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BOFITIOFËZCVI
FI TCTÃ
I\VCFN
Lcrans @caão Xuhbn 8

< BOFITIOFËZCVI FI TCTÃ I\VCFN
BOFITIOFËZCVI
FI TCTÃ
I\VCFN
LÜKN BOWIXVBX FI GNXKC BOVIAB@IOVI R
\BKTAI TCXC CALCOZCX AC ABHIXVCF
GBOCOLBIXC
Lcrans @caão Xuhbn

www.lcrans`caco.oit

Xisirvcfns tnfns ans firilmns. On si pirkbti ac riprnfullbüo tntca n pcrlbca
fi istc nhrc, ob su bolnrpnrclbüo
bol nrpnrclbüo c uo sbstikc bognrkãtbln, ob su trcoskbsbüo io
lucaqubir gnrkc n pnr lucaqubir kifbn (iailtrüobln,
(iailtrüobl n, kilãobln, gntnlnpbc,
`rchclbüo u ntrns) sbo cutnrbzclbüo privbc y pnr islrbtn fi ans tbtuacris fia
lnpyrb`mt. Ac bogrcllbüo fi fblmns firilmns puifi lnostbtubr
lnos tbtubr uo fiabtn lnotrc ac
prnpbifcf botiailtuca.
Cvbsn ai`ca, ixlausbüo fi `crcotëcs y rispnoschbabfcf:

rispnoschba bfcf: Ia cutnr fi isti abhrn
on is uo csisnr gbocolbirn cutnrbzcfn. Vnfc ac bognrkclbüo puhablcfc io fihi
lnosbfircrsi kirckioti lnkn uoc npbobüo, on lnkn uo csisnrckbiotn
pirsnocabzcfn fi bovirsbüo. Ia cutnr on si mcli rispnoschai fi pnsbhais
pârfbfcs bolurrbfcs pnr pcrti fia ailtnr. Xiluirfc qui
qu i riotchbabfcfis pcscfcs
on sno `crcotëc fi riotchbabfcfis guturcs y qui lucaqubir tbpn fi bovirsbüo
lnoaaivc rbis`n fi pirfir fboirn.
Couolbns pctrnlbocfns,
rispnoschai ioaclis fi cgbabcfns
fi pnsbhais boixcltbtufis y puhablbfcf:
n irrnrispuhabl bfcf: ia cutnr
qui pufbirco on sians
lnotioir mcli
9 BOFITIOFËZCVI FI TCTÃ I\VCFN

couolbns, ob `crcotbzc io knfn caùon ac ixpirbiolbc,
ixp irbiolbc, boti`rbfcf n
rispnoschbabfcf fi ans couolbcotis n ac lcabfcf fi sus prnfultns.

Fi q u â v ckn
knss c mcha
mchaccr
Lcpëtuan 4
Cotis fi ikpizcr… 2
Lcpëtuan 3
Botn tmi wbaf: mclbc rutcs riotchais 39
Lcpëtuan 8
Lükn ki crruboâ c ans 39 cóns y quâ pnfikns cpriofi
cpriofirr fi iaan 30
Lcpëtuan <
Ixluscs pcrc on bovirtbr 8<
Lcpëtuan 6
\bo pians io ac aioùc: sipcrcofn ia `rcon fi ac pcjc … 82
fi
Lcpëtuan 9
Bovbrtbiofn:
Bovbrtbi ofn: Lnkprcofn ia kuofn IOVIXN 99
Lcpëtuan 7
Lükn pnoir c guolbnocr tu prnpbn sbstikc cutnkãtbln fi bovirsbüo 0<
Lcpëtuan 0
Ia knkiotn fi ac juhbaclbüo 23
Lcpëtuan =
GCS: Vnfcs tus fufcs, y kãs, risuiatcs 340
Lcpëtuan 2
Io tirrions pcotconsn
pcotconsns:
s: ¾lnkprcr n caqubacr vbvbiofc>
vbvbiofc> 380
LMILE NYV 3<4
Fivnavbiofn an cpriofbfn 3<9
Abstc fi lnrrin 3<7
\NHXI KË y HAN@ 364
XI@CAN TCXC AN\ AILVNXI\
@uëc `rctubtc: Lükn ikpizcr c bovirtbr (io 89 kboutns)

Ispirn qui ti sbrvc pcrc ikpizcr c bovirtbr i br clirlãofnti
pnln c pnln c ac abhirtcf gbocolbirc.
?? CLLIFIX RC
BOFITIOFËZCVI FI TCTÃ I\VCFN

BOWIX\BÜO BOVIAB@IOVI R \BKTAI TCXC
AN@XCX AC ABHIXVCF GBOCOLBIXC
GBOCOLBIXC
Cll t u ca
C cabb zcf
zcfnn io 8488
Lcrans @caão Xuhbn =

Lcp ëtu
tuaa n 4
Cotis fi ikpizcr…
Fi quâ trctc iaia abhrn

ab hrn
Vrctc snhri BOWIX\BÜO io kcyúsluacs. On mchac snhri ‑cmnrrbaans‛, ob

tckpnln snhri ispiluaclbüo. \i liotrc io bovirtbr botiabìotikioti y c
acr`n paczn, cprnvilmcofn ac ‑kc`bc fia botirâs lnkpuistn‛. Mchac fi
fbsiócr
fipiofiruofi
paco,
tu cquë y cmnrc,
trchcjn pcrc qui ti aaivi
pc`cr mclbc acfi
tus `cstns) abhirtcf
kcoircgbocolbirc (on
aiotc pirn
siùrc. \bo ctcjns. On ixbstio.
Tisi c an qui puifc bosboucr ia tëtuan, ON trctc snhri pnaëtblc ob iotrc c

fbslutbr ac snstiobhbabfcf fia sbstikc fi piosbnois.
Io risukio: io isti piquión abhrn ti iosión tnfn an qui sâ snhri ia

kuofn fia fboirn. An qui mi cpriofbfn fi kbs prnpbns irrnris. R qubzã
ti lnoviozc pcrc qui ti uocs c kë y pno`cs io prãltblc an cpriofbfn.
C q ubâo
ub âo v c fb
f b r b ` b f n ia a b hr
hrnn
Isti abhrn vc fbrb`bfn c tnfn cquia qui qubirc cpriofir an bkpnrtcoti
snhri ia kuofn fi ac bovirsbüo fi uoc gnrkc TXÃLVBLC. R tckhbâo pcrc
cquia qui sipc i bolausn mcyc istufbcfn ia tikc, pirn on sipc pnr füofi
ikpizcr.
On mcy uo aëkbti fi ifcf. Vnfn ia kuofn puifi aiiran. \bo ikhcr`n,

qubio kãs ju`n pnfrã sclcrai is caùbio ‑jnvio‛: fi 39-<9
39 -<9 cóns fi ifcf.
Caùbio kcynr, pirn lno ispërbtu jnvio, tckhbâo ai sclcrã kulmn pcrtbfn.

Abhrn sbikpri ivnaulbnocofn:
ivnaul bnocofn: cltucabzcfn
cltucabzcfn io 8488
8488
Lnkn virãs c an acr`n fia abhrn, ki ùstc
ùst c istcr io lnotcltn llno
no ans ailtnris
y lcfc lbirtn tbikpn (3-8 vilis ca cón) cltucabzn ia abhrn pcrc fcrti uo
lnotiobfn sbikpri útba y prãltbln.
Tnr quâ an islr

islrbhn
bhn
An islrbhn pnrqui vin c kulmc ìoti lno `rcofis lcriolbcs fi luaturc
gbocolbirc. Ki fuiai vir ckb`ns qui fickhuaco pnr ac vbfc
(gbocolbirckioti), sbo paco, c ac firbvc. Vbioio huiocs botiolbnois, pirn
on schio pnr füofi ikpizcr, tbioio kbifn, istão pcrcabzcfns.
\b tuvbirco uocs onlbnois hãsblcs, uo paco y IKTIZC

I KTIZC\IO
\IO c bovirtbr… Isn
an lckhbcrëc tnfn. Isti abhrn is pcrc iaans.
On pritiofn ‑gnrrcrki‛ lno isti abhrn ob lnovirtbrki io ia prüxbkn ùrú.

Fi milmn, fifbln ia 94% fi ans hioigblbns fia abhrn c IFYLCLBÜO
GBOCOLBIXC pcrc obóns. Io kb wih puifis vir caùocs fi f i acs cltbvbfcfis
qui gbocolbn (lnkn tcaairis bkpcrtbfns pnr Caijcofrn @rbs fi Lauh fi
Vcaiotns n Jucoc Aâno fi Cpriofir Luiotc, lnachnrclbnois lno Wcaui \lmnna
y lno ac guofclbüo Aivia Yp, n boliotbvns pcrc qui kãs pcfris bovbirtco
pcrc sus mbjns): www.lcrans`caco.oit/fnoclbnois
www.lcrans`caco.oi t/fnoclbnois
Subâo sny yn pcrc islrbhbr

islr bhbr snhri uo tikc tco ‑fiablcfn‛
\ny caùbio qui aaivc tnfc su vbfc gcslbocfn pnr ia kcrcvbaansn kuofn
gbocolbirn. Subzã ti priùotis sb fihirëcs gbcrti fi caùbio tco jnvio
(lucofn islrbhë ia abhrn ‑süan‛ tioëc 8< cóns). Vco süan mcy uoc lnsc qui
puifc filbr io kb figiosc: ‑Yo jnvio io cóns puifi sir vbijn io mnrcs, sb
on mc pirfbfn ia tbikpn‛. R ti puifn csiùrcr qui kb vbfc
vbf c is uoc lruzcfc
lnotrc ac pcachrc fiscprnvilmckbiotn.
Fisfi piquióbtn ki botirisü kulmësbkn tnfn an riaclbnocfn lno acs

gbocozcs y lnkprâ kb prbkirc cllbüo lno tco süan 39 cóns. Fisfi
iotnolis mi prnhcfn bogbobfcf fi kâtnfns, mi aiëfn kulmn y mi csbstbfn
c fikcsbcfns lursns. Mi fcfn kulmns pcans fi lbi`n pnr ia lckbon. R mi

cpriofbfn fi ac kijnr, y qubzã úoblc gnrkc: TIXFBIOFN fboirn. Tnr
ixpirbiolbc.
Lnkn on pnfëc sir fi ntrc kcoirc istufbâ ac lcrrirc fi Ilnonkëc io ac

Yobvirsbfcf fi Zcrc`nzc, fnofi lnosiùë sir ia kijnr caukon fi ac
prnknlbüo. Vckhbâo istuvi io ac Yobvirsbfcf fi \co Fbi`n
Fbi `n io Lcabgnrobc,
Istcfns Yobfns, uo pcës qui tnfn ckcoti fi acs gbocozcs fihi lnonlir.
Caaë pufi vir tnfn ia lbrln ilnoükbln fisfi uoc üptblc kuy fbgirioti c ac
iurnpic, an luca gui kuy iorbquilifnr pcrc kë.
Vckhbâo mi tiobfn ac npnrtuobfcf fi vir lükn guolbnoc ricakioti ia

kuofn fi ac hnasc fisfi fiotrn y fi uoc kcoirc prngisbnoca: fisfi ia
fipcrtckiotn fi coãabsbs fi riotc vcrbchai (Iqubty Xisicrlm) fia hcoln
HHWC.
Vrcs istc prbkirc ixpirbiolbc achnrca filbfë qui irc ia knkiotn fi mclir
ca`n fbgirioti. Fi mclir clnpbn luaturca y fi bfics. Csë qui ki kcrlmâ c
rilnrrir ia \ufisti Csbãtbln furcoti < kisis. Ia knkiotn qui vbvbkns is
mbstürbln, sbo fufc ia kãs ixlbtcoti fi ac mbstnrbc: ia kuofn lckhbc pnr
siùofns. R on ki an mi quirbfn pirfir.
C ac vuiatc fi istc cpcsbnocoti ixlursbüo (gihrirn fi 8439) filbfë qui

mchëc aai`cfn ac mnrc fi lnkpcrtbr kbs lnonlbkbiotns snhri bovirsbüo
lno ia kuofn. Cquë an tbiois… (cltucabzcfn
(cltucabzcfn io 8488)
\b qubiris schir kãs snhri kë y snhri quâ mc`n cmnrc, puifis viran io kb
wih.
Yons pnl
pnlns
ns ailtnris fislnotiotns
fislnotiotns
\iùrckioti on fihirëc lnkiotcr istn ca prbolbpbn fia abhrn. Tirn ac
trcospcriolbc is uoc fi kbs siócs fi bfiotbfcf.
\b ti gbjcs io acs vcanrclbnois fia abhrn, virãs qui io ìoirca sno hcstcoti
huiocs (kãs fi 3.=44 npbobnois y ia 23% sno fi 6 y 9 istriaacs).

\bo ikhcr`n, mcy caùocs oi`ctbvcs. R ti acs vny c risukbr pcrc qui sics
lnoslbioti cotis fi fifblcr tu rilursn kãs vcabnsn (tu tbikpn) c aiir kb
abhrn (on ti aaivcrã kãs fi 8-< mnrcs):
3) Aioùcji sbkpai y fbriltn. Tcrc kë (y pcrc ac kcynrëc fi

ailtnris) istn is uoc viotcjc, pirn c uons pnlns ais risuatc
knaistn. \b tú iris fi isns, quifcs cfvirtbfn.
8) Lnotiobfn qui puifis iolnotrcr io botiroit. Tnr supuistn, an
qui ixpabln on is uoc gürkuac kã`blc. On mi boviotcfn ocfc
ouivn y io obo`úo lcsn pritiofn ctrbhubrki ia kârbtn.
¾Tuifis iolnotrcr an qui ixpabln aiyiofn han`s> \bo fufc. Lnkn

fi lucaqubir tikc.
Ac fbgiriolbc istã io qui cmnrrcs

cmnrr cs kulmn tbikpn. Fifblcr lbiotns
fi mnrcs n aiir ac isiolbc io uo abhrn prãltbln.
<) Xilnkiofclbnois. Lucofn islrbhë isti abhrn tioëc kuy lacrn qui
sirëc uo abhrn fbgirioti. Yo abhrn kuy prãltbln. Istchc lcoscfn
fi abhrns tiürblns. Tiosâ qui gcatchc uoc ùëc qui on ti mchacsi
úoblckioti fi ac tinrëc, sbon qui ti fbisi uo paco c siùbr kuy
lacrn ca tirkbocr fi aiir.
Ca gbo y ca lchn, mchackns fi bovirsbüo. R sb uo abhrn on ti iosióc

c cltucr i bovirtbr fispuâs, io kb npbobüo is boútba.
R pnr isn io isti abhrn ti ixpablcrâ lükn ikpizcr c bovirtbr,

ivbfiotikioti mchacofn fi nplbnois fi bovirsbüo lnolritcs.
\bikpri fi gnrkc trcospcrioti, ti fbrâ tnfcs acs nplbnois
fbspnobhais y ti fbrâ luãais usn yn pirsnocakioti.
6) On vc fi ‑fcr ia piantczn‛. Ac gbansngëc fia abhrn is kuy fbstbotc.

Mchac fi lnostrubr uo pctrbknobn c acr`n paczn, sbo prbsc, pirn
sbo pcusc.
R cmnrc së. \b istãs fi cluirfn, ¡lnkiozckns!

«EBV fi Xilurs
Xilursns µ ”Bofipiofëzcti‒
nsµ
Io kb wih puifis cllifir `rctbs ca «EBV fi rilursns fi boblbclbüoµ
Bofipiofëzcti. An puifis lnosiùbr io www.lcrans`caco.oit/uoiti-ca-
www.lcr ans`caco.oit/uoiti-ca-
iqubpn , ri`bstrãofnti lno tu lnrrin iailtrüobln.
Caaë tbiois:
3) Ia paco fi cllbüo pcrc bovirtbr io 84 kboutns
8) Kb kcstirlacss ‑Bovirtbr sbo sir uo ixpirtn‛ (vëfin)
<) Abstc fi Triùotcs Griluiotis Cltucabzcfcs + vëc fi

lnkuoblclbüo pcrc mclirki ouivcs priùotcs
6) Kb iHnne ”Wbvbr fi riotcs boknhbabcrbcs‒ io TFG
9) Ac Mnjc Ixlia qui utbabzn pcrc lnotrnacr kbs `cstns y pctrbknobn

Cfikãs, c gboca fi lcfc kis iovën uo i-kcba fi "Tëafnrcs kiosucais" lno
rigaixbnois. Ans cltucais ailtnris fblio qui kbs kioscjis sno uoc fi acs
pnlcs lnscs qui ain y ricakioti vcanrn y uoc bospbrclbüo tcotn pcrc ac bovirsbüo
lnkn pcrc ac vbfc kbskc .
Tcrc iotrcr puifis br c kb wih n islcoicr lno ac lãkcrc fi tu küvba isti

lüfb`n SX
Cllisn ca EBV
3. Chri ac lãkcrc fi tu küvba
8. Iognlc ia lüfb`n SX
<. Tuasc io ac ontbgblclbüo pcrc cllifir c ac pã`boc wih
3< BOFITIOFËZCVI FI TCTÃ I\VCFN

6. Xiaaioc tu lnrrin iailtrüobln. Mcz lable io Iovbcr.
3ª ifblbüo: 8439
Ifblbüo qui istãs aiyiofn (33ª ifblbüo): 8488

Lcp ëtu
tuaa n 3
Botn tmi wbaf: mclbc rutcs riotchais
Ac bofustrbc fi ans prnfultns fi bovirsbüo is ionrki. Mcy kulmns

kbais fi kbaanois fi iurns io jui`n. Istn mc ctrcëfn c hcolns, csisnris,
hrneirs, lmbrboùbtns gbocolbirns y kulmns ntrns qui qubirio uo pifczn
fi isti cpitbtnsn pcstia.
Vnfns trctco fi lnoviolirti fi qui tbioio ia kijnr prnfultn, trctco fi

snhnrocrti lno tiaivbsbnois, vcjbaacs y fikãs hcsurc. Lcfc viz mcy kãs
boonvclbüo (boìobirëc gbocolbirc) y ac cvcrblbc y fislnonlbkbiotn fi
caùons (tcotn hcolns lnkn labiotis) aaivc c fiscstris gbocolbirns
(vâcosi prigiriotis, pnr ijikpan).
Is pnsbhai qui on mcycs lcëfn io istc `rco trckpc n qui úoblckioti

mcycs pirfbfn uons lbiotns fi iurns lno uocs cllbnois qui tu fbriltnr fi
sulursca
islnofir fi ‑lnogbcozc‛
ac lchizc, pioscrtiqui
rilnkiofü. N vc
tnfn istn on puifi qui(pnr
l notb`n
lnotb`n mcycs prigirbfn
tu ifcf n gcatc
fi tbikpn) y fiai`cr io tu pcfri/kcfri, mirkcon/c n kcrbfn/kujir.
Iris lnoslbioti fi qui bovirtbr pcrc tu guturn is bkpnrtcoti y lcfc viz

tbiois kãs fufcs clirlc fi ac snstiobhbabfcf fia sbstikc
sbsti kc fi piosbnois. Is
pnsbhai qui lucofn aaiùi tu turon pcrc lnhrcr ac piosbüo on quifi ob uo
furn. Istãs prinlupcfn. R lno rczüo. Cuo lno tnfn, lriis qui tnfcvëc
iris jnvio y yc mchrã tbikpn fi bovirtbr.
Subzã lucofn ikpbilis c trchcjcr, n lucofn ti cslbiofco, n lucofn

rilbhcs uo fboirn boispircfn (miriolbc, prikbn itl), n lucofn lnonzlcs

c uo kbaanocrbn qui ti riviai ia truln figbobtbvn
f igbobtbvn pcrc `cocr io hnasc. I
Istãs
stãs
ispircofn ia knkiotn pirgiltn.
Cuoqui ti filbfbisis c mcliran mny kbskn, ¾pnr füofi ikpizcr> Mcy

tcotns hcolns, tcotns prnfultns fbstbotns, tcotcs tinrëcs, tcotns abhrns…
qui ti sbiotis chrukcfn. ¾C qubâo mclir lcsn>
Fi caùoc gnrkc schis qui tbiois qui mclir ca`n, pirn fispuâs fi
bovistb`cr supirgblbcakioti ti sbiotis lnoguofbfn y on mclis OCFC. Ia
VBIKTN pcsc.
On vny c prnkitirti qui aiyiofn (y pnobiofn io prãltblc an qui

prnpno`n) ti vcs c lnovirtbr io kuatbkbaanocrbn io pnlns cóns. Ac
gbansngëc qui qubirn trcoskbtbrti is lnkpaitckioti npuistc.
An qui së ti csiùrn is qui, sb mclis an qui ti fb`n, fistbocs ia fboirn

sugblbioti y ikpbizcs prnotn, tu bofipiofiolbc gbocolbirc istcrã
csiùrcfc lucofn ti juhbais. N puifi qui bolausn cotis. N an qui is an
kbskn, fispuâs fi pc`cr ‑tu prnpbc gclturc‛ (cquiaan qui fistbocrãs c
bovirsbüo) pnfrãs `cstcr sbo riknrfbkbiotns ia ristn fi tu fboirn,
schbiofn qui on oilisbtcs ‑cmnrrcr‛ pcrc ia guturn.
¡Lnkiozckns!

