ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE is the study of the The atmosphere implies the protective blanket

interaction of humans with the natural environment. of gases, surrounding the earth:
The environment includes all conditions that surround (a) It sustains life on the earth.
living organisms:
(b) It saves it from the hostile environment of
Climate outer space.
Air and water quality (c) It absorbs most of the cosmic rays from
outer space and a major portion of the
Soil and landforms electromagnetic radiation from the sun.
Presence of other living organisms (d) It transmits only here ultraviolet, visible,
Environmental science and the issues that it studies are near infrared radiation (300 to 2500 nm) and
complex and interdisciplinary radio waves. (0.14 to 40 m) while filtering out
tissue- damaging ultraviolate waves below
Includes concepts and ideas from multiple fields of about 300 nm.
study.
HYDROSPHERE
Decisions have impacts in all these fields of study.
The Hydrosphere comprises all types of water
Interdisciplinary academic field that draw resources oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, streams,
on ecology, geology, meteorology, biology, chemistry, reserviour, polar icecaps, glaciers, and ground
engineering, and physics to study environmental water.
problems and human impacts on the environment
Nature 97% of the earth’s water supply is in
MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS the oceans, About 2% of the water resources is
locked in the polar icecaps and glaciers.
1. Global climate change (global warming and all
of its consequences. Only about 1% is available as fresh surface
water-rivers, lakes streams, and ground water
2. Management of Earth’s water resources.
fit to be used for human consumption and
3. Energy and mineral depletion. other uses.

4. Meeting the food, fiber and clothing needs of a The Lithosphere is the hard outermost shell of
growing world population. our planet on which we live.

5. Air pollution and acid rain deposition. In the mantle below it ois molten (liquid) rock
called magma.
6. Stratospheric ozone depletion.
Biosphere indicates the realm of living
7. Water pollution. organisms and their interactions with
8. Soil erosion, fertility depletion and environment, atmosphere, hydrosphere and
contamination. lithosphere.

