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Osvaldo Gervasi · Beniamino Murgante ·
Sanjay Misra · Chiara Garau · Ivan Blečić ·
David Taniar · Bernady O. Apduhan ·
Ana Maria A. C. Rocha · Eufemia Tarantino ·
Carmelo Maria Torre (Eds.)
Computational Science
LNCS 12955
and Its Applications –

ICCSA 2021
21st International Conference
Cagliari, Italy, September 13–16, 2021
Proceedings, Part VII
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12955
Founding Editors
Gerhard Goos
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Juris Hartmanis
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Editorial Board Members

Elisa Bertino
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Wen Gao
Peking University, Beijing, China
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
Gerhard Woeginger
RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Moti Yung
Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
More information about this subseries at http://www.springer.com/series/7407
Osvaldo Gervasi Beniamino Murgante
• •
Sanjay Misra Chiara Garau

• •
Ivan Blečić David Taniar

• •
Bernady O. Apduhan Ana Maria A. C. Rocha

• •
Eufemia Tarantino Carmelo Maria Torre (Eds.)

•
Computational Science
and Its Applications –
ICCSA 2021
21st International Conference
Cagliari, Italy, September 13–16, 2021
Proceedings, Part VII
123
Editors
Osvaldo Gervasi Beniamino Murgante
University of Perugia University of Basilicata
Perugia, Italy Potenza, Potenza, Italy
Sanjay Misra Chiara Garau
Covenant University University of Cagliari
Ota, Nigeria Cagliari, Italy
Ivan Blečić David Taniar
University of Cagliari Monash University
Cagliari, Italy Clayton, VIC, Australia
Bernady O. Apduhan Ana Maria A. C. Rocha
Kyushu Sangyo University University of Minho
Fukuoka, Japan Braga, Portugal
Eufemia Tarantino Carmelo Maria Torre
Polytechnic University of Bari Polytechnic University of Bari
Bari, Italy Bari, Italy
ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Computer Science
ISBN 978-3-030-87006-5 ISBN 978-3-030-87007-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87007-2
LNCS Sublibrary: SL1 – Theoretical Computer Science and General Issues
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

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Preface
These 10 volumes (LNCS volumes 12949–12958) consist of the peer-reviewed papers

from the 21st International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications
(ICCSA 2021) which took place during September 13–16, 2021. By virtue of the
vaccination campaign conducted in various countries around the world, we decided to
try a hybrid conference, with some of the delegates attending in person at the
University of Cagliari and others attending in virtual mode, reproducing the infras-
tructure established last year.
This year’s edition was a successful continuation of the ICCSA conference series,
which was also held as a virtual event in 2020, and previously held in Saint Petersburg,
Russia (2019), Melbourne, Australia (2018), Trieste, Italy (2017), Beijing. China
(2016), Banff, Canada (2015), Guimaraes, Portugal (2014), Ho Chi Minh City, Viet-
nam (2013), Salvador, Brazil (2012), Santander, Spain (2011), Fukuoka, Japan (2010),
Suwon, South Korea (2009), Perugia, Italy (2008), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2007),
Glasgow, UK (2006), Singapore (2005), Assisi, Italy (2004), Montreal, Canada (2003),
and (as ICCS) Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2002) and San Francisco, USA (2001).
Computational science is the main pillar of most of the present research on
understanding and solving complex problems. It plays a unique role in exploiting
innovative ICT technologies and in the development of industrial and commercial
applications. The ICCSA conference series provides a venue for researchers and
industry practitioners to discuss new ideas, to share complex problems and their
solutions, and to shape new trends in computational science.
Apart from the six main conference tracks, ICCSA 2021 also included 52 work-
shops in various areas of computational sciences, ranging from computational science
technologies to specific areas of computational sciences, such as software engineering,
security, machine learning and artificial intelligence, blockchain technologies, and
applications in many fields. In total, we accepted 494 papers, giving an acceptance rate
of 30%, of which 18 papers were short papers and 6 were published open access. We
would like to express our appreciation for the workshop chairs and co-chairs for their
hard work and dedication.
The success of the ICCSA conference series in general, and of ICCSA 2021 in
particular, vitally depends on the support of many people: authors, presenters, partic-
ipants, keynote speakers, workshop chairs, session chairs, organizing committee
members, student volunteers, Program Committee members, advisory committee
members, international liaison chairs, reviewers, and others in various roles. We take
this opportunity to wholehartedly thank them all.
We also wish to thank Springer for publishing the proceedings, for sponsoring some
of the best paper awards, and for their kind assistance and cooperation during the
editing process.
vi Preface
We cordially invite you to visit the ICCSA website https://iccsa.org where you can
find all the relevant information about this interesting and exciting event.
September 2021 Osvaldo Gervasi

Beniamino Murgante
Sanjay Misra
Welcome Message from the Organizers
COVID-19 has continued to alter our plans for organizing the ICCSA 2021 conference,
so although vaccination plans are progressing worldwide, the spread of virus variants
still forces us into a period of profound uncertainty. Only a very limited number of
participants were able to enjoy the beauty of Sardinia and Cagliari in particular,
rediscovering the immense pleasure of meeting again, albeit safely spaced out. The
social events, in which we rediscovered the ancient values that abound on this won-
derful island and in this city, gave us even more strength and hope for the future. For
the management of the virtual part of the conference, we consolidated the methods,
organization, and infrastructure of ICCSA 2020.
The technological infrastructure was based on open source software, with the
addition of the streaming channels on YouTube. In particular, we used Jitsi (jitsi.org)
for videoconferencing, Riot (riot.im) together with Matrix (matrix.org) for chat and
ansynchronous communication, and Jibri (github.com/jitsi/jibri) for streaming live
sessions to YouTube.
Seven Jitsi servers were set up, one for each parallel session. The participants of the
sessions were helped and assisted by eight student volunteers (from the universities of
Cagliari, Florence, Perugia, and Bari), who provided technical support and ensured
smooth running of the conference proceedings.
The implementation of the software infrastructure and the technical coordination
of the volunteers were carried out by Damiano Perri and Marco Simonetti.
Our warmest thanks go to all the student volunteers, to the technical coordinators,
and to the development communities of Jitsi, Jibri, Riot, and Matrix, who made their
terrific platforms available as open source software.
A big thank you goes to all of the 450 speakers, many of whom showed an enor-
mous collaborative spirit, sometimes participating and presenting at almost prohibitive
times of the day, given that the participants of this year’s conference came from 58
countries scattered over many time zones of the globe.
Finally, we would like to thank Google for letting us stream all the live events via
YouTube. In addition to lightening the load of our Jitsi servers, this allowed us to
record the event and to be able to review the most exciting moments of the conference.
Ivan Blečić
Chiara Garau
Organization
ICCSA 2021 was organized by the University of Cagliari (Italy), the University of
Perugia (Italy), the University of Basilicata (Italy), Monash University (Australia),
Kyushu Sangyo University (Japan), and the University of Minho (Portugal).
Honorary General Chairs

Norio Shiratori Chuo University, Japan
Kenneth C. J. Tan Sardina Systems, UK
Corrado Zoppi University of Cagliari, Italy
General Chairs
Osvaldo Gervasi University of Perugia, Italy
Ivan Blečić University of Cagliari, Italy
David Taniar Monash University, Australia
Program Committee Chairs

Beniamino Murgante University of Basilicata, Italy
Bernady O. Apduhan Kyushu Sangyo University, Japan
Chiara Garau University of Cagliari, Italy
Ana Maria A. C. Rocha University of Minho, Portugal
International Advisory Committee

Jemal Abawajy Deakin University, Australia
Dharma P. Agarwal University of Cincinnati, USA
Rajkumar Buyya University of Melbourne, Australia
Claudia Bauzer Medeiros University of Campinas, Brazil
Manfred M. Fisher Vienna University of Economics and Business, Austria
Marina L. Gavrilova University of Calgary, Canada
Yee Leung Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
International Liaison Chairs

Giuseppe Borruso University of Trieste, Italy
Elise De Donker Western Michigan University, USA
Maria Irene Falcão University of Minho, Portugal
Robert C. H. Hsu Chung Hua University, Taiwan
Tai-Hoon Kim Beijing Jaotong University, China
x Organization
Vladimir Korkhov St. Petersburg University, Russia

Sanjay Misra Covenant University, Nigeria
Takashi Naka Kyushu Sangyo University, Japan
Rafael D. C. Santos National Institute for Space Research, Brazil
Maribel Yasmina Santos University of Minho, Portugal
Elena Stankova St. Petersburg University, Russia
Workshop and Session Chairs

Jorge Gustavo Rocha University of Minho, Portugal
Awards Chair
Wenny Rahayu La Trobe University, Australia
Publicity Committee Chairs

Elmer Dadios De La Salle University, Philippines
Nataliia Kulabukhova St. Petersburg University, Russia
Daisuke Takahashi Tsukuba University, Japan
Shangwang Wang Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,
China
Technology Chairs
Damiano Perri University of Florence, Italy
Marco Simonetti University of Florence, Italy
Local Arrangement Chairs

Ivan Blečić University of Cagliari, Italy
Alfonso Annunziata University of Cagliari, Italy
Ginevra Balletto University of Cagliari, Italy
Alessandro Buccini University of Cagliari, Italy
Michele Campagna University of Cagliari, Italy
Mauro Coni University of Cagliari, Italy
Anna Maria Colavitti University of Cagliari, Italy
Giulia Desogus University of Cagliari, Italy
Caterina Fenu University of Cagliari, Italy
Sabrina Lai University of Cagliari, Italy
Francesca Maltinti University of Cagliari, Italy
Pasquale Mistretta University of Cagliari, Italy
Organization xi
Augusto Montisci University of Cagliari, Italy

Francesco Pinna University of Cagliari, Italy
Davide Spano University of Cagliari, Italy
Giuseppe A. Trunfio University of Sassari, Italy
Program Committee
Vera Afreixo University of Aveiro, Portugal
Filipe Alvelos University of Minho, Portugal
Hartmut Asche University of Potsdam, Germany
Michela Bertolotto University College Dublin, Ireland
Sandro Bimonte INRAE-TSCF, France
Rod Blais University of Calgary, Canada
Ivan Blečić University of Sassari, Italy
Ana Cristina Braga University of Minho, Portugal
Massimo Cafaro University of Salento, Italy
Yves Caniou University of Lyon, France
José A. Cardoso e Cunha Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
Rui Cardoso University of Beira Interior, Portugal
Leocadio G. Casado University of Almeria, Spain
Carlo Cattani University of Salerno, Italy
Mete Celik Erciyes University, Turkey
Maria Cerreta University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
Hyunseung Choo Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
Chien-Sing Lee Sunway University, Malaysia
Min Young Chung Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
Florbela Maria da Cruz Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Portugal
Domingues Correia
Gilberto Corso Pereira Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
Fernanda Costa University of Minho, Portugal
Alessandro Costantini INFN, Italy
Carla Dal Sasso Freitas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Pradesh Debba The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR), South Africa
Hendrik Decker Instituto Tecnolčgico de Informática, Spain
Robertas Damaševičius Kausan University of Technology, Lithuania
Frank Devai London South Bank University, UK
Rodolphe Devillers Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada
Joana Matos Dias University of Coimbra, Portugal
Paolino Di Felice University of L’Aquila, Italy
Prabu Dorairaj NetApp, India/USA
Noelia Faginas Lago University of Perugia, Italy
M. Irene Falcao University of Minho, Portugal
xii Organization
Cherry Liu Fang Ames Laboratory, USA