Lcp ëtu
tuaa n 8
Lükn ki crruboâ c ans 39 cóns
y quâ pnfikns cpriofir fi iaan
Fisfi kuy jnvio ki botirisü kulmësbkn ia kuofn fia fboirn. Ki

ùstchc mchacr snhri iaan lno ans cfuatns y iosiùbfc husquâ gnrkcs fi
`cocran y mcliran lrilir. \i`úo luiotc kb kcfri, lno 0 cóns ai pifë c kb
chuian qui on ki fbirc kãs ‑pc`c‛5 quirëc qui ki lnkprcsi
lnkprcsi cllbnois fi
hnasc io su au`cr. R c ac ifcf fi
f i 38 cóns yc mchëc lnosiùbfn viofir uons
lucotns vimëluans pcrc kb gckbabc y vilbons, nhtiobiofn ju`nscs
lnkbsbnois.
Fispuâs fi istn ikpilâ c nër mchacr fi ca`n aackcfn ‑hnasc‛ y quifâ

kcrcvbaacfn fi lnonlir uoc gnrkc fi lricr fboirn fi ac ocfc, lno tus
bfics, fisfi ia sngã fi tu lcsc. Vrcs aiir uo pcr fi abhrns y kulmns gnrns
io botiroit, filbfë chrbr uoc luiotc fi vcanris lno 39 cóns. Vuvi qui
mcliran c onkhri fi kb chuian puistn qui on is ai`ca qui uo kionr fi
ifcf npiri pnr su luiotc io hnasc.
Filbfë ikpizcr lno ca`n siùrn y clufë c ac NTW (scabfc c hnasc) fi

Lrbtirbc Lcbxc Lnrp, ia mnafbo` fi bovirsbnois fi Ac Lcbxc (tioëc uoc
lcrtirc bofustrbca fbvirsbgblcfc, pcrtblbpcofn io Viaigüoblc, Xipsna, @cs
Octurca n Chirtbs). Fispuâs fi uo pcr fi churrbfns kisis io ans qui ac
lntbzclbüo fi acs cllbnois on si knvëc ob uo lâotbkn (abtircakioti, ia
vcanr lirrchc fëc së y fëc tckhbâo c 9,89 iurns, su prilbn boblbca), filbfë
viofir Lrbtirbc y huslcr ca`úo vcanr kãs fbvirtbfn y riotchai. Clchchc fi
aai`cr c ac hnasc, ¡quirëc iknlbüo! ¡\uhbfcs y hcjcfcs!

Istn gui io vircon fi 8440, justn cotis fi ac kcynr lrbsbs fi ac mbstnrbc
rilbioti. R, sb an rilnrfãbs, pnr cquiaans fëcs ac bofustrbc fi knfc qui bhc
c lckhbcr ia kuofn irc ac fi acs ioir`ëcs rionvchais.
Lnolritckioti mchëc uoc ikprisc kuy ‑puotirc‛ qui pcrilëc uo lnmiti:

on pcrchc fi suhbr io hnasc. \i aackchc \nacrbc y viofëc paclcs
gntnvnatcblcs. Acs pirspiltbvcs fia siltnr y ac lnkpcóëc irco
bokijnrchais. ¾Lükn on bhc c bovirtbr io ac ikprisc qui bhc c
rivnaulbnocr ia siltnr ioir`âtbln kuofbca>
Csë qui lnkprâ caùocs cllbnois. Furcoti uons kisis tnfn gui hbio, ac
lntbzclbüo suhëc y yn ki lriëc ia kãs abstn fia au`cr. Yo fëc suhbü uo 89%
y yn ‑`coâ‛ lbiotns fi iurns io uocs mnrcs y sbo mclir ocfc: ¡Lno 39 cóns
‑`cocofn‛ kãs qui ans cfuatns! ¡Suâ kuofn tco gcslbocoti ia fi ac hnasc!
Fispuâs acs lnscs ikpizcrno c tnrlirsi y ac lntbzclbüo lnkiozü c lcir.

Tirn isn on bkpnrtchc, yn pioschc qui ‑ac ikprisc siùëc tiobiofn
tio biofn
ixliaiotis pirspiltbvcs y ia kirlcfn on schëc vcanrcran‛. Fi milmn, irc
uoc huioc nlcsbüo pcrc lnkprcr kãs cllbnois, piosâ. Csë qui lnkprâ
ntrn puócfn, prnkifbcofn c ac hcjc (cmnrc kb prilbn kifbn fi lnkprc
irc kionr).
Io istc âpnlc pcschc hcstcotis mnrcs aiyiofn gnrns snhri ac ikprisc,

fnofi kulmns ‑pbaacfns‛ (bovirsnris qui istãhckns pirfbiofn hcstcoti
fboirn) ons cutnlnoviolëckns fi qui ac ikprisc irc ixliaioti y isn si
clchcrëc trcsacfcofn ca prilbn. Vrcs kãs lcëfcs, lnkprâ uo tirlir
pcquiti fi cllbnois y io isi knkiotn VNFN kb fboirn istchc
fipnsbtcfn io cllbnois fi \nacrbc, tnfn c uoc snac lcrtc. ‑Caa bo‛. R on
bkpnrtc sb irco kulmns ‑iurns‛ n on, tnfn tu fboirn is VNFN tu fboirn .
Fisfi ans 89 iurns fi kãxbkn mbstürbln, ac cllbüo si fispankü mcstc

lntbzcr c kions fi 3 iurn. Fispuâs rilupirü mcstc ans < iurns, knkiotn
qui cprnvilmâ pcrc viofir y csukbr qui ki mchëc CXXYBOCFN: mchëc
pirfbfn ia 29% fi kb fboirn.
Crrubocrki gui kuy FNANXN\N. Mchëc pirfbfn: @cki Nvir. Ki mchëco

io`cócfn. ¾Lükn irc pnsbhai> Furcoti uons kisis istuvi sikb-
fiprbkbfn mcstc ia puotn fi qui kb gckbabc si ikpizü c prinlupcr.
Lcrans @caão Xuhbn 3=

Io lucaqubir lcsn, on ki crripbiotn io chsnautn fi istc ixpirbiolbc y f fii
oboùoc kcoirc ac lckhbcrëc. Cpriofë kulmësbkn fi f i iaac y gui an qui ki
ikpujü c cpriofir lükn guolbnoc ricakioti ia kuofn fia fboirn y quâ
istrcti`bcs utbabzcr pcrc mclirsi rbln io hnasc.
Tirn on fcofn ia piantczn, io uo pcr fi kisis, sbon c an acr`n fi tu vbfc.

Fi tnfc uoc vbfc. R isn, quirbfn ckb`n, së is kuy prnhchai.
¾Suâ
¾Suâ aillbnois
aillbn ois cpriofë>
3. Oi
Oilisbtcs
lisbtcs uo sb
sbstikc
stikc qui on fipiofc fi tb
ob fi tus iknlbnois
Istn is kuy bkpnrtcoti. Vu fboirn on puifi fipiofir fi tu istcfn fi
ãobkn ob fi tus npbobnois. Is fikcsbcfn bkpnrtcoti. Vbiois tnfcs acs
fi pirfir. Tnr tcotn, ia âxbtn pcsc pnr iabkbocrti c tb kbskn fi ac
iluclbüo: fbsiócr uo sbstikc cutnkãtbln qui bovbirtc ‑pcsi an qui
pcsi‛, sbo pioscr, lnkn uo nrfiocfnr.
8. Oc
Ocfb
fbii sc
schi
hi an qu
quii vc c pcscr
Ocfbi schi sb ia puotn io ia qui istckns is uo kãxbkn n is uo
këobkn. \b ac hnasc suhbrã uo 84% n lcirã uo <4% io ans prüxbkns
kisis. ¾\naulbüo> Bovirtbr sbikpri, lcfc kis n lcfc sikistri n lcfc
cón, ‑pcsi an qui pcsi‛. Lnkn uo nrfiocfnr. \bo siotbkbiotns.
<. Mc
Mcyy qui fbvirs
fbvirsbgbl
bgblcr
cr
Pcrrio Huggit (uon

on fbvirsbgblcr,
fbvirsbgblcr, sbon fi ans mnkhris
lnoliotrcr kãs rblnspcrc
tus cpuistcs, pfia
crcpacoitc)
mclirti rilnkbiofc
rbln. Tirn…
ispirc uo knkiotn:
c) Vú on iris Pcrrio Huggit: on tbiois su lchizc, ob su lnonlbkbiotn,

ob su tbikpn, ob su iqubpn fi 94 cocabstcs.
h) C piscr fi an qui fbli, su lnkpcóëc, Hiresmbri Mctmcwcy, tbioi

bovirsbnois io lbiotns fi ikpriscs.

l) Xilbiotikioti Huggit filacrü púhablckioti qui ia 24% fi su
miriolbc si bovirtbrã io uo gnofn bofixcfn fia \&T944 (kuy
fbvirsbgblcfn5 kãs snhri gnofns bofixcfns io ia lcpëtuan 6).
Knrcaijc: FBWIX\BGBLC. Cliptc y csuki qui on tbiois ob bfic fi an

qui vc c mclir ia kirlcfn.
6. Io hnas
hnascc lnkpbtis fi
fisfi
sfi i
iaa prbol
prbolbpbn
bpbn ln
lnotrc
otrc ans kijnri
kijnriss
\b ikpbizcs c prcltblcr lucaqubir fipnrti, lnkbiozcs ju`cofn lnotrc
ìoti fi tu obvia n sbkbacr. \irëc bkpioschai qui ikpbilis c ju`cr c
tiobs y ia prbkir fëc ti tnqui ju`cr lnotrc Xcgc Ocfca.
Io ac hnasc on is csë. Fisfi ia prbkir fëc lnkpbtis lnotrc ans kijnris
fia kuofn. R ia prnhaikc is qui ac hnasc kuivi kulmn fboirn. R isn
ctrci on snan c ans kijnris bovirsnris sbon c acs kiotis kãs
hrbaacotis fia kuofn.
Csë qui pioscr qui vckns c ‑`cocr ca kirlcfn‛ (c istns
prngisbnocais) c kë ki pcrili hcstcoti
h cstcoti prisuotunsn. Tnr isn yc on an
botiotn.
9. Ac úobl
úoblcci
istr
strcti
cti`bc
`bc ric
ricakioti
akioti lnos
lnosbstioti
bstioti pcrc mc
mclirsi
lirsi
rbln
rbl n io hnasc is fijcr pc
pcscr
scr ia tbikp
tbikpnn
Bovirtbr io ia ëofbli (kuy fbvirsbgblcfn), ilmcrti c fnrkbr 64 cóns y
fispirtcrti kbaanocrbn. Kc`bc fia botirâs lnkpuistn (kãs snhri istn
io ia lcpëtuan 6). Tnr isn, ¡IKTBIZC MNR!
Ia botirâs lnkpuistn surì lucofn ans botirisis fi uoc bovirsbüo sno

ribovirtbfns pcrc nhtioir kãs botirisis io ans sbùbiotis cóns
prnfulbiofn uo lrilbkbiotn cliaircfn. Bolausn Ibostibo si rigbrbü ca
botirâs lnkpuistn lnkn ac guirzc kãs pnfirnsc fia uobvirsn.
R is qui si prnfuli uo ‑igiltn hnac fi obivi‛

ob ivi‛ kuy pnfirnsn: sb tbrckns
uoc hnac fi obivi pnr uoc acfirc oivcfc, âstc lnkbiozc c rnfcr y
piquións lnpns lnkbiozco c cfmirbrsi, ca prbolbpbn fi kcoirc kuy
aiotc, lcsb bocprilbchai. Tirn ca pnln tbikpn ac hnac ikpbizc c `cocr
kcsc y vianlbfcf lcfc viz kãs fiprbsc, lrilbiofn fi gnrkc
ixpnoiolbca. Csë mcstc lnovirtbrsi io uoc `rco hnac fi obivi fi vcrbns
eban`rckns fi pisn rnfcofn c tnfc vianlbfcf.
Istn is ixcltckioti an qui nlurri lno acs bovirsbnois c acr`n paczn:

Lcp ëtu
tuaa n <
Ixluscs pcrc on bovirtbr
Tcrc pripcrcr isti abhrn iotrivbstâ c ìoti kuy fbvirsc io lucotn c

ifcf, obvia clcfâkbln y ilnoükbln. Ac kcynrëc fi iaans lnkpcrtëc uoc
sirbi fi pctrnois kiotcais y lriiolbcs qui ans aaivchc c tnkcr filbsbnois
pnln clirtcfcs fi bovirsbüo. Istn si trcfulëc io sibs ‑ixluscs‛ kuy lacrcs
pcrc on bovirtbr.
3. ‑Rn on bovbirtn pnrqui kbrc an qui ai pcsü c ac ìoti5

¡bovbrtbü sbo tioir ob bfic y csë ai gui!‛
Ac isiolbc fi isti crùkiotn is kuy schbc, tntcakioti clirtcfc. \b on

tbiois ob pcjnairc bfic, on ti kitcs. On lifcs coti ans lcotns fi sbrioc fi
prnfultns gbocolbirns qui on iotbiofis ob coti ans ri`nfins fi ckb`ns
qui istão `cocofn uo 34% couca ‑io uo fipüsbtn sbo rbis`n‛ (qui aui`n
risuatco sir prigiriotis lno kulmn rbis`n).
\bo ikhcr`n, mcy qui br uo pcsn kãs caaã. \b on schis, ¡CTXIOFI! Io istc
ùëc, lno istc gbansngëc u ntrc fbstbotc y pnr ntrns kifbns (ntrns abhrns,
gnrns, lursns…). Tirn, TNX GCWNX, cpriofi an hãsbln snhri ia kuofn fia
fboirn. Is ca`n qui, ti ùsti n on, istã prisioti io lcfc bostcoti fi tu
vbfc. Tnlcs lnscs vco c bolrikiotcr tu lcabfcf fi vbfc kãs qui cfqubrbr
uoc lnrriltc luaturc gbocolbirc y, snhri tnfn, utbabzcrac: CLLBÜO. Fi ocfc
sbrvi tioir tnfn ia lnonlbkbiotn sb on an cpablcs y ti hioigblbcs fi âa.

8. ‑Rn yc tio`n kb prnpbc prngisbüo. On tio`n tbikpn fi
bognrkcrki snhri istn. Tcrc isn istã kb csisnr fi
HHWC/Hcoln \cotcofir itl.‛
Mny io fëc yc on tbiois uoc úoblc prngisbüo. Ca kions tbiois fns: ac tuyc
prnpbc y ac fi ìstbnocr tu prnpbn fboirn.
f boirn. R fi milmn puifis ‑‑`cocr‛
`cocr‛ bùca
n kãs lno ac siùofc. Vu csisnr ON is tu ckb`n y on tioâbs ans kbskns
botirisis. Csë qui, pnr tu hbio, cpriofi c kcoijcr tu fboirn.
N, io ntrcs pcachrcs: schis mclir uo muivn grbtn, ¾virfcf> R tckhbâo

utbabzcs ia nrfiocfnr, ia küvba, ac tiaivbsbüo itl. Ki jui`n uoc kcon c qui
on iris lnlboirn. R tckpnln iris boìobirn bognrkãtbln. R, sbo ikhcr`n,
schis an sugblbioti lnkn pcrc hioigblbcrti fi ans cvcolis. Isti tikc is
ixcltckioti bùca: ON MCLI GCAVC \IX \ IX YO I]TIXVN pcrc nlupcrti fi
tu fboirn.
<. ‑Rn on bovbirtn pnrqui on an oilisbtn. Vio`n fboirn

sugblbioti. Istny lnotiotn lno kb fipüsbtn ca 3%‛
KIOVBXC, y fi acs @NXFC\. \b tbiois fboirn sugblbioti, ¾pnr quâ sbùis

trchcjcofn> N, ¾pnr quâ trchcjcs tcotn> ¾On ti ùstcrëc pnfir juhbacrti 34
cóns cotis> ¾On ti ùstcrëc pnfir vbcjcr kãs>
Io ìoirca, uo fipüsbtn ti vc c fcr an kbskn qui ac bogaclbüo, n ca`n

kions. Wcs c kcotioir (n pirfir abìrckioti) tu pnfir cfqubsbtbvn. Istn
is kuy lnosirvcfnr. Iotbiofn qui uo chuiabtn fi =4 cóns tio`c tnfn su
fboirn io fipüsbtns. Tirn tú on ti puifis pirkbtbr istn. Csë fi sbkpai.
Vioir uo lnonlbkbiotn këobkn snhri bovirsbüo ti vc c pirkbtbr `cocrai
6 n 9 puotns pnrliotucais coucais c ac bogaclbüo (supnobiofn uo
riofbkbiotn kifbn fi ac hnasc fi uo =% i bogaclbüo kifbc
kifb c fia <%) y istn,
fispuâs fi <4-64 cóns, is uoc fbgiriolbc chbskca. Istckns mchacofn fi
pnfir juhbacrti 34-39 cóns cotis n fi trchcjcr ac kbtcf. Istckns
mchacofn fi lbiotns fi kbais fi iurns (y kuy prnhchaikioti fi
kbaanois). \ë, së, mcs aiëfn hbio. Kbaanois fi iurns. Fikcsbcfn prikbn
lnkn pcrc on tnkcrsi ia tbikpn fi cpriofir.