9. Deforestation. The three main goals of environmental

science are:
10. Habitat destruction on land and in the oceans.
11. The spread of infectious diseases.
1. to learn how the natural world works,
12. Long term sustainability of the global and
national economics. 2. to understand how humans interact with the
environment, and
SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
3. to find ways to deal with environmental
The environment consists of four segments as problems and live more sustainably.
under:
1. Atmosphere
2. Hydrosphere
3. Lithosphere
7 environmental principles
4. Biosphere
1) Everything is connected to everything else.
ATMOSPHERE
2) All forms of life are important.
3) Everything must go somewhere.
4) Ours is a finite earth.
5) Nature knows best.
6) Nature is beautiful and we are stewards of
God’s creation.
7) Everything changes.
Environmental Ethics, Attitude and
Responsibilities
1) Environmental ethics is the
discipline that studies the moral
relationship of human beings to the
environment.
1) What is the value of the
environment?
2) What moral responsibility do
we have in dealing with the
major environmental
problems that result from our
resource consumption?
3) Which needs should be given
the highest priority in our
decision making?
2) Three main categories of ethics have
emerged in human culture in modern
history.
Anthropocentrism literally means
“human-centered”.
This set of ethics protects and
promotes of human interests or well-
being at the expense of all other
factors.
Often places an emphasis on short-
term benefits while disregarding long-
term consequences.
Biocentrism (life-centered)
All life forms have an inherent right to
exist.
Ecocentrists
believes that nature deserves
to exist for its own sake regardless of
degree of usefulness to humans.
The preservation of ecosystems or
other living things takes priority over
human needs.
Environmental Attitudes
• The three most common
attitudes/approaches are:
⚬ Development approach
⚬ Preservation approach
⚬ Conservation approach
• Development approach
This approach is the most
anthropocentric.
 It assumes the human race is,
and should be, master of
nature.
 It assumes that the Earth and
its resources exist solely for
our benefit and pleasure.
 This approach is reinforced by
the capitalist work ethic.
 This approach thinks highly of
human creativity and holds
that continual economic
growth is a moral ideal for
society.
 Conservation approach
 This approach finds a balance between
unrestrained development and
preservationist.
 Conservationism promotes human
well-being but considers a wider range
of long-term human goods in its
decisions about environmental
management.
 Many of the ideas in conservationism
have been incorporated into an
approach known as sustainable
development.
ENERGY PRINCIPLES
 The principle of energy conservation states
that energy is neither created nor destroyed. It
may transform from one type to another.
 The validity of the conservation of energy
relies on experimental observations; thus, it is
an empirical law. No experiment has violated
the principle of energy conservation yet. The
common forms of energy include thermal,
electrical, chemical, mechanical, kinetic, and
potential. It may also be stated that the sum of
all kinds of energy is constant. Two types of
energy, i.e., kinetic and potential.
  Kinetic Energy
-Form of energy that
an object or a particle has by
reason of its motion. If work,
which transfers energy,
is done on an object by
applying a net force, the
object speeds up and thereby
gains kinetic energy.
 Potential Energy:
stored energy that
depends upon the relative
position of various parts of a
system.
 Energy flow is the transfer of energy from the
sun and up each subsequent level of the food
chain in an environment. Each level of energy
flow on the food chain in an ecosystem is
designated by a trophic level, which refers to
the position a certain organism or group of
organisms occupies on the food chain.
 Ecology is branch of biological sciences
dealing with the interactions between
organisms and their environment (chemical
and physical factors).
 Ecosystem is the aggregate of all organisms
living in a community and all the nonliving
with which they interact.
 Components of ecosystem:
1. Biotic Factor
refers to the biological influences on organisms
within an ecosystem.
2. Abiotic Factor
are those that relate physical, or nonliving,
factor that shape the ecosystem.
Food Chain, in ecology, the sequence of transfers of
matter and energy in the form of food from organism
to organism.
Producers - “autotrophs”
- photosynthesis by Plants
II. Consumers - “ heterotrophs”
- types of consumers
1. Primary Consumers- Herbivores,
these are animals that feed on plants.
2. Secondary Consumers-
Carnivores, these are the animals that feed upon other
animals. Omnivores, these are the animals that eat both
plants and animals.
3. Detrivores - these are organisms
that utilizes the waste from all levels.
III. Decomposers- the primary recyclers of the
ecosystem
Trophic Level: each of the storage steps along a food
chain.
COMPONENTS OF FOOD WEB
Producers
The autotrophic photosynthetic plants that
occupy the first trophic level of a food chain.
Autotrophic
Mode of nutrition in which the organism is
able to synthesize its own energy-rich carbohydrate
molecules
Heterotrophic
Mode of nutrition in which an organism is
unable to synthesize its own energy-rich carbohydrate
molecules, and is parasitic or saprophytic on other
organism. Parasitic heterotrophs live on other living
organisms, while saprophytic heterotrophs depend on
dead, decaying organic matter.
Lichen
A symbiotic relationship between an alga
(autotrophic phycobiont or photobiont) and fungus
(heterotrophic mycobiont). This type of symbiotic
relationship is mutually beneficial to both organism.
Primary Consumers: Plant eaters (herbivores) that
occupy the second trophic level of food chain.
Herbivore
An animal that eats herbage or plant material.
The largest animals on land today are herbivores. The
largest dinosaurs were also herbivores.
Granivore
A herbivore (such as a rodent) with a diet
primarily of grains and seeds.
Omnivore
An animal that eats both plant and animal
material. There is some disagreement among biologists
(especially vegetarians), but human are probably
omnivores rather than carnivores or herbivores.
Insectivore
A predatory animal (such as a shrew or bat) with a diet
consisting chiefly of insects.
Carnivore
An animal that feeds on the flesh of other animals
Secondary Consumers: Carnivorous animals that
occupy the third trophic level and feed on the
herbivores of the second trophic level.
Predator
An animal that kills and feeds upon another
animal. There are some rare cases where an animal
actually kills and eats its mate (after mating).