Florbela P. Fernandes Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal
Jose-Jesus Fernandez National Centre for Biotechnology, Spain
Paula Odete Fernandes Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal
Adelaide de Fátima Baptista University of Aveiro, Portugal
Valente Freitas
Manuel Carlos Figueiredo University of Minho, Portugal
Maria Celia Furtado Rocha Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
Paulino Jose Garcia Nieto University of Oviedo, Spain
Jerome Gensel LSR-IMAG, France
Maria Giaoutzi National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Arminda Manuela Andrade University of Minho, Portugal
Pereira Gonçalves
Andrzej M. Goscinski Deakin University, Australia
Eduardo Guerra Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
Sevin Gümgüm Izmir University of Economics, Turkey
Alex Hagen-Zanker University of Cambridge, UK
Shanmugasundaram B.S. Abdur Rahman University, India
Hariharan
Eligius M. T. Hendrix University of Malaga, Spain/Wageningen University,
The Netherlands
Hisamoto Hiyoshi Gunma University, Japan
Mustafa Inceoglu EGE University, Turkey
Peter Jimack University of Leeds, UK
Qun Jin Waseda University, Japan
Yeliz Karaca University of Massachusetts Medical School, USA
Farid Karimipour Vienna University of Technology, Austria
Baris Kazar Oracle Corp., USA
Maulana Adhinugraha Kiki Telkom University, Indonesia
DongSeong Kim University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Taihoon Kim Hannam University, South Korea
Ivana Kolingerova University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic
Rosa Lasaponara National Research Council, Italy
Maurizio Lazzari National Research Council, Italy
Cheng Siong Lee Monash University, Australia
Sangyoun Lee Yonsei University, South Korea
Jongchan Lee Kunsan National University, South Korea
Chendong Li University of Connecticut, USA
Gang Li Deakin University, Australia
Fang Liu Ames Laboratory, USA
Xin Liu University of Calgary, Canada
Andrea Lombardi University of Perugia, Italy
Savino Longo University of Bari, Italy
Organization xiii
Tinghuai Ma Nanjing University of Information Science

and Technology, China
Ernesto Marcheggiani Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Antonino Marvuglia Research Centre Henri Tudor, Luxembourg
Nicola Masini National Research Council, Italy
Ilaria Matteucci National Research Council, Italy
Eric Medvet University of Trieste, Italy
Nirvana Meratnia University of Twente, The Netherlands
Giuseppe Modica University of Reggio Calabria, Italy
Josè Luis Montaña University of Cantabria, Spain
Maria Filipa Mourão Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Portugal
Louiza de Macedo Mourelle State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Nadia Nedjah State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Laszlo Neumann University of Girona, Spain
Kok-Leong Ong Deakin University, Australia
Belen Palop Universidad de Valladolid, Spain
Marcin Paprzycki Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
Eric Pardede La Trobe University, Australia
Kwangjin Park Wonkwang University, South Korea
Ana Isabel Pereira Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal
Massimiliano Petri University of Pisa, Italy
Telmo Pinto University of Coimbra, Portugal
Maurizio Pollino Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy
and Sustainable Economic Development, Italy
Alenka Poplin University of Hamburg, Germany
Vidyasagar Potdar Curtin University of Technology, Australia
David C. Prosperi Florida Atlantic University, USA
Wenny Rahayu La Trobe University, Australia
Jerzy Respondek Silesian University of Technology Poland
Humberto Rocha INESC-Coimbra, Portugal
Jon Rokne University of Calgary, Canada
Octavio Roncero CSIC, Spain
Maytham Safar Kuwait University, Kuwait
Francesco Santini University of Perugia, Italy
Chiara Saracino A.O. Ospedale Niguarda Ca’ Granda, Italy
Haiduke Sarafian Pennsylvania State University, USA
Marco Paulo Seabra dos University of Coimbra, Portugal
Reis
Jie Shen University of Michigan, USA
Qi Shi Liverpool John Moores University, UK
Dale Shires U.S. Army Research Laboratory, USA
Inês Soares University of Coimbra, Portugal
Takuo Suganuma Tohoku University, Japan
Eufemia Tarantino Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Sergio Tasso University of Perugia, Italy
xiv Organization
Ana Paula Teixeira University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal

Senhorinha Teixeira University of Minho, Portugal
M. Filomena Teodoro Portuguese Naval Academy/University of Lisbon,
Portugal
Parimala Thulasiraman University of Manitoba, Canada
Carmelo Torre Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Javier Martinez Torres Centro Universitario de la Defensa Zaragoza, Spain
Giuseppe A. Trunfio University of Sassari, Italy
Pablo Vanegas University of Cuenca, Equador
Marco Vizzari University of Perugia, Italy
Varun Vohra Merck Inc., USA
Koichi Wada University of Tsukuba, Japan
Krzysztof Walkowiak Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Zequn Wang Intelligent Automation Inc, USA
Robert Weibel University of Zurich, Switzerland
Frank Westad Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Norway
Roland Wismüller Universität Siegen, Germany
Mudasser Wyne National University, USA
Chung-Huang Yang National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan
Xin-She Yang National Physical Laboratory, UK
Salim Zabir National Institute of Technology, Tsuruoka, Japan
Haifeng Zhao University of California, Davis, USA
Fabiana Zollo University of Venice “Cà Foscari”, Italy
Albert Y. Zomaya University of Sydney, Australia
Workshop Organizers
Advanced Transport Tools and Methods (A2TM 2021)
Antonio Pratelli University of Pisa, Italy
Advances in Artificial Intelligence Learning Technologies: Blended Learning,

STEM, Computational Thinking and Coding (AAILT 2021)
Alfredo Milani University of Perugia, Italy
Giulio Biondi University of Florence, Italy
Workshop on Advancements in Applied Machine Learning and Data

Analytics (AAMDA 2021)
Davide Salomoni INFN, Italy
Doina Cristina Duma INFN, Italy
Daniele Cesini INFN, Italy
Organization xv
Automatic Landform Classification: Spatial Methods and Applications

(ALCSMA 2021)
Maria Danese ISPC, National Research Council, Italy
Dario Gioia ISPC, National Research Council, Italy
Application of Numerical Analysis to Imaging Science (ANAIS 2021)

Advances in Information Systems and Technologies for Emergency

Management, Risk Assessment and Mitigation Based on the Resilience
Concepts (ASTER 2021)
Maurizio Pollino ENEA, Italy
Marco Vona University of Basilicata, Italy
Amedeo Flora University of Basilicata, Italy
Chiara Iacovino University of Basilicata, Italy
Advances in Web Based Learning (AWBL 2021)

Birol Ciloglugil Ege University, Turkey
Mustafa Murat Inceoglu Ege University, Turkey
Blockchain and Distributed Ledgers: Technologies and Applications

(BDLTA 2021)
Bio and Neuro Inspired Computing and Applications (BIONCA 2021)

Luiza De Macedo Mourelle State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Computational and Applied Mathematics (CAM 2021)

Fernando Miranda University of Minho, Portugal
Computational and Applied Statistics (CAS 2021)

Computerized Evaluation of Economic Activities: Urban Spaces (CEEA 2021)

Diego Altafini Università di Pisa, Italy
Valerio Cutini Università di Pisa, Italy
xvi Organization
Computational Geometry and Applications (CGA 2021)

Marina Gavrilova University of Calgary, Canada
Collaborative Intelligence in Multimodal Applications (CIMA 2021)

Robertas Damasevicius Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania
Rytis Maskeliunas Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania
Computational Optimization and Applications (COA 2021)

Ana Rocha University of Minho, Portugal
Humberto Rocha University of Coimbra, Portugal
Computational Astrochemistry (CompAstro 2021)

Marzio Rosi University of Perugia, Italy
Cecilia Ceccarelli University of Grenoble, France
Stefano Falcinelli University of Perugia, Italy
Dimitrios Skouteris Master-Up, Italy
Computational Science and HPC (CSHPC 2021)

Elise de Doncker Western Michigan University, USA
Fukuko Yuasa High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
(KEK), Japan
Hideo Matsufuru High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
(KEK), Japan
Cities, Technologies and Planning (CTP 2021)

Malgorzata Hanzl University of Łódż, Poland
Ljiljana Zivkovic Ministry of Construction, Transport and
Infrastructure/Institute of Architecture and Urban
and Spatial Planning of Serbia, Serbia
Anastasia Stratigea National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Advanced Modeling E-Mobility in Urban Spaces (DEMOS 2021)

Tiziana Campisi Kore University of Enna, Italy
Socrates Basbas Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Ioannis Politis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Florin Nemtanu Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Romania
Giovanna Acampa Kore University of Enna, Italy
Wolfgang Schulz Zeppelin University, Germany
Organization xvii
Digital Transformation and Smart City (DIGISMART 2021)

Mauro Mazzei National Research Council, Italy
Econometric and Multidimensional Evaluation in Urban Environment

(EMEUE 2021)
Carmelo Maria Torre Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Maria Cerreta University “Federico II” of Naples, Italy
Pierluigi Morano Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Simona Panaro University of Portsmouth, UK
Francesco Tajani Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Marco Locurcio Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
The 11th International Workshop on Future Computing System Technologies

and Applications (FiSTA 2021)
Bernady Apduhan Kyushu Sangyo University, Japan
Rafael Santos Brazilian National Institute for Space Research, Brazil
Transformational Urban Mobility: Challenges and Opportunities During

and Post COVID Era (FURTHER 2021)
Dilum Dissanayake Newcastle University, UK
Kh Md Nahiduzzaman University of British Columbia, Canada
Nurten Akgün Tanbay Bursa Technical University, Turkey
Khaled J. Assi King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals,
Saudi Arabia
Giovanni Tesoriere Kore University of Enna, Italy
Motasem Darwish Middle East University, Jordan
Geodesign in Decision Making: Meta Planning and Collaborative Design

for Sustainable and Inclusive Development (GDM 2021)
Francesco Scorza University of Basilicata, Italy
Ana Clara Mourao Moura Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Geomatics in Forestry and Agriculture: New Advances and Perspectives

(GeoForAgr 2021)
Giuseppe Modica University of Reggio Calabria, Italy
xviii Organization
Geographical Analysis, Urban Modeling, Spatial Statistics

(GEOG-AND-MOD 2021)
Hartmut Asche University of Potsdam, Germany
Geomatics for Resource Monitoring and Management (GRMM 2021)

Enrico Borgogno Mondino University of Turin, Italy
Alessandra Capolupo Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Mirko Saponaro Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
12th International Symposium on Software Quality (ISSQ 2021)

