José A. Cardoso e Cunha Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
Rui Cardoso University of Beira Interior, Portugal
Leocadio G. Casado University of Almeria, Spain
Carlo Cattani University of Salerno, Italy
Mete Celik Erciyes University, Turkey
Maria Cerreta University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
Hyunseung Choo Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
Chien-Sing Lee Sunway University, Malaysia
Min Young Chung Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
Florbela Maria da Cruz Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Portugal
Domingues Correia
Gilberto Corso Pereira Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
Fernanda Costa University of Minho, Portugal
Alessandro Costantini INFN, Italy
Carla Dal Sasso Freitas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Pradesh Debba The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR), South Africa
Hendrik Decker Instituto Tecnolčgico de Informática, Spain
Robertas Damaševičius Kausan University of Technology, Lithuania
Frank Devai London South Bank University, UK
Rodolphe Devillers Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada
Joana Matos Dias University of Coimbra, Portugal
Paolino Di Felice University of L’Aquila, Italy
Prabu Dorairaj NetApp, India/USA
Noelia Faginas Lago University of Perugia, Italy
M. Irene Falcao University of Minho, Portugal
xii Organization
Cherry Liu Fang Ames Laboratory, USA

Florbela P. Fernandes Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal
Jose-Jesus Fernandez National Centre for Biotechnology, Spain
Paula Odete Fernandes Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal
Adelaide de Fátima Baptista University of Aveiro, Portugal
Valente Freitas
Manuel Carlos Figueiredo University of Minho, Portugal
Maria Celia Furtado Rocha Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
Paulino Jose Garcia Nieto University of Oviedo, Spain
Jerome Gensel LSR-IMAG, France
Maria Giaoutzi National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Arminda Manuela Andrade University of Minho, Portugal
Pereira Gonçalves
Andrzej M. Goscinski Deakin University, Australia
Eduardo Guerra Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
Sevin Gümgüm Izmir University of Economics, Turkey
Alex Hagen-Zanker University of Cambridge, UK
Shanmugasundaram B.S. Abdur Rahman University, India
Hariharan
Eligius M. T. Hendrix University of Malaga, Spain/Wageningen University,
The Netherlands
Hisamoto Hiyoshi Gunma University, Japan
Mustafa Inceoglu EGE University, Turkey
Peter Jimack University of Leeds, UK
Qun Jin Waseda University, Japan
Yeliz Karaca University of Massachusetts Medical School, USA
Farid Karimipour Vienna University of Technology, Austria
Baris Kazar Oracle Corp., USA
Maulana Adhinugraha Kiki Telkom University, Indonesia
DongSeong Kim University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Taihoon Kim Hannam University, South Korea
Ivana Kolingerova University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic
Rosa Lasaponara National Research Council, Italy
Maurizio Lazzari National Research Council, Italy
Cheng Siong Lee Monash University, Australia
Sangyoun Lee Yonsei University, South Korea
Jongchan Lee Kunsan National University, South Korea
Chendong Li University of Connecticut, USA
Gang Li Deakin University, Australia
Fang Liu Ames Laboratory, USA
Xin Liu University of Calgary, Canada
Andrea Lombardi University of Perugia, Italy
Savino Longo University of Bari, Italy
Organization xiii
Tinghuai Ma Nanjing University of Information Science

and Technology, China
Ernesto Marcheggiani Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Antonino Marvuglia Research Centre Henri Tudor, Luxembourg
Nicola Masini National Research Council, Italy
Ilaria Matteucci National Research Council, Italy
Eric Medvet University of Trieste, Italy
Nirvana Meratnia University of Twente, The Netherlands
Giuseppe Modica University of Reggio Calabria, Italy
Josè Luis Montaña University of Cantabria, Spain
Maria Filipa Mourão Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Portugal
Louiza de Macedo Mourelle State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Nadia Nedjah State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Laszlo Neumann University of Girona, Spain
Kok-Leong Ong Deakin University, Australia
Belen Palop Universidad de Valladolid, Spain
Marcin Paprzycki Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
Eric Pardede La Trobe University, Australia
Kwangjin Park Wonkwang University, South Korea
Ana Isabel Pereira Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal
Massimiliano Petri University of Pisa, Italy
Telmo Pinto University of Coimbra, Portugal
Maurizio Pollino Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy
and Sustainable Economic Development, Italy
Alenka Poplin University of Hamburg, Germany
Vidyasagar Potdar Curtin University of Technology, Australia
David C. Prosperi Florida Atlantic University, USA
Wenny Rahayu La Trobe University, Australia
Jerzy Respondek Silesian University of Technology Poland
Humberto Rocha INESC-Coimbra, Portugal
Jon Rokne University of Calgary, Canada
Octavio Roncero CSIC, Spain
Maytham Safar Kuwait University, Kuwait
Francesco Santini University of Perugia, Italy
Chiara Saracino A.O. Ospedale Niguarda Ca’ Granda, Italy
Haiduke Sarafian Pennsylvania State University, USA
Marco Paulo Seabra dos University of Coimbra, Portugal
Reis
Jie Shen University of Michigan, USA
Qi Shi Liverpool John Moores University, UK
Dale Shires U.S. Army Research Laboratory, USA
Inês Soares University of Coimbra, Portugal
Takuo Suganuma Tohoku University, Japan
Eufemia Tarantino Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Sergio Tasso University of Perugia, Italy
xiv Organization
Ana Paula Teixeira University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal

Senhorinha Teixeira University of Minho, Portugal
M. Filomena Teodoro Portuguese Naval Academy/University of Lisbon,
Portugal
Parimala Thulasiraman University of Manitoba, Canada
Carmelo Torre Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Javier Martinez Torres Centro Universitario de la Defensa Zaragoza, Spain
Giuseppe A. Trunfio University of Sassari, Italy
Pablo Vanegas University of Cuenca, Equador
Marco Vizzari University of Perugia, Italy
Varun Vohra Merck Inc., USA
Koichi Wada University of Tsukuba, Japan
Krzysztof Walkowiak Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Zequn Wang Intelligent Automation Inc, USA
Robert Weibel University of Zurich, Switzerland
Frank Westad Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Norway
Roland Wismüller Universität Siegen, Germany
Mudasser Wyne National University, USA
Chung-Huang Yang National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan
Xin-She Yang National Physical Laboratory, UK
Salim Zabir National Institute of Technology, Tsuruoka, Japan
Haifeng Zhao University of California, Davis, USA
Fabiana Zollo University of Venice “Cà Foscari”, Italy
Albert Y. Zomaya University of Sydney, Australia
Workshop Organizers
Advanced Transport Tools and Methods (A2TM 2021)
Antonio Pratelli University of Pisa, Italy
Advances in Artificial Intelligence Learning Technologies: Blended Learning,

STEM, Computational Thinking and Coding (AAILT 2021)
Alfredo Milani University of Perugia, Italy
Giulio Biondi University of Florence, Italy
Workshop on Advancements in Applied Machine Learning and Data

Analytics (AAMDA 2021)
Davide Salomoni INFN, Italy
Doina Cristina Duma INFN, Italy
Daniele Cesini INFN, Italy
Organization xv
Automatic Landform Classification: Spatial Methods and Applications

(ALCSMA 2021)
Maria Danese ISPC, National Research Council, Italy
Dario Gioia ISPC, National Research Council, Italy
Application of Numerical Analysis to Imaging Science (ANAIS 2021)

Advances in Information Systems and Technologies for Emergency

Management, Risk Assessment and Mitigation Based on the Resilience
Concepts (ASTER 2021)
Maurizio Pollino ENEA, Italy
Marco Vona University of Basilicata, Italy
Amedeo Flora University of Basilicata, Italy
Chiara Iacovino University of Basilicata, Italy
Advances in Web Based Learning (AWBL 2021)

Birol Ciloglugil Ege University, Turkey
Mustafa Murat Inceoglu Ege University, Turkey
Blockchain and Distributed Ledgers: Technologies and Applications

(BDLTA 2021)
Bio and Neuro Inspired Computing and Applications (BIONCA 2021)

Luiza De Macedo Mourelle State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Computational and Applied Mathematics (CAM 2021)

Fernando Miranda University of Minho, Portugal
Computational and Applied Statistics (CAS 2021)

Computerized Evaluation of Economic Activities: Urban Spaces (CEEA 2021)

Diego Altafini Università di Pisa, Italy
Valerio Cutini Università di Pisa, Italy
xvi Organization
Computational Geometry and Applications (CGA 2021)

Marina Gavrilova University of Calgary, Canada
Collaborative Intelligence in Multimodal Applications (CIMA 2021)

Robertas Damasevicius Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania
Rytis Maskeliunas Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania
Computational Optimization and Applications (COA 2021)

Ana Rocha University of Minho, Portugal
Humberto Rocha University of Coimbra, Portugal
Computational Astrochemistry (CompAstro 2021)

Marzio Rosi University of Perugia, Italy
Cecilia Ceccarelli University of Grenoble, France
Stefano Falcinelli University of Perugia, Italy
Dimitrios Skouteris Master-Up, Italy
Computational Science and HPC (CSHPC 2021)

Elise de Doncker Western Michigan University, USA
Fukuko Yuasa High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
(KEK), Japan
Hideo Matsufuru High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
(KEK), Japan
Cities, Technologies and Planning (CTP 2021)

Malgorzata Hanzl University of Łódż, Poland
Ljiljana Zivkovic Ministry of Construction, Transport and
Infrastructure/Institute of Architecture and Urban
and Spatial Planning of Serbia, Serbia
Anastasia Stratigea National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Advanced Modeling E-Mobility in Urban Spaces (DEMOS 2021)

Tiziana Campisi Kore University of Enna, Italy
Socrates Basbas Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Ioannis Politis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Florin Nemtanu Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Romania
Giovanna Acampa Kore University of Enna, Italy
Wolfgang Schulz Zeppelin University, Germany
Organization xvii
Digital Transformation and Smart City (DIGISMART 2021)

Mauro Mazzei National Research Council, Italy
Econometric and Multidimensional Evaluation in Urban Environment