Yo ijikpan prãltbln: \upüo qui tbiois 3.444 iurns io tu luiotc. Vi
fihctis iotri bovirtbran io uo fipüsbtn ca <% n io uo gnofn fi hnasc
(riotchbabfcf ispircfc kifbc fia =% couca).
Wickns quâ pcsc ca lchn fi 64 cóns:
Ca lchnVrcs
84%). fi 934cóns,
y 84 ac fbgiriolbc
cóns is piquióc
si vc ckpabcofn ac (ca`n kãsTirn,
hrilmc. fi 844 iurns,
kbrc uo
an qui
nlurri fispuâs fi 64 cóns. Ia BOVIXÂ\ LNKTYI\VN fispabi`c tnfn su
pnfir y, sb muhbircs bovirtbfn io hnasc, tiofrëcs 84.339 iurns, 84 vilis
KÃ\ qui ac bovirsbüo boblbca fi 3.444 iurns. R, kãs bkpnrtcoti, tiofrãs
7,6 vilis KÃ\ fboirn qui qubio iab`bü ac lnosirvcfnrc nplbüo fia
fipüsbtn. ¡84.339 iurns grioti c <.370 iurns! Tcrili kiotbrc, ¾virfcf>
Istã c tu calcoli. Úoblckioti oilisbtcs tbikpn y, snhri tnfn, IKTIZCX.
Cyir irc ia fëc pirgiltn. Mny is ia siùofn kijnr fëc pcrc ikpizcr.
Istn sno, ‑úoblckioti‛, 3.444 iurns bovirtbfns puotucakioti. Bkc`ëocti

an qui puifis mclir fistbocofn uoc lcotbfcf (pnr
( pnr ijikpan 344 n 844 n 944
iurns) VNFN\ ans kisis fi tu vbfc. Tuis, lnkn ti filëc, KBAANOI\ fi
iurns sb ispircs ia tbikpn oiliscrbn (kãs snhri istn io ia lcpëtuan 9).

6. ‑Vnfn istn suioc kuy hbio, pirn ac ìoti pbirfi io hnasc
y yn on qubirn pirfir fboirn.‛
Iotbiofn tu prinlupclbüo.
prinlupclbüo. ¾Tnr quâ pbirfi ‑ac ìoti‛ io hnasc>
Tnr tris kntbvns prbolbpcais:
3. Subiois pbirfio on tbioio uo paco. Wco c ac firbvc, lckhbcofn

su istrcti`bc vcrbcs vilis c an acr`n fia cón. On tbioio fbslbpaboc.
Aiio ac priosc, vio ac rilnkiofclbüo fi f i uo ‑ixpirtn‛ y si lriio
ans prüxbkns ùrús, kãs abstns qui ocfbi.
8. Cltúco süan io ia lnrtn paczn i brrclbnocakioti: lnkprco uocs

cllbnois y, sb ais vc hbio, acs viofio c ans fns kisis trcs `cocr
uo kësirn 34%. Tirn lucofn pbirfio, kcotbioio acs pârfbfcs
mcstc qui sno fikcsbcfn fnanrnscs y clchco pirfbiofn iotri uo
94% y uo 29%.
<. Subirio gnrrcrsi io uo pcr fi kisis . Fcr ia piantczn.
Vnfn istn an sâ fi prbkirc kcon, pnrqui yn mi lnkitbfn ixcltckioti

istns irrnris y is ia lcsn tëpbln fi qubio si cgblbnoc c ac hnasc (ia kcynr
lcsbon fia kuofn pcrc qubio on ac utbabzc lnrriltckioti). Vuvi qui
pirfir ia 29% fi kb fboirn pcrc ikpizcr c iotircrki fi lükn guolbnoc
isti kuofbaan.
Tirn… ti vny c lnotcr uo silritn: sb tbiois uo paco (ia qui ti prnpno`n,

pnr ijikpan) i bovbirtis c acr`n paczn (84 cóns lnkn këobkn), is lcsb
BKTN\BHAI qui pbirfcs fboirn io hnasc. Istn on ki an istny
is tny boviotcofn.
Ans fctns istão cmë. Io obo`úo pirënfn fi kãs fi 34 cóns fi ac mbstnrbc
(ob sbqubirc, cuoqui tio`cs ac kcac suirti fi bovirtbr io ia puotn kãs catn,
justn cotis fi ac ixpansbüo fi uoc hurhujc) si mc pirfbfn fboirn io hnasc
(ckirblcoc).

¾Suâ qubiri filbr
filbr istn> Istn qubiri filbr qui ia tbikpn ‑iabkboc‛ ia rbis`n
fi ac hnasc (kãs snhri istn io ia lcpëtuan 6). Is filbr, istckns coti uo
prnfultn ‑`crcotbzcfn c acr`n paczn‛, pirn lno uocs riotchbabfcfis
kifbcs ispiltcluacris (=% couca).
Gëjcti io ac tchac cotirbnr, sb muhbircs bovirtbfn 344$ y ispircfn 89 cóns,

mchrëcs nhtiobfn LNKN KËOBKN 709$, kuatbpablcofn pnr 0x tu bovirsbüo
boblbca. Isn io ia pinr fi ans lcsns. R io ia kijnr pirënfn, io ia kijnr
isliocrbn, tus 344$ si mchrëco lnovirtbfn io 9.<6<$, kuatbpablcofn pnr
kãs fi 94x ac bovirsbüo boblbca. Ispiltcluacr, ¾on lriis>
9. ‑\ny JNWIO, qubirn fbsgrutcr fi kb fboirn CMNXC.‛
Ixcltn, ¡kcòëgbln! Isn is ixcltckioti an qui qubirn trcoskbtbrti. Is

justckioti an qui yn pbiosn. \ir rbln fi virfcf on fipiofi süan fia
fboirn qui tio`cs. Fipiofi fi qui sics lcpcz fi fbsgrutcran. R lucofn
iris jnvio si fbsgrutc kãs, acs lnscs lnkn sno.
R isn is prilbsckioti an qui ti prnpno`n: lcaluac luãotn tbiois qui

bovirtbr pcrc juhbacrti trcoquban, cutnkctëzcan (mcz fi iaan uoc gclturc
kãs) y FIFËLCVI C FB\GXYVCX lno ia ristn. \bo obo`úo riknrfbkbiotn.

\bo prinlupcrti pnr tu juhbaclbüo. Vnfn an qui quifi fispuâs fi pc`crti
c tb kbskn is 344% tuyn. Tuifis `cstcran io liocs fi 344 iurns, io vbcj
vbcjis
is
ixtrcvc`cotis, fnocran n uscran
uscran pcrc ikpcpiacr tu fnrkbtnrbn… ¡an qui
qubircs! Lno ac siùrbfcf fi qui mcs pc`cfn ac gclturc bkpnrtcoti: ac fi
tu guturn.
7. ‑Rn ON oilisbtn bovirtbr: yc lnotrbhuyn

c ac \iùrbfcf \nlbca pcrc qui ki pcùi
uoc piosbüo fi juhbaclbüo‛
\b istãs lnoviolbfn fi qui acs crlcs púhablcs sirão lcpclis

l cpclis fi snpnrtcr ac
fikn`rcgëc tco cfvirsc qui si ons vbioi iolbkc y qui ac piosbüo qui
rilbhbrãs pnr pcrti fia Istcfn sirã sugblbioti pcrc tb, iotnolis, cfiacoti:
¡`ãstctian tnfn CMNXC!
Tirn, sb pnr
sbstikc… ia lnotrcrbn:
N sbkpaikioti tbiois
qubiris sirfufcs snhri ac snstiobhbabfcf
BOFITIOFBIOVI fi Tcpã Istcfnfia
y
pnfir juhbacrti cotis fi ac ifcf qui ti bkpno`co… Io isi lcsn, sbùi
aiyiofn.

Lcp ëtu
tuaa n 6
\bo pians io ac aioùc:
sipcrcofn ia `rcon fi ac pcjc
io ac bofustr
bofustrbc
bc gbocolbirc
‑Ia kirlcfn hursãtba is uo `rco lcsbon fnofi acs prnhchbabfcfis

istão kcobpuacfcs c gcvnr fi ans ju`cfnris.‛
Nsecr Knrìostiro
Bovirt
ovirtbr
br io hnas
hn asc
c on is uoc n
nplb
plbüo,
üo, ¡is
¡is NHAB@CVN
NHAB@CVNXB
XBN!
N!
Vi vny c lnotcr uo silritn: Ans mukcons ON snkns siris rclbnocais.

Vioikns kãs kbifn c ac pârfbfc
pârfbf c qui fisin fi `cocolbc. Ac ivnaulbüo ons
mc milmn cvirsns ca rbis`n: furcoti kbaanois fi cóns mikns fiscrrnaacfn
uoc guirti iknlbüo fi kbifn. Mcstc mcli riactbvckioti kuy pnln, ia
ckhbioti istchc aaion fi piab`rns lnkn ac pnsbhbabfcf fi sir ctclcfns pnr
fiprifcfnris n fi sugrbr ac gcatc fi
f i lnkbfc… Ia boliotbvn pcrc snhrivbvbr
irc kuy pnfirnsn y ans irrnris scaëco lcrns.
Bkc`boc qui fns Mnkn \cpbios islulmco uo rubfn io ia hnsqui. Yon fi

iaans si fitbioi c kbrcr quâ nlurri y kuiri pnr ac knrfifurc fi ac
sirpbioti vioionsc qui si islnofëc trcs ans kctnjns. Ia ntrn bofbvbfun
muyi y scavc su vbfc.

Csukbr qui sbikpri mchëc uoc ckioczc fitrãs fi ans crhustns y mubr
scavchc
scavchc vbfcs. Ia lnsti fi ‑pioscr kca‛
k ca‛ irc këobkn. Ouistrns cotipcscfns
cpriofbirno pnr pruihc y irrnr qui ia lnkpnrtckbiotn üptbkn irc ivbtcr
ia rbis`n. R mny siùbkns prifbspuistns c iaan pnrqui ac ivnaulbüo
oilisbtc fi kbais fi cóns pcrc pirgillbnocr acs ispilbis. On mcy fufc fi
qui ivnaulbnocrikns i brikns pirfbiofn `rcfucakioti istc cvirsbüo ca
rbis`n, pirn ti csiùrn qui ob tú, ob yn, ob ouistrns obitns an virão.
¡Cfiaãotcti c tu tbikpn!
Yo ijikpan
ijikpan knfiron fi brrclbnocabfcf
y cvirsbüo
cvirsbüo ca rbis`n
Cpuistn c qui io tu crkcrbn mcy caùoc priofc lcrc y fi lcabfcf, qui ti
ùstc kulmn. Lno istc rnpc ti sbiotis ispilbcakioti hbio,
hbi o, rbofis kãs io
ia trchcjn/istufbn y lucofn ti ac pnois, ti kntbvcs cutnkãtblckioti.
R, sbo ikhcr`n, rcrc viz ac uscs. Ac ùcrfcs pcrc ‑nlcsbnois‛ ispilbcais.

Lucotn kãs lcrc y cprilbcfc sic ac priofc, kions ac uscs. An kbskn
nlurri lno acs jnycs n lno ans rianjis. I bolausn lno ans lnlmis.
Istn is chsnautckioti brrclbnoca (cvirsbüo ca rbis`n). Kuy mukcon. Ons

fc kbifn qui si rnkpc, qui si kcolmi n qui si istrnpii.
Is filbr, `cstckns kulmn fboirn io ca`n qui vckns c utbabzcr kuy pnln.
R usckns botiosbvckioti an hcrctn, lutri y fis`cstcfn ‑pnr sb clcsn‛.
¾Tnr sb clcsn quâ>
Istcrãs fi cluirfn io qui an ‑rclbnoca‛ sirëc ixprbkbr ca kãxbkn an

an kijnr
qui tio`ckns y qui ons mcli ‑giablis‛, qui sclc an kijnr fi onsntrns. Io
ntrcs pcachrcs, fihirëcs aaivcr sbikpri tus kijnris rnpcjis…
Io risukio: snkns brrclbnocais y tioikns uo kbifn ca rbis`n qui yc on

is útba io ans tbikpns knfirons pcrc snhrivbvbr. Tnr isn ons fc kbifn ac
hnasc.
Tirn…ac hnasc is ia cltbvn kãs riotchai mbstürblckioti. Is uo milmn.
Lcrans @caão Xuhbn <4

Ilmc uo vbstczn c isti `rãgbln:
Ac `rãgblc kuistrc ia lrilbkbiotn fi 3 füacr fisfi ia cón 3=44 mcstc

ouistrns fëcs. \nhrco acs pcachrcs, ¾on ti pcrili> \b muhbircs bovirtbfn $3
io nrn, mny tiofrëcs $70, sb muhbircs iai`bfn ans hnons tiofrëcs kãs fi
$<6.444…
$<6 .444…
¾R sb tu tctcrchuian gui cquia ‑anln‛ qui filbfbü bovirtbr uo füacr, ¡uo

kësirn füacr (3$ fi 3=44 is iqubvcaioti c 84,9=$ fi mny io fëc) !, io
cllbnois>
Tuis iotnolis, quirbfn ckb`n, mny sirëcs KYAVBKBAANOCXBN. ¡Lcsb 8=
kbaanois fi füacris io tu hnasbaan (iqubvcaiotis c 3,< kbaanois fi $ fia
cón 3=44)!
Is an qui tbioi bovirtbr fnofi ocfbi qubiri, ‑crrbis`crsi‛ rclbnocakioti

y fijcr ca botirâs lnkpuistn fispai`cr tnfc su kc`bc furcoti 844 cóns.
Tnr isn ti fb`n qui istcr bovirtbfn io hnasc

hnas c is nhab`ctnrbn. Mcy fikcsbcfn
qui `cocr. Ouistrc tiofiolbc octurca c ivbtcr ia rbis`n ons puifi scabr
<3 BOFITIOFËZCVI FI TCTÃ I\VCFN

fikcsbcfn lcrc. An rclbnoca is bovirtbr ia fboirn qui ON oilisbtis c lnrtn
paczn io cquia au`cr fnofi si mc fiknstrcfn qui kãs lrili: io hnasc.
¡Sui
¡Sui on ti io`cóio!
Vnfcs acs bovirsbnois si rbìo pnr ia trbãoùan fi ac riotchbabfcf-
abqubfiz-siùrbfcf. Tcrc lnosiùbr ‑kãs‛ fi uoc fi istcs tris
prnpbifcfis mcy qui pirfir fi uoc fi acs ntrcs fns.
Tnr ijikpan, uoc luiotc lnrrbioti tbioi 344% fi abqubfiz (pirgiltn),

prãltblckioti 344% fi siùrbfcf (pirgiltn), pirn 4% fi riotchbabfcf
(kuy kca).
\b quirikns `cocr ca`n fi riotchbabfcf (fb`ckns uo 3%) fihirikns

lnotrctcr uo fipüsbtn c paczn, pirn c lckhbn fi pirfir ca`n fi abqubfiz
(ons lnkprnkitikns c on ritbrcr ia fboirn furcoti uo tbikpn).
\b quirikns tnfcvëc kãs riotchbabfcf (fb`ckns =%) pnfikns bovirtbr io

hnasc, pirn iotnolis tioikns rbis`n fi pirfir fboirn (si pbirfi
siùrbfcf‛).
Istc tchac an fikuistrc: c kcynr rbis`n/vnactbabfcf (kionr siùrbfcf fi

ac bovirsbüo), kcynr riofbkbiotn ispircfn.
R istn nlurri lno VNFC\ acs bovirsbnois. Mcy nlcsbnois io acs qui
‑pcrili‛ qui pnfikns scatcrons istc aiy uobvirsca y lriikns istcr coti
uoc ‑`co`c‛: ‑uo fipüsbtn, c prbnrb sbo cpiocs rbis`n, qui ngrili ia =% fi
riotchbabfcf.‛ ¾Is pnsbhai> Furcoti uo tbikpn pcrilëc qui së. Aui`n si

fisluhrbü qui isi fipüsbtn qui pcrilëc ac pcoclic, si aackchc prigirioti
y së tioëc rbis`n. R kulmn. R cfikãs ioluhbirtn.
Ca`n pcrilbfn is an qui sulifbü lno ans pc`crâs fi Ouivc Xukcsc qui si
couolbchco io tiaivbsbüo. Caaã pnr 8442, lucofn ans hcolns on pc`chco
kãs fi uo 8-<%
8-<% fi botirisis pnr uo fipüsbtn, uoc ikprisc ‑süabfc y
fbvirsbgblcfc‛, lno ‑kãs fi 3.944 kbaanois fi iurns fi gclturclbüo‛ y qui
c`rupchc ‑kcrlcs aëfiris lnkn Laisc, Fmua n Lclcnact‛ ngrilëc mcstc uo
34% fi botirisis. ‑Yoc bovirsbüo siùrc y riotchai, 344% `crcotbzcfc‛.
Ca kions, isn filëc ia spnt puhablbtcrbn. Ca`n on iolcjchc…
… y ia ristn is mbstnrbc. Ac ikprisc si filacrü io qubihrc y ans bovirsnris

pirfbirno su fboirn.
Is filbr, sbikpri qui ti ngrizlco ca`n qui ngrili kulmc riotchbabfcf

lnosbfircofn ac abqubfiz y rbis`n qui lnoaaivc, FI\LNOGËC .
Úoblckioti mcy fns gnrkcs fi scatcrsi isti prbolbpbn fi ac bovirsbüo:
3. Vbiois kulmn fboirn (pnr iolbkc fi 3 kbaaüo fi iurns) y, pnr

tcotn, cllisn c kijnris prnfultns (kijnr iluclbüo riotchbabfcf-
siùrbfcf-abqubfiz) qui ia lnkúo fi ans knrtcais.
8. Vbiois kulmn VBIKTN pnr fiacoti pcrc bovirtbr. Âstc is ac lacvi

pcrc ia piquión bovirsnr lnkn tú y lnkn yn. Ia tbikpn
‑irnsbnoc‛ ia rbis`n fi ac hnasc. Csë pnfrãs tioir uo prnfultn ‑sbo
(kulmn) rbis`n‛, qui rbofi ca =% couca (mbstürblckioti).
<< BOFITIOFËZCVI FI TCTÃ I\VCFN

Istc tchac is chsnautckioti lacvi pcrc iotiofir ac gbansngëc fi isti
abhrn. Tnr isn is yc ac siùofc viz qui ti ac iosión c an acr`n fia ab
abhrn.
hrn. Vi
cobkn c qui ac bkprbkcs y ac pno`cs c ac vbstc mcstc qui ti lnoviozcs fi
qui is nhab`ctnrbn bovirtbr io hnasc.
Lnkn puifis vir io ac tchac, sb bovbirtis c uo cón vbstc, ti puifis

iolnotrcr fisfi `cocolbcs fi uo +9<% (344$ si lnovbirtio io 39<$) mcstc
pârfbfcs fi -<0% (344$ si lnovbirtio io 7<$). Is filbr, kulmn rbis`n,
kulmc vnactbabfcf.
vnactbabfcf. Tnr isn si fbli, lno rczüo, qui ‑ on fihis bovirtbr ia
fboirn qui vcycs c oilisbtcr c lnrtn paczn‛. Tnrqui puifis pirfir. R kulmn.
\b
fickpaëcs tu mnrbznoti
ans pirënfns fi bovirsbüo
fi 3299-8483 süan cmuhbircs
9 cóns, iapirfbfn
csuotn kijnrc: io ia pinr
33$ fi lcfc 344$
bovirtbfns, an luca yc ikpbizc c sir hcstcoti csukbhai.
Tirn ac kc`bc fi tnfn isti csuotn si kcobgbistc lnkpaitckioti io

TIXËNFN\ kãs ACX@N\: ilmc uo vbstczn c ac úatbkc gbac fi ac tchac. \b
istãs fbspuistn c kcotioir tu bovirsbüo furcoti
fu rcoti 89 cóns ac mbstnrbc istã
fi tu pcrti. Io ia pinr fi ans lcsns. Xipbtn: io ia TINX fi ans lcsns, ‑süan‛
mchrëcs `cocfn 909$ pnr lcfc 344$ bovirtbfns (+909% fi riotchbabfcf
r iotchbabfcf tntca
n uo =% fi riotchbabfcf kifbc couca).