10th International Workshop on Collective, Massive and Evolutionary

Systems (IWCES 2021)
Rajdeep Niyogi Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
Land Use Monitoring for Sustainability (LUMS 2021)

Maria Cerreta University “Federico II” of Naples, Italy
Massimiliano Bencardino University of Salerno, Italy
Alessandro Bonifazi Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Pasquale Balena Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Giuliano Poli University “Federico II” of Naples, Italy
Machine Learning for Space and Earth Observation Data (MALSEOD 2021)
Rafael Santos Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Brazil
Karine Ferreira Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Brazil
Building Multi-dimensional Models for Assessing Complex Environmental

Systems (MES 2021)
Marta Dell’Ovo Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
Vanessa Assumma Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy
Caterina Caprioli Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy
Giulia Datola Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy
Federico dell’Anna Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy
Organization xix
Ecosystem Services: Nature’s Contribution to People in Practice. Assessment

Frameworks, Models, Mapping, and Implications (NC2P 2021)
Dani Broitman Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
Privacy in the Cloud/Edge/IoT World (PCEIoT 2021)

Michele Mastroianni University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
Lelio Campanile University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
Mauro Iacono University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
Processes, Methods and Tools Towards RESilient Cities and Cultural Heritage
Prone to SOD and ROD Disasters (RES 2021)
Elena Cantatore Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Alberico Sonnessa Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Dario Esposito Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Risk, Resilience and Sustainability in the Efficient Management of Water

Resources: Approaches, Tools, Methodologies and Multidisciplinary Integrated
Applications (RRS 2021)
Maria Macchiaroli University of Salerno, Italy
Chiara D’Alpaos Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy
Mirka Mobilia Università degli Studi di Salerno, Italy
Antonia Longobardi Università degli Studi di Salerno, Italy
Grazia Fattoruso ENEA Research Center, Italy
Vincenzo Pellecchia Ente Idrico Campano, Italy
Scientific Computing Infrastructure (SCI 2021)

Natalia Kulabukhova St. Petersburg University, Russia
Smart Cities and User Data Management (SCIDAM 2021)

Luigi Mundula University of Cagliari, Italy
Gianni Fenu University of Cagliari, Italy
Paolo Nesi University of Florence, Italy
Paola Zamperlin University of Pisa, Italy
xx Organization
13th International Symposium on Software Engineering Processes

and Applications (SEPA 2021)
Ports of the Future - Smartness and Sustainability (SmartPorts 2021)

Patrizia Serra University of Cagliari, Italy
Gianfranco Fancello University of Cagliari, Italy
Marco Mazzarino University of Venice, Italy
Maria del Mar Munoz Universidad de Cádiz, Spain
Leonisio
Smart Tourism (SmartTourism 2021)

Silvia Battino University of Sassari, Italy
Maria del Mar Munoz Universidad de Cádiz, Spain
Leonisio
Ainhoa Amaro Garcia Universidad de Alcalà/Universidad de Las Palmas,
Spain
Francesca Krasna University of Trieste, Italy
Sustainability Performance Assessment: Models, Approaches and Applications

toward Interdisciplinary and Integrated Solutions (SPA 2021)
Jolanta Dvarioniene Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania
Valentin Grecu Lucian Blaga University, Romania
Iole Cerminara University of Basilicata, Italy
Smart and Sustainable Island Communities (SSIC 2021)

Science, Technologies and Policies to Innovate Spatial Planning (STP4P 2021)

Daniele La Rosa University of Catania, Italy
Organization xxi
Anna Maria Colavitti University of Cagliari, Italy

Paolo La Greca University of Catania, Italy
Sustainable Urban Energy Systems (SURENSYS 2021)

Emilio Ghiani University of Cagliari, Italy
Space Syntax for Cities in Theory and Practice (Syntax_City 2021)

Claudia Yamu University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Akkelies van Nes Western Norway University of Applied Sciences,
Norway
Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Its Applications (TCCMA 2021)

Noelia Faginas-Lago University of Perugia, Italy
13th International Workshop on Tools and Techniques in Software Development

Process (TTSDP 2021)
Urban Form Studies (UForm 2021)

Malgorzata Hanzl Łódź University of Technology, Poland
Irena Itova University of Westminster, UK
Urban Space Accessibility and Safety (USAS 2021)

Vincenza Torrisi University of Catania, Italy
Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania, Italy
Michela Tiboni University of Brescia, Italy
Silvia Rossetti University of Parma, Italy
Virtual and Augmented Reality and Applications (VRA 2021)

Damiano Perri University of Perugia, Italy
Marco Simonetti University of Perugia, Italy
xxii Organization
Workshop on Advanced and Computational Methods for Earth Science

Applications (WACM4ES 2021)
Luca Piroddi University of Cagliari, Italy
Laura Foddis University of Cagliari, Italy
Augusto Montisci University of Cagliari, Italy
Sergio Vincenzo Calcina University of Cagliari, Italy
Sebastiano D’Amico University of Malta, Malta
Giovanni Martinelli Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia,
Italy/Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Sponsoring Organizations
ICCSA 2021 would not have been possible without the tremendous support of many
organizations and institutions, for which all organizers and participants of ICCSA 2021
express their sincere gratitude:
Springer International Publishing AG, Germany

(https://www.springer.com)
Computers Open Access Journal

(https://www.mdpi.com/journal/computers)
IEEE Italy Section, Italy

(https://italy.ieeer8.org/)
Centre-North Italy Chapter IEEE GRSS, Italy

(https://cispio.diet.uniroma1.it/marzano/ieee-grs/
index.html)
Italy Section of the Computer Society, Italy

(https://site.ieee.org/italy-cs/)
University of Perugia, Italy

(https://www.unipg.it)
University of Cagliari, Italy

(https://unica.it/)
Organization xxiii
University of Basilicata, Italy

(http://www.unibas.it)
Monash University, Australia

(https://www.monash.edu/)
Kyushu Sangyo University, Japan

(https://www.kyusan-u.ac.jp/)
University of Minho, Portugal

(https://www.uminho.pt/)
Scientific Association Transport Infrastructures,

Italy
(https://www.stradeeautostrade.it/associazioni-e-
organizzazioni/asit-associazione-scientifica-
infrastrutture-trasporto/)
Regione Sardegna, Italy

(https://regione.sardegna.it/)
Comune di Cagliari, Italy

(https://www.comune.cagliari.it/)
Città Metropolitana di Cagliari
Cagliari Accessibility Lab (CAL)

(https://www.unica.it/unica/it/cagliari_
accessibility_lab.page/)
xxiv Organization
Referees
Nicodemo Abate IMAA, National Research Council, Italy
Andre Ricardo Abed Grégio Federal University of Paraná State, Brazil
Nasser Abu Zeid Università di Ferrara, Italy
Lidia Aceto Università del Piemonte Orientale, Italy
Nurten Akgün Tanbay Bursa Technical University, Turkey
Filipe Alvelos Universidade do Minho, Portugal
Paula Amaral Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
Federico Amato University of Lausanne, Switzerland
Marina Alexandra Pedro ISCTE-IUL, Portugal
Andrade
Debora Anelli Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Alfonso Annunziata University of Cagliari, Italy
Fahim Anzum University of Calgary, Canada
Tatsumi Aoyama High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Japan
Bernady Apduhan Kyushu Sangyo University, Japan
Jonathan Apeh Covenant University, Nigeria
Vasilike Argyropoulos University of West Attica, Greece
Giuseppe Aronica Università di Messina, Italy
Daniela Ascenzi Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy
Vanessa Assumma Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Muhammad Attique Khan HITEC University Taxila, Pakistan
Vecdi Aytaç Ege University, Turkey
Alina Elena Baia University of Perugia, Italy
Marialaura Bancheri ISAFOM, National Research Council, Italy
Benedetto Barabino University of Brescia, Italy
Simona Barbaro Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
Enrico Barbierato Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano, Italy
Jeniffer Barreto Istituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
Michele Bartalini TAGES, Italy
Silvia Battino University of Sassari, Italy
Marcelo Becerra Rozas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
Ranjan Kumar Behera National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
Emanuele Bellini University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
Massimo Bilancia University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
Giulio Biondi University of Firenze, Italy
Adriano Bisello Eurac Research, Italy
Ignacio Blanquer Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
Semen Bochkov Ulyanovsk State Technical University, Russia
Alexander Bogdanov St. Petersburg University, Russia
Silvia Bonettini University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
Enrico Borgogno Mondino Università di Torino, Italy
Organization xxv
Michele Bottazzi University of Trento, Italy

Rahma Bouaziz Taibah University, Saudi Arabia
Ouafik Boulariah University of Salerno, Italy
Tulin Boyar Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
Paolo Bragolusi University of Padova, Italy
Luca Braidotti University of Trieste, Italy
Jorge Buele Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Ecuador
Andrea Buffoni TAGES, Italy
Sergio Vincenzo Calcina University of Cagliari, Italy
Lelio Campanile Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli,
Italy
Antonino Canale Kore University of Enna, Italy
Elena Cantatore DICATECh, Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Pasquale Cantiello Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Italy
Alessandra Capolupo Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
David Michele Cappelletti University of Perugia, Italy
Caterina Caprioli Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Sara Carcangiu University of Cagliari, Italy
Pedro Carrasqueira INESC Coimbra, Portugal
Arcangelo Castiglione University of Salerno, Italy
Giulio Cavana Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Davide Cerati Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Maria Cerreta University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Daniele Cesini INFN-CNAF, Italy
Jabed Chowdhury La Trobe University, Australia
Gennaro Ciccarelli Iuav University of Venice, Italy
Birol Ciloglugil Ege University, Turkey
Elena Cocuzza Univesity of Catania, Italy
Anna Maria Colavitt University of Cagliari, Italy
Cecilia Coletti Università “G. d’Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara, Italy
Alberto Collu Independent Researcher, Italy
Anna Concas University of Basilicata, Italy
Mauro Coni University of Cagliari, Italy
Melchiorre Contino Università di Palermo, Italy
Antonella Cornelio Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italy
Aldina Correia Politécnico do Porto, Portugal
Elisete Correia Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro,
Portugal
Florbela Correia Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Portugal
Stefano Corsi Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
Alberto Cortez Polytechnic of University Coimbra, Portugal
Lino Costa Universidade do Minho, Portugal
xxvi Organization