(EMEUE 2021)
Carmelo Maria Torre Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Maria Cerreta University “Federico II” of Naples, Italy
Pierluigi Morano Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Simona Panaro University of Portsmouth, UK
Francesco Tajani Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Marco Locurcio Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
The 11th International Workshop on Future Computing System Technologies

and Applications (FiSTA 2021)
Bernady Apduhan Kyushu Sangyo University, Japan
Rafael Santos Brazilian National Institute for Space Research, Brazil
Transformational Urban Mobility: Challenges and Opportunities During

and Post COVID Era (FURTHER 2021)
Dilum Dissanayake Newcastle University, UK
Kh Md Nahiduzzaman University of British Columbia, Canada
Nurten Akgün Tanbay Bursa Technical University, Turkey
Khaled J. Assi King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals,
Saudi Arabia
Giovanni Tesoriere Kore University of Enna, Italy
Motasem Darwish Middle East University, Jordan
Geodesign in Decision Making: Meta Planning and Collaborative Design

for Sustainable and Inclusive Development (GDM 2021)
Francesco Scorza University of Basilicata, Italy
Ana Clara Mourao Moura Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Geomatics in Forestry and Agriculture: New Advances and Perspectives

(GeoForAgr 2021)
Giuseppe Modica University of Reggio Calabria, Italy
xviii Organization
Geographical Analysis, Urban Modeling, Spatial Statistics

(GEOG-AND-MOD 2021)
Hartmut Asche University of Potsdam, Germany
Geomatics for Resource Monitoring and Management (GRMM 2021)

Enrico Borgogno Mondino University of Turin, Italy
Alessandra Capolupo Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Mirko Saponaro Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
12th International Symposium on Software Quality (ISSQ 2021)

10th International Workshop on Collective, Massive and Evolutionary

Systems (IWCES 2021)
Rajdeep Niyogi Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
Land Use Monitoring for Sustainability (LUMS 2021)

Maria Cerreta University “Federico II” of Naples, Italy
Massimiliano Bencardino University of Salerno, Italy
Alessandro Bonifazi Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Pasquale Balena Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Giuliano Poli University “Federico II” of Naples, Italy
Machine Learning for Space and Earth Observation Data (MALSEOD 2021)
Rafael Santos Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Brazil
Karine Ferreira Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Brazil
Building Multi-dimensional Models for Assessing Complex Environmental

Systems (MES 2021)
Marta Dell’Ovo Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
Vanessa Assumma Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy
Caterina Caprioli Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy
Giulia Datola Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy
Federico dell’Anna Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy
Organization xix
Ecosystem Services: Nature’s Contribution to People in Practice. Assessment

Frameworks, Models, Mapping, and Implications (NC2P 2021)
Dani Broitman Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
Privacy in the Cloud/Edge/IoT World (PCEIoT 2021)

Michele Mastroianni University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
Lelio Campanile University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
Mauro Iacono University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
Processes, Methods and Tools Towards RESilient Cities and Cultural Heritage
Prone to SOD and ROD Disasters (RES 2021)
Elena Cantatore Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Alberico Sonnessa Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Dario Esposito Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Risk, Resilience and Sustainability in the Efficient Management of Water

Resources: Approaches, Tools, Methodologies and Multidisciplinary Integrated
Applications (RRS 2021)
Maria Macchiaroli University of Salerno, Italy
Chiara D’Alpaos Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy
Mirka Mobilia Università degli Studi di Salerno, Italy
Antonia Longobardi Università degli Studi di Salerno, Italy
Grazia Fattoruso ENEA Research Center, Italy
Vincenzo Pellecchia Ente Idrico Campano, Italy
Scientific Computing Infrastructure (SCI 2021)

Natalia Kulabukhova St. Petersburg University, Russia
Smart Cities and User Data Management (SCIDAM 2021)

Luigi Mundula University of Cagliari, Italy
Gianni Fenu University of Cagliari, Italy
Paolo Nesi University of Florence, Italy
Paola Zamperlin University of Pisa, Italy
xx Organization
13th International Symposium on Software Engineering Processes

and Applications (SEPA 2021)
Ports of the Future - Smartness and Sustainability (SmartPorts 2021)

Patrizia Serra University of Cagliari, Italy
Gianfranco Fancello University of Cagliari, Italy
Marco Mazzarino University of Venice, Italy
Maria del Mar Munoz Universidad de Cádiz, Spain
Leonisio
Smart Tourism (SmartTourism 2021)

Silvia Battino University of Sassari, Italy
Maria del Mar Munoz Universidad de Cádiz, Spain
Leonisio
Ainhoa Amaro Garcia Universidad de Alcalà/Universidad de Las Palmas,
Spain
Francesca Krasna University of Trieste, Italy
Sustainability Performance Assessment: Models, Approaches and Applications

toward Interdisciplinary and Integrated Solutions (SPA 2021)
Jolanta Dvarioniene Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania
Valentin Grecu Lucian Blaga University, Romania
Iole Cerminara University of Basilicata, Italy
Smart and Sustainable Island Communities (SSIC 2021)

Science, Technologies and Policies to Innovate Spatial Planning (STP4P 2021)

Daniele La Rosa University of Catania, Italy
Organization xxi
Anna Maria Colavitti University of Cagliari, Italy

Paolo La Greca University of Catania, Italy
Sustainable Urban Energy Systems (SURENSYS 2021)

Emilio Ghiani University of Cagliari, Italy
Space Syntax for Cities in Theory and Practice (Syntax_City 2021)

Claudia Yamu University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Akkelies van Nes Western Norway University of Applied Sciences,
Norway
Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Its Applications (TCCMA 2021)

Noelia Faginas-Lago University of Perugia, Italy
13th International Workshop on Tools and Techniques in Software Development

Process (TTSDP 2021)
Urban Form Studies (UForm 2021)

Malgorzata Hanzl Łódź University of Technology, Poland
Irena Itova University of Westminster, UK
Urban Space Accessibility and Safety (USAS 2021)

Vincenza Torrisi University of Catania, Italy
Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania, Italy
Michela Tiboni University of Brescia, Italy
Silvia Rossetti University of Parma, Italy
Virtual and Augmented Reality and Applications (VRA 2021)

Damiano Perri University of Perugia, Italy
Marco Simonetti University of Perugia, Italy
xxii Organization
Workshop on Advanced and Computational Methods for Earth Science

Applications (WACM4ES 2021)
Luca Piroddi University of Cagliari, Italy
Laura Foddis University of Cagliari, Italy
Augusto Montisci University of Cagliari, Italy
Sergio Vincenzo Calcina University of Cagliari, Italy
Sebastiano D’Amico University of Malta, Malta
Giovanni Martinelli Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia,
Italy/Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Sponsoring Organizations
ICCSA 2021 would not have been possible without the tremendous support of many
organizations and institutions, for which all organizers and participants of ICCSA 2021
express their sincere gratitude:
Springer International Publishing AG, Germany

(https://www.springer.com)
Computers Open Access Journal

(https://www.mdpi.com/journal/computers)
IEEE Italy Section, Italy

(https://italy.ieeer8.org/)
Centre-North Italy Chapter IEEE GRSS, Italy

(https://cispio.diet.uniroma1.it/marzano/ieee-grs/
index.html)
Italy Section of the Computer Society, Italy

(https://site.ieee.org/italy-cs/)
University of Perugia, Italy

(https://www.unipg.it)
University of Cagliari, Italy

(https://unica.it/)
Organization xxiii
University of Basilicata, Italy

(http://www.unibas.it)
Monash University, Australia

(https://www.monash.edu/)
Kyushu Sangyo University, Japan

(https://www.kyusan-u.ac.jp/)
University of Minho, Portugal

(https://www.uminho.pt/)
Scientific Association Transport Infrastructures,

Italy
(https://www.stradeeautostrade.it/associazioni-e-
organizzazioni/asit-associazione-scientifica-
infrastrutture-trasporto/)
Regione Sardegna, Italy

(https://regione.sardegna.it/)
Comune di Cagliari, Italy

(https://www.comune.cagliari.it/)
Città Metropolitana di Cagliari
Cagliari Accessibility Lab (CAL)

(https://www.unica.it/unica/it/cagliari_
accessibility_lab.page/)
xxiv Organization
Referees
Nicodemo Abate IMAA, National Research Council, Italy
Andre Ricardo Abed Grégio Federal University of Paraná State, Brazil
Nasser Abu Zeid Università di Ferrara, Italy
Lidia Aceto Università del Piemonte Orientale, Italy
Nurten Akgün Tanbay Bursa Technical University, Turkey
Filipe Alvelos Universidade do Minho, Portugal
Paula Amaral Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
Federico Amato University of Lausanne, Switzerland
Marina Alexandra Pedro ISCTE-IUL, Portugal
Andrade
Debora Anelli Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Alfonso Annunziata University of Cagliari, Italy
Fahim Anzum University of Calgary, Canada
Tatsumi Aoyama High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Japan
Bernady Apduhan Kyushu Sangyo University, Japan
Jonathan Apeh Covenant University, Nigeria
Vasilike Argyropoulos University of West Attica, Greece
Giuseppe Aronica Università di Messina, Italy
Daniela Ascenzi Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy
Vanessa Assumma Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Muhammad Attique Khan HITEC University Taxila, Pakistan
Vecdi Aytaç Ege University, Turkey
Alina Elena Baia University of Perugia, Italy
Marialaura Bancheri ISAFOM, National Research Council, Italy
Benedetto Barabino University of Brescia, Italy
Simona Barbaro Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
Enrico Barbierato Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano, Italy
Jeniffer Barreto Istituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
Michele Bartalini TAGES, Italy
Silvia Battino University of Sassari, Italy
Marcelo Becerra Rozas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
Ranjan Kumar Behera National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
Emanuele Bellini University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
Massimo Bilancia University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
Giulio Biondi University of Firenze, Italy
Adriano Bisello Eurac Research, Italy
Ignacio Blanquer Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
Semen Bochkov Ulyanovsk State Technical University, Russia
Alexander Bogdanov St. Petersburg University, Russia
Silvia Bonettini University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
Enrico Borgogno Mondino Università di Torino, Italy
Organization xxv
Michele Bottazzi University of Trento, Italy