R fi cmë mcstc ia ispiltcluacr +30% couca fi ac kijnr rclmc fi 89 cóns
pcrc ac hnasc (+9.444%): 344$ si lnovbirtio, trcs 89 cóns, io
i o kãs fi 9.444$.
¡Pnw!
Guioti: iachnrclbüo prnpbc lno ans fctns mbstürbln fia ëofbli \&T 944 Vntca Xituro (qui tbioi io
luiotc ans fbvbfiofns lnhrcfns).
Ac `cocolbc kifbc c acr`n paczn (89 cóns) istã io tnron ca +33,6% couca.
\bo ikhcr`n, virãs qui c an acr`n fia abhrn prigbirn sir lnosirvcfnr y
utbabzcr ac riotchbabfcf këobkc mbstürblc io acr`ns pirënfns fi 89 cóns
(+0/=%, vir sbùbioti `rãgbln).
Tnr sb clcsn ans sbùbiotis cóns sno pinris. Ca`n qui, io lucaqubir lcsn,
ON mcy kntbvns pcrc pioscr.

Guioti: iachnrclbüo prnpbc lno ans fctns mbstürbln fia ëofbli \&T 944 Vntca
Xituro (qui tbioi io luiotc ans fbvbfiofns lnhrcfns).
Tcrc prnguofbzcr io ac pntiolbc fi ac tchac y `rãgblns cotirbnris, puifis

ilmcr uo vbstczn c kb Kcstirlacss `rctubtc ”Bovirtbr sbo sir uo ixpirtn‒,
fnofi an ixpabln lno kãs fitcaai (io vëfin). \b cúo on an mcs milmn,
puifis br c www.lcrans`caco.oit y cllifir `rctbs ca «Ebt fi Xilursnsµ
Bofipiofëzcti lnkpaitn, qui bolauyi istc kcstirlacss.
?? Lnosbùi ia EBV `rctbs
¾R sb istcaac ac Virlirc @uirrc

@ui rrc Kuofbca> ¾R sb ia lnkuobskn
l nkuobskn si cpnfirc
fia kuofn> ¾R sb nlurri an kbskn qui io Jcpüo>

\ny lnoslbioti fi qui ti mi prisiotcfn uoc vbsbüo pcrlbca fia kuofn fi
ac hnasc. Mi liotrcfn ia coãabsbs io ia kirlcfn ckirblcon. On an mc`n pnr
pnr
lcprblmn. \no ans úoblns fctns c acr`n paczn fi ans qui fbspnoikns. Io
Ispcóc, pnr ijikpan, süan tioikns fctns fisfi 3223: fisfi iotnolis, ia
BHI] mc riofbfn cprnxbkcfckioti uo =% (bolauyiofn fbvbfiofns). Is
filbr, uoc riotchbabfcf sbkbacr c ac fia kirlcfn istcfnuobfiosi.
Ia lcsn fia FC] <4 caikão n fia Obeeib 889 jcpnoâs is sbkbacr:
riotchbabfcfis fia =% c acr`n paczn. Lnkn vis 344 iurns si lnovbirtio io
vcrbns lbiotns i bolausn kbais fispuâs fi uons lucotns cóns.
Ivbfiotikioti mcy ixliplbnois: ia prnpbn Jcpüo sugrbü uoc sivirc lrbsbs

fisfi gbocais fi ans cóns =4 y su ëofbli hursãtba, ia Obeeib 889, tnfcvëc
pirfëc uo <9% fi su vcanr 89 cóns fispuâs. Is filbr,
filbr , bolausn c acr`n paczn
si puifi pirfir sb on si fbvirsbgblc sugblbiotikioti. Tnr isn, lnkn ti
luiotn io ia sbùbioti lcpëtuan, rilnkbiofn bovirtbr i bovbirtn io ia
kuofn IOVIXN: fbvirsbgbln tntcakioti .
¾Suâ pcsc
pcsc sb ia k
kuofn
uofn si muofi>
Sui on ti quipc ac kionr fufc fi qui ac boistchbabfcf pnaëtblc kuofbca
lnotboucrã. \bikpri mikns vbvbfn io lnotbouc tiosbüo y ocfc bofblc qui
ac lnsc vcyc c lckhbcr. \b mcy uoc `rco ùirrc, acs hnascs kuofbcais
lcirão. Furcoti uons cóns pcrilirã qui ia gbo fia kuofn istã lirlc. R
fispuâs, brrikifbchaikioti acs cùcs vnavirão c su lculi, ac ilnonkëc
lnkiozcrã c lrilir virtb`bonsckioti ca lcanr fi ac oiliscrbc
rilnostrullbüo y acs hnascs vbvbrão uo pirënfn calbstc sbo prilifiotis.

R sb risuatc qui ia kuofn, istc viz së, si muofi n ia lnkuobskn si
bkpnoi… iotnolis ia fboirn qui pbirfcs io hnasc on bkpnrtcrã io
chsnautn.
¾Iss 344%
¾I 344% siùr
siùrnn qui ac hnasc
hna sc suhbrã
suhb rã c acr`n pacz
pa czn>
n>
C piscr fi ac ivbfiolbc mbstürblc, qui quifi lacrn, ON is siùrn qui ac
hnasc sbikpri suhc. An úobln siùrn io istc vbfc sno ac kuirti y ans
bkpuistns. Cmnrc hbio, sb fbvirsbgblcs kuofbcakioti is (lcsb)
BKTN\BHAI qui pbirfcs fboirn c acr`n paczn (89 cóns).
R sb istãs pirfbiofn, pnfikns istcr siùrns fi qui ia kuofn istã kuy,

kuy kca. R, pnr tcotn, siùrckioti, ac hnasc mchrã sbfn uo huio rigu`bn
pcrc tu fboirn. Vio io luiotc qui, lucofn bovbirtis io hnasc, bovbirtis
io oi`nlbns, io ikpriscs. R acs ikpriscs sno lnkpitbtbvcs pnr
figboblbüo y si cfcptco kuy rãpbfn c ans lckhbns fia kirlcfn.

\b acs lnscs vco kca, caùocs ikpriscs quihrcrão, pirn ntrcs scafrão
rignrzcfcs y ouivcs npnrtuobfcfis sur`brão. Io uo kcrln lcpbtcabstc, ac
ikprisc sbikpri `coc.
Ivbfiotikioti ocfbi schi an qui vc c pcscr y ia milmn fi qui on an

mcyckns vbstn io ia pcscfn on qubiri filbr qui ca`n on puifc sulifir io
ia guturn, pirn ans fctns y ia rcznockbiotn istão cmë. Fisfi 32<4 mikns
vbstn ia `rco lrcle fia 82, ac \iùofc @uirrc Kuofbca, ac ùirrc grëc, ac
lrbsbs fia pitrüain, ac lrbsbs fi acs puotnlnk y ac lrbsbs ànhca rilbioti
(8440-8434) . Hcstcoti knvbkbiotn.
(8440-8434). knvbkbiotn. R cuo lno tnfn, ac hnasc
hnas c si mc ripuistn
uoc y ntrc viz, gbia c su octurcaizc risbabioti.
VÚ FILBFI\.
Bovirtbr io hnas
hnasc:
c: uoc filbsbüo rclbnoca
r clbnoca
Isti csuotn ki riluirfc c ac gcknsc cpuistc fi Tcslca snhri ac filbsbüo
fi sb lriir n on io Fbns.
Lcrans @caão Xuhbn <=

\b sbkpabgblckns ia fihcti snhri ac ixbstiolbc fi Fbns c uoc sbkpai
luistbüo fi botirâs y prcltblbfcf, an rclbnoca is lriir qui Fbns ixbsti. On
si pbirfi ocfc (n ca`n fi tbikpn yiofn c kbsc y rizcofn) y ac rilnkpiosc
is kuy suluaiotc. \b ricakioti ixbsti, ia prikbn is ia lbian itiron. Fisfi
istc pirspiltbvc, an botiabìoti sirëc tioir gi io ac ixbstiolbc fi Fbns.
Hbio, ca`n pcrilbfn pbiosn io lucotn c sb bovirtbr io hnasc (ikpriscs) n

on. Io uo sbstikc lcpbtcabstc, acs ikpriscs scaio `cocofn. Tnr tcotn, sb
siùbkns vbvbiofn io uo kuofn lcpbtcabstc (an kãs prnhchai),
prnhc hai), `cocrikns
bovbrtbiofn io ikpriscs. R io lcsn fi qui ia kuofn lckhbi, iotnolis ia
fboirn pirfbfn on tiofrã kulmc bkpnrtcolbc.
Tnln qui pirfir y kulmn (kulmësbkn io ia kuy acr`n paczn) qui `cocr.
¾Tnr quâ utbabzc

utbab zcrr gnof
gnofns
ns fi bovirsbüo>
Yon puifi bovirtbr io ia kirlcfn hursãtba fi bogbobtcs gnrkcs: lnkprcr
cllbnois fi acs ikpriscs fbriltckioti, guturns, nplbnois, gnofns fi
bovirsbüo, IVG‒s (Ixlmcoì Vrcfif Guofs, sno gnofns qui lntbzco
fbriltckioti io hnasc, lnkn sb guirco cllbnois, lckhbcofn fi prilbn
lcfc siùofn) itl. Hcjn kb puotn fi vbstc, an kãs
k ãs igblbioti sno ans gnofns
fi bovirsbüo.
Ontc: ¾Suâ is ixcltckioti uo gnofn fi bovirsbüo>

Yo gnofn fi bovirsbüo is uoc bostbtulbüo fi bovirsbüo lnailtbvc (BBL).
Lnosbsti io c`rupcr ia fboirn fi kulmns bovirsnris lno ia nhjitbvn fi
cprnvilmcr acs ‑ilnonkëcs fi islcac‛. Is filbr, cprnvilmcrsi fi uo
kcynr tckcón y pnfir fi bovirsbüo. Csë is pnsbhai lnotrctcr uo ìstnr
prngisbnoca qui si iolcrùi fi kcoijcr acs bovirsbnois, fbvirsbgblcr y
chcrctcr ans lnstis.
¾Tnr quâ lrin qui ac gnrkc kãs igblbioti fi bovirtbr is c trcvâs

t rcvâs fi gnofns
fi bovirsbüo> Tnr luctrn kntbvns:
3. Tirkbtio fbvirsbgblcr gãlbakioti.

Ans gnofns bolauyio kulmcs cllbnois (onrkcakioti on bovbirtio
kãs fia <% fi ac lcrtirc io uoc snac ikprisc) y istc

fbvirsbgblclbüo ivbtcrã qui ti crrubois lnkn ki pcsü c kë lucofn
bovirtë tnfn kb fboirn io \nacrbc.
8. On tbioio lnkbsbnois ob fi lnkprc ob fi viotc ob fi

kcotiobkbiotn , pnr an qui pnfikns lnkprcr io piquiócs
lcotbfcfis (pnr ijikpan 84 n 94 n 344 iurns) fi gnrkc pirbüfblc
(kiosucakioti, pnr ijikpan).
<. Xibovbirtio ans hioigblbns y fbvbfiofns cutnkãtblc y
`rctubtckioti
6. \no igblbiotis gbslcakioti:
- Fnltnr ...
- ¾Tnfrëc ustif nhsirvcrons kbiotrcs tioikns riaclbnois
sixucais>
Ia kâfblniaquifc
tirkboc, fnltnruoaispnln
fbli:ctüobtn, pirn cliptc. Lucofn ac pcrijc
- On mcy ocfc fi kcan io ac gnrkc lnkn ustifis mclio
mclio ia cknr...
(R ais lnhrc 74₡ pnr ac lnosuatc).
Istn sulifbü vcrbcs sikcocs siùbfcs. Ac pcrijc mclëc uoc lbtc,
aai`chc, kcotioëc riaclbnois sixucais sbo prnhaikcs, pc`chc ca
fnltnr y scaëc.
Gbocakioti, uo fëc, ia fnltnr ais priùotc:
- ¾Suâ is ixcltckioti an qui ustifis istão
i stão huslcofn>
Ia pclbioti ai fbli:
- Iaac istã lcscfc y on pnfikns br c su lcsc. Rn istny lcscfn y on
pnfikns br c kb lcsc. Ia OM lnhrc =4₡... Ia Kiabã lnhrc 344₡.
Cquë an mclikns pnr 74₡. ¡R ia siùrn kâfbln ki fivuiavi 94₡!
¾Suâ pnfikns cpriofir fi istc `rclbnsc mbstnrbc> ¡Sui mcy qui cpriofir
cprio fir
c isqubvcr (ai`cakioti) c Mclbiofc! Is filbr, cprnvilmcrons fi acs aiyis
pcrc pc`cr pnlns bkpuistns.
¾Io quâ si trcfuli istn> Io utbabzcr ac viotcjc fi ans gnofns fi bovirsbüo.

R is qui ans gnofns sno trcspcschais c ntrns gnofns sbo oilisbfcf fi
trbhutcr io ia BXTG.

Ontc tâloblc: acs pausvcaëcs (`cocolbcs) ìoircfcs pnr ac lnkprc viotc
fi iaikiotns pctrbknobcais (cllbnois, gnofns y prnfultns gbocolbirns io
ìoirca) trbhutco boti`rãofnsi io ac hcsi
hc si fia cmnrrn (pc`cofn io tnron ca
84% fi bkpuistn, snhri ac `cocolbc/pausvcaëc). Ac gbslcabfcf vcrëc
prãltblckioti lcfc cón y is bkpnrtcoti istcr ca lnrrbioti pcrc pacobgblcr
acs bovirsbnois.
Tcrc boliotbvcr ac bovirsbüo y ribovirsbüo, ia `nhbiron ispcóna pnoi

gclbabfcfis pirkbtbiofn qui ans gnofns fi bovirsbüo si puifco
trcspcscr c ntrns sbo oilisbfcf fi trbhutcr . Io ntrns pcësis (lnkn
Istcfns Yobfns), istcs viotcjcs gbslcais si ixtbiofio c kãs prnfultns
(bolauyiofn acs cllbnois), pirn fi knkiotn io Ispcóc süan si hioigblbco
ans gnofns fi bovirsbüo.
Tcrc iotiofirons: supno`ckns qui lnkprcs uocs cllbnois fia

\cotcofir c 7 iurns y acs viofis c = iurns (qubzã pnrqui lnosbfircs qui
yc mcs `cocfn sugblbioti y cmnrc qubiris lnkprcr cllbnois fi
Viaigüoblc). Trbkirn fihirãs pc`cr pnr ac pausvcaëc fi 8 iurns ìoircfc:
cprnxbkcfckioti uo 84%, is filbr, 64 lâotbkns pnr cllbüo. \bo
ikhcr`n, sb lnkprcs uo gnofn c 7 iurns y an trcspcscs c ntrn gnofn
lucofn su lntbzclbüo calcozc ans = iurns (qubzã pnrqui lnosbfircs qui yc
si mc rivcanrbzcfn an sugblbioti y vis ntrn gnofn lno kcynr pntiolbca), ac
pausvcaëc quifcrã ‑actioti‛ y tnfcvëc on pc`cs bkpuistns. Istn si puifi
ritrcscr ‑sboi fbi‛, pirkbtbiofn qui tu lcpbtca sb`c cukiotcofn sbo pcscr
pnr ia gbsln. C acr`n paczn istn is KYR bkpnrtcoti pnrqui si ìoirc an
qui si lnonli lnkn ‑igiltn hnac fi obivi‛.
Ia igiltn ‑hnac fi obivi‛, lnkn yc mikns vbstn, lnosbsti io an sbùbioti:

sb tbrckns uoc hnac fi obivi pnr uoc acfirc
a cfirc oivcfc, âstc llnkbiozc
nkbiozc c rnfcr
y piquións lnpns lnkbiozco c cfmirbrsi, ca prbolbpbn fi kcoirc kuy
aiotc, lcsb bocprilbchai. Tirn ca pnln tbikpn ac hnac ikpbizc c `cocr kcsc
kcs c
y vianlbfcf lcfc viz kãs fiprbsc, fi gnrkc ixpnoiolbca. Csë mcstc
lnovirtbrsi io uoc `rco hnac fi obivi fi vcrbns eban`rckns fi pisn
rnfcofn c tnfc vianlbfcf acfirc chcjn.
\b lnkprcs y viofis cllbnois, pc`cofn bkpuistns y lnkbsbnois

lnotbouckioti, on mclis ntrc lnsc qui ritbrcr ans piquións lnpns fi
obivi, bkpbfbiofn qui ac hnac lrizlc. \bo ikhcr`n, sb utbabzcs gnofns fi
bovirsbüo pirkbtis qui ac hnac lrizlc mcstc qui risuatc bkpcrchai.