Marilena Cozzolino Università del Molise, Italy
Giulia Crespi Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Maurizio Crispino Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Chiara D’Alpaos University of Padova, Italy
Roberta D’Ambrosio Università di Salerno, Italy
Sebastiano D’Amico University of Malta, Malta
Hiroshi Daisaka Hitotsubashi University, Japan
Gaia Daldanise Italian National Research Council, Italy
Robertas Damasevicius Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Maria Danese ISPC, National Research Council, Italy
Bartoli Daniele University of Perugia, Italy
Motasem Darwish Middle East University, Jordan
Giulia Datola Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Regina de Almeida UTAD, Portugal
Elise de Doncker Western Michigan University, USA
Mariella De Fino Politecnico di Bari, Italy
Giandomenico De Luca Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, Italy
Luiza de Macedo Mourelle State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Gianluigi De Mare University of Salerno, Italy
Itamir de Morais Barroca Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Filho
Samuele De Petris Università di Torino, Italy
Marcilio de Souto LIFO, University of Orléans, France
Alexander Degtyarev St. Petersburg University, Russia
Federico Dell’Anna Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Marta Dell’Ovo Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Fernanda Della Mura University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
Ahu Dereli Dursun Istanbul Commerce University, Turkey
Bashir Derradji University of Sfax, Tunisia
Giulia Desogus Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy
Marco Dettori Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
Frank Devai London South Bank University, UK
Felicia Di Liddo Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Valerio Di Pinto University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
Joana Dias University of Coimbra, Portugal
Luis Dias University of Minho, Portugal
Patricia Diaz de Alba Gran Sasso Science Institute, Italy
Isabel Dimas University of Coimbra, Portugal
Aleksandra Djordjevic University of Belgrade, Serbia
Luigi Dolores Università degli Studi di Salerno, Italy
Marco Donatelli University of Insubria, Italy
Doina Cristina Duma INFN-CNAF, Italy
Fabio Durastante University of Pisa, Italy
Aziz Dursun Virginia Tech University, USA
Juan Enrique-Romero Université Grenoble Alpes, France
Organization xxvii
Annunziata Esposito University College Dublin, Ireland

Amideo
Dario Esposito Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Claudio Estatico University of Genova, Italy
Noelia Faginas-Lago Università di Perugia, Italy
Stefano Falcinelli University of Perugia, Italy
Alessandro Farina University of Pisa, Italy
Grazia Fattoruso ENEA, Italy
Luisa Fermo University of Cagliari, Italy
Florbela Fernandes Instituto Politecnico de Braganca, Portugal
Rosário Fernandes University of Minho, Portugal
Luis Fernandez-Sanz University of Alcala, Spain
Alessia Ferrari Università di Parma, Italy
Luís Ferrás University of Minho, Portugal
Ângela Ferreira Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Portugal
Flora Ferreira University of Minho, Portugal
Manuel Carlos Figueiredo University of Minho, Portugal
Ugo Fiore University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy
Amedeo Flora University of Basilicata, Italy
Hector Florez Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas,
Colombia
Maria Laura Foddis University of Cagliari, Italy
Valentina Franzoni Perugia University, Italy
Adelaide Freitas University of Aveiro, Portugal
Samuel Frimpong Durban University of Technology, South Africa
Ioannis Fyrogenis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Marika Gaballo Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Laura Gabrielli Iuav University of Venice, Italy
Ivan Gankevich St. Petersburg University, Russia
Ernesto Garcia Para Universidad del País Vasco, Spain,
Fernando Garrido Universidad Técnica del Norte, Ecuador
Marina Gavrilova University of Calgary, Canada
Silvia Gazzola University of Bath, UK
Georgios Georgiadis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Andrea Gioia Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Dario Gioia ISPC-CNT, Italy
Raffaele Giordano IRSS, National Research Council, Italy
Giacomo Giorgi University of Perugia, Italy
Eleonora Giovene IRISS, National Research Council, Italy
di Girasole
Salvatore Giuffrida Università di Catania, Italy
Marco Gola Politecnico di Milano, Italy
xxviii Organization
A. Manuela Gonçalves University of Minho, Portugal

Yuriy Gorbachev Coddan Technologies LLC, Russia
Angela Gorgoglione Universidad de la República, Uruguay
Yusuke Gotoh Okayama University, Japan
Anestis Gourgiotis University of Thessaly, Greece
Valery Grishkin St. Petersburg University, Russia
Alessandro Grottesi CINECA, Italy
Eduardo Guerra Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
Ayse Giz Gulnerman Ankara HBV University, Turkey
Sevin Gümgüm Izmir University of Economics, Turkey
Himanshu Gupta BITS Pilani, Hyderabad, India
Sandra Haddad Arab Academy for Science, Egypt
Malgorzata Hanzl Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Shoji Hashimoto KEK, Japan
Peter Hegedus University of Szeged, Hungary
Eligius M. T. Hendrix Universidad de Málaga, Spain
Edmond Ho Northumbria University, UK
Guan Yue Hong Western Michigan University, USA
Vito Iacobellis Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Mauro Iacono Università degli Studi della Campania, Italy
Chiara Iacovino University of Basilicata, Italy
Antonino Iannuzzo ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Ali Idri University Mohammed V, Morocco
Oana-Ramona Ilovan Babeş-Bolyai University, Romania
Mustafa Inceoglu Ege University, Turkey
Tadashi Ishikawa KEK, Japan
Federica Isola University of Cagliari, Italy
Irena Itova University of Westminster, UK
Edgar David de Izeppi VTTI, USA
Marija Jankovic CERTH, Greece
Adrian Jaramillo Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Chile
Monalisa Jena Fakir Mohan University, India
Dorota Kamrowska-Załuska Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
Issaku Kanamori RIKEN Center for Computational Science, Japan
Korhan Karabulut Yasar University, Turkey
Yeliz Karaca University of Massachusetts Medical School, USA
Vicky Katsoni University of West Attica, Greece
Dimitris Kavroudakis University of the Aegean, Greece
Shuhei Kimura Okayama University, Japan
Joanna Kolozej Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Thales Körting INPE, Brazil
Tomonori Kouya Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, Japan
Sylwia Krzysztofik Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Shrinivas B. Kulkarni SDM College of Engineering and Technology, India
Organization xxix
Pavan Kumar University of Calgary, Canada

Anisha Kumari National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
Ludovica La Rocca University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
Daniele La Rosa University of Catania, Italy
Giuseppe Francesco Cesare University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
Lama
Mariusz Lamprecht University of Lodz, Poland
Vincenzo Laporta National Research Council, Italy
Chien-Sing Lee Sunway University, Malaysia
José Isaac Lemus Romani Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso, Chile
Federica Leone University of Cagliari, Italy
Alexander H. Levis George Mason University, USA
Carola Lingua Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy
Marco Locurcio Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Andrea Lombardi University of Perugia, Italy
Savino Longo University of Bari, Italy
Fernando Lopez Gayarre University of Oviedo, Spain
Yan Lu Western Michigan University, USA
Maria Macchiaroli University of Salerno, Italy
Helmuth Malonek University of Aveiro, Portugal
Francesca Maltinti University of Cagliari, Italy
Luca Mancini University of Perugia, Italy
Marcos Mandado University of Vigo, Spain
Ernesto Marcheggiani Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy
Krassimir Markov University of Telecommunications and Post, Bulgaria
Giovanni Martinelli INGV, Italy
Alessandro Marucci University of L’Aquila, Italy
Fiammetta Marulli University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
Gabriella Maselli University of Salerno, Italy
Rytis Maskeliunas Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania
Michele Mastroianni University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
Cristian Mateos Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Hideo Matsufuru High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
(KEK), Japan
D’Apuzzo Mauro University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy
Chiara Mazzarella University Federico II, Italy
Marco Mazzarino University of Venice, Italy
Giovanni Mei University of Cagliari, Italy
Mário Melo Federal Institute of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Francesco Mercaldo University of Molise, Italy
Alessandra Milesi University of Cagliari, Italy
Antonio Minervino ISPC, National Research Council, Italy
Fernando Miranda Universidade do Minho, Portugal
xxx Organization
B. Mishra University of Szeged, Hungary

Mirka Mobilia University of Salerno, Italy
Giuseppe Modica Università degli Studi di Reggio Calabria, Italy
Mohammadsadegh Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Iran
Mohagheghi
Mohamad Molaei Qelichi University of Tehran, Iran
Mario Molinara University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy
Augusto Montisci Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy
Pierluigi Morano Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Ricardo Moura Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
Maria Mourao Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Portugal
Daichi Mukunoki RIKEN Center for Computational Science, Japan
Naohito Nakasato University of Aizu, Japan
Grazia Napoli Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
Isabel Cristina Natário Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
Antonio Nesticò University of Salerno, Italy
Andreas Nikiforiadis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Keigo Nitadori RIKEN Center for Computational Science, Japan
Silvio Nocera Iuav University of Venice, Italy
Giuseppina Oliva University of Salerno, Italy
Arogundade Oluwasefunmi Academy of Mathematics and System Science, China
Ken-ichi Oohara University of Tokyo, Japan
Tommaso Orusa University of Turin, Italy
M. Fernanda P. Costa University of Minho, Portugal
Roberta Padulano Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici,
Italy
Maria Panagiotopoulou National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Jay Pancham Durban University of Technology, South Africa
Gianni Pantaleo University of Florence, Italy
Dimos Pantazis University of West Attica, Greece
Michela Paolucci University of Florence, Italy
Eric Pardede La Trobe University, Australia
Olivier Parisot Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology,
Luxembourg
Vincenzo Pellecchia Ente Idrico Campano, Italy
Anna Pelosi University of Salerno, Italy
Edit Pengő University of Szeged, Hungary
Marco Pepe University of Salerno, Italy
Paola Perchinunno University of Cagliari, Italy
Ana Pereira Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal
Mariano Pernetti University of Campania, Italy
Damiano Perri University of Perugia, Italy
Organization xxxi
Federica Pes University of Cagliari, Italy

Marco Petrelli Roma Tre University, Italy
Khiem Phan Duy Tan University, Vietnam
Alberto Ferruccio Piccinni Polytechnic of Bari, Italy
Angela Pilogallo University of Basilicata, Italy
Telmo Pinto University of Coimbra, Portugal
Luca Piroddi University of Cagliari, Italy
Darius Plonis Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania
Giuliano Poli University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
Maria João Polidoro Polytecnic Institute of Porto, Portugal
Ioannis Politis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Antonio Pratelli University of Pisa, Italy
Salvatore Praticò Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, Italy
Marco Prato University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
Carlotta Quagliolo Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy
Emanuela Quaquero Univesity of Cagliari, Italy
Garrisi Raffaele Polizia postale e delle Comunicazioni, Italy
Nicoletta Rassu University of Cagliari, Italy
Hafiz Tayyab Rauf University of Bradford, UK
Michela Ravanelli Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Roberta Ravanelli Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Alfredo Reder Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici,
Italy
Stefania Regalbuto University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
Rommel Regis Saint Joseph’s University, USA
Lothar Reichel Kent State University, USA
Marco Reis University of Coimbra, Portugal
Maria Reitano University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
Jerzy Respondek Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Elisa Riccietti École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France
Albert Rimola Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
Angela Rizzo University of Bari, Italy
Ana Maria A. C. Rocha University of Minho, Portugal
Fabio Rocha Institute of Technology and Research, Brazil
Humberto Rocha University of Coimbra, Portugal
Maria Clara Rocha Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Portugal
Miguel Rocha University of Minho, Portugal
Giuseppe Rodriguez University of Cagliari, Italy
Guillermo Rodriguez UNICEN, Argentina
Elisabetta Ronchieri INFN, Italy
Marzio Rosi University of Perugia, Italy
Silvia Rossetti University of Parma, Italy
Marco Rossitti Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
xxxii Organization
Francesco Rotondo Marche Polytechnic University, Italy