Prey
An animal that is hunted and killed for food by
another animals
Decomposers:
Organism of the fifth (or higher) trophic level
(including fungi and bacteria) that decompose the dead
members of lower trophic levels, thus returning
essential elements, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, to
the ecosystem. These are the primary recyclers of the
ecosystem. In some food chains, the decomposers
occupy the sixth trophic level and are preceded by a
fifth trophic level occupied by scavengers (like insect
larvae).
Tertiary Consumers: Larger carnivores of the fourth
trophic level that kill and eat the smaller carnivores
( and herbivores) of the third and second trophic level.
TYPES OF ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID
. PYRAMID OF ENERGY
-the amount of energy transfer decreases at each
trophic level.
-90% of the energy is taken by the consumer is used
for metabolic activities, like breathing and respiration,
so there is only 10% of energy left to be passed to the
next level.
2. PYRAMID OF BIOMASS
-refers to the total weight of the dry matter present in a
ecosystem.
-refers to the size of the weight of each trophic level.
-the higher the level is the lesser quantity and greater
in mass.
-it indicates the large number of producers are needed
to support a small amount of consumers.
WEATHER
the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and
time
CLIMATE
The average weather conditions of a certain region
THE SPHERES
• The Atmosphere
• The Biosphere
• The Lithosphere
• The Hydrosphere
ATMOSPHERE
• The Earth is surrounded by a blanket
of air, which we call the atmosphere
• The atmosphere consists of five
unique layers
• The atmosphere reaches over 560
kilometers up from the surface of the
Earth
• The atmosphere is primarily
composed of nitrogen and oxygen
• Closer to Earth = higher air pressure
• Higher up = less air pressure
LAYERS OF ATMOSPHERE
The troposphere is the layer closest to the surface of
Earth. Nearly all life and all weather occur in this
layer. This is where the clouds are located and
airplanes fly at within this layer. In this layer, the
higher up from Earth’s surface you go, the colder it
gets. In other words, as altitude increases temperature
decreases. The peak of Mt. Everest is near the top of
this layer.
The stratosphere starts out as a cold layer. However,
the ozone warms up the upper region of this layer by
absorbing the UV rays heat. The ozone layer absorbs
harmful UV rays and protects the living organisms on
earth from them. Military planes can fly here.
The mesosphere is the middle layer. It’s the coldest
layer of the atmosphere that protects earth from
meteoroids.. The meteoroids usually burn up in this
layer. That might be surprising because it’s a pretty
thin layer.
The thermosphere temperatures in the thermosphere
are very high, more that 2000 degrees Fahrenheit.
( This is the hottest layer) and where space begins. The
International Space Station orbits Earth in this layer.
The exosphere is the farthest layer extending from the
thermosphere into outer space. This layer is cold. It
gradually blends into outer space.
• The biosphere is the zone of life on
the Earth. It includes
• all living organisms (including
humans)
• all organic matter that has not yet
decomposed
• The biosphere is structured into a
hierarchy known as the food chain
• Energy and mass is transferred from
one level of the food chain to the next
• The lithosphere includes the crust and
the uppermost mantle; the hard and
rigid outer layer of the Earth
• The lithosphere is about 100 km thick
• The lithosphere below the crust is
brittle enough at some locations to
produce earthquakes
• The hydrosphere contains all the water
found on our planet. •
• Water on the surface (oceans, lakes
and rivers, streams, and creeks)
• Water under the surface of our planet
(water trapped in the soil,
groundwater)
• Water vapour in the atmosphere
• Frozen water (ice caps and glaciers)
COMPONENTS OF THE ECOSYSTEM
-Abiotic Factors
• It is the interaction relationship among
physical factors/non-living factors in
the environment.
• Water, Sunlight, Soil, Oxygen,
Temperature
-Biotic factors
• Includes the plants,
animals, fungi, bacteria and any other
living things that live in an area.
Categories include:
Producers or autotrophs. Make their own food.
Producers, such as plants, make food through
photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is carried out by the
plants with chlorophyll. The rate is influenced by light
intensity, temperature and availability of water.
Consumers or heterotrophs. Need to eat food that
autotrophs have produced. (Herbivores, Carnivores,
Omnivores)
Decomposers. Are heterotrophs that break down dead
tissue and waste products. They play a very important
role in the ecosystem because they recycle nutrients.
Bacteria and fungi are decomposers.
MAJOR TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM
TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM
• Here the lithosphere ‘s influence is
high.
• They can be four types; Forest,
Grasslands, Desserts or Tundra.
AQUATIC
• Here hydrosphere plays the major
role.
• The major types include Fresh water
and Marine.
• Fresh water includes lakes, ponds,
streams, rivers, swamps and springs.
• Marine include seas and oceans.
• Intermediate between fresh water and
marine are the estuaries.
GROUPS OF LIVING THAT INTERACT IN AN
ECOSYSTEM
The environment can be organized into five levels
1. Biome : region with similar climate, types of
plants, and animals
2. Ecosystem: The living and non-living things
that interact in one environment.
3. Community: The living organisms of an
ecosystem
4. Population: A group of organisms of the same
species that live in the same area.
5. Organism: A single living thing, made up of
one or many cells, that is capable of growing and
reproducing.
● Patterns in Living Space
🞆
Animals in a habitat are located based on food
supplies, water, and shelter locations.
🞆
Some animals live in large groups for safety ( fish ● Mutualism:Two species interacting
and elephants ) with each other that benefits both species.
(bees and flowers; savanna herbivores and
● Patterns in Time
oxpecker birds)
🞆
Population sizes can change with seasons
● Commensalism: two species
🞆
Many organisms migrate to other areas (monarch interacting with each other with one species
butterflies and birds) benefiting and the other unaffected. (jellyfish
and fish; remora sharks)
● Population growth and decline
● Parasitism: two species interacting while one
🞆
Predator-prey interactions can affect population species benefits and the host species is harmed
increase or decrease ( as a wolf population increases
the moose population decreases) ● Examples of human parasites.
🞆
Birth rate may decline or increase THREE TYPES OF SUCCESSION