Wckns c vir uo lcsn prãltbln5 tbiois 3.444₡ qui bovbirtis io:
c) Cllbnois qui viofis c gboca fi lcfc cón pcrc lnkprcr ntrcs
h) Gnofns fi bovirsbüo qui trcspcscs c gboca fi lcfc cón c ntrn

gnofn
Ac riotchbabfcf couca pcrc ckhns is fia =% (ac riotchbabfcf kifbc fi ac

hnasc c acr`n paczn) y ia bkpuistn snhri acs pausvcaëcs fia 83%. Fijcs pcscr
64 cóns y isti is ia risuatcfn…
… ¡uo <2% fi fbgiriolbc! Yoc fbgiriolbc kuy bkpnrtcoti c gcvnr fia

gnofn fi bovirsbüo, qui on trbhutc pnr acs pausvcaëcs mcstc ia gboca,
gbo ca, lucofn
is viofbfn. Kbais fi iurns io jui`n. Vu nhjitbvn, pnr tcotn, is ritrcscr ia
pc`n fi bkpuistns an kãxbkn pnsbhai. R isn si lnosbùi utbabzcofn
gnofns fi bovirsbüo io au`cr fi lnkprcofn y viofbiofn fbriltckioti
cllbnois.
Mbac
bacofn
ofn gbon:
g bon: ti
t i prisiotn
prisiotn ans ggnofns
nofns bo
bofi
fixcfns
xcfns
\bkpabgblcofn hcstcoti, ixbstio fns tbpns fi gnofn, ia bofixcfn (huion,
hnobtn y hcrctn) y ia fi ìstbüo cltbvc (lcrn y fi lcabfcf kifbc/hcjc).
Ontc tâloblc: cotis fi ocfc, is oiliscrbn clacrcr ia lnoliptn fi ëofbli.

Yo ëofbli hursãtba c`rupc acs prbolbpcais ikpriscs lntbzcfcs fi uo pcës,
ri`büo n siltnr. Tnr ijikpan, ia BHI]-<9 is ia ëofbli fi rigiriolbc io
Ispcóc i bolauyi acs <9 kcynris ikpriscs ispcónacs lnkn Viaigüoblc,
Bofbtix n Hcoln \cotcofir. Ia Iurnstnxx-94, pnr su pcrti, is ia
iqubvcaioti iurnpin, bolauyiofn ikpriscs lnkn Lcrrignur, A‒Nrica n
Wnaeswcìo. Ia ëofbli kãs lnonlbfn fia kuofn is ia \&T944 qui rilnì
ia lnkpnrtckbiotn
bkpnrtcotis. fi fi
Ac ivnaulbüo acsuo ëofbli
944 ikpriscs istcfnuobfiosis
rigaijc ia ‑lnkpnrtckbiotn
‑lnkpnr kãs
tckbiotn kifbn

fia kirlcfn‛ pnrqui is uoc kifbc fia lnkpnrtckbiotn fi acs ikpriscs
qui an lnkpnoio. \b ac kcynrëc fi cllbnois ckirblcocs suhio fi prilbn,
iotnolis ia ëofbli \&T944 suhi. \i fbli, iotnolis, qui ia ‑kirlcfn
ckirblcon‛ istã suhbiofn.
Tnr sbkpabgblcr, c tnfns ans gnofns fi bovirsbüo si ais csbòc uo ëofbli fi

rigiriolbc5 puifi sir ia BHI]-<9 ispcóna, ia FC]-<4 caikão n uo ëofbli
siltnrbca lnkn ia ‑\VN]] 744 Cutnknhbais & Tcrts‛, qui rilnì ac
ivnaulbüo fi ikpriscs fifblcfcs ca siltnr fia cutnküvba lnkn HKP n
Kblmiabo.
Ia gnofn bofixcfn (fi ‑bofix‛ n ëofbli) sbkpaikioti tbioi

tbio i lnkn nhjitbvn
ripablcr c su ëofbli fi rigiriolbc y an lnosbùi ia 344% fi acs vilis (pnr
iaan, si`úo fbli ac tchac, ob `coc ob pbirfi vs. ia ëofbli). Tcrc iaan, ans
gnofns bofixcfns sbkpaikioti si fifblco c lnkprcr ixcltckioti acs
kbskcs ikpriscs qui lnkpnoio ia ëofbli: pnr ijikpan, ia BHI]-<9 istã
lnkpuistn pnr <9 ikpriscs. Tuis ia gnofn bofixcfn tbioi io su lcrtirc
cllbnois fi iscs <9 ikpriscs io ac kbskc prnpnrlbüo qui gnrkco ia
ëofbli. Fi istc kcoirc, sb ia ëofbli suhi uo 34%, ia gnofn bofixcfn suhbrã
uo 34%. R sb ia ëofbli lci uo 84%, ia gnofn lcirã uo 84%. \bo snrpriscs.
\bkpaikioti ‑sbùi ca ëofbli‛, si lnkpnrtc ixcltckioti bùca. Is uoc
‑râpablc‛ fia kirlcfn.

Is ia gnofn ‑fi kcrlc hacolc‛. Ia gnofn ‑ìoârbln‛.
‑ìo ârbln‛. Ia qui tnfn ia kuofn
fisprilbc pnrqui csuki qui uo kcynr prilbn (kcynris lnkbsbnois)
sbikpri sbòbgblc kcynr lcabfcf (kcynr riotchbabfcf), ca`n qui si mc
fiknstrcfn lnkpaitckioti bausnrbn, lnkn virikns c lnotbouclbüo.
Ia gnofn fi ìstbüo cltbvc (lnkn ac kcynrëc fi gnofns lnkirlbcabzcfns

pnr ans `rcofis hcolns) tbioi lnkn nhjitbvn supircr ca ëofbli fi
rigiriolbc. Mcy uo ìstnr prngisbnoca qui ìstbnoc ‑cltbvckioti‛ acs
pnsblbnois fia gnofn. Is filbr, mcy uo siónr (qui suiai
s uiai lnhrcr kuy, kuy
hbio) piofbioti acs 86 mnrcs fia kirlcfn. Tnr isc ìstbüo si pc`c uo
fboirn (ac kifbc suiai sir uo 3,9% couca fia pctrbknobn fipnsbtcfn io ia
gnofn, bofipiofbiotikioti fi qui `cois n pbirfcs, fi sb ia ìstnr mcli
hbio su trchcjn n on). Ia nhjitbvn is ‑hctbr ca ëofbli fi rigiriolbc‛. Is
filbr, mcliran kijnr qui ‑ac kifbc‛. \b ia ëofbli fi rigiriolbc (ia BHI]-
BHI] -
<9, ia Iurnstnxx-94 n ia qui lnrrispnofc) suhi uo 34%, ia nhjitbvn fia
ìstnr is lnosiùbr kãs fi uo 34%, siaillbnocofn úoblckioti acs
cllbnois fia ëofbli qui suhco kãs qui ac kifbc y ivbtcofn acs qui an
mc`co pinr.
Xilnonzlãknsan, io tinrëc tnfn istn tbioi siotbfn: mcy uo iqubpn

prngisbnoca qui istã piofbioti fi tu fboirn. Tnr tcotn, mcrã
mc rã acs lnscs hbio
y lnosiùbrã qui `cois kãs fboirn, aui`n is justn qui ai pcùis uoc
lnkbsbüo kcynr (uo 32% fi ac riotchbabfcf ispircfc vs. 6% io ia
bofixcfn) pnr iaan. Is filbr, io tinrëc pc`cs kãs, pirn kirili ac pioc
pnrqui lnosbùis kijnris riotchbabfcfis. \bo ikhcr`n… istn on is tco
siolbaan.
Io prbkir au`cr, fi gnrkc tiürblc, is BKTN\BHAI qui ans gnofns fi

bovirsbüo ìstbnocfns cltbvckioti io su lnojuotn supirio ca kirlcfn.
¾Tnr quâ>
\upno`ckns qui ia 94% fia fboirn qui mcy io ac hnasc istã ìstbnocfn
pnr gnofns bofixcfns (hcrctns, lno uoc lnkbsbüo fia 4,<%
4,< % couca) y ia ntrn
94% pnr gnofns fi ìstbüo cltbvc (lcrns, lno uoc lnkbsbüo fia 3,9%
couca). \b ia ritnron kifbn couca mbstürbln fi ac hnasc is ia =%, cquiaans
qui nptcrno pnr ia gnofn bofixcfn, nhtiofrão, fi kifbc uo 0,0% couca
(=% kions 4,<%). Ans qui nptcrno pnr ia gnofn fi ìstbüo cltbvc
nhtiofrão, fi kifbc, uo 7,9% couca (=% kions 3,9%).

\bikpri mchrã caùons qui iabjco hbio n tio`co
tio`c o suirti y nhtio`co uo 39%
couca furcoti vcrbns cóns (vâcsi ia lcsn fi Histbovir fisfi ans cóns 24
mcstc 8436). Tirn ac kifbc sb ti filcotcs
filcotcs pnr uo gnofn fi ‑ìstbüo cltbvc‛
sirã uo 7,9%, ‑on mcy tu tëc‛, is kctikãtblc purc y furc. Tnr an tcotn,
mchrã ìoti qui mcyc nhtiobfn uoc riotchbabfcf kuy hcjc (<% pnr
ijikpan) n bolausn mcyc pirfbfn fboirn. Io ntrcs pcachrcs,
pcachrcs , tnfn cquia qui
on lnosb`c clirtcr lno uon fi ans 8 ü < kijnris gnofns (fi iotri lbiotns),
istã nhtiobiofn kions qui an qui lnosiùbrëc lno uo gnofn bofixcfn.
Xisukbiofn: sb iabìs gnofns fi ìstbüo cltbvc ikpbizcs lno uoc lacrc

FI\WIOVCJC istcfëstblc.
Cfikãs, acs ìstnrcs fi gnofns

gn ofns ‑cltbvns‛, qui sno kuy abstcs, jui`co lno
ia ‑sis`n fi supirvbviolbc‛ ( survbvnrsmbp hbcs, io boàâs). ¾Suâ qubiri
filbr istn>
¾Vi cluirfcs fi lucofn ircs obón y ‑navbfchcs‛ mchacr fi acs kcacs ontcs,
pirn pri`nochcs nrùaansn acs huiocs> Tuis ixcltckioti isn mclio acs
ìstnrcs.
\b uo gnofn tbioi uo pcr fi cóns kcans, fiscpcrili . Acs ìstnrcs an

lbirrco. Kitio ac hcsurc hcjn ac cagnkhrc. Lno ia pcsn fia tbikpn
úoblckioti snhrivbvio cquiaans gnofns qui an mclio kifbcockioti
hbio, ans qui lnosbùio `cocr kãs fboirn qui ia kirlcfn. R, pnr
supuistn, acs istcfëstblcs si iachnrco lno ans fctns fbspnobhais:
¡úoblckioti fi ans gnofns huions, ans qui cúo vbvio! R istns gnofns
puifio sir huions pnr sbkpai istcfëstblc. Is pirgiltckioti pnsbhai qui
mcyco snhrivbvbfn pnr czcr y on pnr su lcabfcf ¾Vi fcs luiotc cmnrc fi ac
pirvirsbüo fi isti oi`nlbn> OYOLC ti gëis fi ans fctns fi uo gnaaitn qui
ti ngrizlco io ia hcoln.
¾Ikpbizcs c iotiofir lükn guolbnoc istc bofustrbc> On bkpnrtc qui ans

prnfultns sico kcans. Lucofn si fisluhrc, ac lnkbsbüo yc istcrã lnhrcfc
y c scavn. Ac riputclbüo si acvc lno uo pnln fi kcreitbo` botiabìoti y ac
ruifc lnotboúc `brcofn.
Lnkn mikns vbstn, sb iabìs uo gnofn fi ìstbüo cltbvc ‑kifbn‛ istcrãs

pirfbiofn fboirn vs. ac nplbüo fia gnofn bofixcfn:

Cquë tbiois ans fctns ikpërblns: ia ëofbli (io isti lcsn ia \&T 944
onrtickirblcon) rbofi 3,36 puotns pnrliotucais kãs qui ia gnofn kifbn.
Is filbr, sb filbfis bovirtbr io uo gnofn ‑cltbvn‛ io au`cr fi uon
‑bofixcfn‛, ti istão rnhcofn fboirn. 3,36% on pcrili kulmn. Tirn c
acr`n paczn istn is kulmn, kulmësbkn fboirn. Xiluirfc ia ‑igiltn hnac
fi obivi‛.
Ijikpan prãltbln:
Bkc`boc qui Juco, fi 89 cóns bovbirti 344 iurns kiosucais

kiosu cais (ac lbgrc is uo
kirn ijikpan, on bkpablc qui tú fihcs bovirtbr ac kbskc lcotbfcf) mcstc
su juhbaclbüo, c ac ifcf fi 79 cóns. Iabì utbabzcr uo gnofn fi ìstbüo
cltbvc, lno uoc lnkbsbüo fia 3,9% couca (qui, on navbfikns, riprisiotc
ia 32% fi ac riotchbabfcf ispircfc fia =%).
Tchan, pnr su pcrti, mcrã an kbskn, pirn mc aiëfn isti abhrn y nptc pnr uo
gnofn bofixcfn, lno uoc lnkbsbüo kulmn kionr, fia 4,<% couca
(riprisiotc süan ia 6% fi ac riotchbabfcf ispircfc fia =%).
\upuistn: Ac riotchbabfcf kifbc fi ac hnasc is fia =%.

= %. Lnkn mikns vbstn
cotirbnrkioti, Juco nhtiofrã uoc riotchbabfcf oitc fia 7,9% (=%-3,9%)
kbiotrcs qui Tchan nhtiofrã uo 0,0% (=%-4,<%).

¡\nrprisc! Tchan fbspnoi fi =9.444 iurns kãs qui Juco. ¡Yoc fbgiriolbc
ocfc fisfióchai! Yo <=% fi fbgiriolbc. Tcrc piosãrsian fns vilis.
¾Subiris pcrilirti c Tchan n c Juco>
Ontc: ixtrcpnacr acs lcotbfcfis fi ac tchac is siolbaan. Mikns supuistn

344₡ fi bovirsbüo, pirn sb qubiris lnonlir luãotn nhtiofrëcs sb bovbirtis
94₡, kuatbpablc acs lcotbfcfis nhtiobfcs pnr 4,9. \b qubiris lnonlir
luãotn nhtiofrëcs bovbrtbiofn 644₡, kuatbpaëlcac pnr 6. R csë
sulisbvckioti.
Muyi fi ac cvcrblbc.
cvcrblb c. On botiotis iolnotr
ioln otrcr
cr i
iaa gnofn
gn ofn
istriaac.
Is pnsbhai qui lucofn ti filbfcs c bovirtbr pbiosis: ‑Ai vny c fijcr kb
fboirn ca KIJNX ìstnr. Âa ki mcrã `cocr kãs pnrqui is IA KIJNX‛. Tuifi
qui isti rcznockbiotn guolbnoi io ntrns lckpns, pirn fisfi aui`n on
puifi cpablcrsi io ia kuofn fi ac bovirsbüo.
¾Lükn vcs c bfiotbgblcr ca kijnr> ¾Suâ lrbtirbn vcs c utbabzcr>
Tcrc bfiotbgblcr c uo huio ìstnr, uon pnr ia qui kirizlc ac pioc pc`cr
kãs (¡lboln vilis kãs!), fihirãs tioir uo lnonlbkbiotn bùca n kcynr
qui âa snhri bovirsbnois. R sb âsi is tu lcsn on tiofrëc siotbfn
si otbfn pc`cr pcrc
qui caùbio mc`c an qui tú schis mclir kijnr.

Ac ìoti si ùëc pnr ‑acs riotchbabfcfis
riotchbabfcfi s pcscfcs‛ n ‑trcle rilnrf‛. Kulmns
pbiosco: ‑\b isti gnofn mc `cocfn kãs qui ac kifbc furcoti ans úatbkns 9 n 34
cóns, is huion, y, pnr tcotn,
tco tn, siùbr
siùbrã
ã hctbiofn ca kirlcfn io ia guturn. Lnogbcrâ
L nogbcrâ
io âa.‛
Vi vny c fcr uo fbsùstn: ¡istn ON is lbirtn!
Furcoti ac fâlcfc fi ans cóns 04, ans 84 kijnris gnofns `cocrno uo 32%
couca, kulmn kãs qui ia 34% kifbn. Ia bovirsnr boìoun piosü: ‑Istn on
puifi sir
sir lcsucab
lcsucabfcf.
fcf. \b mco ``cocfn
cocfn uo 32%
32% ca cón furcoti
furcoti 34
34 cóns, siùbrão
siùbrão
nhtiobiofn kijnris riotchbabfcfis
riotchbabfcfis‛.
‛.
¡Tuis ON! Furcoti ac sbùbioti fâlcfc nhtuvbirno uoc riotchbabfcf

sbkbacr (bolausn ca`n bogirbnr) c ac fia kirlcfn.
¾Suâ pcsü furcoti ac fâlcfc fi ans 24> Ac kbskc mbstnrbc:
Io ac kbskc aëoic puifis vir qui c acr`n paczn (39 cóns) kuy pnlns
gnofns (kions fia =%) lnosbùio mcliran kijnr qui su ëofbli fi
rigiriolbc:

¾Cúo qubiris kãs>
Ia riputcfn ìstnr istcfnuobfiosi Hbaa Kbaair pcrilëc boviolbhai io 8449

lucofn aaivchc 39 cóns lnosilutbvns hctbiofn ca kirlcfn. Furcoti ans
sbùbiotis 9 cóns su gnofn gui uo fiscstri: pirfbü uo <7% kbiotrcs qui
ia ëofbli suhbü uo 3<%.
Vnfns istns fctns si rigbirio ca kirlcfn istcfnuobfiosi pirn on pbiosis

qui io Ispcóc/Iurnpc acs istcfëstblcs sno fbgiriotis. \b qubiris, puifis
ilmcr uo vbstczn ca istufbn (an iolnotrcrãs rãpbfckioti io @nnài) fi
Tchan Giroãofiz y Tchan Abocris (BI\I Husboiss \lmnna) snhri ac
riotchbabfcf fi ans gnofns fi bovirsbüo io Ispcóc fisfi 8443 c 8437.
Acs prbolbpcais lnolausbnois fia istufbn sno:
Ac riotchbabfcf kifbc fi ans gnofns fi bovirsbüo io Ispcóc io ans