Irene Rubino Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy
Agustín Salas Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso, Chile
Juan Pablo Sandoval Universidad Católica Boliviana “San Pablo”, Bolivia
Alcocer
Luigi Santopietro University of Basilicata, Italy
Rafael Santos National Institute for Space Research, Brazil
Valentino Santucci Università per Stranieri di Perugia, Italy
Mirko Saponaro Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Filippo Sarvia University of Turin, Italy
Marco Scaioni Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
Rafal Scherer Częstochowa University of Technology, Poland
Ester Scotto di Perta University of Napoli “Federico II”, Italy
Monica Sebillo University of Salerno, Italy
Patrizia Serra University of Cagliari, Italy
Ricardo Severino University of Minho, Portugal
Jie Shen University of Michigan, USA
Huahao Shou Zhejiang University of Technology, China
Miltiadis Siavvas Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Greece
Brandon Sieu University of Calgary, Canada
Ângela Silva Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Portugal
Carina Silva Polytechic Institute of Lisbon, Portugal
Joao Carlos Silva Polytechnic Institute of Cavado and Ave, Portugal
Fabio Silveira Federal University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
Marco Simonetti University of Florence, Italy
Ana Jacinta Soares University of Minho, Portugal
Maria Joana Soares University of Minho, Portugal
Michel Soares Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil
George Somarakis Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas,
Greece
Maria Somma University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
Alberico Sonnessa Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Flavio Stochino University of Cagliari, Italy
Yasuaki Sumida Kyushu Sangyo University, Japan
Yue Sun European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility,
Germany
Kirill Sviatov Ulyanovsk State Technical University, Russia
Daisuke Takahashi University of Tsukuba, Japan
Aladics Tamás University of Szeged, Hungary
David Taniar Monash University, Australia
Rodrigo Tapia McClung Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de Información
Geoespacial, Mexico
Organization xxxiii

Ana Paula Teixeira Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro,
Portugal
Senhorinha Teixeira University of Minho, Portugal
Tengku Adil Tengku Izhar Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
Maria Filomena Teodoro University of Lisbon/Portuguese Naval Academy,
Portugal
Giovanni Tesoriere Kore University of Enna, Italy
Yiota Theodora National Technical Univeristy of Athens, Greece
Graça Tomaz Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Portugal
Francesca Torrieri University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
Vincenza Torrisi University of Catania, Italy
Vincenzo Totaro Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Pham Trung Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Vietnam
Dimitrios Tsoukalas Centre of Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH),
Greece
Sanjida Tumpa University of Calgary, Canada
Iñaki Tuñon Universidad de Valencia, Spain
Takahiro Ueda Seikei University, Japan
Piero Ugliengo University of Turin, Italy
Abdi Usman Haramaya University, Ethiopia
Ettore Valente University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
Jordi Vallverdu Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
Cornelis Van Der Mee University of Cagliari, Italy
José Varela-Aldás Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Ecuador
Fanny Vazart University of Grenoble Alpes, France
Franco Vecchiocattivi University of Perugia, Italy
Laura Verde University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
Giulia Vergerio Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy
Jos Vermaseren Nikhef, The Netherlands
Giacomo Viccione University of Salerno, Italy
Corrado Vizzarri Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Alexander Vodyaho St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University
“LETI”, Russia
Nikolay N. Voit Ulyanovsk State Technical University, Russia
Marco Vona University of Basilicata, Italy
Agustinus Borgy Waluyo Monash University, Australia
Fernando Wanderley Catholic University of Pernambuco, Brazil
Chao Wang University of Science and Technology of China, China
Marcin Wozniak Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Tiang Xian Nathong University, China
Rekha Yadav KL University, India
Fenghui Yao Tennessee State University, USA
xxxiv Organization
Fukuko Yuasa KEK, Japan

Moayid Ali Zaidi Ostfold University College Norway, Norway
Peter Zeile Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
Milliam Maxime Zekeng University of Dschang, Cameroon
Ndadji
Nataly Zhukova ITMO University, Russia
Ljiljiana Zivkovic Ministry of Construction, Transport and
Infrastructure/Institute of Architecture and Urban
and Spatial Planning of Serbia, Serbia
Contents – Part VII
International Workshop on Geomatics for Resource Monitoring

and Management (GRMM 2021)
Landslide Dam Failure Analysis Using Imaging and Ranging Sensors . . . . . . 3

Keivan Tavakoli, Ehsan Zadehali, Arsalan Malekian, Sara Darsi,
Laura Longoni, and Marco Scaioni
Daily Rainfall-Runoff Modeling at Watershed Scale: A Comparison

Between Physically-Based and Data-Driven Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Federico Vilaseca, Alberto Castro, Christian Chreties,
and Angela Gorgoglione
Improving the Performance of an Operational Flood Early Warning System

with the Assimilation of Satellite-Soil-Moisture Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Santiago Narbondo, Angela Gorgoglione, and Christian Chreties
Dimensionality Features Extraction Based-on Multi-scale Neighborhood

of Multi-samples UAV Point Clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Mirko Saponaro
MAIA S2 Versus Sentinel 2: Spectral Issues and Their Effects

in the Precision Farming Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Filippo Sarvia, Samuele De Petris, Tommaso Orusa,
and Enrico Borgogno-Mondino
Notes on the Performances of Morphological Descriptors

for the Evaluation of Flood Susceptibility in Apulian Ephemeral Streams. . . . 78
Filomena Carbone, Gabriella Balacco, Vincenzo Totaro,
and Andrea Gioia
Modeling Land Cover Impact on Albedo Changes in Google Earth

Engine Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Alessandra Capolupo, Cristina Monterisi, Alberico Sonnessa,
Giacomo Caporusso, and Eufemia Tarantino
Using GNSS Observation for Mitigating the Impact of SODs and RODs
on the Built Environment – Introducing the New SNIK Continuously
Operating Reference Station and Its Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Alberico Sonnessa and Eufemia Tarantino
xxxvi Contents – Part VII
International Workshop on Geomatics in Agriculture and Forestry:

New Advances and Perspectives (Geo-for-Agr 2021)
Two-Stage CNN-Based Wood Log Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Georg Wimmer, Rudolf Schraml, Heinz Hofbauer,
Alexander Petutschnigg, and Andreas Uhl
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Derived Canopy Gaps in the Old-Growth

Beech Forest of Mount Pollinello (Italy): Preliminary Results . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Francesco Solano, Salvatore Praticò, Gianluca Piovesan,
and Giuseppe Modica
Combined Use of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 for Burn Severity Mapping

in a Mediterranean Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Giandomenico De Luca, João M. N. Silva, Duarte Oom,
and Giuseppe Modica
A Machine Learning Approach for Mapping Forest Categories:

An Application of Google Earth Engine for the Case Study of Monte
Sant’Angelo, Central Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Mattia Balestra, Stefano Chiappini, Eva Savina Malinverni,
Andrea Galli, and Ernesto Marcheggiani
Monitor Mangrove Forest Dynamics from Multi-temporal Landsat 8-OLI

Images in the Southern Coast of Sancti Spíritus Province (Cuba) . . . . . . . . . 169
Ernesto Marcheggiani, Andrea Galli, Osmany Ceballo Melendres,
Ben Somers, Julio P. García-Lahera, Wanda De Keersmaecker,
and MD Abdul Mueed Choudhury
12th International Symposium on Software Quality (SQ 2021)
Examining the Bug Prediction Capabilities of Primitive

Obsession Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Edit Pengő
A Novel Approach to Test Case Prioritization for Software

Regression Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Tulin Boyar, Mert Oz, Ekin Oncu, and Mehmet S. Aktas
A Novel Approach for the Detection of Web Service Anti-Patterns Using

Word Embedding Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Sahithi Tummalapalli, Lov Kumar, Lalitha Bhanu Murthy Neti,
Vipul Kocher, and Srinivas Padmanabhuni
A Cost Estimating Method for Agile Software Development . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Shariq Aziz Butt, Sanjay Misra, Gabriel Piñeres-Espitia,
Paola Ariza-Colpas, and Mayank Mohan Sharma
Contents – Part VII xxxvii
Bug Prediction Capability of Primitive Enthusiasm Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

Péter Gál
An Empirical Analysis on the Prediction of Web Service Anti-patterns

Using Source Code Metrics and Ensemble Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Sahithi Tummalapalli, Juhi Mittal, Lov Kumar,
Lalitha Bhanu Murthy Neti, and Santanu Kumar Rath
Evaluation of Integrated Frameworks for Optimizing QoS

in Serverless Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Anisha Kumari, Bibhudatta Sahoo, Ranjan Kumar Behera,
Sanjay Misra, and Mayank Mohan Sharma
A Self-adaptive Approach for Assessing the Criticality of Security-Related

Static Analysis Alerts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Miltiadis Siavvas, Ilias Kalouptsoglou, Dimitrios Tsoukalas,
and Dionysios Kehagias
Technical Debt Forecasting Based on Deep Learning Techniques . . . . . . . . . 306

Maria Mathioudaki, Dimitrios Tsoukalas, Miltiadis Siavvas,
and Dionysios Kehagias
How Do Developers Use the Java Stream API? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

Joshua Nostas, Juan Pablo Sandoval Alcocer, Diego Elias Costa,
and Alexandre Bergel
Quality Histories of Past Extract Method Refactorings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

Abel Mamani Taqui, Juan Pablo Sandoval Alcocer, Geoffrey Hecht,
and Alexandre Bergel
Time Series for Forecasting Stock Market Prices Based on Sentiment

Analysis of Social Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Dakshinamoorthy Karthikeyan, Babu Aravind Sivamani,
Pavan Kalyan Tummala, and Chamundeswari Arumugam
Assessing Ensemble Learning Techniques in Bug Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . 368

Zsolt János Szamosvölgyi, Endre Tamás Váradi, Zoltán Tóth, Judit Jász,
and Rudolf Ferenc
Bug Prediction Using Source Code Embedding Based on Doc2Vec. . . . . . . . 382

Tamás Aladics, Judit Jász, and Rudolf Ferenc
Deep-Learning Approach with DeepXplore for Software Defect Severity

Level Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Lov Kumar, Triyasha Ghosh Dastidar, Lalitha Bhanu Murthy Neti,
Shashank Mouli Satapathy, Sanjay Misra, Vipul Kocher,
and Srinivas Padmanabhuni
xxxviii Contents – Part VII
10th International Workshop on Collective, Massive and Evolutionary

Systems (IWCES 2021)
Distributed Framework for Task Execution with Quantitative Skills. . . . . . . . 413

Amar Nath and Rajdeep Niyogi
Parsing Tools for Italian Phraseological Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

Alfredo Milani, Valentina Franzoni, and Giulio Biondi
Yeasts Automated Classification with Extremely Randomized Forests . . . . . . 436

Valentina Franzoni and Yana Kozak
Spatial Assignment Optimization of Vaccine Units

in the Covid-19 Pandemics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Alfredo Milani and Giulio Biondi
Computational Wrist-Print Biometric Identification System Using Discrete

Cosine Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Kennedy Chinedu Okafor and Omowunmi Mary Longe
International Workshop on Land Use Monitoring

for Sustainability (LUMS 2021)
From Cost Benefit Analysis to Spatial Indicators: The Use of CO2

Segregation and Carbon Footprint for the Evaluation of Sustainable Land
Use Transitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Carmelo Maria Torre, Pasquale Balena, Alessandro Bonifazi,
and Ludovica Vitale
A Multidimensional Approach for Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES)

Assessment: The Cilento Coast Case Study (Italy). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
Maria Cerreta, Massimo Clemente, Benedetta Ettorre,
and Giuliano Poli
Assessing Infrastructures Alternatives: The Implementation of a Fuzzy

Analytic Hierarchy Process (F-AHP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Maria Cerreta, Giuliano Poli, and Maria Somma
International Workshop on Machine Learning for Space and Earth

Observation Data (MALSEOD 2021)
Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Classifying Satellite Images

with Heterogeneous Spatial Resolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Mateus de Souza Miranda, Valdivino Alexandre de Santiago Jr,
Thales Sehn Körting, Rodrigo Leonardi,
and Moisés Laurence de Freitas Jr
Contents – Part VII xxxix
International Workshop on Building Multi-dimensional Models

for Assessing Complex Environmental Systems (MES 2021)
The Regeneration of a Shopping Center Starts from Consumers’

Preferences: A Best-Worst Scaling Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Mauro Berta, Marta Bottero, Marina Bravi, Federico Dell’Anna,
and Andrea Rapari
Nature-based Simulation to Address Climate Change-Related Flooding.