Rahma Bouaziz Taibah University, Saudi Arabia
Ouafik Boulariah University of Salerno, Italy
Tulin Boyar Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
Paolo Bragolusi University of Padova, Italy
Luca Braidotti University of Trieste, Italy
Jorge Buele Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Ecuador
Andrea Buffoni TAGES, Italy
Sergio Vincenzo Calcina University of Cagliari, Italy
Lelio Campanile Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli,
Italy
Antonino Canale Kore University of Enna, Italy
Elena Cantatore DICATECh, Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Pasquale Cantiello Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Italy
Alessandra Capolupo Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
David Michele Cappelletti University of Perugia, Italy
Caterina Caprioli Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Sara Carcangiu University of Cagliari, Italy
Pedro Carrasqueira INESC Coimbra, Portugal
Arcangelo Castiglione University of Salerno, Italy
Giulio Cavana Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Davide Cerati Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Maria Cerreta University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Daniele Cesini INFN-CNAF, Italy
Jabed Chowdhury La Trobe University, Australia
Gennaro Ciccarelli Iuav University of Venice, Italy
Birol Ciloglugil Ege University, Turkey
Elena Cocuzza Univesity of Catania, Italy
Anna Maria Colavitt University of Cagliari, Italy
Cecilia Coletti Università “G. d’Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara, Italy
Alberto Collu Independent Researcher, Italy
Anna Concas University of Basilicata, Italy
Mauro Coni University of Cagliari, Italy
Melchiorre Contino Università di Palermo, Italy
Antonella Cornelio Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italy
Aldina Correia Politécnico do Porto, Portugal
Elisete Correia Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro,
Portugal
Florbela Correia Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Portugal
Stefano Corsi Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
Alberto Cortez Polytechnic of University Coimbra, Portugal
Lino Costa Universidade do Minho, Portugal
xxvi Organization

Marilena Cozzolino Università del Molise, Italy
Giulia Crespi Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Maurizio Crispino Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Chiara D’Alpaos University of Padova, Italy
Roberta D’Ambrosio Università di Salerno, Italy
Sebastiano D’Amico University of Malta, Malta
Hiroshi Daisaka Hitotsubashi University, Japan
Gaia Daldanise Italian National Research Council, Italy
Robertas Damasevicius Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Maria Danese ISPC, National Research Council, Italy
Bartoli Daniele University of Perugia, Italy
Motasem Darwish Middle East University, Jordan
Giulia Datola Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Regina de Almeida UTAD, Portugal
Elise de Doncker Western Michigan University, USA
Mariella De Fino Politecnico di Bari, Italy
Giandomenico De Luca Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, Italy
Luiza de Macedo Mourelle State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Gianluigi De Mare University of Salerno, Italy
Itamir de Morais Barroca Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Filho
Samuele De Petris Università di Torino, Italy
Marcilio de Souto LIFO, University of Orléans, France
Alexander Degtyarev St. Petersburg University, Russia
Federico Dell’Anna Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Marta Dell’Ovo Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Fernanda Della Mura University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
Ahu Dereli Dursun Istanbul Commerce University, Turkey
Bashir Derradji University of Sfax, Tunisia
Giulia Desogus Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy
Marco Dettori Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
Frank Devai London South Bank University, UK
Felicia Di Liddo Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Valerio Di Pinto University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
Joana Dias University of Coimbra, Portugal
Luis Dias University of Minho, Portugal
Patricia Diaz de Alba Gran Sasso Science Institute, Italy
Isabel Dimas University of Coimbra, Portugal
Aleksandra Djordjevic University of Belgrade, Serbia
Luigi Dolores Università degli Studi di Salerno, Italy
Marco Donatelli University of Insubria, Italy
Doina Cristina Duma INFN-CNAF, Italy
Fabio Durastante University of Pisa, Italy
Aziz Dursun Virginia Tech University, USA
Juan Enrique-Romero Université Grenoble Alpes, France
Organization xxvii
Annunziata Esposito University College Dublin, Ireland

Amideo
Dario Esposito Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Claudio Estatico University of Genova, Italy
Noelia Faginas-Lago Università di Perugia, Italy
Stefano Falcinelli University of Perugia, Italy
Alessandro Farina University of Pisa, Italy
Grazia Fattoruso ENEA, Italy
Luisa Fermo University of Cagliari, Italy
Florbela Fernandes Instituto Politecnico de Braganca, Portugal
Rosário Fernandes University of Minho, Portugal
Luis Fernandez-Sanz University of Alcala, Spain
Alessia Ferrari Università di Parma, Italy
Luís Ferrás University of Minho, Portugal
Ângela Ferreira Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Portugal
Flora Ferreira University of Minho, Portugal
Manuel Carlos Figueiredo University of Minho, Portugal
Ugo Fiore University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy
Amedeo Flora University of Basilicata, Italy
Hector Florez Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas,
Colombia
Maria Laura Foddis University of Cagliari, Italy
Valentina Franzoni Perugia University, Italy
Adelaide Freitas University of Aveiro, Portugal
Samuel Frimpong Durban University of Technology, South Africa
Ioannis Fyrogenis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Marika Gaballo Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Laura Gabrielli Iuav University of Venice, Italy
Ivan Gankevich St. Petersburg University, Russia
Ernesto Garcia Para Universidad del País Vasco, Spain,
Fernando Garrido Universidad Técnica del Norte, Ecuador
Marina Gavrilova University of Calgary, Canada
Silvia Gazzola University of Bath, UK
Georgios Georgiadis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Andrea Gioia Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Dario Gioia ISPC-CNT, Italy
Raffaele Giordano IRSS, National Research Council, Italy
Giacomo Giorgi University of Perugia, Italy
Eleonora Giovene IRISS, National Research Council, Italy
di Girasole
Salvatore Giuffrida Università di Catania, Italy
Marco Gola Politecnico di Milano, Italy
xxviii Organization
A. Manuela Gonçalves University of Minho, Portugal

Yuriy Gorbachev Coddan Technologies LLC, Russia
Angela Gorgoglione Universidad de la República, Uruguay
Yusuke Gotoh Okayama University, Japan
Anestis Gourgiotis University of Thessaly, Greece
Valery Grishkin St. Petersburg University, Russia
Alessandro Grottesi CINECA, Italy
Eduardo Guerra Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
Ayse Giz Gulnerman Ankara HBV University, Turkey
Sevin Gümgüm Izmir University of Economics, Turkey
Himanshu Gupta BITS Pilani, Hyderabad, India
Sandra Haddad Arab Academy for Science, Egypt
Malgorzata Hanzl Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Shoji Hashimoto KEK, Japan
Peter Hegedus University of Szeged, Hungary
Eligius M. T. Hendrix Universidad de Málaga, Spain
Edmond Ho Northumbria University, UK
Guan Yue Hong Western Michigan University, USA
Vito Iacobellis Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Mauro Iacono Università degli Studi della Campania, Italy
Chiara Iacovino University of Basilicata, Italy
Antonino Iannuzzo ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Ali Idri University Mohammed V, Morocco
Oana-Ramona Ilovan Babeş-Bolyai University, Romania
Mustafa Inceoglu Ege University, Turkey
Tadashi Ishikawa KEK, Japan
Federica Isola University of Cagliari, Italy
Irena Itova University of Westminster, UK
Edgar David de Izeppi VTTI, USA
Marija Jankovic CERTH, Greece
Adrian Jaramillo Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Chile
Monalisa Jena Fakir Mohan University, India
Dorota Kamrowska-Załuska Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
Issaku Kanamori RIKEN Center for Computational Science, Japan
Korhan Karabulut Yasar University, Turkey
Yeliz Karaca University of Massachusetts Medical School, USA
Vicky Katsoni University of West Attica, Greece
Dimitris Kavroudakis University of the Aegean, Greece
Shuhei Kimura Okayama University, Japan
Joanna Kolozej Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Thales Körting INPE, Brazil
Tomonori Kouya Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, Japan
Sylwia Krzysztofik Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Shrinivas B. Kulkarni SDM College of Engineering and Technology, India
Organization xxix
Pavan Kumar University of Calgary, Canada

Anisha Kumari National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
Ludovica La Rocca University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
Daniele La Rosa University of Catania, Italy
Giuseppe Francesco Cesare University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
Lama
Mariusz Lamprecht University of Lodz, Poland
Vincenzo Laporta National Research Council, Italy
Chien-Sing Lee Sunway University, Malaysia
José Isaac Lemus Romani Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso, Chile
Federica Leone University of Cagliari, Italy
Alexander H. Levis George Mason University, USA
Carola Lingua Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy
Marco Locurcio Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Andrea Lombardi University of Perugia, Italy
Savino Longo University of Bari, Italy
Fernando Lopez Gayarre University of Oviedo, Spain
Yan Lu Western Michigan University, USA
Maria Macchiaroli University of Salerno, Italy
Helmuth Malonek University of Aveiro, Portugal
Francesca Maltinti University of Cagliari, Italy
Luca Mancini University of Perugia, Italy
Marcos Mandado University of Vigo, Spain
Ernesto Marcheggiani Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy
Krassimir Markov University of Telecommunications and Post, Bulgaria
Giovanni Martinelli INGV, Italy
Alessandro Marucci University of L’Aquila, Italy
Fiammetta Marulli University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
Gabriella Maselli University of Salerno, Italy
Rytis Maskeliunas Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania
Michele Mastroianni University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
Cristian Mateos Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Hideo Matsufuru High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
(KEK), Japan
D’Apuzzo Mauro University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy
Chiara Mazzarella University Federico II, Italy
Marco Mazzarino University of Venice, Italy
Giovanni Mei University of Cagliari, Italy
Mário Melo Federal Institute of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Francesco Mercaldo University of Molise, Italy
Alessandra Milesi University of Cagliari, Italy
Antonio Minervino ISPC, National Research Council, Italy
Fernando Miranda Universidade do Minho, Portugal
xxx Organization
B. Mishra University of Szeged, Hungary

Mirka Mobilia University of Salerno, Italy
Giuseppe Modica Università degli Studi di Reggio Calabria, Italy
Mohammadsadegh Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Iran
Mohagheghi
Mohamad Molaei Qelichi University of Tehran, Iran
Mario Molinara University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy
Augusto Montisci Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy
Pierluigi Morano Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Ricardo Moura Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
Maria Mourao Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Portugal
Daichi Mukunoki RIKEN Center for Computational Science, Japan
Naohito Nakasato University of Aizu, Japan
Grazia Napoli Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
Isabel Cristina Natário Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
Antonio Nesticò University of Salerno, Italy
Andreas Nikiforiadis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Keigo Nitadori RIKEN Center for Computational Science, Japan
Silvio Nocera Iuav University of Venice, Italy
Giuseppina Oliva University of Salerno, Italy
Arogundade Oluwasefunmi Academy of Mathematics and System Science, China
Ken-ichi Oohara University of Tokyo, Japan
Tommaso Orusa University of Turin, Italy
M. Fernanda P. Costa University of Minho, Portugal
Roberta Padulano Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici,
Italy
Maria Panagiotopoulou National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Jay Pancham Durban University of Technology, South Africa
Gianni Pantaleo University of Florence, Italy
Dimos Pantazis University of West Attica, Greece
Michela Paolucci University of Florence, Italy
Eric Pardede La Trobe University, Australia
Olivier Parisot Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology,
Luxembourg
Vincenzo Pellecchia Ente Idrico Campano, Italy
Anna Pelosi University of Salerno, Italy
Edit Pengő University of Szeged, Hungary
Marco Pepe University of Salerno, Italy
Paola Perchinunno University of Cagliari, Italy
Ana Pereira Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal
Mariano Pernetti University of Campania, Italy
Damiano Perri University of Perugia, Italy
Organization xxxi
Federica Pes University of Cagliari, Italy