úatbkns 39 cóns (8,<8%) gui bogirbnr c ac bovirsbüo io hn
hnons
ons fia istcfn ispcóna
c 39 cóns (9,80%) y c ac bovirsbüo io ia BHI] <9 (9,86%).
\üan 82 gnofns fi ans 7<8 lno 39 cóns tuvbirno uoc riotchbabfcf
supirbnr c ac oi`ctbvc.
riotchbabfcf fi ans hnons fia istcfn c 39 cóns y c ac fia BHI] <9. 8= tuvbirno
Xisukbiofn:
Yo gnofn fi bovirsbüo c prbnrb ‑kcòëgbln‛ furcoti 34 cóns sirã
prnhchaikioti uo gnofn kifbn furcoti ans sbùbiotis 34. Rn
pirsnocakioti ikpizcrëc c istcr riactbvckioti siùrn fi ac lcabfcf fi
uo gnofn fispuâs fi, ca kions, 84 cóns fi ‑kuy huions risuatcfns‛.
Tnlns gnofns cùcotco io ac lristc fi ac nac furcoti tcotn tbikpn.
Tirn caùon mcy. \bo ikhcr`n, aai`cfns c isti puotn lrin qui ia rbis`n fi
bovirtbr io iaans yc on lnkpiosc su ispiltcluacr riotchbabfcf cotirbnr. Is

pnsbhai qui ac kc`bc fia ìstnr istâ prüxbkc c c`ntcrsi fispuâs fi tcotns
cóns fi âxbtn (on sirëc ac prbkirc viz). Vckhbâo is prnhchai qui ia ìstnr
yc istâ c puotn fi juhbacrsi.
Cfikãs, ia âxbtn fia gnofn mchrã ctrcëfn kulmn fboirn. R yc schikns an

qui pcsc lucofn mcy kulmn fboirn fi pnr kifbn: Trnhaikcs. ¾Suâ
nlurrbü io 8436 lno Histbovir (ia gnofn kãs ixbtnsn io Ispcóc furcoti
ans úatbkns 84 cóns)> Tuis ixcltckioti isn. Trnhaikcs iotri ac ikprisc
(@rupn Cllbnoc) y ia ìstnr istriaac fia gnofn (Grcolbsln Tcrckâs), qui
prnvnlcrno su kcrlmc.
Kurbiofn fi âxbtn:
Io kulmcs nlcsbnois, ans gnofns lno kijnris risuatcfns tbioio uoc
viotcjc lnkpitbtbvc:
ln kpitbtbvc: si ispilbcabzco io uo oblmn fi kirlcfn lno pnlc
lnkpitiolbc. \i fifblco c acs cllbnois kions siùbfcs pnr acs kcscs. Is
filbr, lnkprco ikpriscs piquiócs bogrcvcanrcfcs c acs qui ia kirlcfn
on pristc ctiolbüo y ispirco c qui suhco. Csë lnosbùio riotchbabfcfis
kuy pnr iolbkc fi ac kifbc.
¾Tirn quâ nlurri sb tbioio kulmn âxbtn> Tuis qui kulmns bovirsnris
clufio c iaans, ctrcëfns pnr acs huiocs riotchbabfcfis pcscfcs. R lucofn
ia ìstnr fihi bovirtbr lcfc viz kãs fboirn fi ans ouivns pcrtëlbpis yc on
puifi uscr ac kbskc istrcti`bc pnrqui on mcy sugblbioti vnaukio io ia
kirlcfn. Tbirfi su viotcjc lnkpitbtbvc. R iotnolis ac riotchbabfcf fi
istns gnofns lci. R, cfikãs, acs lnkbsbnois fi istns gnofns istriaac (8-
<%) sno kulmn kcynris qui acs fi ac kifbc (3,9%), c`rcvcofn acs
pnsbhais lnosiluiolbcs.
Bolausn io ia mbpntâtbln lcsn fi qui ti `crcotbzcsio qui, bognrkãofnti

furcoti tnfns ans fëcs furcoti uoc mnrc (aiyiofn pirbüfblns
ispilbcabzcfns y gnrns), sirãs lcpcz fi iolnotrcr cón trcs cón gnofns
huions y pirkcoilir io ac lristc fi ac nac, ¾an mcrëcs>
Vnfn tbioi uo lnsti: ia prbkirn is ac prinlupclbüo. \bikpri vbvbrãs lno

ac coùstbc fi qui tu gnofn istriaac si lnovbirtc io uoc lctãstrngi io ans
prüxbkns kisis. R siùofn y kãs bkpnrtcoti, istcrãs pirfbiofn kulmn
tbikpn: <79 mnrcs ca cón. Isti tbikpn tbioi uo vcanr brrilupirchai
(ilnoükbln n on) qui istãs pirfbiofn. Vú filbfis.

¾Subiri tnf n istn filbr qu
¾Subiri quii on m
mcy
cy OCFBI
OCFBI lcpcz fi
hctbr ca kirlcfn furcoti acr`ns pirënfns>
On sirâ yn qubio fb`c isn. Fi milmn, pbiosn qui së mcy ìstnris qui
ricakioti kirilio ac pioc y lnosiùbrão fcr riotchbabfcfis
istrctnsgârblcs, kuy pnr iolbkc fi acs fia kirlcfn.
kirl cfn. R fi iotri iaans, uons
an lnosiùbrão pnr czcr y ntrns pnr sus mchbabfcfis. Tirn… ouolc
istcrikns siùrns fi su lcpclbfcf. R ouolc schrikns luãofn
l uãofn fijcrão fi
lukpabr.
Ia rbis`n fi iqubvnlcrsi is fikcsbcfn catn. Io uo 22% fi ans lcsns vcs c

iai`br kca. Csë qui iabì ac nplbüo KIFBNLXI, ia gnofn bofixcfn . Yoc
kifbnlrbfcf qui ‑`crcotbzc‛ uo =% couca. \bo isguirzns ob
prinlupclbnois.
Hiofbtc kifbnlrbfcf…
kifbnlrbfcf…
\b on puifis lno
ln o tu
t u ioikb`n
ioikb`n,, úoiti c âa.
âa. Cpr
Cpriofi
iofi c uscr
ac psblnan`ëc
psblnan `ëc c tu gcvnr
\upno`n qui c istcs caturcs ikpbizcs c fcrti luiotc fi qui isti abhrn
pcrili trctcr snhri gbocozcs, pirn io ricabfcf mchac fi psblnan`ëc.
¾Vi mcs fcfn luiotc fi qui ons clnstukhrckns hcstcoti rãpbfn c ans
lckhbns>
Fispuâs fi ilnoükbln
lrilbkbiotn fâlcfcs fiypiourbcs,
pioscknsiolcfiockns
qui snkns ans uons
riyis cóns fi rãpbfn
fia kuofn, qui
ju`ckns io ac ‑Lmckpbnos Aicùi‛.
Ons suhio ia suiafn uo ]%, ons cai`rckns ia prbkir kis y ca siùofn

vnavikns c ouistrn istcfn nrb`boca fi giablbfcf.
\b kcócoc ti suhio ia suiafn, qubzã ti kufis c uo pbsn ca`n kcynr n

lnotrctis uoc tiaivbsbüo fi pc`n qui ouolc tiofrãs tbikpn fi utbabzcr.
\bkpaikioti mchrãs cukiotcfn tus `cstns prnpnrlbnocakioti y tnfn
siùbrã bùca. Vu vbfc on mchrã kijnrcfn ricakioti. Bolausn, io ans

huions tbikpns, uo cukiotn fi suiafn pnfëc aai`cr c sir bolausn
lnotrcprnfulioti, ikpujãofnti c fiufcs.
¾Suâ pnfikns cpriofir fi istn> ¾Lükn utbabzcr isti sis`n psblnaü`bln io

ouistrn prnpbn hioigblbn>
Io prbkir au`cr y riaclbnocfn lno ac bovirsbüo: utbabzc uo sbstikc

CYVNKÃVBLN pcrc bovirtbr (kãs cfiacoti ti luiotn lükn
bkpaikiotcran). Yo sbstikc qui, abtircakioti, ti qubtc ia fboirn ia fëc
fispuâs fi lnhrcran. Is lnkn sb ouolc an muhbircs tiobfn. Lnkn uo
bkpuistn, lnkn uoc gclturc. Subzã ia prbkir kis ti ‑fuiac‛ istc ‑hcjcfc
fi suiafn‛, pirn ti clnstukhrcrãs io pnln tbikpn. Tnrqui snkns csë, ons
cfcptckns rãpbfn. Istã io ouistrc octurcaizc.
Io siùofn au`cr, riluirfc: sb tbiois ac suirti fi nhtioir uoc suhbfc fi

suiafn io ia guturn, kcotâo ac lchizc grëc. Fcti uo lcprblmn (puotuca)
pirn on cukiotis tus `cstns kiosucais (rilurriotis). On ti lckhbis c uo
pbsn kãs `rcofi sb on an oilisbtcs. On ti lnkpris uo lnlmi lcrn qui
ricakioti on qubiris. Fistboc tnfc n ac kcynr pcrti fi ac suhbfc c tu paco
fi bovirsbüo y clârlcti uo pnln kãs c ac abhirtcf gbocolbirc.
Ia kuofn
ku ofn ca rivâs:
rivâs: ¡caâ
caâ`rcti
`rcti sb tu
tuss bovirsbnois
bov irsbnois lci
l cio
o io
hnasc!
Bkc`boc qui ikpbizcs c bovirtbr MNR.
M NR. R justn mny, ans pinris cuùrbns si
lukpaio, ac boistchbabfcf kuofbca cukiotc y acs hnascs lnkbiozco uo
lblan hcjbstc sbo prilifiotis. Ans tiaifbcrbns chrio bognrkcofn fi acs
guirtis hcjcfcs fëc së y fëc tckhbâo. Ca lchn fi uo cón istãs pirfbiofn ac
kbtcf fi an bovirtbfn. Ikpbizcs c fufcr. ¾Fihirëcs viofir cmnrc y
ispircr tbikpns kijnris> Acs pirspiltbvcs on puifio sir pinris. ‑¡Ia
kuofn si muofi! Istc
I stc viz is fbgirioti.‛
Fijc qui ti fb`c 8 lnscs:
3. Istc viz ON I\ FBGIXIOVI. Acs cùcs vnavirão c su lculi tcrfi

n tikprcon y ac hnasc rilupircrã ans obviais cotirbnris tcrfi n
tikprcon (y onrkcakioti cotis fi an privbstn).

8. Acs lcëfcs guirtis sno ac kijnr ontblbc pcrc ia bovirsnr
pclbioti, botiabìoti y LNO YO TACO fi bovirsbüo c acr`n paczn .
R on an fb`n yn, an fbli ia kbskësbkn Pcrrio Huggit:
‑\b tbiois pioscfn lnkir mckhurùiscs furcoti tnfc tu vbfc y on iris

`cocfirn, ¾quâ prigirbrëcs,
prigirbrëcs, qui suhc ia prilb
prilbnn fi ac tiroirc n qui hcji>
\b vcs lnkprcr uo lnlmi lcfc x cóns, pirn on iris uo gchrblcoti fi lnlmis, ¾quâ
prigirbrëcs, qui suhco n qui hcjio ans prilbns> Istcs priùotcs si lnotistco
snacs.‛
Ac bovirsbüo io hnasc/ikpriscs, si`úo ti ac pacotin, is ixcltckioti an

kbskn. Vi botirisc lnkprcr an kãs hcrctn pnsbhai, pnrqui
pnrqu i vcs c lnkprcr
furcoti tnfc tu vbfc. Csë qui, ¡caâ`rcti lucofn ac hnasc si muofc! Fi ac
kbskc gnrkc qui ti cai`rcs lucofn ac lnkbfc n ac `csnaboc hcjco fi
prilbn.

Lcp ëtu
tuaa n 9
Bovbrtbiofn:
Lnkprcofn ia kuofn IOVIXN
¾ ükn ti siotbrëcs sb guisis prnpbitcrbn fi, fb`ckns, IA KYOFN

L
IOVIXN> Io sirbn, fuión fi ac kcynrëc fi `rcofis ikpriscs fia kuofn.
Fuión fi Cppai, fi \cksuo`, fi Lnlc Lnac, fi Cfbfcs, fi ac pitrnairc HT,
fi `rcofis gcrkclâutblcs, fi ikpriscs actbonckirblcocs qui ob sbqubirc
lnonlis…
On sâ tú. Rn ki siotbrëc (y ki sbiotn) kuy trcoquban. Kuy trcoquban fi

schir qui tio`n pcrtblbpclbnois io ac ilnonkëc fi tnfn ia kuofn (fisfi
IIYY y Iurnpc pcscofn pnr ilnonkëcs ikirìotis fi Csbc n
Actbonckârblc) y io tnfns ans siltnris (hcolns, ioir`ëc, lnosukn,
gcrkclâutblcs…). \b mcy uoc `rco lrbsbs, fisfi aui`n qui kbs bovirsbnois
sugrbrão, pirn istcrâ trcoquban pnrqui kb fbvirsbgblclbüo is ixliaioti. On
puifi br tnfn kca, sbikpri mcy pcësis, siltnris n ikpriscs lnolritcs qui
si scavco: sb c Istcfns Yobfns ai vc kca, c Lmboc puifi brai hbio. \b c acs
lnkpcóëcs pitrnaircs ais vc kca (pnr ijikpan, pnrqui ia pitrüain lci), c
acs cirnaëoics (luyn prbolbpca lnsti is ia pitrüain) ais puifi br hbio. \b c
Cppai ai vc kca, c Kblrnsngt n \cksuo` puifi brais hbio.
Lucofn tu ckb`n prisukc fi sir cllbnobstc fi Viaigüoblc, Bofbtix

Bof btix u ntrcs
kãs ixütblcs lnkn Vnyntc, Tgbzir n A@, on vcs c pnfir ivbtcr snoriër,
lnoslbioti fi qui istn on sno ocfc kãs qui acs kb`cjcs
kb`cj cs fi tu bkpirbn. Ca
gbo y ca lchn, iris fuión... ¡fia kuofn iotirn!

Tuis hbio, istn istã c tu calcoli. Tnr uo lnsti këobkn , mcy uons siónris
qui si iolcr`co fi lnkprcr cllbnois (pcrtblbpclbnois) fi tnfcs istcs
ikpriscs y fispuâs ikpcquitcracs c trcvâs fi gnofns fi bovirsbüo pcrc
qui tnfns pnfckns cllifir c iaacs.
C ac mnrc fi bovirtbr ànhcakioti, âstc is ac istrulturc qui yn tio`n io ac

lchizc:
XIOVC WCXBCHAI (Hnasc):
▪ Tcësis fiscrrnaacfns:
Istcfns Yobfns / Onrtickârblc, Iurnpc y Jcpüo (+ Nlicoëc)
▪ Tcësis ikirìotis:
Csbc ikirìoti, Actbonckârblc, (Ãgrblc) y
(caùons pcësis fi Iurnpc fia Isti)
XIOVC GBJC (Hnons)

▪ Xiotc gbjc fi `nhbirons (hnons fia Istcfn):
Fi fbstbotns pcësis fia kuofn
▪ Xiotc gbjc lnrpnrctbvc (hnons ikbtbfns pnr ikpriscs):

Fi fbstbotcs ikpriscs fia kuofn
Ontc: Fbgiriolbc iotri riotc gbjc y riotc vcrbchai: si aackc prnfultns fi

riotc gbjc c hnons/aitrcs qui tbioio uo riofbkbiotn ‑gbjn‛: uons botirisis
y uoc fivnaulbüo fia lcpbtca privbckioti pcltcfns io uocs gilmcs
lnolritcs. Ans bostrukiotns fi riotc vcrbchai (acs cllbnois), pnr ia
lnotrcrbn, tbioio uo riofbkbiotn ‑vcrbchai‛, bolbirtn: on schikns quâ
lcotbfcf pc`crã ac ikprisc io gnrkc fi fbvbfiofn ob tckpnln luãotn
vcafrão acs cllbnois io ia guturn. Tnr ia kcynr rbis`n qui lnoaaivc, ac
riotc vcrbchai is kãs riotchai qui ac riotc gbjc c acr`n paczn.
Ontc 8: cquiaans gnofns io luyn onkhri cpcrizlc ac pcachrc Iqubty n \tnle

sno fi riotc vcrbchai (Iqubty sbòbgblc riotc vcrbchai io boàâs y \tnle,
cllbnois) y cquiaans qui lnotio`co ac pcachrc ‑hnof‛ n ‑gbxif bolnki‛
sno fi riotc gbjc.

Lnkn sbikpri, uoc lnsc is ac tinrëc y ntrc ac prãltblc. R ac bfic is qui
isti abhrn mchai snhri tnfn fi ac prãltblc. Sui sic útba y ti sbrvc pcrc
bovirtbr. Tnr iaan ti fb`n qui on is tco siolbaan (ob sbikpri lnoviobioti)
ripablcr ca fifbaan ac istrulturc qui pacotin. Tnr ijikpan, is kuy fbgëlba
iolnotrcr gnofns qui bolauyco ikpriscs cgrblcocs lntbzcfcs io hnasc
(pnrqui cpiocs mcy). Cuoqui istn on ki prinlupc. R on ki prinlupc
pnrqui ac bkpnrtcolbc kuofbca fi acs hnascs ikirìotis tnfcvëc is hcjc
(84% cprnx: vir tchac c lnotbouclbüo).
Xicakioti pbiosn qui mcy qui quifcrsi lno ac bfic fi bovirtbr

ànhcakioti y on quifcrsi ctcslcfn io ans fitcaais y io ac pirgillbüo.

C `rcofis rcs`ns, cquë puifis vir ac fbstrbhulbüo fi ac bkpnrtcolbc fi acs
hnascs kuofbcais pnr ri`büo. R fi ac bkpnrtcolbc fi ac riotc gbjc fi
`nhbirons vs. Ikpriscs.
Tnr tcotn, uoc gnrkc sbkpai fi bovirtbr ànhcakioti (‑lcrtirc piquióc

fi Bofixc Lcpbtca‛) is utbabzcr fns gnofns bofixcfns ànhcais:
3) Wcoùcrf @anhca \tnle Bofix (Hnasc ànhca) y
8) Wcoùcrf @anhca Hnof Bofix (Xiotc gbjc ànhca).

3. Yo gnofn qui luhrc ac riotc vcrbchai lcsb kuofbca (bolauyi
Onrtickârblc, Iurnpc, Nlicoëc y Csbc fiscrrnaacfc5 an luca
riprisiotc ia =4% fia vnaukio hursãtba ànhca).
Ia Wcoùcrf @anhca \tnle Bofix Guof (B\BO BI44H4<MF323) is

ia gnofn c trcvâs fia luca pnfikns sir cllbnobstcs fi acs
ilnonkëcs fiscrrnaacfcs fia kuofn (Onrtickârblc, Iurnpc,
Nlicoëc). Xipablc ca ëofbli ‑K\LB Pnraf‛ lno uons `cstns
Jcpüo y Nlicoëc).
kuy hcjns, fi snan ia 4,3=% couca (n 4,33% io su lacsi
bostbtulbnoca). Isti ëofbli istã lnkpuistn pnr uocs 3.744
ikpriscs fi 8< pcësis fiscrrnaacfns (Custrcabc, Custrbc, Hâa`blc,
Lcocfã, Fbockcrlc, Gboacofbc, Grcolbc, Caikcobc, Mno` Eno`,
Bracofc, Bsrcia, Btcabc, Jcpüo, Mnacofc, Ouivc Ziacofc, Onrui`c,
Tnrtu`ca, \bo`cpur, Ispcóc, \uilbc, \ubzc, Xibon Yobfn y Istcfns
Yobfns).
Ontc bkpnrtcoti: ¾Suâ is ac ‑lacsi‛ fia gnofn>:
\b ti gbjcs, io ac tchac mi bolaubfn fns lnkbsbnois.

lnkbsbno is. Ac prbkirc is ac
lnkbsbüo fia gnofn fi lacsi ‑onrkca‛ n ‑ritcba‛ (pcrc lucaqubir
bovirsnr fisfi bkpnrtis kuy hcjns). Tnr sb qubiris lnkprcr
fbriltckioti ia gnofn, sbo botirkifbcrbns.
\bo ikhcr`n,
ikhcr`n, ans gnofns suiaio tioir su virsbüo ‑bostbtulbnoca‛,
iognlcfns c `rcofis bovirsnris (lno këobkns fi bovirsbüo fi
kbaanois fi iurns). Yoc fi acs viotcjcs fi bovirtbr c trcvâs fi uo
rnhncfvbsnr (ìstnr cutnkctbzcfn) is qui cllifikns
fbriltckioti c istns gnofns ‑pcrc rblns‛ lno kionris lnkbsbnois

(cprnx 4,49% kions). Kãs snhri istn io ia lcpëtuan 7.
8. Yo gnofn fi riotc gbjc fi `nhbirons . Ia Wcoùcrf @anhca Hnof

Bofix (BI44H3=@L===) luhri cprnxbkcfckioti ia 24% fi ac
riotc gbjc kuofbca ikbtbfc (cquiaac ikbtbfc pnr `nhbirons fi
kulmns pcësis fia kuofn, tcotn fiscrrnaacfns lnkn
ikirìotis). Ia gnofn ripablc ca ëofbli Hcrlacys @anhca C``ri`cti
Ganct Cfjustif Hnof Bofix. Isti ëofbli pnofircfn istã fbsiócfn
pcrc rigaijcr ia uobvirsn tntca fi ans prbolbpcais kirlcfns
ànhcais fi hnons fi ikpriscs, fi `nhbirons n tbtuabzclbnois fi
catc lcabfcf lrifbtblbc lno violbkbiotns supirbnris c uo cón. Ia

gnofn bovbirti io uons =.444 hnons fi tnfn ia kuofn y ia gnofn
luhri ia rbis`n fi acs fbgiriotis fbvbscs mclbc ia iurn. Vbioi uons
lnstis fi 4,39% couca (n 4,34% io su lacsi bostbtulbnoca).
Úoblckioti lno isns fns gnofns puifis guolbnocr pirgiltckioti.

