MINI RESEARCH

“PRACTICE QUESTIONS, EVALUATION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS”

Subject : Multivariable Calculus

Name : 1. Amelia Magdalena Sinaga (4223111033)

2. Iwan Martua Simbolon (4223111066)

3. Muhammad Farhan Azizi (4222411017)

Class : MESP 2022

Group :6

Lecturer : Dr. Hamidah Nasution M. Si.

MATHEMATIC EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN 2023
 Directed Derivation

Number 1

Find the directional derivative 𝑫𝒖 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) if

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2

and u is the unit vector given by angle 𝜃 = 𝜋/6. What is 𝑫𝒖 𝑓(1,2)?

𝑫𝒖 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) cos 𝜋/6 + 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) sin 𝜋/6

√3 1
= (3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦) + (−3𝑥 + 8𝑦)
2 2

1
= 2 [3√3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + (8 − 3√3)𝑦]

Therefore
1
𝑫𝒖 𝑓(1,2)= 2 [3√3(1)2 − 3(1) + (8 − 3√3)(2)]

13−3√3
= 2

Number 2

Find the directional derivative of the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 4𝑦 at the point (2, −1) in the
direction of the vector v = 2i + 5j.

Solution :

We first compute the gradient vector at (2, −1) :

∇𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥𝑦 3 𝒊 + (3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4)𝒋

∇𝑓(2, −1) = −4𝒊 + 8𝒋

Note that v is not a unit vector, but since |v|=√29 , the unit vector in the direction of v is

𝒗 2 5
𝒖= = 𝒊+ 𝒋
|𝒗| √29 √29

Therefore, by Equation, we have

 𝐷𝑢 𝑓(2, −1) = ∇𝑓(2, −1) ∗ 𝒖

2 5
= (−4𝒊 + 8𝒋) ∗ ( 𝒊+ 𝒋)
√29 √29
−4∗2+8∗5 32
= =
√29 √29

Number 3

If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 sin 𝑦𝑧 , (a) find the gradient of f and (b) find the directional derivative of f at
(1,3,0) in the direction of 𝐯 = 𝐢 + 𝟐𝐣 − 𝐤

(a) The gradient of f is

∇𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧), 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧), 𝑓𝑧 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧))

= (sin 𝑦𝑧 , 𝑥𝑧 cos 𝑦𝑧 , 𝑥𝑦 cos 𝑦𝑧)

(b) At (1,3,0) we have ∇𝑓(1,3,0) = (0,0,3) The unit vector in the direction of 𝐯 = 𝐢 + 𝟐𝐣 −
𝐤 is

1 2 1
𝐮= 𝒊+ 𝒋− 𝒌
√6 √6 √6

Therefore Equation gives

𝑫𝒖 𝑓(1,3,0) = ∇𝑓(1,3,0) ∗ 𝒖

1 2 1
= 𝟑𝒌 ∗ ( 𝒊 + 𝒋− 𝒌)
√6 √6 √6

1 3
= 3 (− ) = −√
√6 2
 Maximum and Minimum

Maximum or Minimum

Number 1

For example f(x,y) = x²+y²-2x-6y+14

Solution :

f(x,y) = x²+y²-2x-6y+14

fx(x,y) = 2x-2

fy(x, y) = 2y-6

fx(x,y) = 0 fy(x,y) = 0
2x-2 = 0 2y-6 = 0
x=1 y=3

The partial derivatives are equal to 0 when x=1 and y = 3, so the only critical point is
(1,3). By completing the square. We find that f(x,y)= 4+ (x-1)²+(y-3)²

Since (x-1)² and (y-3)² ≥ 0, we have f(x, y) ≥ 0 for all values of x and y. Thus (1,3)= 4
is a local minimum, and in fact it is the absolute minimum of f. This can confirmed
geometrically from graph f, which is an elliptic paraboloid with vertices (1,3,4) as shown in
Figure 2.

z =x² + y² - 2x – 6y + 14
Critical Point

Number 2

Find the extreme values of f(x, y) = y² - x².

Solution :

f(x,y) = y²-x²

fx= -2x

fy = 2y

So we get only critical point is (0.0). Note that for points on the x- axis we have y = 0. so f(x,y)
= -x²<0 (if x ≠ 0). However, for points on the y- axis we have x = 0, so f(x, y) = y² > 0 (if y≠0).
So every disk with center (0,0) contains points where f takes positive values as well as f takes
negative values. Thus f(0, 0) = 0 is not an extreme value for f, so f does not have extreme
values.

The example shows the fact that a function does not have to have a maximum or minimum
value at the critical point. Figure 3 shows how this might happen. The graph of f is a hyperbolic
paraboloid z = y²- x², which has a horizontal tangent plane z= 0 at the origin. You can see that
f(0,0) = 0 is maximum in the x- axis direction but minimum in the y- axis direction. Near the
origin the graph has a saddle shape and thus (0,0) is called the saddle point of f. We need to
have the ability to determine whether a function has an extreme value at a critical point or not.