Marco Petrelli Roma Tre University, Italy
Khiem Phan Duy Tan University, Vietnam
Alberto Ferruccio Piccinni Polytechnic of Bari, Italy
Angela Pilogallo University of Basilicata, Italy
Telmo Pinto University of Coimbra, Portugal
Luca Piroddi University of Cagliari, Italy
Darius Plonis Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania
Giuliano Poli University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
Maria João Polidoro Polytecnic Institute of Porto, Portugal
Ioannis Politis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Antonio Pratelli University of Pisa, Italy
Salvatore Praticò Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, Italy
Marco Prato University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
Carlotta Quagliolo Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy
Emanuela Quaquero Univesity of Cagliari, Italy
Garrisi Raffaele Polizia postale e delle Comunicazioni, Italy
Nicoletta Rassu University of Cagliari, Italy
Hafiz Tayyab Rauf University of Bradford, UK
Michela Ravanelli Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Roberta Ravanelli Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Alfredo Reder Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici,
Italy
Stefania Regalbuto University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
Rommel Regis Saint Joseph’s University, USA
Lothar Reichel Kent State University, USA
Marco Reis University of Coimbra, Portugal
Maria Reitano University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
Jerzy Respondek Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Elisa Riccietti École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France
Albert Rimola Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
Angela Rizzo University of Bari, Italy
Ana Maria A. C. Rocha University of Minho, Portugal
Fabio Rocha Institute of Technology and Research, Brazil
Humberto Rocha University of Coimbra, Portugal
Maria Clara Rocha Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Portugal
Miguel Rocha University of Minho, Portugal
Giuseppe Rodriguez University of Cagliari, Italy
Guillermo Rodriguez UNICEN, Argentina
Elisabetta Ronchieri INFN, Italy
Marzio Rosi University of Perugia, Italy
Silvia Rossetti University of Parma, Italy
Marco Rossitti Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
xxxii Organization
Francesco Rotondo Marche Polytechnic University, Italy

Irene Rubino Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy
Agustín Salas Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso, Chile
Juan Pablo Sandoval Universidad Católica Boliviana “San Pablo”, Bolivia
Alcocer
Luigi Santopietro University of Basilicata, Italy
Rafael Santos National Institute for Space Research, Brazil
Valentino Santucci Università per Stranieri di Perugia, Italy
Mirko Saponaro Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Filippo Sarvia University of Turin, Italy
Marco Scaioni Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
Rafal Scherer Częstochowa University of Technology, Poland
Ester Scotto di Perta University of Napoli “Federico II”, Italy
Monica Sebillo University of Salerno, Italy
Patrizia Serra University of Cagliari, Italy
Ricardo Severino University of Minho, Portugal
Jie Shen University of Michigan, USA
Huahao Shou Zhejiang University of Technology, China
Miltiadis Siavvas Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Greece
Brandon Sieu University of Calgary, Canada
Ângela Silva Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Portugal
Carina Silva Polytechic Institute of Lisbon, Portugal
Joao Carlos Silva Polytechnic Institute of Cavado and Ave, Portugal
Fabio Silveira Federal University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
Marco Simonetti University of Florence, Italy
Ana Jacinta Soares University of Minho, Portugal
Maria Joana Soares University of Minho, Portugal
Michel Soares Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil
George Somarakis Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas,
Greece
Maria Somma University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
Alberico Sonnessa Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Flavio Stochino University of Cagliari, Italy
Yasuaki Sumida Kyushu Sangyo University, Japan
Yue Sun European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility,
Germany
Kirill Sviatov Ulyanovsk State Technical University, Russia
Daisuke Takahashi University of Tsukuba, Japan
Aladics Tamás University of Szeged, Hungary
David Taniar Monash University, Australia
Rodrigo Tapia McClung Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de Información
Geoespacial, Mexico
Organization xxxiii

Ana Paula Teixeira Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro,
Portugal
Senhorinha Teixeira University of Minho, Portugal
Tengku Adil Tengku Izhar Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
Maria Filomena Teodoro University of Lisbon/Portuguese Naval Academy,
Portugal
Giovanni Tesoriere Kore University of Enna, Italy
Yiota Theodora National Technical Univeristy of Athens, Greece
Graça Tomaz Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Portugal
Francesca Torrieri University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
Vincenza Torrisi University of Catania, Italy
Vincenzo Totaro Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Pham Trung Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Vietnam
Dimitrios Tsoukalas Centre of Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH),
Greece
Sanjida Tumpa University of Calgary, Canada
Iñaki Tuñon Universidad de Valencia, Spain
Takahiro Ueda Seikei University, Japan
Piero Ugliengo University of Turin, Italy
Abdi Usman Haramaya University, Ethiopia
Ettore Valente University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
Jordi Vallverdu Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
Cornelis Van Der Mee University of Cagliari, Italy
José Varela-Aldás Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Ecuador
Fanny Vazart University of Grenoble Alpes, France
Franco Vecchiocattivi University of Perugia, Italy
Laura Verde University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
Giulia Vergerio Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy
Jos Vermaseren Nikhef, The Netherlands
Giacomo Viccione University of Salerno, Italy
Corrado Vizzarri Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Alexander Vodyaho St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University
“LETI”, Russia
Nikolay N. Voit Ulyanovsk State Technical University, Russia
Marco Vona University of Basilicata, Italy
Agustinus Borgy Waluyo Monash University, Australia
Fernando Wanderley Catholic University of Pernambuco, Brazil
Chao Wang University of Science and Technology of China, China
Marcin Wozniak Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Tiang Xian Nathong University, China
Rekha Yadav KL University, India
Fenghui Yao Tennessee State University, USA
xxxiv Organization
Fukuko Yuasa KEK, Japan

Moayid Ali Zaidi Ostfold University College Norway, Norway
Peter Zeile Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
Milliam Maxime Zekeng University of Dschang, Cameroon
Ndadji
Nataly Zhukova ITMO University, Russia
Ljiljiana Zivkovic Ministry of Construction, Transport and
Infrastructure/Institute of Architecture and Urban
and Spatial Planning of Serbia, Serbia
Contents – Part X
International Workshop on Smart and Sustainable Island

Communities (SSIC 2021)
Practices for an Integrated Planning Between Urban Planning and Green

Infrastructures for the Development of the Municipal Urban Plan (MUP) of
Cagliari (Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chiara Garau, Giulia Desogus, Francesca Maltinti, Alessandro Olivo,
Laura Peretti, and Mauro Coni
Empirical Evaluation of Urban Heat Island Pavements Related.

Cagliari Case Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Mauro Coni, Agostino Satta, Silvia Portas, and Francesca Maltinti
Circular Economy Strategy in the Construction Sector: The Use of Recycle

Aggregates in the Sardinian Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Luisa Pani, Lorena Francesconi, James Rombi, Marta Salis,
and Flavio Stochino
Local Supply Chains and Circular Economy for Building Materials.

The PLES Project in Sardinia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Giovanna Concu, Maria Maddalena Achenza, Roberto Baccoli,
Andrea Frattolillo, Roberto Innamorati, Costantino Carlo Mastino,
Riccardo Riu, and Monica Valdes
Indulging in the ‘Mediterranean Maritime World’ – Diving Tourism

in Insular Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Dionisia Koutsi and Anastasia Stratigea
High-Resolution Spatial Data Analysis for Monitoring Urban Sprawl

in Coastal Zones: A Case Study in Crete Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Apostolos Lagarias and Anastasia Stratigea
Application of Anhydrous Calcium Sulphate in Cement Bound Granular

Pavement Layers: Towards a Circular Economy Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
James Rombi, Mauro Coni, Marco Olianas, Marta Salis, Silvia Portas,
and Antonio Scanu
Climate Change and Strategic Adaptation Planning in Mediterranean

Insular Territories: Gathering Methodological Insights
from Greek Experiences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Yiota Theodora and Anastasia Stratigea
xxxvi Contents – Part X
International Workshop on Science, Technologies and Policies

to Innovate Spatial Planning (STP4P 2021)
Strategic Guidelines to Increase the Resilience of Inland Areas:

The Case of the Alta Val d’Agri (Basilicata-Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Priscilla Sofia Dastoli and Piergiuseppe Pontrandolfi
From the Recognition of the Identity Values to the Definition of Urban

Regeneration Strategies. The Case of the Military Landscapes in Cagliari. . . . 131
Anna Maria Colavitti, Alessio Floris, Andrea Pirinu, and Sergio Serra
Applying Building Information Modeling to Road Pavements Management . . 145

Francesca Maltinti, Luca Curreli, Emanuela Quaquero, Giulia Rubiu,
and Mauro Coni
International Workshop on Sustainable Urban Energy Systems

(SURENSYS 2021)
A Geographical Abacus of the Urban Building Heritage Based

on Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Stefano Pili, Giuseppe Desogus, Francesca Poggi, Caterina Frau,
and Andrea Dessì
International Workshop on Ports of the Future Smartness and

Sustainability (SmartPorts 2021)
Fostering Ports Synergies by Centrality Measures: An Approach Based on

Automated Identification Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Nadia Giuffrida, Martina Fazio, Giuseppe Inturri, and Matteo Ignaccolo
Dimensioning of Container Terminals: Validation and Application Fields

for a Stochastic Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Vinicius Das Chagas, Maria Eugenia Lopez Lambas,
Cristiano Marinacci, Stefano Ricci, and Luca Rizzetto
Case Studies and Theoretical Approaches in Port Competition

and Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Francesco Russo and Giuseppe Musolino
Greening the Last Mile in Port Cities: Environmental Benefits of Switching

from Road to Railway for the Port of Naples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Stefano de Luca, Chiara Fiori, Lucas Joel Cistenas,
and Pasquale Argento
Contents – Part X xxxvii
How to Create a Cross-border Port Community by Networking Ports with

