WEEK 8 MODULE

READING AND WRITING SKILLS

 EXPLICIT CLAIM

• It is directly, precisely and clearly stated, analyzing what a writer or

speaker is trying to explain based on what he or she actually says.

• It can be easily identified by linking it to the claim by the word or

concept “because.”

For example, if I claim that Johnny is “guilty of murder,” the first

explicit reason is probably something like, because “he killed Jose”.
 IMPLICIT CLAIM
• It is not directly stated, and it is assertions that can be retrieved by
READING BETWEEN THE LINES

ASSUMPTIONS
• OFTEN INFER VALUES, AND
VALUES ARE OFTEN DEPENDENT
ON CONTEXT.
 EXAMPLE
Claim : Johnny murdered Jose.

Explicit Reason : because “he shot him while

watching the show.”
Implicit Reason : “he shot him on purpose”
Implicit Reason : “the shooting was not justified”

PROVING AN EXPLICIT CLAIM IS EASY AND

CAN BE DONE WITH REFERENCES TO FACTS,
BUT PROVING IMPLICIT CLAIM REQUIRES
CONTEXT. NOTE ALSO HOW IT GENERATES
ITS OWN ARGUMENT.
 ARGUMENTS CONSIST OF:

CLAIMS the main idea or the thesis which attempts to

present or defend an issue.

REASONS OR a basis, or assumed on which

PREMISE reasoning proceeds.
 TO FIND EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT REASONS,
FOLLOW THIS FORMULA:

3. Locate the Implicit Reasons (IRs) for each Explicit

Reason. This will do a combination of two things:
it will state/ clarify/make obvious the logical principles
that connect the Explicit Reason to the Claim, and in so
doing, it will usually state/clarify/make obvious the
cultural principle or values that connect the Explicit
Reason to the Claim
 TYPES OF
CLAIMS

1.CLAIMS OF FACT
2.CLAIMS OF POLICY
3.CLAIMS OF VALUE
 • It is a statement that has existed
(past), exists (present) or will exist
CLAIM
(future).
OF FACT • It is used to support factual
evidence that is sufficient, reliable
and appropriate.
• Examples

1. Based on study, HIV is still the on the top list of deadliest viruses in
the world.
2. The Department of Education implements the modular learning as
per response to the IATF recommendations
GUIDELINES
 CLAIM OF POLICY
• Claims of Policy provide a solution or
another series of questions in response
to the claims of fact. They are often
procedural, organized plans.
• Examples

1. The Philippine government should focus on the improvement of its

healthcare system.

2. The Dean of the College of Education must present the student-

teacher’s case studies in the forum.
 LINES OF
REASONING
1. In law, the claim of fact posits that Jim Santos is guilty of
killing his wife.

2. The claim of value would investigate intent, whether it is

first-degree, manslaughter, accident or whatever.

3. The claim of policy would determine the punishment, be it

acquittal, imprisonment, execution, etc
GUIDELINES
 CLAIM OF VALUE
• It usually leads to essays that evaluate.
• Claims of value examine your topic in terms of the
phrases, “it is better to..., it is unethical that..., it is wrong
to..., it is more beautiful than...”
• Claims of value also involve “taste” in art, literature,
music, film, food, etc.
• Claims of value involve judgments, appraisals and
evaluations.
• Claims of value have a bias of sorts and often embedded
in social, religious, and/or cultural values.
 EXAMPLE

a) Animal testing is the worst way to check medical

products.
b) Abortion is immoral.
c) Death penalty is unjust.
d) Surrogacy is inherently exploitative and unethical.
GUIDELINES
 TO SUMMARIZED.....

A FACT CLAIM; IN OTHER WORDS, IT IS AN ARGUMENT

(CLAIM) ABOUT A DATA, FACTUAL INFORMATION (FACT).

A VALUE CLAIM; IN OTHER WORDS, IT IS AN ARGUMENT

(CLAIM) ABOUT A MORAL, JUDGMENT, OR
PHILOSOPHICAL VALUE.

A POLICY CLAIM; IN OTHER WORDS, IT IS AN ARGUMENT

(CLAIM) ABOUT AN ACTION, ORDER, AND LAW. (POLICY).