Number 3

To find and classify the critical points of the function

we first set the partial derivatives

equal to zero and solve the resulting equations simultaneously to find the four critical points

and

In order to classify the critical points, we examine the value of the determinant D(x, y) of the
Hessian of f at each of the four critical points. We have

Now we plug in all the different critical values we found to label them; we have

Thus, the second partial derivative test indicates that f(x, y) has saddle points at (0, −1) and (1,

−1) and has a local maximum at since . At the remaining critical point
(0, 0) the second derivative test is insufficient, and one must use higher order tests or other
tools to determine the behavior of the function at this point. (In fact, one can show that f takes
both positive and negative values in small neighborhoods around (0, 0) and so this point is a
saddle point of f.
 Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates
Spherical Coordinates

Number 1

The point (2, π/4, π/3) is given in spherical coordinates. Plot the point and determine its
rectangular coordinates.
Answer
We plot these points in Figure 6. From the formula for converting from spherical coordinates
to rectangular coordinates, we have
π π √3 1 √3
x = ρ sin Φ cos θ = 2 sin 3 cos 4 = 2 ( 2 ) ( ) =
√2 2
𝜋 𝜋 √3 1 √3
y = ρ sin Φ sin θ = 2 sin 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 2 ( 2 )( ) = 2
4 √2
𝜋 1
z = ρ cos Φ = 2 cos 3 = 2 (2) = 1

So the point (2, π/4, π/3) is (√3/2,√3/2, 1) in rectangular coordinates.

Number 2

The point (0, 2√3,-2) is given in rectangular coordinates. Determine the spherical coordinates
of this point.
Answer
From distance formula, we get ρ² = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = √0 + 12 + 4 = 4
𝑧 2 1 2𝜋
cos Φ = 𝜌 = − 4 = − 2 𝛷= 3
𝑥 𝜋
cos θ = 𝜌 sin 𝛷 = 0 𝜃= 2
Thus the spherical coordinates of the point given above are (4, π/2, 2π/3).
Evaluating Triple Integrals With Spherical Coordinates

Number 3

Evaluate where is the unit ball:

Answer:

Since the boundary of is a sphere, we use spherical coordinates:

In addition, spherical coordinates are appropriate because

Thus (3) gives

Number 4

Tentukan koordinat persegi Panjang untuk titik yang diberikan oleh (8, π/4, π/3) dalam
koordinat bola.

Jawab:
1
z = ρ cos ϕ = 8 cos π/3 = 8(2) = 4
1 1
x = ρ sin ϕ cos θ = 8 sin π/3 cos π/4 = 8(2 √3)( √2) = 2√6
2
1 1
y = ρ sin ϕ sin θ = 8 sin π/3 sin π/4 = 8( √3)( √2) = 2√6
2 2

Number 5

gunakan koordinat bola untuk mencari volume dari benda pejal yang terletak di atas
kerucut dan di bawah bola

Jawab:
Kita dapat menuliskan persamaan bola kedalam bentuk

Persamaan kerucut dapat dituliskan sebagai

Ini memberikan sin ϕ = cos ϕ atau ϕ = π/4. Dengan demikian deskripsi dari penda pejal E
dalam koordinat bola adalah

Maka volumenya adalah

Number 6

2 √4−𝑥 √4−𝑥−𝑦
Evaluasi integral lipat tiga ∫−2 ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

Jawab:

Ubah terlebih dahulu deskripsi benda tersebut ke dalam koordinat bola

E = {ρ, θ, ϕ | 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ π/2}
 Change of Variables In Multiple Integrals

Number 1

A transformation is defined by the equation

𝑥 = 𝑢2 − 𝑣 2 𝑦 = 2𝑢𝑣

Find the shadow of the square S = {(𝑢, 𝑣) | 0 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 1}

Solution

The transformation maps the boundary of S into the shadow boundary. So, start by finding the
shadows of the sides of S. The first side, S1. is given by 𝑣 = 0(0 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 1) (see Figure 2)

From the transformation equation, it is found that 𝑥 = 𝑢2 , 𝑦 = 0 and thus 0 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 1 Thus, S1

is mapped into a line segment from (0, 0) to (1, 0) in the xy-plane. The second side, S2 is 𝑢 =
1(0 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 1) and by placing u = 1 in the transformation equation, we get

𝑥 = 1 − 𝑣2 𝑦 = 2𝑣

Elimination v,

𝑦2
𝑥 =1− 0≤𝑥≤1
4
which is part of a parabola. In the same way, S3 is given by 𝑣 = 1(0 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 1) whose shadow
is the arc of the parabola

𝑦2
𝑥= −1 −1≤𝑥 ≤0
4

Finally. S3 is given by 𝑢 = 0(0 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 1) whose shadow is 𝑥 = − 𝑣 2 , 𝑦 = 0 i.e., − 1 ≤

𝑥 ≤ 0. (Note that when the square is rotated in the counterclockwise direction, the parabolic
region is also rotated in the same direction). The shadow of S is the region R (shown in Figure
𝑦2 𝑦2
2) bounded by the x-axis and the parabola given by 𝑥 = 1 − ; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 and 𝑥 = −
4 4
1; −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0
 Number 2

Use the change of variables 𝑥 = 𝑢2 − 𝑣 2 , y = 2𝑢𝑣 to evaluate the integral ∬𝑅 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 where R

is the area bounded by the x-axis and two parabolas 𝑦 2 = 4 − 4𝑥 and 𝑦 2 = 4 + 4𝑥, 𝑦 >= 0.