Each Other: The Experimentation of the EasyLog System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Patrizia Serra, Gianfranco Fancello, Riccardo Bozzo,
and Andrea Zoratti
Can the Blockchain Facilitate the Development of an

Interport Community? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Patrizia Serra, Gianfranco Fancello, Roberto Tonelli,
and Lodovica Marchesi
Cartography and Security. Port Security: Trends and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . 252

Giuseppe Borruso, Ginevra Balletto, Alessandra Milesi, and Mara Ladu
Towards Edge Computing Based Monitoring for Smart Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

Vladimir V. Shakhov and Anastasia N. Yurgenson
International Workshop on Smart Tourism (SmartTourism 2021)
Ancient Mining Paths and Slow Tourism. Assessments and Challenges

in Sardinia (Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Ginevra Balletto, Giuseppe Borruso, Alessandra Milesi, Mara Ladu,
and Luigi Mundula
Sustainability, Tourism and Digitalization. The City Smart Approach in Las

Palmas de Gran Canaria (Canary Islands). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Ainhoa Amaro García and Silvia Battino
International Workshop on Space Syntax for Cities in Theory

and Practice (Syntax_City 2021)
A Literature Review on the Assessment of Vitality and Its Theoretical

Framework. Emerging Perspectives for Geodesign in the Urban Context . . . . 305
Alfonso Annunziata and Chiara Garau
Measuring the Degree of Permeability of the Main Route Network

with Angular Step Depth Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Akkelies van Nes
International Workshop on Theoretical and Computational Chemistry

and Its Applications (TCCMA 2021)
A Computational Analysis of the Reaction of Atomic Oxygen O(3 P)

with Acrylonitrile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Luca Mancini and Emília Valença Ferreira de Aragão
xxxviii Contents – Part X
A Minimal Model of Potential Energy Surface for the CO2 – CO System . . . 351
Concetta Caglioti, Maria Noelia Faginas Lago, Andrea Lombardi,
and Federico Palazzetti
Classification of Biomolecules by Invariant Shape Coordinates

and Deformation Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Lombardi Andrea and Noelia Faginas-Lago
Numerical Simulation of the Reactive Transport at Pore Scale in 3D . . . . . . . 375

Vadim Lisitsa, Tatyana Khachkova, Dmitry Prokhorov,
Yaroslav Bazaikin, and Yongfei Yang
A New Method for Binary Classification of Proteins with

Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Damiano Perri, Marco Simonetti, Andrea Lombardi,
Noelia Faginas-Lago, and Osvaldo Gervasi
Multilayered Modelling of the Metallation of Biological Targets . . . . . . . . . . 398

Iogann Tolbatov, Alessandro Marrone, Roberto Paciotti,
Nazzareno Re, and Cecilia Coletti
Long-Range Complex in the HC3 N + CN Potential Energy Surface:

Ab Initio Calculations and Intermolecular Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Emília Valença Ferreira de Aragão, Luca Mancini,
Noelia Faginas-Lago, Marzio Rosi, Nadia Balucani,
and Fernando Pirani
Intermolecular Forces for the Interaction of H2 O–Graphtriyne Membrane:

Contribution of Induction Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Noelia Faginas-Lago, Yusuf Bramastya Apriliyanto,
and Andrea Lombardi
International Workshop on Urban Form Studies (UForm 2021)
Some Remarks on Soft Mobility: A New Engineered Approach to the

Cycling Infrastructure Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Mauro D’Apuzzo, Daniela Santilli, Azzurra Evangelisti,
and Vittorio Nicolosi
The Axial Analysis for Defining Neighborhoods’ Crime Vulnerability.

A Methodological Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Francesca Coppola and Isidoro Fasolino
Resilient Urban Form Assessment – Burgage Cycle and Morphometry . . . . . 474

Malgorzata Hanzl and Kamil Kowalski
Contents – Part X xxxix
International Workshop on Urban Space Accessibility and

Safety (USAS 2021)
Towards the Definition of a Comprehensive Walkability Index

for Historical Centres. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Barbara Caselli, Silvia Rossetti, Matteo Ignaccolo, Michele Zazzi,
and Vincenza Torrisi
Urban Accessibility and Social Equity in Covid-19 Era: A Spatial Analysis

in Two Neighbourhoods of the City of Naples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Carmela Gargiulo, Federica Gaglione, and Floriana Zucaro
A Literature Review on Urban Usability and Accessibility to Investigate the

Related Criteria for Equality in the City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Francesco Pinna, Chiara Garau, and Alfonso Annunziata
A Conceptual Framework for Risk Assessment in Road Safety

of Vulnerable Users. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
Mauro D’Apuzzo, Daniela Santilli, Azzurra Evangelisti,
Towards a Better Understanding of Vulnerability

in Pedestrian-Vehicle Collision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Mauro D’Apuzzo, Daniela Santilli, Azzurra Evangelisti, Luca Di Cosmo,
A New Framework to Evaluate Crash Risk for Road Traffic Safety

Management System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Fabio Porcu, Francesca Maltinti, Nicoletta Rassu, Francesco Pili,
Michela Bonera, and Benedetto Barabino
Urban Accessibility to Healthcare Facilities for the Elderly: Evolution

of the Time-Based 2SFCA Methodology for the Nice Case Study (France) . . 588
Carmen Guida, Carmela Gargiulo, Matteo Caglioni,
and Gerardo Carpentieri
A New Vision on Smart and Resilient Urban Mobility in the Aftermath

of the Pandemic: Key Factors on European Transport Policies . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Tiziana Campisi, Chiara Garau, Matteo Ignaccolo, Mauro Coni,
Antonino Canale, Giuseppe Inturri, and Vincenza Torrisi
xl Contents – Part X
International Workshop on Virtual and Augmented Reality

and Applications (VRA 2021)
Motion and Interaction Tracking Tool for Virtual Reality Environments. . . . . 621
Marcelo de Paiva Guimarães, Diego Roberto Colombo Dias,
Leonardo Chaves Dutra da Rocha, Elvis Hernandes Ribeiro,
Rogério Luiz Iope, and José Remo Brega
Augmented Reality in Medical Education, an Empirical Study . . . . . . . . . . . 631

Imre Zsigmond and Alexandru Buhai
Evaluation Methods Applied to Virtual Reality Educational Applications:

A Systematic Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Daniel Bueno Domingueti, Diego Roberto Colombo Dias,
Marcelo de Paiva Guimarães, and Dárlinton Barbosa Feres Carvalho
IoT to Monitor People Flow in Areas of Public Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658

Damiano Perri, Marco Simonetti, Alex Bordini, Simone Cimarelli,
and Osvaldo Gervasi
International Workshop on Advanced and Computational Methods

for Earth Science Applications (WACM4ES 2021)
Digital Twins of Hydrocarbon Reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675

Vladimir Cheverda, Vadim Lisitsa, Maksim Protasov,
and Galina Reshetova
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689

International Workshop on Smart
and Sustainable Island Communities
(SSIC 2021)
Practices for an Integrated Planning Between
Urban Planning and Green Infrastructures
for the Development of the Municipal Urban
Plan (MUP) of Cagliari (Italy)
Chiara Garau1 , Giulia Desogus1(B) , Francesca Maltinti1(B) ,

Alessandro Olivo1 , Laura Peretti2 , and Mauro Coni1
1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture (DICAAR),
University of Cagliari, 09129 Cagliari, Italy
{g.desogus,maltinti}@unica.it
2 Independent Researcher, LAURA PERETTI Architects, Roma, Italy
Abstract. As underlined by the European Commission in Green Infrastructure

(GI) - Enhancing Europe’s Natural Capital (2013), in Europe, solutions based on
green infrastructures are particularly used in urban areas to reduce pollution and
health problems related to population growth, and to the settlement concentration
of activities and residences. With this paper, the authors evaluate the link between
the old sectoral model of infrastructure planning and a more functional one, based
on the new green infrastructure paradigms used in different European cities. The
main aim is to understand how these paradigms can improve the viability and
the quality of life of the population in a coastal city with a particular frame on
sustainability. To this end, starting from national and international examples, the
authors outline typologies of integrated planning between urban planning and
green infrastructures with particular reference to the relationship between historic
city and waterfront in coastal cities. Subsequently, these typologies will be applied
to the case study of Cagliari (Sardinia, Italy) as a tool to mitigate the fragmen-
tation and unsustainable use of the soil with a particular frame in achieving the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This allowed not only to study a model
for the city of Cagliari for the regeneration of waterfront urban areas, but also for
developing a system of green infrastructures capable of minimizing travel times
within the city and of increasing the accessibility of slow mobility. This paper
shows a first phase of research as part of the ongoing elaboration of the Municipal
Urban Plan (MUP) of Cagliari.
This paper is the result of the joint work of the authors. ‘Abstract’ ‘Overpass or Underpass?
National and International Practices on Green Infrastructure Connecting City and Waterfront’,
and ‘Proposals for the infrastructural redevelopment of the Cagliari waterfront for the Municipal
Urban Plan (MUP)’ were written jointly by the authors. Chiara Garau wrote the ‘Introduction’.
Giulia Desogus wrote the ‘Description of the case study of Cagliari (Italy)’ and Mauro Coni wrote
the ‘Conclusions’.
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

O. Gervasi et al. (Eds.): ICCSA 2021, LNCS 12958, pp. 3–18, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87016-4_1
4 C. Garau et al.
Keywords: Green infrastructure · Accessibility · Slow mobility · MUP ·