Limiting factors: any factor or condition that limits the ● Ecological Succession: the gradual change in
growth of a population in an ecosystem (food, water, an ecosystem in which one biological
light, large group of predators, small group of prey)
community is replaced by another.
ORGANISM INTERACT IN DIFFERENT WAYS
Primary succession: The establishment
● Organisms may cooperate, compete, or of a new biological community in an area of
depend on each other for survival bare rocks. (plants moving in after a lava flow
or glacier retreats)
● Predator and Prey relationships
● Secondary Succession: Occurs after a
🞆
Predators can affect how the prey populations are major disturbance happens and the soil still
distributed (fish in large groups) remains. (after a forest fire or agricultural field
🞆 abandoned)
Prey can affect the location and number in predator
populations (birds feeding on insects migrate to the BIOCHEMICAL CYCLES
areas where the insects are plentiful)
WATER CYCLE
● Competition
Water is a major resource whose cycle seems to be
🞆
Competition is the struggle between individuals of faster than others. The continuous movement of water
the same species (intraspecific) or different species in the biosphere is called Hydrological Cycle or Water
populations (interspecific) for a limited resource Cycle.
Intraspecific competition can happen with the 1. Evaporation
same species (plants compete for light, space, and 2. Condensation
nutrients) 3. Precipitation
4. Transpiration
¡ Interspecific competition between different
species (hyenas and vultures compete for remains of CARBON OXYGEN CYCLE
dead animals)
• The carbon and oxygen cycle are very
● Symbiosis: two different species who live important not only for human but all
together in a close relationship living organism.
🞆
Both species benefit >> mutualism 1. Photosynthesis is the process by which green
🞆
plants and some other organisms use sunlight
One species benefits while the other is not affected
to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and
>> commensalism
water.
🞆
One species benefits while the other is harmed >> 2. Respiration is a process in living organisms
involving the production of energy, typically
parasitism with the intake of oxygen and the release of
TYPES OF SYMBIOSIS carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex
organic substances.
3. Combustion is process of burning. When
combustion occurs, CO2 is released to the
atmosphere.
4. DecompositionIs a minor parts of the Carbon-
Oxygen Cyle.
THE SULFUC CYLE
The element sulfur plays a large role in the health
of ecosystem. Sulfur has an atmospheric cycle,
meaning that it is the cycle between the
atmosphere and the ecosystems on the land and in
the ocean. Sulfur is release into the atmosphere
when volcano erupts, from the ocean in sulfur-
containing compounds in sea spray and as the gas
hydrogen sulfide, which is metabolic by product of
some types of bacteria.
ACID RAIN- is a broad term referring to a
mixture of wet and dry deposition from the
atmosphere containing higher than normal amount
of nitric and sulfuric acid.
WEATHERING- is a process of breaking down of
rocks into sediments, releases sulfur from rocks,
making it available to terrestial communities
PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
Phosphorous moves in a cycle through rocks,
water, soil, and sediments and organisms.
Unlike the compound of other matter cycles
phosphorous cannot be found in air in the gaseous
state. This is because phosphorous is usually liquid
at normal temperatures and pressures.
In the atmosphere, phosphorous can mainly be
found a very small dust particle. It moves slowly
from deposits on the land and sediment, living
organism and the much more slowly go back into
the soli and water sediment.
Is the lowest one of the matter cycles.
Through plants and animals much faster than it
does through rocks and sediments when animals
and plants die, phosphorous will return to teh soils
oceans again decay remaining there for millions of
years.
Eventually, phosphorous is released again through
weathering and the cycle starts again
NITROGEN CYCLE
Like oxygen, nitrogen is essential for living things
to survive on Earth. Animals and plants need
nitrogen to build amino acids in proteins, which
are building blocks of life.
Unlike oxygen, nitrogen cannot be absorbed
directly from the air by animals and plants.
Basic fact abt nitrogen
Nitrogen atoms are essential components of all the
proteins in your body. The bases in DNA and RNA
also contain nitrogen.
our atmosphere is made of 78% nitrogen.
Nitrogen must first be converted into other
compounds because the plants, animals, and most
organisms cannot use the free nitrogen gas.
4 Basic Steps:
• Nitrogen Fixation
• Nitrification
• Ammonification
• Denitrification
HUMAN POPULATION
• The Philippine Population
• Characteristic of Population
• Causes of Population Growth
Birth rate- number of bitrth
Mortality rate- number of death
Fertility rate- Babies to be born
Net migration rate- is the summation of all the
organisms of the same group of species which live in
the same geographical area and have the capability of
interbreeding.
• The current population of the
Philippines is 118,496,606 as of
Tuesday, February 27, 2024, based on
Worldometer elaboration of the latest
United Nations data 1.
• The Philippines population is
equivalent to 1.46% of the total world
population.
• The Philippines ranks number 13 in
the list of countries (and
dependencies) by population.
• The total land area is 298,170 Km2
(115,124 sq. miles)
• 47.1 % of the population is urban
(55,287,662 people in 2023)
 • The median age in the Philippines is • Philippines unemployment rate for
25.0 years. 2022 was 2.24%, a 0.39% decline
from 2021.
• The current birth rate for Philippines
in 2024 is 19.378 births per 1000 • Philippines unemployment rate for
people, a 1.03% decline from 2023. 2021 was 2.63%, a 0.11% increase
from 2020.
CHILD DEPENDENCY RATIO
PHILIPPINES POPULATION DENSUTY
Philippines unemployment rate for 2022 was 2.24%, a
The Philippines population density is 397.02 people
0.39% decline from 2021.
per square kilometer as of 2024, a 1.51% increase from
2023. Philippines unemployment rate for 2021 was 2.63%, a
0.11% increase from 2020.
AGED DEPENDENCY RATIO
• Philippines - Historical Death Rate
Data Year 2024, Death Rate 6.248, is a ratio of people above working age (65+) to
Growth Rate 1.200% workforce of a country. Aged dependency ration in
Philippines is 7%.
Philippines immigration statistics for 2015 was
211,862.00, a 1.56% increase from 2010 FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHILIPPINE
POPULATION
Density of population is calculated as permanently
settled population of the Philippines divided by the • Tradition of Having Big Families
total area of the country
• Question of Gender
Total area is the sum of land and water areas within
• Male Macho Image
international boundaries adn coastlines of Philippines
• Educational Background
AGE DEPENDENCY RATIO
Dependency ratio of population is a ratio of people • Unsatisfactory/Ineffective Family
who are generally not in labor force (the dependent) to Planning
workforce of a country (the productive part of • Economic Reasons
population).
• Contraceptive Methods
The dependent part includes the population under 15
years old and people aged 65 and over. Impacts of philipine population to the environment