Preliminary Insights on a Small-Sized Italian City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
Carlotta Quagliolo, Elena Comino, and Alessandro Pezzoli
A Model of Analysis and Assessment to Support the Valorisation

and Management of Green Areas: The Royal Gardens of Turin (Italy) . . . . . . 554
Vanessa Assumma, Daniele Druetto, Gabriele Garnero,
and Giulio Mondini
A Multidimensional Assessment of Ecosystem Services: From Grey

to Green Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Caterina Caprioli, Alessandra Oppio, Roberta Baldassarre,
Riccardo Grassi, and Marta Dell’Ovo
How to Manage Conflicting Values in Minor Islands: A MCDA

Methodology Towards Alternative Energy Solutions Assessment . . . . . . . . . 582
Marco Rossitti and Francesca Torrieri
Geographically Weighted Regression Models to Investigate Urban

Infrastructures Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Federico Dell’Anna, Marta Bottero, and Marina Bravi
New Cohesion Policy 2021–2027: The Role of Indicators

in the Assessment of the SDGs Targets’ Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
Vanessa Assumma, Giulia Datola, and Giulio Mondini
Supporting the Transition from Linear to Circular Economy Through

the Sustainability Protocols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
Isabella M. Lami, Francesca Abastante, and Marika Gaballo
Evaluating the Health-Related Social Costs Associated with the Thermal

Uses of the Residential Sector: The Case of Turin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
Giulia Crespi, Federico Dell’Anna, Tiziana Binda, Cristina Becchio,
and Marta Bottero
xl Contents – Part VII
International Workshop on Ecosystem Services: Nature’s Contribution

to People in Practice. Assessment Frameworks, Models, Mapping,
and Implications (NC2P 2021)
Can Planning Policies to Counter Hydro-Geological Hazard be Grounded

on Ecosystem Service Assessment? Suggestions from a Sardinian
Case Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
Federica Isola, Sabrina Lai, Federica Leone, and Corrado Zoppi
One Place, Different Communities’ Perceptions. Mapping Cultural

Ecosystem Services in the Asinara National Park (Italy). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Sabrina Lai, Andrea Motroni, Laura Santona, and Matilde Schirru
An Ecosystem Services-Based Territorial Ranking for Italian Provinces . . . . . 692

Angela Pilogallo, Francesco Scorza, and Beniamino Murgante
Regulation and Maintenance Ecosystem Services (ReMES): A Spatial

Assessment in the Basilicata Region (Southern Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
Angela Pilogallo and Francesco Scorza
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717

International Workshop on Geomatics
for Resource Monitoring
and Management (GRMM 2021)
Landslide Dam Failure Analysis Using Imaging
and Ranging Sensors
Keivan Tavakoli1 , Ehsan Zadehali1 , Arsalan Malekian1 , Sara Darsi1 , Laura Longoni2 ,
and Marco Scaioni3(B)
1 Politecnico di Milano, Lecco Campus, via G. Previati 1/c, 23900 Lecco, Italy
{keivan.tavakoli,ehsan.zadehali,arsalan.malekian,
sara.darsi}@mail.polimi.it
2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano,
piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
laura.longoni@polimi.it
3 Department of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering,
Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 31, 20133 Milano, Italy
marco.scaioni@polimi.it
Abstract. Landslide dam failure may be triggered by heavy rainfall or earthquake

and may fail due to seepage or piping because of the asymmetric compaction.
Hence, they have the potential to result in serious natural hazards. Rapid assess-
ment of this phenomenon requires the application of investigation and monitoring
techniques providing information on the ongoing failure process. To this aim, a
downscaled model of a natural dam landslide was reconstructed in a simulation
facility (the ‘Landslide Simulator’) located in the Lecco Campus of Politecnico di
Milano university, Italy. The failure of the dam was induced by artificial rainfall.
A sensor network was setup to record observations during the simulation exper-
iment, including geotechnical, geophysical, and imaging/ranging sensors. This
paper focuses on the analysis of deformation measurement and other changes
over time, which were observed in the recorded image sequences and 3D point
clouds to analyze and predict the failure of the dam. Results showed that water
seepage may play a dominant role in the dam failure process, which is anticipated
by a sharp increase of strain in the dam body. Furthermore, image processing tech-
niques may help scientists to calibrate numerical models to improve their quality
and reliability.
Keywords: Digital image correlation · Landslide dam failure · Monitoring ·

Sensor network · Terrestrial laser scanning
1 Introduction
Climate factors and/or geological processes may generate natural dams, including
landslide dams, glacier dams, moraine dams as classified by Costa and Schuster [4].
Among these, landslide dams may be generated by earthquakes or heavy rainfall
events [21]. Because the accumulated material that creates a landslide dam comes mainly
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

O. Gervasi et al. (Eds.): ICCSA 2021, LNCS 12955, pp. 3–17, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87007-2_1
4 K. Tavakoli et al.
from the surrounding mountain and is not artificially stabilized, it is much looser, less
compact, and has lower cohesive strength than earth artificial dams. This condition makes
landslide dams more susceptible to burst failure, potentially leading to catastrophic
flooding in the downstream region.
A landslide dam in its natural state is made up of a heterogeneous mass of poorly
consolidated earth material and has no channelized spillway or other protected outlets.
Due to these reasons, landslide dams commonly fail by overtopping, followed by breach-
ing from erosion by the overflowing stream, as reported in an exhaustive study by Costa
and Schuster [4], who analyzed the failure of 73 landslide dams known up to-date (see
Fig. 1). In most cases, the breach is the result of the fluvial erosion of the landslide mate-
rial by head cutting generating at the toe of the dam and progressively moving upstream
towards the basin. When the head cut reaches the lake, breaching occurs [18]. Smaller
lakes may remain after dam failure because the breach commonly does not erode down
to the original river level. In some situations, the landslide dam will not fail during first
filling and overtopping. Subsequent failure may occur by surface erosion accompanying
unusually large runoff periods. This was the case in the failure of the landslide dams at
Lower Gros Ventre, Wyoming, and Val Pola [1–29].
Because landslide dams have not undergone systematic compaction, they may be
porous, and seepage through the dams potentially could also lead to collapse by internal
erosion (piping). On the downstream slope of many landslide dams, seeps have been
noted. Examples is the Cerro Condor-Seneca landslide dam in Peru, which failed in
1945, probably because of “violent” seepage and piping [30].
60
50
Number of Failures
40
30
20
10
0
Fig. 1. Graph showing modes of failure of natural landslide dams, based on 55 failures from the
literature and the authors’ experience [4].
The most critical consequence of the landslide dam failure is flooding, which may
result in devastating effects on the population, the urban, industrial and rural settlements,
the infrastructures and the social/economic activity in the downstream area of the dam
due to the discharge of water and sediments. Flooding may develop in both upstream
(backwater) direction as the impoundment fills, and downstream direction because of
the failure of the dam. Schuster [28] also reports some mitigation measures to reduce the
risk related to flooding. These measures aim at controlling the water flow using different
strategies [22].
Landslide Dam Failure Analysis Using Imaging and Ranging Sensors 5
On the other hand, especially the downstream flooding depends upon the stability of
the landslide dam. An accurate monitoring of its geotechnical conditions may help under-
stand and predict a potential collapse. Several techniques have been developed and tested
for monitoring the safety condition of man-made dams, including the use of geotechnical
and in-situ deformation sensors for investigating the inner part of the structure, as well as
geodetic and remote sensing methods for detection of surface displacements [27]. In the
case of landslide dams that have a casual nature and an unorganized structure, the estab-
lishment of permanent sensor networks may be more involved. On one side, because it
would require some time before a monitoring network might become operational. On
the other hand, because landslide dams may present a complex topographic surface and
are not generally provided with infrastructures to access them with easy.
The use of remote sensing techniques from satellite (i.e., Differential Interfero-
metric Synthetic Aperture Radar – DInSAR – [20], unmanned aerial vehicles (drone
photogrammetry [11], and the ground surface (terrestrial laser scanning, Ground-based
InSAR [13–15] platforms represent a valid solution to collect data for monitoring the
safety conditions of the landslide-dam body and the basin, especially in the immediate
post-disaster time. To this purpose, imaging and ranging sensors may be rapidly applied
to predict possible failures and warn everyone to suffer less damage [34].
The limited availability of documented events makes quite difficult to understand
the dynamics of landslide-dam failure processes in order to model them for prediction
[7]. An alternative approach for investigating this problem may be found in laboratory
simulations on downscaled models, which have been already exploited in landslide
research [9–26]. Xu [33] showed that the development of the discharge channel and
the failure of a landslide dam may be simulated in laboratory and monitored by digital
cameras. Experimental results revealed that the upstream inflow and the dam size are
the main factors that impact the dam break process. The peak flow may be reduced by
an excavated discharge channel with trapezoidal section. The depth of the discharge
channel may significantly influence the dam-break process.
In recent years, some experimental research activities have been undertaken at Lecco
Campus of Politecnico di Milano (Italy) to investigate the relationship of earth slope
stability and water infiltration due to rainfall [31]. This process has been physically
simulated at smaller scale in a ‘Landslide Simulator,’ see Sect. 2.1. This facility is used
in both research projects and teaching activities of the MSc course on Civil Engineering
for Risk Management [25].
In this research, a landslide dam has been reproduced and infiltrated by water located
in a basin in the upstream surface. Some geotechnical, geophysical and imaging/ranging
sensors have been used to collect data useful to predict the failure sequence of the
landslide dam. This paper is focused in particular on the analysis of imaging and ranging
data.
2 Experimental Setup
2.1 The ‘Landslide Simulator’
A ‘Landslide Simulator’ consists of a flume where a downscaled earth slope may be
reconstructed and a landslide physically simulated. Within a such facility, rainfall may
6 K. Tavakoli et al.
be induced as triggering factor, while the slope inclination may be controlled to analyze
how it may influence the slope stability. The main goal of the ‘Landslide Simulator’ built
up at Lecco Campus of Politecnico di Milano is to investigate the modes of collapse of
earth slopes and the factors which may control this kind of processes: rainfall intensity,
material property, discharge flow, initial moisture content, as well as gradient of the
inclined topographic surface and geometrical properties of the slope [23]. The ‘Landslide
Simulator’ is composed of two adjustable metallic surfaces, as shown in Fig. 2a. The
upper part of the flume has dimensions 2 m × 0.8 m and could be lifted up to an
inclination of 45°. During the experiment presented in this paper, it was lifted up to an
inclination of 20°. Geogrid is supplied at the bottom to maintain friction between soil
and structure, whilst the lateral sides of the flume are made of transparent plexiglass to
allow the visual evaluation of the inner slope. A water distribution system is located in
the upper side of the flume, from where artificial rainfall can be poured down.
The ‘Landslide Simulator’ has been equipped with different types of sensors, includ-
ing geotechnical, geophysical and some digital cameras in different positions, while a
total station (TS) and a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) are used in front of it (see Fig. 2b).
The TS is adopted for georeferencing different data sets into a common topographic
reference system, while TLS is applied to collect point clouds to record the surface of
the downscaled model at different times during the simulation experiment.
2.2 The Downscaled Model of a Natural Landslide Dam