Waterfront · Coastal cities
1 Introduction
Today cities represent less than 2% of the total world territory, but have about 55%
of the world population with a level of urbanization that is expected to reach almost
70% by 2050 [1]. Cities also develop through an organized physical layout and a road
interconnection system in which roads particularly play a fundamental role, as they
interconnect places, people and goods, thus facilitating trade, social interaction and
mobility. All of this requires effective management by national and local authorities to
make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, long-lasting and sustainable [2]. In
fact, in accordance with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (particularly with
Goal 11), by 2030 cities will have to increase inclusive and sustainable urbanization by
providing access not only to safe, sustainable and affordable for all but also to safe and
inclusive public green spaces through integrated policies and plans towards inclusion
and efficiency [3].
Mobility must therefore become a primary factor also considering social inclusion as
a tool for improving the environmental, social and economic well-being of communities
and not focusing exclusively on transferring people [3]. From this point of view, in a city
the spaces intended for transport infrastructures should be designed on a human scale
to perform a collective function through integrated mobility between multiple transport
systems to offer people different, efficient and pleasant options. In fact, urban planning
strategies, correlated to the smart city model [4, 5], are leading local institutions to use
social capital to improve city services [6, 7]. These services are especially related to
mobility including urban accessibility, infrastructure of traditional transport communi-
cation, the availability of ICT infrastructures, sustainable, innovative and safe transport
systems [8, 9]. The infrastructures should therefore be interpreted as socially active
connection networks in which the functions of streets and squares must have the aim
of improving the needs and perceptions of citizens [4]. They should be thought of as
relational spaces in which the interactions of pedestrians become one of the primary
objectives of their design. In the United Nations report “Streets as Public Spaces and
Drivers of Urban Prosperity”, this concept has been highlighted since 2013. It is stated
that “streets, as public spaces, have lost importance in terms of shared surface and in
their primary role in formation of the culture and history of the city” [10].
These premises lead to think about green infrastructures. Starting from 2011, the
European Union recognizes them as a network of natural or semi-natural areas, which,
if strategically planned with other environmental elements, can become an effective tool
for obtaining ecological, economic and social benefits. Furthermore, they constitute a
strategy aimed at reconnecting natural areas with urban centers and at restoring and
improving their functional role [11]. The “Green Infrastructure Handbook” [12] argues
that green infrastructures vary in the scales at which they can be identified and planned.
At the urban level it is possible to design artificial connectivity elements: they are “ele-
ments made by man with the aim of facilitating the passage of species in a territory,
Practices for an Integrated Planning 5
including green bridges and eco-pipelines to bypass transport infrastructures and stairs
for ichthyofauna, where natural movement is prevented by human activities and set-
tlements” [13, p. 9]. The inclusion of these elements in cities would reduce pollution
and health problems related to the growth of the population, and would also promote
sociability and pedestrian use of the street.
Furthermore, as numerous examples in the world demonstrate (Barcelona, Mar-
seille, etc.), in the case of a coastal city, these elements make possible to connect the
built city with water through a sustainable design of the waterfront. In fact, through green
infrastructures (eco-pipelines or green bridges) these areas take on a strategic dimension
especially in terms of environmental and social sustainability that has increasingly made
possible to involve the entire area in the urban system behind it, even on a metropolitan
scale. In other words, the seafront with the inclusion of sustainable connection infras-
tructures can be understood as an integral part of the large urban system and as a hinge
and junction of mediation with the static nature of the urban territory.
Starting from these assumptions, the goal of this study is to highlight how it is possible
to improve urban mobility, through an integrated design between urban planning and
green infrastructure. The intent of this article is to answer the following question: is it
possible to read, design, interpret the streets as places of relationship and not exclusively
as places of transition or separation?
Therefore, this paper focuses on how, in a coastal city, the design of infrastructures
can radically change the relationship between the built city and the waterfront, by favour-
ing the union and interpenetration of the two ones. To do this, this study initially focuses
on the description of the Cagliari case study, highlighting the current conformation of
the area facing the waterfront (paragraph 2). Subsequently, the authors analyse some
national and international projects by comparing the positive and negative aspects of
the overpass and underpass to unite city and waterfront (paragraph 3). In light of this,
Sect. 4 proposes a functional redevelopment of the viability of the Cagliari waterfront
as the first starting point for the development of the Municipal Urban Plan (MUP). The
document concludes by emphasizing the need for a functional interplay between port
infrastructure, waterfront and urban fabric through a massive change in traffic, projected
towards sustainable development.
2 Description of the Case Study of Cagliari (Italy)
The Cagliari case study is a significant example because, as a reference city for the whole
of Sardinia, starting from the 1960s the population moved from rural areas to the city,
and now 1/4 of the Sardinian population lives in its Metropolitan area [14, 15]. This has
had a negative impact of rapid urbanization and high traffic in a city characterized by an
urban structure typical of a coastal city [16].
With art. 17 of the Regional Law 4 February 2016, n. 2 “Reorganization of the
local autonomy system of Sardinia” the city of Cagliari has become the capital of the
metropolitan city of Cagliari (constituted by seventeen municipalities with approxi-
mately 432,000 inhabitants). This has caused a further increase in the problems linked
to commuting with a high prevalence of private vehicles and with a public transport not
adequate to meet the demands [17]. This is also the result of the wrong transport policies
6 C. Garau et al.
of the 1980s when cars were allowed to enter the city by occupying pedestrian areas and
squares. “The result of these policies was that until 2010 Cagliari was characterized by
the absence of pedestrian areas, restricted traffic areas and cycle infrastructures. At the
same time, an important urban tram network was abolished. Consequently, the Cagliari
recorded a loss of social relations, culture and peculiarities of the community” [3, p. 557].
Furthermore, Cagliari is the largest city in Sardinia with an area of 85.01 km2 and a pop-
ulation of approximately 151,000 inhabitants. Cagliari has a strong link with nature not
only because it is coastal but above all because within it several Special Protection Areas
(SPAs) and Sites of Community Importance (SIC) are present.
This environmental heritage is projected on the Gulf of Cagliari through the port
system which becomes (i) the neuralgic center between the built city and its projection
on the sea; (ii) an integral part of the vast area; (iii) a hinge and junction of economic
mediation with the hinterland of southern Sardinia. These characteristics form a city
characterized by a strong link between city and nature which should also be enhanced
by considering the relationship that the city has with its metropolitan area.
An emblematic example of the relationship between city and nature is the large area
that goes from piazza Matteotti to the Sant’Elia Stadium (streets, squares and places
are deliberately left in Italian throughout the paper, so as not to lose the identity of the
places) passing through the Port of Cagliari and via Roma which represents a nodal
point not only for the city of Cagliari and its metropolitan area, but for the whole of
Sardinia (Fig. 1). In fact, it hosts the most important port center in the south of the island
where the highest concentration of inhabitants converges, with the most relevant indices
of industrialization, of the commercial service sector and production in the agricultural
sector [18]. Furthermore, the port front on the via Roma is the area of greatest interest
both from a historical point of view and for its strong interrelation with the whole city.
This area, in recent decades, has undergone various transformations [19] which have
significantly improved urban use.
Fig. 1. The waterfront of Cagliari. Relation between historic city and sea. Source: elaboration by
the authors
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Lady
Chatterley's lover
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.
Title: Lady Chatterley's lover
Author: D. H. Lawrence
Release date: March 11, 2024 [eBook #73144]
Language: English
Original publication: Garden City, NY: Nelson Doubleday, Inc, 1928
Credits: Greg Weeks, Mary Meehan and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LADY

CHATTERLEY'S LOVER ***
Lady Chatterley's Lover
By D. H. LAWRENCE
NELSON DOUBLEDAY, Inc.