The productive part of population accordingly consists • Increasing the frequency and severity
of population between 15 and 64 years old. of floods and soil erosion

This ratio shows the pressure on productive population • Degradation of soil by using of
produced by the dependent part of population. fertilizers if land will be converted to
agricultural use
The total dependency ratio of population in the
Philippines is 63.7% • Habitat fragmentation leading to
species decline
The value of more than 50% shows that the pressure
on productive population in Philippines is relatively • Due to land-use changes like
high. deforestation, affect the exchange of
carbon dioxide between the Earth and
• Philippines labor force participation the atmosphere
rate for 2022 was 32.94%, a 1.29%
increase from 2021. • BIODIVERSITY

• Philippines labor force participation • means the presence of diverse

rate for 2021 was 31.65%, a 1.52% biological forms as well as the
increase from 2020. ecosystem in which they live.
• offers vast potential irresplaceable
sources of food, fiber, medicine, fuel,
 clear air, fertile soil for agriculture,
materials for industrial purposes,
aesthetic and scientific process.
Levels of biodiversity
Specie diversity
It refers to the variety of living organisms.
Genetic Diversity
It refers to the variety of genetic
information contained in all of the
individual plants, animals and micro-
organism
Ecosystem Diversity
It refers to the variety of biotic
communities, habitats, and ecological
process as well as the tremendous
diversity present within ecosystem.
Endangered Species
Are those that have reduced in number at
critical level
Vulnerable Species
refer to species or subspecies that are not
critically endangered or endangered but is
under threat.
Extinct Species
Have restricted limited habitat
Other threatened species
refer to species that are not critically
endangered nor vulnerable but under
threat such as over collection
CAUSE OF LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY
• Habitat alteration or destruction
• Over-exploitation
• Overpopulation
• Deforestation
• Improper use of agriculture chemicals
• 6. Change in climatic conditio
• 7. Introduction of exotic species