Xiluirfc qui ac fbvirsbgblclbüo istã io ia lnotiobfn fi ans gnofns: io acs
pcrtblbpclbnois qui lnotio`c. R istns gnofns lnkprco pcrtblbpclbnois
pc rtblbpclbnois io
kbais fi ikpriscs/hnons fi `nhbirons.
Ontc: Subzã ti istâs priùotcofn quâ is ia B\BO. Kuy siolbaan, is ia

‑oúkirn fi bfiotbfcf‛ fi uo gnofn fi bovirsbüo. Lno âa ti sirã kãs gãlba
anlcabzcr ia gnofn sb ti botirisc, pirn onrkcakioti lno ia onkhri sirã
sugblbioti.
Istns fns gnofns gnrkco pcrti fi ‑ ac lcrtirc piquióc (kions fi 34.444

iurns)‛ qui prnpnoi Bofixc Lcpbtca,
Lcpbtca, lno fbgiriotis pisns io uo gnofn u
ntrn io guolbüo fi tu pirgba fi rbis`n (vir sbùbioti lcpëtuan).
Wckns c vir tckhbâo ‑ac lcrtirc kifbcoc (iotri 34.444 y 344.444 iurns)‛,
lno mcstc 0 gnofns fi bovirsbüo:

Ac riotc vcrbchai quifc luhbirtc pnr mcstc 6 gnofns (fipiofbiofn fia
pirgba fi rbis`n):
3. Wcoùcrf Y.\. 944 \tnle Bofix Guof (BI44<8387769)

\bùi ca ëofbli \T944, lnkpuistn pnr acs 944 ikpriscs
istcfnuobfiosis kãs bkpnrtcotis. Lnkbsbüo couca fia 4,34%
(4,47% io lacsi bostbtulbnoca).
8. Wcoùcrf Iurnpico \tnle Bofix (BI44402=0724)
Isti gnofn ripablc ca ëofbli K\LB Iurnpi, lnkpuistn pnr acs 664
kcynris ikpriscs fi ans prbolbpcais pcësis iurnpins. Vbioi uoc
lnkbsbüo fia 4,38% couca (4,4=% io lacsi bostbtulbnoca).
<. Wcoùcrf Jcpco \tnle Bofix Iur Bostbtutbnoca (BI44408=74<7)

Isti gnofn bovbirti io ia K\LB Jcpco, lno uo lnsti fia 4,37%
couca (4,38% io lacsi bostbtulbnoca). Lno <32 cllbnois, ia ëofbli
luhri cprnxbkcfckioti uo =9% fi ac lcpbtcabzclbüo fi isti
kirlcfn. Acs prbolbpcais pnsblbnois fia gnofn sno Vnyntc,
Kbtsuhbsmb YGJ y \ngthcoe @rnup.
6. Wcoùcrf Ikir`bo` Kcreits \tnle Bofix Guof (BI44<30=7727)

C trcvâs fi isti gnofn pnfikns pcrtblbpcr fia lnkpnrtckbiotn
fi acs ilnonkëcs ikirìotis (tcotn pcrc hbio lnkn pcrc kca).
Ia gnofn ripablc ca ëofbli ‑K\LB Ikir`bo` Kcreits‛, gnrkcfn pnr
=44 lnkpcóëcs fi 8< pcësis ikirìotis (Hrcsba, Lmbai, Lmboc,
Lnankhbc, Xipúhablc Lmilc, I`bptn, @rilbc, Muo`rëc, Bofbc,
Bofnoisbc, Lnric, Kcacsbc, Kâxbln, Tirú, Gbabpbocs, Tnanobc,
Xusbc, Sctcr, \ufãgrblc, Vcbwão, Vcbacofbc, Vurquëc y Ikbrctns
Ãrchis Yobfns). Vbioi uoc lnkbsbüo fia 4,8<% couca (4,37% io
lacsi bostbtulbnoca).
Ac riotc gbjc tckhbâo quifc luhbirtc pnr mcstc < gnofns (fipiofbiofn fia
pirgba fi rbis`n):
3. Wcoùcrf Iurn @nvirokiot Hnof Bofix Guof (BI4440608224)

Isti gnofn bovbirti io hnons fi pcësis fi ac znoc Iurn (Grcolbc,
Btcabc, Caikcobc, Ispcóc, Hâa`blc, Mnacofc, Custrbc, Tnrtu`ca,

Bracofc, Gboacofbc…). Vbioi uoc lnkbsbüo fia 4,38%
4,38% couca (4,47%
io lacsi bostbtulbnoca).
8. Wcoùcrf Iurnznoi Bogactbno-Aboeif

Hnof Bofix Guof (BI44H46@SX86)
Isti gnofn bovbirti io hnons fi pcësis fi ac znoc Iurn, lno ac
pcrtbluacrbfcf fi qui sno hnons luyn botirâs y prbolbpca istão
ab`cfns c ac bogaclbüo . Suâfcti lno ac bfic fi qui is uo gnofn
pnrqui ti prntiì grioti c ac bogaclbüo . Lnkn tnfn
‑kuy siùrn‛, pnrqui
io ia kuofn gbocolbirn, istc siùrbfcf ‑si pc`c‛ io gnrkc fi
kionr riotchbabfcf ispircfc. Vbioi uoc lnkbsbüo fia 4,38%
couca (4,47% io lacsi bostbtulbnoca).
<. Wcoùcrf Iurn Bovistkiot

@rcfi Hnof Bofix Guof (BI44H46GGJ66)
Bovbirti io hnons fi ikpriscs iurnpics snaviotis. Vbioi uoc
lnkbsbüo fia 4,38% couca (4,4=% io lacsi bostbtulbnoca).

Ac mbstnrb
mbst nrbc
c XIL
XILBI
BIOV
OVI:
I: ia lnkpnr
lnk pnrtckbiotn
tckbiotn fi istc
lcrtir
lcr tirc
c fisfi
fis fi 8443 c 8483
8483
\upno`ckns qui c prbolbpbns fia cón 8443 (3 fi ioirn fi 8443),
muhbârckns ikpizcfn c bovirtbr sbùbiofn ia iognqui pacoticfn mcstc
cmnrc (lcrtirc kifbcoc, supnoikns uo pirgba fi rbis`n kifbn “ 7/34 “ vir
kãs io ia sbùbioti lcpëtuan). ¾Suâ mchrëckns nhtiobfn>

Bovbrtbiofn 344 iurns ca kis furcoti 83 cóns (8443 c 8483), c <3 fi
fblbikhri fi 8483 tiofrëckns 90.703 iurns. On istã ocfc kca, ¾virfcf>
Rc istcrëckns `cocofn <8.603₡
<8.603₡ (cotis fi bkpuistns) n uo 382% fi
riotchbabfcf. Yo =,8% fi riotchbabfcf kifbc couca.
Ontc: On is oiliscrbn qui bovbirtcs 344 iurns ca kis. \üan is uo ijikpan.

Tuifis mcliran lno kions fboirn (sbo këobkn). Tcrc schir luãotn
vcafrëc tu lcrtirc fi bovirsbüo sb, pnr ijikpan, muhbircs bovirtbfn 94
iurns ca kis (io au`cr fi ans 344₡ fia ijikpan), fbvbfi acs lbgrcs iotri fns.
\b muhbircs bovirtbfn 844 iurns ca kis, kuatbpablc pnr fns y csë
sulisbvckioti (944 iurns, pnr 9, itl.).
Ontc 8: io ia lcsn fi ac lcrtirc piquióc, ia lnkpnrtckbiotn gui

prãltblckioti bfâotbln.
Io ia prüxbkn lcpëtuan ti ixpabln lükn bkpaikiotn yn istc istrcti`bc

i bovbirtn kis c kis, pcsn c pcsn.
Ac bkpnrtcolbc fi bovirtbr pirbüfblckioti

p irbüfblckioti
(Fnaac
Fnaacrr Lnst Cvirc`bo` )
On ki qubirn ixtiofir kulmn snhri isti puotn ob ixpablcran fi kcoirc

kuy tâloblc. \ë qubirn qui ti quifis lno istc bfic: bovirtbr
pirbüfblckioti (pnr ijikpan, kis c kis) is pnsbtbvn y ìoircakioti
kãs riotchai.
Ac tâloblc fi fnaacr lnst cvirc`bo`, pnr rbkhnkhcoti qui suioi, lnosbsti

siolbaackioti io bovirtbr uoc lcotbfcf gbjc fi iurns fi gnrkc pirbüfblc
(pnr ijikpan, kis c kis).
An huion is qui `crcotbzc qui lnkprcs kãs pcrtblbpclbnois hcrctcs y

kions lucofn ac hnasc istã catc. Is uoc gnrkc sbkpai fi prntiìrti fi
tus iknlbnois. Rn ac utbabzn y pbiosn qui istc istrcti`bc fi lnkprcs
pirbüfblcs is ispilbcakioti útba sb iris uo bovirsnr iknlbnoca y an pcscs
kca lno acs lcëfcs fia kirlcfn. \b tbiois uoc fbslbpaboc fi lnkprc
pirbüfblc ‑ti nhab`cs‛ c supircr tu kbifn
kbifn n cvcrblbc.

Ijikpan: sb tnfns ans kisis bovbirtis 344 iurns y uoc pcrtblbpclbüo io uo
gnofn ] tbioi uo prilbn fi:
Kis 3: 84 iurns/pcrtblbpclbüo
Kis 8: 34 iurns/pcrtblbpclbüo
C sbkpai vbstc, qubzã pbiosis qui tu prilbn kifbn fi lnkprc is fi 39

iurns. \bo ikhcr`n, on is csë.
Ia kis 3, mchrãs lnkprcfn: 344/84 iurns; 9 pcrtblbpclbnois c 84 iurns.
Ia kis 8, mchrãs lnkprcfn: 344/34 iurns; 34 pcrtblbpclbnois c 34 iurns.
Io tntca tbiois 39 pcrtblbpclbnois c uo prilbn kifbn fi 844/39; 3<,<

iurns
Is filbr, mcs lnkprcfn

lnkprcfn ‑pnlcs pcrtblbpclbnois lcrcs‛ y ‑kulmcs
pcrtblbpclbnois hcrctcs‛. ¡Kuy hbio!
¾Tnr quâ bovbirtn

bov birtn io i
iaa kuofn
k uofn
(caa kions
(c k ions ia fiscrrnaacfn) iotirn>
Ispcóc riprisiotc io tnron ca 3-8% fia TBH y 3% fia vnaukio hursãtba
kuofbca. Tnr iaan pbiosn qui on is rcznochai bovirtbr úoblckioti io kb
pcës. Ob sbqubirc süan io Iurnpc.
Tnr ntrn acfn, pbiosn qui, sb bovbirtis tcotn io ia kuofn fiscrrnaacfn

lnkn io ia ikirìoti, ìobca (lcrtirc kifbcoc). Cuoqui pbiosn qui is
sugblbioti
uoc lcrtirclno bovirtbryio
piquióc onikpriscs
ti qubirisfilnkpablcr
ilnonkëcskulmn.
fiscrrnaacfcs sb tbiois
Acs ilnonkëcs
fiscrrnaacfcs riprisiotco ac kcynrëc (ia =4%) fia vnaukio fi ac hnasc
kuofbca y acs ikpriscs ckirblcocs, iurnpics n jcpnoiscs yc istão
ixpuistcs c ans kirlcfns ikirìotis: tbioio oi`nlbns y viotcs io isns
pcësis. Tnr ijikpan: Cppai on süan viofi io IIYY/Iurnpc, sbon qui uoc
pcrti bkpnrtcoti fi su oi`nlbn istã yc io Lmboc y Actbonckârblc. Tnr
iaan, bovbrtbiofn c trcvâs fi istcs ikpriscs, si lnosbùi istcr
bofbriltckioti ixpuistn tckhbâo c ans kirlcfns ikirìotis.
Tnr iaan, bovbrtbiofn c trcvâs fi istcs ikpriscs, si lnosbùi istcr

bofbriltckioti ixpuistn tckhbâo c ans kirlcfns ikirìotis

¾Luãotn bbovirt
¾Luãotn ovirtbr
br io riotc
riot c vcrbchai (hna
(hnasc)
sc)
y luãotn
l uãotn io riotc gbjc ((hnon
hnons)>
s)>
Istn fipiofi fi tu ifcf, fi tu cvirsbüo ca rbis`n y fi tu sbtuclbüo
pirsnoca. Vbiois qui iolnotrcr ia pnrliotcji lno ia qui ti sbiotcs
lüknfn, qui ti pirkbtc fnrkbr pnr ac onlmi sbo prinlupclbnois.
Vckhbâo fihis priùotcrti:
priùotcrti: ‑¾fiotrn fi luãotns cóns oilisbtcrâ
oilisbtcrâ ia
fboirn>‛
Lnkn qubirn qui ia abhrn sic an kãs prãltbln pnsbhai, cquë tbiois uoc
gürkuac cprnxbkcfc pcrc schir luãotc riotc vcrbchai vs gbjc iai`br (pcrc
uo pirgba fi rbis`n ‑oiutrn‛ n kifbn):
Ia pacotickbiotn is ia sbùbioti: kbiotrcs uon is ‑jnvio‛ an kijnr is

pnoir tnfc ac lcroi io ia cscfnr (kãs riotc vcrbchai) pnrqui mcy tbikpn
pcrc rilupircrsi sb mcy lcëfcs guirtis. Fi milmn, is an kijnr qui puifi
pcscr: lcëfcs guirtis pcrc clukuacr pcrtblbpclbnois y cprnvilmcr ac
suhbfc.
Tirn is bkpnrtcoti br rifulbiofn ia rbis`n (riotc vcrbchai) lnognrki

ln ognrki si
clirlc ac juhbaclbüo. Io lcsn lnotrcrbn lnrrikns ia rbis`n fi qui
justckioti ac hnasc sugrc lcëfcs guirtis uons cóns cotis fi ouistrc
juhbaclbüo y ac kbtcf fi ouistrns cmnrrns si isgukio. Ac bfic is br
trcspcscofn `rcfucakioti riotc vcrbchai (kãs vnaãtba y ‑crrbis`cfc‛) c
riotc gbjc (kãs trcoqubac).
Vnfns istn is pcrc uoc pirsnoc lno uo pirgba fi rbis`n kifbn n ‑oiutrn‛.
\bo ikhcr`n, sb on ti ùstc ia rbis`n, qubzã qubircs bovirtbr fisfi jnvio
uo pnrliotcji kcynr fi tu lcrtirc io riotc gbjc. N, ca lnotrcrbn, puifi
qui, cuoqui tu ifcf bofbqui qui ‑fihirëcs tioir‛ kãs riotc gbjc, tú istâs
lüknfn lno kãs rbis`n (qubzã pnrqui tbiois uo pctrbknobn n uo suiafn

catns y istchais). \bâotiti lüknfn. Is ac úoblc kcoirc fi qui tu bovirsbüo
sic snstiobhai io ia tbikpn.
Yoc lns
lnscc kãs:
kãs: Ia rihcacolin
rihcacolin n ric
r icjus
justi
ti
Tcrc abkbtcr ia rbis`n fi acs bovirsbnois y nptbkbzcr ac riotchbabfcf ti
prnpno`n qui ‑rihcacoliis/ricjustis‛ tu lcrtirc. Io ntrcs pcachrcs,
csi`úrcti fi qui tu lcrtirc on si fisvëc fi ans pnrliotcjis qui tú mcs
istchailbfn.
Tnr ijikpan, supüo qui filbfis bovirtbr ia 94% fi tu lcrtirc io ia gnofn

3 y ia 94% io ia gnofn 8. \b c gboca fi cón ia gnofn 3 si mc lnkpnrtcfn
kijnr qui ia gnofn 8, ia gnofn 3 riprisiotcrã kãs fia 94% fi kb lcrtirc
(pnr ijikpan 99%) y ia gnofn 8 uo 69%. Tcrc fivnavir ans pnrliotcjis
nrb`bocais, fihirãs trcspcscr uoc pcrti fia gnofn 3 ca 8. R csë si ristchaili
ia 94%-94%.
Tnr ijikpan, c gboca fi cón virãs io

i o tu luiotc qui ia gnofn 3 tbioi uo vcanr
tntca fi 994₡ y ia gnofn 8 fi 694₡. Tnr tcotn, trcspcscrãs (riluirfc qui on
is an kbskn qui viofir, an luca bkpablcrëc pc`cr bkpuistns) 94₡ fisfi ia
gnofn 3 ca gnofn 8. Vrcs istc npirclbüo, ac lcrtirc quifc
rihcacolicfc/ricjustcfc (94%-(94%-94%):
94%): 944₡ io ia gnofn 3 y 944₡ io ia
gnofn 8.
Fi istc kcoirc ons csiùrckns fi ‑viofir an lcrn‛ (riactbvckioti) y

‑lnkprcr an hcrctn‛ (riactbvckioti). C acr`n paczn istn cócfbrã uo ixtrc
fi riotchbabfcf c tu lcrtirc y fbskboubrã ia rbis`n . Ivbfiotikioti isti
pacotickbiotn si hcsc io ac lriiolbc fi qui ocfbi schi an qui nlurrbrã io
ia guturn, ocfbi schi sb ia gnofn 3 si lnkpnrtcrã kijnr n pinr qui ia gnofn
8. On tioikns uoc hnac fi lrbstca.

¾Luãofn rihcacolicr/ricjustcr tu lcrtirc>
3. Lcfc cón, lnognrki lukpacs cóns. Is huion ricjustcr ac lcrtirc

uoc viz ca cón pcrc br cjustãofnac c tu ifcf.
8. Lucofn tu lcrtirc si fisvëi ]% fi tus pnrliotcjis istchailbfns.