Garden City, New York
The text is the third manuscript version,

published in Florence in 1928 by Orioli
Distributed in Canada by permission

of Laurence Pollinger Limited
Printed in the United States of America

CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
CHAPTER VI
CHAPTER VII
CHAPTER VIII
CHAPTER IX
CHAPTER X
CHAPTER XI
CHAPTER XII
CHAPTER XIII
CHAPTER XIV
CHAPTER XV
CHAPTER XVI
CHAPTER XVII
CHAPTER XVIII
CHAPTER XIX
CHAPTER I
Ours is essentially a tragic age, so we refuse to take it tragically. The
cataclysm has happened, we are among the ruins, we start to build
up new little habitats, to have new little hopes. It is rather hard work:
there is now no smooth road into the future: but we go round, or
scramble over the obstacles. We've got to live, no matter how many
skies have fallen.
This was more or less Constance Chatterley's position. The war had
brought the roof down over her head. And she had realised that one
must live and learn.
She married Clifford Chatterley in 1917, when he was home for a
month on leave. They had a month's honeymoon. Then he went
back to Flanders: to be shipped over to England again six months
later, more or less in bits. Constance, his wife, was then twenty-three
years old, and he was twenty-nine.
His hold on life was marvellous. He didn't die, and the bits seemed to
grow together again. For two years he remained in the doctor's
hands. Then he was pronounced a cure, and could return to life
again, with the lower half of his body, from the hips down, paralysed
for ever.
This was in 1920. They returned, Clifford and Constance, to his
home, Wragby Hall, the family "seat." His father had died, Clifford
was now a baronet, Sir Clifford, and Constance was Lady Chatterley.
They came to start housekeeping and married life in the rather
forlorn home of the Chatterleys on a rather inadequate income.
Clifford had a sister, but she had departed. Otherwise there were no
near relatives. The elder brother was dead in the war. Crippled for
ever, knowing he could never have any children, Clifford came home
to the smoky Midlands to keep the Chatterley name alive while he
could.
He was not really downcast. He could wheel himself about in a
wheeled chair, and he had a bath-chair with a small motor
attachment, so he could drive himself slowly round the garden and
into the fine melancholy park, of which he was really so proud,
though he pretended to be flippant about it.
Having suffered so much, the capacity for suffering had to some
extent left him. He remained strange and bright and cheerful, almost,
one might say, chirpy, with his ruddy, healthy-looking face, and his
pale-blue, challenging bright eyes. His shoulders were broad and
strong, his hands were very strong. He was expensively dressed,
and wore handsome neckties from Bond Street. Yet still in his face
one saw the watchful look, the slight vacancy of a cripple.
He had so very nearly lost his life, that what remained was
wonderfully precious to him. It was obvious in the anxious brightness
of his eyes, how proud he was, after the great shock, of being alive.
But he had been so much hurt that something inside him had
perished, some of his feelings had gone. There was a blank of
insentience.
Constance, his wife, was a ruddy, country-looking girl with soft brown
hair and sturdy body, and slow movements, full of unusual energy.
She had big, wondering eyes, and a soft mild voice, and seemed just
to have come from her native village. It was not so at all. Her father
was the once well-known R. A., old Sir Malcolm Reid. Her mother
had been one of the cultivated Fabians in the palmy, rather pre-
Raphaelite days. Between artists and cultured socialists, Constance
and her sister Hilda had what might be called an aesthetically
unconventional upbringing. They had been taken to Paris and
Florence and Rome to breathe in art, and they had been taken also
in the other direction, to the Hague and Berlin, to great Socialist
conventions, where the speakers spoke in every civilised tongue,
and no one was abashed.
The two girls, therefore, were from an early age not the least
daunted by either art or ideal politics. It was their natural
atmosphere. They were at once cosmopolitan and provincial, with
the cosmopolitan provincialism of art that goes with pure social
ideals.
They had been sent to Dresden at the age of fifteen, for music
among other things. And they had had a good time there. They lived
freely among the students, they argued with the men over
philosophical, sociological and artistic matters, they were just as
good as the men themselves: only better, since they were women.
And they tramped off to the forests with sturdy youths bearing
guitars, twang-twang! They sang the Wandervogel songs, and they
were free. Free! That was the great word. Out in the open world, out
in the forests of the morning, with lusty and splendid-throated young
fellows, free to do as they liked, and—above all—to say what they
liked. It was the talk that mattered supremely: the impassioned
interchange of talk. Love was only a minor accompaniment.
Both Hilda and Constance had had their tentative love affairs by the
time they were eighteen. The young men with whom they talked so
passionately and sang so lustily and camped under the trees in such
freedom wanted, of course, the love connection. The girls were
doubtful, but then the thing was so much talked about, it was
supposed to be so important. And the men were so humble and
craving. Why couldn't a girl be queenly, and give the gift of herself?
So they had given the gift of themselves, each to the youth with
whom she had the most subtle and intimate arguments. The
arguments, the discussions were the great thing: the love-making
and connection were only a sort of primitive reversion and a bit of an
anticlimax. One was less in love with the boy afterwards, and a little
inclined to hate him, as if he had trespassed on one's privacy and
inner freedom. For, of course, being a girl, one's whole dignity and
meaning in life consisted in the achievement of an absolute, a
perfect, a pure and noble freedom. What else did a girl's life mean?
To shake off the old and sordid connections and subjections.
And however one might sentimentalise it, this sex business was one
of the most ancient, sordid connections and subjections. Poets who
glorified it were mostly men. Women had always known there was
something better, something higher. And now they knew it more
definitely than ever. The beautiful pure freedom of a woman was
infinitely more wonderful than any sexual love. The only unfortunate
thing was that men lagged so far behind women in the matter. They
insisted on the sex thing like dogs.
And a woman had to yield. A man was like a child with his appetites.
A woman had to yield him what he wanted, or like a child he would
probably turn nasty and flounce away and spoil what was a very
pleasant connection. But a woman could yield to a man without
yielding her inner, free self. That the poets and talkers about sex did
not seem to have taken sufficiently into account. A woman could
take a man without really giving herself away. Certainly she could
take him without giving herself into his power. Rather she could use
this sex thing to have power over him. For she only had to hold
herself back in sexual intercourse, and let him finish and expend
himself without herself coming to the crisis: and then she could
prolong the connection and achieve her orgasm and her crisis while
he was merely her tool.
Both sisters had had their love experience by the time the war came,
and they were hurried home. Neither was ever in love with a young
man unless he and she were verbally very near: that is unless they
were profoundly interested, TALKING to one another. The amazing,
the profound, the unbelievable thrill there was in passionately talking
to some really clever young man by the hour, resuming day after day
for months ... this they had never realised till it happened! The
paradisal promise: Thou shalt have men to talk to!—had never been
uttered. It was fulfilled before they knew what a promise it was.
And if after the roused intimacy of these vivid and soul-enlightened
discussions the sex thing became more or less inevitable, then let it.
It marked the end of a chapter. It had a thrill of its own too: a queer
vibrating thrill inside the body, a final spasm of self-assertion, like the
last word, exciting, and very like the row of asterisks that can be put
to show the end of a paragraph, and a break in the theme.
When the girls came home for the summer holidays of 1913, when
Hilda was twenty and Connie eighteen, their father could see plainly
that they had had the love experience.
L'amour avait passé par là, as somebody puts it. But he was a man
of experience himself, and let life take its course. As for the mother,
a nervous invalid in the last few months of her life, she only wanted
her girls to be "free," and to "fulfil themselves." She herself had
never been able to be altogether herself: it had been denied her.
Heaven knows why, for she was a woman who had her own income
and her own way. She blamed her husband. But as a matter of fact,
it was some old impression of authority on her own mind or soul that
she could not get rid of. It had nothing to do with Sir Malcolm, who
left his nervously hostile, high-spirited wife to rule her own roost,
while he went his own way.
So the girls were "free," and went back to Dresden, and their music,
and the university and the young men. They loved their respective
young men, and their respective young men loved them with all the
passion of mental attraction. All the wonderful things the young men
thought and expressed and wrote, they thought and expressed and
wrote for the young women. Connie's young man was musical,
Hilda's was technical. But they simply lived for their young women. In
their minds and their mental excitements, that is. Somewhere else
they were a little rebuffed, though they did not know it.
It was obvious in them too that love had gone through them: that is,
the physical experience. It is curious what a subtle but unmistakable
transmutation it makes, both in the body of men and women: the
woman more blooming, more subtly rounded, her young angularities
softened, and her expression either anxious or triumphant: the man
much quieter, more inward, the very shapes of his shoulders and his
buttocks less assertive, more hesitant.
In the actual sex-thrill within the body, the sisters nearly succumbed
to the strange male power. But quickly they recovered themselves,
took the sex-thrill as a sensation, and remained free. Whereas the
men, in gratitude to the women for the sex experience, let their souls
go out to her. And afterwards looked rather as if they had lost a
shilling and found sixpence. Connie's man could be a bit sulky, and
Hilda's a bit jeering. But that is how men are! Ungrateful and never
satisfied. When you don't have them they hate you because you
won't; and when you do have them they hate you again, for some
other reason. Or for no reason at all, except that they are
discontented children, and can't be satisfied whatever they get, let a
woman do what she may.
However, came the war, Hilda and Connie were rushed home again
after having been home already in May, to their mother's funeral.
Before Christmas of 1914 both their German young men were dead:
whereupon the sisters wept, and loved the young men passionately,
but underneath forgot them. They didn't exist any more.
Both sisters lived in their father's, really their mother's Kensington
house, and mixed with the young Cambridge group, the group that
stood for "freedom" and flannel trousers, and flannel shirts open at
the neck, and a well-bred sort of emotional anarchy, and a
whispering, murmuring sort of voice, and an ultra-sensitive sort of
manner. Hilda, however, suddenly married a man ten years older
than herself, an elder member of the same Cambridge group, a man
with a fair amount of money, and a comfortable family job in the
government: he also wrote philosophical essays. She lived with him
in a smallish house in Westminster, and moved in that good sort of
society of people in the government who are not tip-toppers, but who
are, or would be, the real intelligent power in the nation: people who
know what they're talking about, or talk as if they did.
Connie did a mild form of war-work, and consorted with the flannel-
trousers Cambridge intransigeants, who gently mocked at
everything, so far. Her "friend" was a Clifford Chatterley, a young
man of twenty-two, who had hurried home from Bonn, where he was
studying the technicalities of coal-mining. He had previously spent
two years at Cambridge. Now he had become a first lieutenant in a
smart regiment, so he could mock at everything more becomingly in
uniform.
Clifford Chatterley was more upper-class than Connie. Connie was
well-to-do intelligentsia, but he was aristocracy. Not the big sort, but
still it. His father was a baronet, and his mother had been a
viscount's daughter.
But Clifford, while he was better bred than Connie, and more
"society," was in his own way more provincial and more timid. He
was at his ease in the narrow "great world," that is, landed
aristocracy society, but he was shy and nervous of all that other big
world which consists of the vast hordes of the middle and lower
classes, and foreigners. If the truth must be told, he was just a little
bit frightened of middle and lower class humanity, and of foreigners
not of his own class. He was, in some paralysing way, conscious of
his own defencelessness, though he had all the defence of privilege.
Which is curious, but a phenomenon of our day.
Therefore the peculiar soft assurance of a girl like Constance Reid
fascinated him. She was so much more mistress of herself in that
outer world of chaos than he was master of himself.
Nevertheless he too was a rebel: rebelling even against his class. Or
perhaps rebel is too strong a word; far too strong. He was only
caught in the general, popular recoil of the young against convention
and against any sort of real authority. Fathers were ridiculous: his
own obstinate one supremely so. And governments were ridiculous:
our own wait-and-see sort especially so. And armies were ridiculous,
and old duffers of generals altogether, the red-faced Kitchener