In the experiment described in this paper a natural landslide dam has been simulated.
The adopted material is made of medium-size sand with 26.2 kN/m3 specific weight,
zero cohesion and internal friction of 35°. The dam has dimensions of 30 cm high at the
crest and 110 cm in length. The downstream slope is 1/2 and the upstream slope is 3/4,
which gives a steep slope at the side where failure may occur (see Fig. 2a).
2.3 The Sensor Network

Progressively, by adding water in the basin behind the dam, water infiltration has devel-
oped and led to the collapse of the embankment. During this process, a sensor network
has been used to record data for monitoring purpose. Adopted sensors can be split in
three groups: (1) geotechnical sensors; (2) geophysical sensors; and (3) imaging and
ranging sensors. Environmental parameters have not been recorded, since they did not
significantly influence the experiment. Each sensor technology is provided with its own
data logger device. Some outputs may be displayed in real time during the experiment,
but the main purpose is to record all observations and to process them offline.
Geotechnical sensors (1) consist of two tensiometers for measuring pore-water
pressure, which have been installed in the upstream and downstream slopes (Fig. 2c).
Geophysical sensors (2) are employed for resistivity measurements. A system based
on two 24-channel mini-cables assembled in-house and terminated with 48 stainless-
steel 2 cm-long mini-electrodes has been tentatively installed [2]. A practical problem
of cable failure resulted in the positioning of 41 cables only. These are consistent with
the commercial IRIS Syscal Pro instrument (www.iris-instruments.com). The electrode
configuration used in both profiles has been a Wenner array. In this way, 24 electrodes
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FIG. 7
A Handmade Box Is Interesting in that It Expresses the Individuality of the
Maker, Especially When Made as a Gift
The method of making the parrot is similar to that described for the
horse and rider, and the color scheme is suggested in Fig. 2.
It will be noticed that no attempt is made to secure a lifelike, or
realistic, effect in painting these toy shapes. All colors are flat, that is,
without light and shade. The toys are really decorative designs, and
the maker is at liberty to use any colors desired, whether natural or
not.
The horse and rider is balanced on the hind foot, as shown in Fig.
6, by using a lead weight, attached to a ¹⁄₁₆-in. wire, as a
counterweight. The wire should be set into the body of the horse,
behind the foreleg, to a depth of ³⁄₄ in. The weight of the metal and
the curve of the wire should be adjusted to obtain the proper
balance. The parrot is balanced in the same way, except that the
weight is fixed to the end of the tail, which is curved like the wire.
These and other homemade toys or gifts may be sent or contained
appropriately in boxes decorated to match them, as shown in Fig. 7.
They may be made complete, or commercial boxes of suitable sizes
may be covered and decorated. If good materials are used, such a
box makes a pretty and useful gift in itself. The complete process of
making a typical box is described for those who prefer to make one
of special size. The dimensions given are thus only suggestive, and
may be adapted to suit particular needs.
FIG. 8
Color Schemes may be Obtained from Flowers and Other Natural Forms,
or by Selecting a Combination of Harmonious Shades. The Background
Is of Plum-Colored Paper; the Small Circles are Emerald-Green; the Light
Area, Yellow, and the Ovals, Orange-Red
The materials necessary are: cardboard, cover paper, lining paper,

bond paper, paste, and water colors. The latter should be of the
opaque variety since white or other light shades may then be used
on darker-colored paper. A sharp knife, a scissors, a metal-edge
ruler, and bookbinder’s paste are also needed. Suitable substitutes
for the various kinds of paper may usually be obtained in the home, if
they are not readily available at local stationery stores or printing
establishments.
H J
G
M K
L N O P Q
FIG. 9
The Various Steps in the Process of Making and Covering a Rectangular
Cardboard Box are Shown in Detail. The Method of Making a Pattern for the
Design is shown Below
The box is made as follows: Determine upon the proper size and
select materials to carry out the design. An appropriate combination
of colors and materials is suggested in Fig. 8. Cut out a square of the
cardboard, having sides 12¹⁄₂ in. long, as shown in Fig. 9, at G, then
mark it as indicated and cut on the full line to remove the square
corners. Crease it on the dotted lines and fold to form a box. To hold
the cardboard in box shape, strips of bond paper—ordinary writing
paper—are cut, 3³⁄₄ in. long and 1 in. wide, then creased along their
centers and pasted to the corners. The paste should be applied to
the paper strip first, then on the corners of the box. Apply the piece
of paper over the corner of the box on the outside, pressing it to
make a snug fit. Repeat this operation on the other corners.
Lay off the dimensions given at H on the selected color of cover
paper, which in this instance is plum, and score the lines indicated.
Spread paste smoothly over the surface of the plum paper, between
the lines drawn ³⁄₈ in. from the long edges, and then spread a thin
layer of paste over the outer surface of one of the sides of the box.
Apply the paper to the pasted surface and press it down, rubbing
gently out from the center to remove air bubbles. Fold the ³⁄₈-in. laps
at the top and bottom over the upper edge of the box and around the
lower corner. Repeat this process, covering the four sides. To form a
smooth fold at the corners, it is best to miter the paper as shown at J
and K, before pasting it down. Then paste a square of the same
paper 4⁷⁄₈ in. wide on the bottom of the box, taking care to match the
edges evenly all around.
Line the box with a strip of lining paper, 20 in. long and 4 in. wide.
Try the lining by folding it into the box so that its upper edge is about
¹⁄₈ in. from the edge of the box, and crease it carefully into the
corners. Remove it, apply paste, and press it well into the corners
when pasting it down. Paste a square of the same paper, 4⁷⁄₈ in
wide, in the bottom of the box.
The cover is made by the same process as the main portion of the
box. The dimensions of the cardboard are shown at L, and the
covering at M. It should be observed that the cover is slightly wider
than the box, so that it will fit easily.
When the box is thoroughly dry, it is ready to receive the
decorations on the top and sides. The design may be adapted from a
leaf, flower, or similar form, as well as from geometric or animal
forms. The horse and rider, the parrot, and the animals shown in the
headpiece of this article are all suggestive of animal forms that are
available.
The design shown on the box in Fig. 7 was adapted from a flower
form, two of the units being joined for the decoration on the top. To
obtain a pattern for the design, fold a piece of paper, 2 by 4 in., as
shown at N, and outline one-half of a leaf, flower or similar motif. Cut
the folded paper as at O, and a pattern similar to that shown at P
results. Trace around this to place the figure on the box. Outline the
figure with black, about ¹⁄₈ in. wide, as at Q. The oval figures,
suggestive of small pods on a flower, are also outlined in black, and
joined to the main portion of the design by a black line. Thinner black
lines are drawn vertically across the form, and small circles placed
along them at intervals. The color scheme is shown in Fig. 8. The
light background is yellow, the small circles are emerald-green, and
the ovals red-orange. The rim of the cover is decorated with a border
of white ovals, outlined in black. The corners are banded in black
and white as shown in Fig. 7.
Care and Storage of Camp Equipment
A slovenly sportsman misses much of the joy of the man who
takes pride in giving his outfit the proper care, not only during its
period of use, but also during the winter, when occasional
overhauling serves to keep one in touch with sports of other
seasons. And a very real joy it is, each article recalling an
experience as one examines it minutely for a possible rust spot,
scratch, or injury.
Tents usually come in for much abuse, which shortens their life
considerably. Cotton duck molds quickly, and rots if left rolled up
damp. Care should be taken, therefore, to insure its perfect dryness
before storing. Silk and silk-composition tents, being thoroughly
waterproof, are almost as dry after a rain or dew as before, so may
be packed for moving at any time. But all tents and tarpaulins should
be washed and dried carefully after the season’s use.
Blankets absorb much moisture, and should be shaken and
spread out over bushes to dry in the sun, at least once a week. In
the cold nights of late summer, the increased warmth of blankets
after drying is considerable.
Pack straps and ropes should not be left exposed to the weather.
They speedily become hard or brittle; squirrels like the salt they can
obtain by chewing the leather, and if left on the ground in a rabbit
country, the straps are soon cut into bits. Hang the leather goods in
the peak of the tent, keep them away from fire, and oil them
occasionally.
A canoe should not be left in the water overnight, or at any time
when it is not in use. Simply because use makes it wet, a canoe
should not be left so any more than a gun should be left dirty, or an
ax dull. If on a cruise with a heavy load, pile the stuff on shore at the
night camp, and turn the canoe over it. If a canoe is permitted to
remain in the water unnecessarily, or its inside exposed to rain, it
soon becomes water-soaked and heavy for portage, besides drying
out when exposed to the sun, and developing leaks.
Small punctures in the bottom of a canoe may be mended with
spruce, tamarack, or pine gum, melted into place with a glowing
firebrand, held close, while blowing at the spot to be repaired. Torn
rags of canvas-covered bottoms may be glued with the softer gum of
new “blazes,” gathered with a knife or flat stick.
While traveling on shallow streams the bottom of a board canoe
develops a “fur” of rubbed-up shreds. Every night these should be
cut short with a sharp-pointed knife, to prevent a shred from pulling
out and developing into a large splinter. The paddles, and the setting
pole, unless shod with iron, become burred at the ends and require
trimming down to solid wood.
The track line, if in use, is wet most of the time, and unless dried
frequently, becomes rotten. Every tracker knows the grave danger
with a rotten line in a rapids.
During the winter the canoe should be scraped and sandpapered,
bulges nailed down, permanent repairs made to the covering, and
the canoe painted on the exterior and varnished on the interior.
The average fisherman is an enthusiast who needs no urging in
the matter of caring for his outfit, and the user of firearms should
profit by this example. Even if not a shot has been fired from a gun
all day, moisture from the hands, or from the dampness in the
woods, or marshes, may cause rust spots, or corrode the bore. Rub
an oily rag through the bore and over the outside of the gun every
evening, before laying it aside.
Cleaning rods are safer and more thorough in cleaning the bore
than the common mouse string, which may break when drawing a
heavy piece of cloth through, causing much difficulty. A wooden rod,
preferably of hickory, is best, although the metal rod is stronger for
use in small bores, but care must be taken not to wear the muzzle
unduly. The hunting weapons should be carefully overhauled before
storing them, and given a coat of oil to protect the metal parts from
rust.—A. M. Parker, Edmonton, Can.
Useful Periscope Which a Boy Can Make
Mention of periscopes is quite common in the reports from
European battle fields; such a device in a simple form can be made
easily by boys who have fair skill with tools. The illustration shows a
periscope which may be used for play, and has other practical uses
as well. In a store or other place where a person on duty cannot
watch all parts of the establishment, such a device is convenient in
that it will reflect persons entering the door. As a toy or for
experimental purposes the periscope shown has many possibilities,
and will appeal to youngsters.
This Simple Periscope Is Useful Both for Play and Practical Purposes
It consists of a square box, 18 in. long, open at the ends. It is 3¹⁄₂