Solution

The region R has been sketched in Figure 2. In Example

I it was found that T(S) = R. where S is the square [0,1] ×
[0,1]. Obviously the reason for making the variable
change to evaluate the integral is that S is a much simpler
region than R. First the Jacobi needs to be calculated:

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑣 | = |2𝑢 −2𝑣
= |𝜕𝑢 | = 4𝑢2 + 4𝑣 2 > 0
𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2𝑣 2𝑢
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

Thus, by the Change of Variables Theorem in Double

Integrals,

𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦)
∬ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = ∬ 2𝑢𝑣 | | 𝑑𝐴
𝑅 𝑆 𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣)

1 1
= ∫ ∫ (2𝑢𝑣) 4(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
0 0

1 1
= 8 ∫ ∫ (𝑢3 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣 3 )𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
0 0

1 4 1 2 3 𝑢=1
1
= 8∫ [ 𝑢 + 𝑢 𝑣 ] 𝑑𝑣
0 4 2 𝑢=0

1
= ∫ (2𝑣 + 4𝑣 3 ) 𝑑𝑣
0

[𝑣 2 + 𝑣 4 ]10 = 2
 Number 3

Diberikan R adalah daerah yang dibatasi oleh garis-garis lurus y = 2x + 3 ; y =2x + 1; y = 5 -

x dan y = 2 - x. Tentukan transformasi T yang memetakan daerah S dalam bidang-uv pada R.
dimana S adalah suatu daerah persegipanjang dengan sisi-sisinya yang sejajar dengan sumbu-
u dan sumbu-v

Jawab

y = 2x + 3 ↔ y – 2x = 3

y =2x + 1 ↔ y – 2x = 1

y=5-x↔ y+x=5

y = 2 - x. ↔ y + x = 2

misalkan

y – 2x = u

y+x=v

maka

u berada di 1 sampai 3

v berada di 2 sampai 5
 Number 4

Evaluasi integral ∬𝑅 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝐴, dimana R adalah daerah yang dibatasi oleh garis-garis y
= 2x + 3 ; y =2x + 1; y = 5 - x dan y = 2 - x.

Jawab

Cari persaman y sama dengan dan x sama dengan

y – 2x = u
y+x=v

-3x = u – v
𝑣−𝑢
x= 3

y + x = v → 2y + 2x = 2v

y–2x=u
2y + 2x = 2v

3y = u + 2v
𝑢 + 2𝑣
y= 3

Kita sudah mendapatkan nilai x dan y terhadap u dan v, sekarang menentukan batas-batasnya,
batas-batasnya didapat dari

misalkan

y – 2x = u

y+x=v
maka

u berada di 1 sampai 3

v berada di 2 sampai 5

sekarang menentukan determinannya. Rumus determinan sebeagai berikut

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 1 1
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) −
= |𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 | = | 3 3| = − 2 − 1 = − 3 → − 1
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 1 2 9 9 9 3
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 3 3

maka

𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
∬𝑅 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 = ∬𝑅 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦) 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣

5 3 𝑣−𝑢 2 𝑣−𝑢 𝑢+2𝑣 1

=∫2 ∫1 (( ) + 2( )( )) (− 3) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
3 3 3

5 3 (𝑢−𝑣)2 2(𝑢−𝑣)(𝑢+2𝑣)
= ∫2 ∫1 ( − ) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
9 27

5 3 𝑢2 −2𝑣𝑢+𝑣 2 2𝑢2 +2𝑣𝑢− 4𝑣 2

=∫2 ∫1 ( − ) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
9 27

3
5 𝑢3 1 1 2𝑢3 1 4
=∫2 [27 − 9 𝑢2 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣 2 − − 27 𝑢2 𝑣 + 27 𝑢𝑣 2 ] 𝑑𝑣
9 81 1

5 1 4 7 3
= ∫2 [81 𝑢3 − 27 𝑢2 𝑣 + 27 𝑢𝑣 2 ] 𝑑𝑣
1

5 1 4 7 1 4 7
= ∫2 (81 × 33 − 27 32 𝑣 + 27 × 3𝑣 2 − (81 × 13 − 27 32 𝑣 + 27 × 1𝑣 2 )) 𝑑𝑣

5 26 32 14
= ∫2 (81 − 27 𝑣 + 27 𝑣 2 ) 𝑑𝑣

26 16 14 5
= [81 𝑣 − 27 𝑣 2 + 81 𝑣 3 ]
2

26 16 14 26 16 14
=81 × 5 − 27 × 52 + 81 × 53 − (81 × 2 − 27 × 22 + 81 × 23 )

236
= 27