supremely. Even the war was ridiculous, though it did kill rather a lot
of people.
In fact everything was a little ridiculous, or very ridiculous: certainly
everything connected with authority, whether it were in the army or
the government or the universities, was ridiculous to a degree. And
as far as the governing class made any pretensions to govern, they
were ridiculous too. Sir Geoffrey, Clifford's father, was intensely
ridiculous, chopping down his trees, and weeding men out of his
colliery to shove them into the war; and himself being so safe and
patriotic; but also, spending more money on his country than he'd
got.
When Miss Chatterley—Emma—came down to London from the
Midlands to do some nursing work, she was very witty in a quiet way
about Sir Geoffrey and his determined patriotism. Herbert, the elder
brother and heir, laughed outright, though it was his trees that were
falling for trench props. But Clifford only smiled a little uneasily.
Everything was ridiculous, quite true. But when it came too close and
oneself became ridiculous too...? At least people of a different class,
like Connie, were earnest about something. They believed in
something.
They were rather earnest about the Tommies, and the threat of
conscription, and the shortage of sugar and toffee for the children. In
all these things, of course, the authorities were ridiculously at fault.
But Clifford could not take it to heart. To him the authorities were
ridiculous ab ovo, not because of toffee or Tommies.
And the authorities felt ridiculous, and behaved in a rather ridiculous
fashion, and it was all a mad hatter's tea party for a while. Till things
developed over there, and Lloyd George came to save the situation
over here. And this surpassed even ridicule, the flippant young
laughed no more.
In 1916 Herbert Chatterley was killed, so Clifford became heir. He
was terrified even of this. His importance as son of Sir Geoffrey and
child of Wragby was so ingrained in him, he could never escape it.
And yet he knew that this too, in the eyes of the vast seething world,
was ridiculous. Now he was heir and responsible for Wragby. Was
that not terrible? And also splendid at the same time, perhaps, purely
absurd?
Sir Geoffrey would have none of the absurdity. He was pale and
tense, withdrawn into himself, and obstinately determined to save his
country and his own position, let it be Lloyd George or who it might.
So cut off he was, so divorced from the England that was really
England, so utterly incapable, that he even thought well of Horatio
Bottomley. Sir Geoffrey stood for England and Lloyd George as his
forebears had stood for England and St. George: and he never knew
there was a difference. So Sir Geoffrey felled timber and stood for
Lloyd George and England, England and Lloyd George.
And he wanted Clifford to marry and produce an heir. Clifford felt his
father was a hopeless anachronism. But wherein was he himself any
further ahead, except in a wincing sense of the ridiculousness of
everything, and the paramount ridiculousness of his own position.
For willy-nilly he took his baronetcy and Wragby with the last
seriousness.
The gay excitement had gone out of the war ... dead. Too much
death and horror. A man needed support and comfort. A man
needed to have an anchor in the safe world. A man needed a wife.
The Chatterleys, two brothers and a sister, had lived curiously
isolated, shut in with one another at Wragby, in spite of all their
connections. A sense of isolation intensified the family tie, a sense of
the weakness of their position, a sense of defencelessness, in spite
of, or because of the title and the land. They were cut off from those
industrial Midlands in which they passed their lives. And they were
cut off from their own class by the brooding, obstinate, shut-up
nature of Sir Geoffrey, their father, whom they ridiculed, but whom
they were so sensitive about.
The three had said they would all live together always. But now
Herbert was dead, and Sir Geoffrey wanted Clifford to marry. Sir
Geoffrey barely mentioned it: he spoke very little. But his silent,
brooding insistence that it should be so was hard for Clifford to bear
up against.
But Emma said No! She was ten years older than Clifford, and she
felt his marrying would be a desertion and a betrayal of what the
young ones of the family had stood for.
Clifford married Connie, nevertheless, and had his month's
honeymoon with her. It was the terrible year 1917, and they were
intimate as two people who stand together on a sinking ship. He had
been virgin when he married: and the sex part did not mean much to
him. They were so close, he and she, apart from that. And Connie
exulted a little in this intimacy which was beyond sex, and beyond a
man's "satisfaction." Clifford anyhow was not just keen on his
"satisfaction," as so many men seemed to be. No, the intimacy was
deeper, more personal than that. And sex was merely an accident, or
an adjunct: one of the curious obsolete, organic processes which
persisted in its own clumsiness, but was not really necessary.
Though Connie did want children: if only to fortify her against her
sister-in-law Emma.
But early in 1918 Clifford was shipped home smashed, and there
was no child. And Sir Geoffrey died of chagrin.
CHAPTER II
Connie and Clifford came home to Wragby in the autumn of 1920.
Miss Chatterley, still disgusted at her brother's defection, had
departed and was living in a little flat in London.
Wragby was a long low old house in brown stone, begun about the
middle of the eighteenth century, and added on to, till it was a warren
of a place without much distinction. It stood on an eminence in a
rather fine old park of oak trees, but alas, one could see in the near
distance the chimney of Tevershall pit, with its clouds of steam and
smoke, and on the damp, hazy distance of the hill the raw straggle of
Tevershall village, a village which began almost at the park gates,
and trailed in utter hopeless ugliness for a long and gruesome mile:
houses, rows of wretched, small, begrimed, brick houses, with black
slate roofs for lids, sharp angles and wilful, blank dreariness.
Connie was accustomed to Kensington or the Scotch hills or the
Sussex downs: that was her England. With the stoicism of the young
she took in the utter, soulless ugliness of the coal-and-iron Midlands
at a glance, and left it at what it was: unbelievable and not to be
thought about. From the rather dismal rooms at Wragby she heard
the rattle-rattle of the screens at the pit, the puff of the winding-
engine, the clink-clink of shunting trucks, and the hoarse little whistle
of the colliery locomotives. Tevershall pit-bank was burning, had
been burning for years, and it would cost thousands to put it out. So
it had to burn. And when the wind was that way, which was often, the
house was full of the stench of this sulphureous combustion of the
earth's excrement. But even on windless days the air always smelt of
something under-earth: sulphur, iron, coal, or acid. And even on the
Christmas roses the smuts settled persistently, incredible, like black
manna from skies of doom.
Well, there it was: fated like the rest of things! It was rather awful, but
why kick? You couldn't kick it away. It just went on. Life, like all the
rest! On the low dark ceiling of cloud at night red blotches burned
and quavered, dappling and swelling and contracting, like burns that
give pain. It was the furnaces. At first they fascinated Connie with a
sort of horror; she felt she was living underground. Then she got
used to them. And in the morning it rained.
Clifford professed to like Wragby better than London. This country
had a grim will of its own, and the people had guts. Connie
wondered what else they had: certainly neither eyes nor minds. The
people were as haggard, shapeless, and dreary as the countryside,
and as unfriendly. Only there was something in their deep-mouthed
slurring of the dialect, and the thresh-thresh of their hobnailed pit-
boots as they trailed home in gangs on the asphalt from work, that
was terrible and a bit mysterious.
There had been no welcome home for the young squire, no
festivities, no deputation, not even a single flower. Only a dank ride
in a motorcar up a dark, damp drive, burrowing through gloomy
trees, out to the slope of the park where grey damp sheep were
feeding, to the knoll where the house spread its dark brown façade,
and the housekeeper and her husband were hovering, like unsure
tenants on the face of the earth, ready to stammer a welcome.
There was no communication between Wragby Hall and Tevershall
village, none. No caps were touched, no curtseys bobbed. The
colliers merely stared; the tradesmen lifted their caps to Connie as to
an acquaintance, and nodded awkwardly to Clifford; that was all.
Gulf impassable, and a quiet sort of resentment on either side. At
first Connie suffered from the steady drizzle of resentment that came
from the village. Then she hardened herself to it, and it became a
sort of tonic, something to live up to. It was not that she and Clifford
were unpopular, they merely belonged to another species altogether
from the colliers. Gulf impassable, breach indescribable, such as is
perhaps non-existent south of the Trent. But in the Midlands and the
industrial North gulf impassable, across which no communication
could take place. You stick to your side, I'll stick to mine! A strange
denial of the common pulse of humanity.
Yet the village sympathised with Clifford and Connie in the abstract.
In the flesh it was—You leave me alone!—on either side.
The rector was a nice man of about sixty, full of his duty, and
reduced, personally, almost to a nonentity by the silent—You leave
me alone!—of the village. The miners' wives were nearly all
Methodists. The miners were nothing. But even so much official
uniform as the clergyman wore was enough to obscure entirely the
fact that he was a man like any other man. No, he was Mester
Ashby, a sort of automatic preaching and praying concern.
This stubborn, instinctive—We think ourselves as good as you, if you
are Lady Chatterley!—puzzled and baffled Connie at first extremely.
The curious, suspicious, false amiability with which the miners' wives
met her overtures; the curiously offensive tinge of—Oh dear me! I
am somebody now, with Lady Chatterley talking to me! But she
needn't think I'm not as good as her for all that!—which she always
heard twanging in the women's half-fawning voices, was impossible.
There was no getting past it. It was hopelessly and offensively
nonconformist.
Clifford left them alone, and she learnt to do the same: she just went
by without looking at them, and they stared as if she were a walking
wax figure. When he had to deal with them, Clifford was rather
haughty and contemptuous; one could no longer afford to be friendly.
In fact he was altogether rather supercilious and contemptuous of
anyone not in his own class. He stood his ground, without any
attempt at conciliation. And he was neither liked nor disliked by the
people: he was just part of things, like the pit-bank and Wragby itself.
But Clifford was really extremely shy and self-conscious now he was
lamed. He hated seeing anyone except just the personal servants.
For he had to sit in a wheeled chair or a sort of bath-chair.
Nevertheless he was just as carefully dressed as ever, by his
expensive tailors, and he wore the careful Bond Street neckties just
as before, and from the top he looked just as smart and impressive
as ever. He had never been one of the modern lady-like young men:
rather bucolic even, with his ruddy face and broad shoulders. But his
very quiet, hesitating voice, and his eyes, at the same time bold and
frightened, assured and uncertain, revealed his nature. His manner
was often offensively supercilious, and then again modest and self-
effacing, almost tremulous.
Connie and he were attached to one another, in the aloof modern
way. He was much too hurt in himself, the great shock of his
maiming, to be easy and flippant. He was a hurt thing. And as such
Connie stuck to him passionately.
But she could not help feeling how little connection he really had with
people. The miners were, in a sense, his own men; but he saw them
as objects rather than men, parts of the pit rather than parts of life,
crude raw phenomena rather than human beings along with him. He
was in some way afraid of them, he could not bear to have them look
at him now he was lame. And their queer, crude life seemed as
unnatural as that of hedgehogs.
He was remotely interested; but like a man looking down a
microscope, or up a telescope. He was not in touch. He was not in
actual touch with anybody, save, traditionally, with Wragby, and,
through the close bond of family defence, with Emma. Beyond this
nothing really touched him. Connie felt that she herself didn't really,
not really touch him; perhaps there was nothing to get at ultimately;
just a negation of human contact.
Yet he was absolutely dependent on her, he needed her every
moment. Big and strong as he was, he was helpless. He could wheel
himself about in a wheeled chair, and he had a sort of bath-chair with
a motor attachment, in which he could puff slowly round the park.
But alone he was like a lost thing. He needed Connie to be there, to
assure him he existed at all.
Still he was ambitious. He had taken to writing stories; curious, very
personal stories about people he had known. Clever, rather spiteful,
and yet, in some mysterious way, meaningless. The observation was
extraordinary and peculiar. But there was no touch, no actual
contact. It was as if the whole thing took place in a vacuum. And
since the field of life is largely an artificially-lighted stage today, the
stories were curiously true to modern life, to the modern psychology,
that is.
Clifford was almost morbidly sensitive about these stories. He
wanted everyone to think them good, of the best, ne plus ultra. They
appeared in the most modern magazines, and were praised and
blamed as usual. But to Clifford the blame was torture, like knives
goading him. It was as if the whole of his being were in his stories.
Connie helped him as much as she could. At first she was thrilled.
He talked every thing over with her monotonously, insistently,
persistently, and she had to respond with all her might. It was as if

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