in. wide and made of wood, ³⁄₈ in. thick. A mirror is fitted at an angle
of 45° near one end of the box or tube, as shown in the sketch. The
front of the mirror is opposite a three-cornered opening in the box
which extends across one side. The opposite end of the tube is also
fitted with a mirror in the same manner, except that the front of the
mirror faces to the opposite side of the box at which there is also an
opening. In using this device, the user sights from the point indicated
by the eye. The image is reflected in the mirror at the top and thrown
onto the lower mirror, where it may be seen without exposing the
head above the level of the lower opening. It is this application of
reflection by mirrors that makes it possible for soldiers to see distant
objects without exposing themselves to fire, by the use of the
periscope.
Trap for Coyotes
By Drawing on the Wire the Coyotes were Brought under Control and Forced
from Their Lair
Two coyotes, resisting capture in a hole under a lava ledge, were

hauled forth quickly when the device shown in the sketch was used,
after other means had proved ineffective.
I made a snare of baling wire and attached it to a pole, 6 ft. long,
running the wire down from the loop to the end of the handle. The
loop was made about twice the size of the coyote’s head, and, by
drawing on the wire at the handle, the animals were placed under
control and held at a safe distance.—Contributed by Milton Barth,
Geyserville, Cal.
Utilizing an Empty Paste Pot
A Pincushion Built to Fit the Empty Paste Compartment Makes a Useful

Article of the Paste Pot
The type of paste pot that contains a central well to hold the paste
brush is not always cast aside when empty. A pincushion built to fit
the outer ring, or paste-holding section, is added and the brush
holder is used to hold pens and pencils.
¶A magnet may be used to advantage in picking up tacks or small

nails which have been scattered on a floor.
A Colonial Mirror Frame
Black walnut, or mahogany, is the most effective wood to use in
making this simple but artistic frame. It requires a very small amount
of stock and what is used should be of a good quality and carefully
worked to the given dimensions with keen tools. The stock required
for the frame is as follows:
Black walnut, or mahogany:
2 pieces, 27¹⁄₂ in. long, 1³⁄₈ in. wide, and ³⁄₄ in. thick.
1 piece, 22 in. long, 1³⁄₈ in. wide, and ³⁄₄ in. thick.
1 piece 9¹⁄₄ in. long, 1³⁄₈ in. wide and ¹⁄₄ in. thick.
White holly:
1 piece, 27¹⁄₂ in. long, 1¹⁄₂ in. wide, and ¹⁄₁₆ in. thick.
Picture board:
1 piece, 25 in. long, 9 in. wide, and ¹⁄₈ in. thick.
The dimensions for the walnut or mahogany pieces are rough

sizes, oversize to allow for the planing to the dimensions given in the
sketch. The white holly may be procured smoothly planed on both
sides and of the exact thickness required. The picture backing may
be purchased in almost any store that sells frames. It is usually
rough pine and inexpensive.
The first operation is to plane the frame pieces on one side and
edge, using great care to insure both being perfectly straight and the
edge square with the face. Gauge for, and plane to the thickness
required, although this need not be exactly ⁵⁄₈ in. as called for, but if
the stock will stand ¹¹⁄₁₆ in. or ³⁄₄ in. do not take the time to cut it
down to ⁵⁄₈ in. The little cross rail must be exactly ¹⁄₈ in. thick, as it is
to be let ¹⁄₈ in. into the rabbet cut for the glass, which makes it come
¹⁄₈ in. back from the face of the frame when it is in place. Plane all of
these pieces to the width, 1¹⁄₈ inch.
For cutting the rabbet, a plow, or a ³⁄₄-in. grooving, plane is the
best tool to use, but if neither is available a rabbet plane can be
used. Be sure to plane the rabbet square and to the lines gauged for
the depth and width.
To groove the pieces for the holly strips a special tool is required.
This may be made of a piece of soft sheet steel or iron, which must
be of a thickness to correspond to that of the holly. A piece 2¹⁄₂ in.
long, and of almost any width, will answer the purpose. File one
edge of the metal straight, and cut saw teeth in it by filing straight
across with a small saw file. Remove the burr raised by the filing by
rubbing each side on an oilstone. Drill two holes in it for fastening
with screws to a piece of hard wood. The wood serves as a fence,
and if properly fastened to the metal, the teeth should cut a groove
¹⁄₁₆ in. deep and ³⁄₁₆ in. from the edge. The holly strip should fit the
groove tightly so that it can be driven home with light taps of a
hammer. It is well to try the tool on a bit of waste wood first to see if it
cuts the groove properly.
The holly is cut into strips, ¹⁄₈ in. wide with a slitting gauge. An
ordinary marking gauge, with the spur filed flat on each side to make
a sharp, deep line, will do very well for this work. The gauging is
done from both sides of the piece to make the spur cut halfway
through from each side. Before the slitting is attempted, one edge of
the piece is first straightened. This is readily accomplished with a
fore plane, laid on its side and used as a shoot plane. The strip to be
planed is laid flat on a piece of ⁷⁄₈-in. stock with one edge projecting
slightly. This raises it above the bench and allows the fore plane to
be worked against the projecting edge.
The strips should be applied to the groove to test the fit, and if
found to be tight, they must be tapered slightly by filing or scraping
the sides. If the fit is good, hot glue may be run into the grooves with
a sharp stick, and the strips driven into place. They will project above
the surface slightly, but no attempt should be made to plane them off
flush until the glue has become thoroughly hardened; then use a
sharp plane, and finish with a scraper and No. 00 sandpaper.
The miters are cut in a miter box, or planed to the exact 45° angle
on a miter shoot board. Before gluing the corners, the recesses are
cut for the cross rail, but it must not be put in place until the corners
of the frame have been fastened and the glue given time to dry.
An Inlay of Holly Makes an Exceedingly Pretty Frame of Colonial Design for
a Mirror
The frame may be given either a dull or bright finish. The dull finish
gives a rich appearance and is very easy to apply. Give the
completed frame one coat of white shellac, and when it is dry, rub
the surface with very fine sandpaper until it has a smooth finish.
Finish with any of the prepared waxes, being careful to follow the
directions furnished.
Before putting the board back of the mirror, be sure to place two or
three sheets of clean paper on the silvered surface. The picture
board is fastened with glazier’s points, or with small bung-head wire
nails. The back is finished by gluing a sheet of heavy wrapping paper
to the edges of the frame. If the wrapping paper is moistened with a
damp cloth before it is applied, it will dry out smooth and tightly
drawn over the back.
¶An emergency penholder may be made by fixing the pen on the

end of a pencil with a clip, or small rubber band.
A Turntable Stand for Potted Flowers

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Computational Science and Its

Applications ICCSA 2021 21st

Computational Science and Its Applications ICCSA 2021

Computational Science and Its Applications ICCSA 2021

Computational Science and Its Applications ICCSA 2021

Computational Science and Its Applications ICCSA 2021

Computational Science and Its Applications ICCSA 2020

Computational Science and Its Applications ICCSA 2020

Computational Science and Its Applications ICCSA 2020

Parallel Computing Technologies 16th International

and Its Applications –

Editorial Board Members

Sanjay Misra Chiara Garau

Ivan Blečić David Taniar

Bernady O. Apduhan Ana Maria A. C. Rocha

Eufemia Tarantino Carmelo Maria Torre (Eds.)

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

These 10 volumes (LNCS volumes 12949–12958) consist of the peer-reviewed papers

September 2021 Osvaldo Gervasi

Honorary General Chairs

Program Committee Chairs

International Advisory Committee

International Liaison Chairs

Vladimir Korkhov St. Petersburg University, Russia

Workshop and Session Chairs

Publicity Committee Chairs

Local Arrangement Chairs

Augusto Montisci University of Cagliari, Italy

Cherry Liu Fang Ames Laboratory, USA

Tinghuai Ma Nanjing University of Information Science

Ana Paula Teixeira University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal

Advances in Artiﬁcial Intelligence Learning Technologies: Blended Learning,

Workshop on Advancements in Applied Machine Learning and Data

Automatic Landform Classiﬁcation: Spatial Methods and Applications

Application of Numerical Analysis to Imaging Science (ANAIS 2021)

Advances in Information Systems and Technologies for Emergency

Advances in Web Based Learning (AWBL 2021)

Blockchain and Distributed Ledgers: Technologies and Applications

Bio and Neuro Inspired Computing and Applications (BIONCA 2021)

Computational and Applied Mathematics (CAM 2021)

Computational and Applied Statistics (CAS 2021)

Computerized Evaluation of Economic Activities: Urban Spaces (CEEA 2021)

Computational Geometry and Applications (CGA 2021)

Collaborative Intelligence in Multimodal Applications (CIMA 2021)

Computational Optimization and Applications (COA 2021)

Computational Astrochemistry (CompAstro 2021)

Computational Science and HPC (CSHPC 2021)

Cities, Technologies and Planning (CTP 2021)

Advanced Modeling E-Mobility in Urban Spaces (DEMOS 2021)

Digital Transformation and Smart City (DIGISMART 2021)

Econometric and Multidimensional Evaluation in Urban Environment

The 11th International Workshop on Future Computing System Technologies

Transformational Urban Mobility: Challenges and Opportunities During

Geodesign in Decision Making: Meta Planning and Collaborative Design

Geomatics in Forestry and Agriculture: New Advances and Perspectives

Geographical Analysis, Urban Modeling, Spatial Statistics

Geomatics for Resource Monitoring and Management (GRMM 2021)