Vckhbâo puifis nptcr, on süan pnr ricjustcr uoc viz ca cón, sbon
lcfc viz qui tu lcrtirc si fisvëi uo ]% (pnr ijikpan, uo <%) fi
ans pnrliotcjis fisicfns. Mclir istn kcoucakioti sirëc kuy
tifbnsn y on ti an rilnkbiofn. Caùons botirkifbcrbns (lnkn ia
qui yn utbabzn y ti prisiotcrâ io ia sbùbioti lcpëtuan) si iolcr`co
fi mcliran cutnkãtblckioti. Istn is kuy botiriscoti y puifi
cócfbr uo 4,6% ixtrc fi riotchbabfcf couca.
Ntrns gnofns bofixcfns

bofixcfns
Mcstc cmnrc ti mi mchacfn fi ans gnofns io ans qui yn bovbirtn. Cquë ti
prisiotn ntrns gnofns bofixcfns fbspnobhais. Trbolbpcakioti ixbstio <
ìstnrcs fi gnofns bofixcfns fbspnobhais io Ispcóc:
• Wcoùcrf
Mcstc 8437 ans gnofns bofixcfns fi Wcoùcrf (ac kcynr ìstnrc
fia kuofn) on istchco fbspnobhais io Ispcóc pnr acs këobkcs
lnkbsbnois qui tbioio (y pnr iaan cpiocs sno riotchais pcrc ans
botirkifbcrbns). Io ìoirca, sno ans kijnris gnofns bofixcfns
(tbioio
(tbioio kionr lnkbsbüo
lnkbsbüo y sbùio fi gnrkc kãs gbia c sus ëofblis).
• Ckuofb
• Tbltit

Gnofns fi
f i riotc vcrbchai (Hna
(Hnasc)
sc)
Fi pcësis fiscrrnaacfns
Ckuofb Bofix Iqubty Iurnpi (AY4<=2=33==9)
Isti gnofn ripablc ca ëofbli K\LB Iurnpi qui bolauyi c uocs 664
ikpriscs fi ans prbolbpcais pcësis iurnpins. Vbioi uoc lnkbsbüo
fia 4,<4% couca.
Ckuofb Bofix Iqubty Iurn (AY4<=2=33<08)

Bùca qui ia cotirbnr, pirn lno ac scavifcf fi qui süan bolauyi ans
pcësis fi ac znoc Iurn. Ixlauyi, pnr tcotn, ikpriscs subzcs,
onrui`cs y hrbtãoblcs. Kbskc lnkbsbüo: 4,<4% couca.
Ckuofb Bofix Iqubty Onrtm Ckirblc (AY4<=2=38<60)

\bùi ca ëofbli K\LB Onrtm Ckirblc, lnkpuistn pnr uocs 074
ikpriscs fi IIYY y Lcocfã. Lnkbsbüo couca fia 4,39%.
Ckuofb Bofix Tclbgbl ix Jcpco (AY4<2403096<)

Bovbirti io ia ëofbli K\LB Tclbgbl ix Jcpco, lnkpuistn pnr uocs
394 ikpriscs fi Custrcabc, Mno` Eno`, Ouivc Ziacofc y \bo`cpur.
Rn on an rilnkbiofn pnr isti kntbvn: istã pnln fbvirsbgblcfn
(úoblckioti 394 ikpriscs fi süan 6 pcësis ‑piquións‛). Lnkbsbüo
couca fia 4,<4%.
Fi pcësis ikirìotis
Ckuofbsbkbacr
Gnofn Bofix ca
Ikir`bo`
yc vbstn Kcreits
Kcreits (AY42273003<6)
Wcoùcrf Ikir`bo` Kcreits \tnle Bofix
Guof , cuoqui fi ac ìstnrc Ckuofb (riotchbabfcf ca`n kionr).
Lnkbsbüo fia 4,69% couca.

Gnofns fi riotc gbjc (Hn
(Hnons)
ons)
Gnofns fi riotc gbjc fi `nhbirons
Ckuofb Bofix @anhca Hnof IYX Mf` (AY4<=2=382<<)
Isti gnofn bovbirti io hnons fi 3< pcësis fiscrrnaacfns
(Custrcabc, Hâa`blc, Lcocfã, Fbockcrlc, Grcolbc, Caikcobc,
Btcabc, Jcpüo, Mnacofc, Ispcóc, \uilbc, Xibon Yobfn y Istcfns
Yobfns). Vbioi uoc lnkbsbüo fia 4,<9% couca.
Gnofns fi riotc gbjc fi ikpriscs

Ckuofb Bofix Hnof Iurn Lnrp (AY3494672<70)
Isti is ntrn gnofn fi riotc gbjc lnrpnrctbvc. C fbgiriolbc fia
prisiotcfn cotirbnrkioti (Ckuofb Bofix @anhca Hnof) qui
bovbirti io hnons fi pcësis, âsti bovbirti io hnons fi ikpriscs
iurnpics ‑snaviotis‛ (lcabgblcfcs pnr acs cìolbcs fi rctbo`
rctbo` lnkn
‑bovistkiot `rcfi‛).
Tristcr fboirn c ikpriscs is ca`n kãs ‑crrbis`cfn‛ qui mcliran c

`nhbirons pnr an qui isti gnofn tbioi uo pirgba fi kcynr rbis`n
qui ia ‑Ckuofb Bofix @anhca Hnof‛, cuoqui fi kions
lnkpcrcfn lno ans fi riotc vcrbchai. Lnkbsbüo couca fia 4,<9% y
këobkn fi 844 iurns.
Ontc snhr
snhrii lnkbsbnois
lnk bsbnois fi ans gnofns
gn ofns fi bovirsbüo
bov irsbüo
Acs prbolbpcais lnkbsbnois fi ans gnofns fi bovirsbüo sno:
▪ Lnkbsbüo fi ìstbüo. An qui lnhrc ac ìstnrc pnr ìstbnocr ia

pctrbknobn fia gnofn. Io ans bofixcfns istã iotri 4,47%-4,<4%.
Âstc is ac lnkbsbüo prbolbpca.
▪ Lnkbsbüo fi fipnsbtcrbn. Yoc piquióc lnkbsbüo lnhrcfc pnr ia

hcoln io ia qui si fipnsbtc ia pctrbknobn fia gnofn. Iotri 4% y
4,34% couca.

▪ Lnkbsbüo snhri risuatcfns. Caùons gnofns, cfikãs fi acs
lnkbsbnois cotirbnris lnhrcr uo pnrliotcji fi ans hioigblbns
(84% onrkcakioti). Istn on nlurri lno ans gnofns bofixcfns.
\üan lno caùons gnofns fi ìstbüo cltbvc.
▪ Lnkbsbüo fi suslrbplbüo y riikhnasn. Caùons gnofns lnhrco

uoc lnkbsbüo pnr iotrcr n scabr fia gnofn. Istc lnkbsbüo is, hcjn
kb puotn fi vbstc, rbfëluac. Is kuy pnln griluioti.
Acss lnk
Ac lnkbsbnois
bsbnois fi ans gnofns
g nofns bofi
bo fixcfns
xcfns
Io ìoirca io ans gnofns bofixcfns y io ans rnhncfvbsnrs n ìstnris
cutnkctbzcfns (kãs snhri istn io ia sbùbioti lcpëtuan), ti vcs c
iolnotrcr < lnkbsbnois:
▪ Lnkbsbüo fi ìstbüo fia prnpbn gnofn : 4,47% c 4,<4%
▪ Lnkbsbüo fi lustnfbc: 4,34 c 4,84%
▪ Lnkbsbüo fi ìstbüo fia botirkifbcrbn (ìstnr cutnkctbzcfn):

4,39 c 4,94%
¾Suâ
¾Suâ is ia VIX>
Is pnsbhai
is ia Vntca qui, ca mchacr
Ixpiosi Xctbnfi lnkbsbnois
. Is fia gnofn,
filbr, lcaluac ti mchaio
ac lnkbsbüo fiafia
tntca VIX. Istn
gnofn.
VIX ; \ukc fi tnfcs acs lnkbsbnois/ Wcanr fia gnofn.
Acs lnkbsbnois bolauyio: ìstbüo, fipnsbtcrbn y ntrns lnstis fi

trcoscllbnois
trcoscllbnois fia gnofn, lnstis ai`cais n fi cufbtnrëc… Ia VIX is ac
lnkbsbüo tntca. Is pnr tcotn ac lbgrc io ac qui fihis gbjcrti.

¾Lükn si lnhrco istcs lnkb
lnkbsbnois>
sbnois>
‑¾Ki fislnotcrão istcs lnkbsbnois fi ac luiotc> ¾Suâ fëc>‛ ¡ON! Istn on
tiofrëc siotbfn. Yoc viz qui lnkpris uo gnofn, acs lnkbsbnois \BIKTXI
si fisluiotco fia vcanr fia prnpbn gnofn.
\upno`ckns qui uo gnofn tbioi uoc lnkbsbüo fia 4.89% couca. Isn
qubiri filbr qui, c an acr`n fia cón, fislnotcrão uo 4.89% fi su vcanr. \b
lnkprcs 344 iurns, ti fislnotcrão 4.89₡.
Tirn on tiofrëc siotbfn qui c caùbio qui lnkpri ia fëc <4 fi fblbikhri
ai lnhrcsio ia fëc <3 fi fblbikhri ac lnkbsbüo couca lnkpaitc, ¾lbirtn>
Tnr iaan si fisluiotc fbcrbckioti: sb io uo cón, mcy 894 sisbnois

s isbnois fi hnasc
(pnr ijikpan), lcfc fëc fislnotcrëco 4.89%/894; 4.443%.
Tnr iaan, lucofn si mchac fi ac riotchbabfcf fi uo gnofn ], isc

riotchbabfcf is oitc (yc si mco fislnotcfn acs lnkbsbnois). ¡\bikpri!

Lcp ëtu
tuaa n 7
Lükn pnoir c guolbnocr tu prnpbn
sbstikc cutnkãtbln fi bovirsbüo
Mc aai`cfn ac mnrc fi qui cpriofcs lükn pnoir io guolbnockbiotn tu

prnpbn sbstikc fi bovirsbüo. \üan ti aaivcrã 89 kboutns (fi rianj) pnoiran
c guolbnocr.
Trbolbpcakioti pcrc bovirtbr fi uoc gnrkc ànhca i bofixcfc tbiois <

nplbnois, qui vckns c vir c lnotbouclbüo (y ti fny kb npbobüo sbolirc
snhri lcfc uoc):

Ontc bkpnrtcoti: mchan fi nplbnois lnolritcs pnrqui pbiosn qui is ac
kijnr gnrkc fi fcrti lnotiobfn útba y cpablchai. An cltucabzn
pirbüfblckioti (io ia
ia abhrn y cotis io kb wih) lucofn ca`n lckhbc. \b
tbiois uoc npbobüo fbstbotc puifis lnkiotãrkiac.
Lnkn vis, tbiois < kcoircs fbstbotcs fi iognlcr tu bovirsbüo:
3) Ytbabzcr uon fi ans aackcfns ‑ìstnris cutnkctbzcfns‛ fi

gnofns bofixcfns qui mcy io Ispcóc (tckhbâo aackcfns
Xnhncfvbsnrs)
Fisfi kb puotn fi vbstc, istc gnrkc fi bovirtbr fihirëc sir ac

nplbüo pnr figiltn (sbo lnonlirti). Is uoc gnrkc sbkpai y
cutnkãtblc fi ikpizcr c bovirtbr lcfc kis. Ac nplbüo kãs rãpbfc
pcrc pnoir c trchcjcr tu fboirn.
\cavn qui tio`cs kuy lacrc ac lcrtirc fi gnofns c lnkprcr (n

qubircs iai`br uoc lcrtirc kuy pirsnocabzcfc) y sics kuy
fbslbpabocfn (pcrc bovirtbr pirbüfblckioti y ricjustcr), kb
rilnkiofclbüo is qui fiaiùis istn io uo ìstnr cutnkctbzcfn.
Tc`cs ca`n kãs fi lnkbsbüo (ac fia rnhncfvbsnr), is lbirtn, pirn

tnfn guolbnoc snan. R tckhbâo cllifis c ac lacsi bostbtulbnoca fi
ans gnofns (kionris lnkbsbnois).
Io lucaqubir lcsn, an kãs bkpnrtcoti is qui ikpbilis c bovirtbr

lucotn cotis, csë qui iabì ac nplbüo qui ti iolcji y on kbris ctrãs
(pnfrãs lnrri`br kãs cfiacoti).

8) Ntrc nplbüo is knotcrti pnr tu luiotc ac lcrtirc fi gnofns pcrc
cmnrrcr lnkbsbnois
Tuifis mcliran. On is fbgëlba. Fi milmn, pnfrëcs ripablcr caùoc

fi acs lcrtircs prnpuistcs.
Tirn kb ixpirbiolbc fispuâs fi rilbhbr bolnotchais lnrrins fi

ailtnris, is qui isi sbkpai pcsn (iai`br ac lcrtirc) hanquic c ac
kcynrëc.

Cfikãs fi ac tcric fi bovirtbr pirbüfblckioti y ricjustcr ac
lcrtirc fi gnrkc kcouca. Lcsb ocfbi tbioi ac fbslbpaboc fi mclir
istn. R istc is ac lacvi fi tnfn. Tnr isn yn prigbirn (y utbabzn) acs
nplbnois 3 y <.
\b cuo lno tnfn prigbiris lricr tu prnpbc lcrtirc, io kb wih ti

luiotn lükn mcliran (io kb npbobüo ac kijnr nplbüo sirëc
Kybovistnr).
<) Tacois fi Tiosbnois Bofixcfns
Vrcfblbnocakioti ans pacois fi piosbüo mco tiobfn kuy kcac

priosc. R on is pcrc kions.
\b ans gnofns fi bovirsbüo fi ans `rcofis hcolns sno ‑kifbnlris‛,

‑ kifbnlris‛,
ans pacois fi piosbüo fi istns hcolns tnfcvëc sno pinris.
Tnr isn qubzã tio`c tnfcvëc kãs bkpnrtcolbc ac aai`cfc fi pacois

fi piosbüo bofixcfns c Ispcóc (kãs qui ans gnofns bofixcfns).
\b tbiois uons bo`risns kifbn/catns (c pcrtbr fi <4.444₡

<4.444₡ hrutns
coucais), siùrckioti ti lnkpiosi utbabzcr ans pacois fi piosbüo
io au`cr fi ans gnofns.
Wiotcjcs: puifis rifulbr tu hcsi bkpnobhai io BXTG (‑bkpuistn

snhri ac riotc‛) mcstc 3.9
3.944
44 ₡ fisfi ia cón 8488 (io 8483 irco 8.444
₡ y mcstc 8484 irco =.444₡).
=.444₡).

LCXVIXC\ BOFI]CFC\ CYVNKCVB
CYVNKCVBZCFC\
ZCFC\
Vi vny c ixpablcr lükn bovbirtn yn kis c kis cltucakioti c trcvâs fi uo
ìstnr cutnkctbzcfn, kb npbobüo, csë lnkn tnfcs acs nplbnois fbspnobhais
io Ispcóc:
(*) Ac lnkbsbüo kifbc mbstürblc rica is kãs hcjc qui ac ‑kãxbkc‛ pnr ia i giltn fi kionr
kionr lnkbsbüo
io lcrtircs fi kãs vnaukio + ia igiltn fia Trn`rckc Ckb`n (sbo lnkbsbnois f
fii ìstbüo).
Bofixc Lcpbtca
Bofixc Lcpbtca is ia ìstnr cutnkctbzcfn kãs `rcofi io Ispcóc . Is ia
prbkirn qui chrbü lckbon (8439) y aui`n vbobirno ans fikãs (y sbùio
aai`cofn ouivns, an luca is huion pcrc ia bovirsnr, pnrqui mcy
lnkpitiolbc y lcio ans lnstis).

Is fi acr`n ia qui kãs labiotis y vnaukio ìstbnoc, cuoqui ntrns
rnhncfvbsnrs sno kions trcospcriotis y on bognrkco púhablckioti
púhabl ckioti fi sus
oúkirns.
C kifbcfns fi 8484, Bofixc suhbü su këobkn boblbca c <.444 ₡ (cotis 3.444

₡), pnrqui si`úo bognrkcrno on is riotchai kcotioir luiotcs fi kionr
bkpnrti (an luca tbioi siotbfn io uo knfian hcscfn io hcjcs lnkbsbnois
y fi milmn tnfns ans rnhncfvbsnrs, ixliptn Bofixc, pbirfio fboirn c fëc
fi mny). Vbioi ia këobkn boblbca kãs catn y sbùi lrilbiofn io labiotis y
vnaukio ìstbnocfn c uo catn rbtkn.
Lükn trcspcscr uo gnofn fisfi ntrc iotbfcf
Tcrc ac bovirsbüo boblbca, tbiois 8 nplbnois:
• Tuifis trcosgirbr fboirn qui tio`cs io uoc luiotc lnrrbioti.
•
R tckhbâo puifis trcspcscr uo gnofn fi bovirsbüo qui tio`cs io
lucaqubir ntrc iotbfcf. Fi milmn, trcspcscr ia tëpbln gnofn qui
tioikns io ia hcoln c uo ìstnr
` istnr cutnkctbzcfn is uoc kuy huioc
gnrkc fi ikpizcr, io kb npbobüo.
n pbobüo.
Tcrc trcspcscr uo gnofn fisfi ntrc iotbfcf, tbiois

tbi ois qui pifbr
pifbran
an c tu ìstnr
cutnkctbzcfn y iaans si iolcr`co fi mclir ac snablbtuf c ac iotbfcf nrb`boca
(ais botirisc pnr an qui suiaio pnoiran gãlba). \uiai tcrfcr uons 84 fëcs.
\b luiotcs lno kions lcpbtca pcrc ikpizcr, puifis nptcr pnr

Kybovistnr (394₡ fi këobkn), Gbobzios n Bohistki (3.444 ₡ fi
këobkn). N sb prigbiris uscr Bofixc, puifis cmnrrcr prbkirn y chrbr
fispuâs ac luiotc.
Bofixc tbioi ac kionr lnkbsbüo fi lustnfbc y ac kionr lnkbsbüo kifbc

fi gnofns. ¾Tnr quâ> Lnkn ìstbnoc uo kcynr vnaukio, puifi oi`nlbcr
lno Wcoùcrf y lno ans hcolns fipnsbtcrbns pcrc lnosiùbr kionris
lnkbsbnois pcrc sus labiotis.
Io lucotn c ac lnkbsbüo fi ìstbüo: is fi kãxbkn 4,6<%, cuoqui hcjc c

kifbfc qui tbiois uoc lcrtirc kcynr (4,63% c pcrtbr fi 34.444₡ y sbùi
hcjcofn c kãs pctrbknobn).

Cfikãs, uon fi ans pbacris fia lrilbkbiotn fi Bofixc sno acs
rilnkiofclbnois fi ckb`n : tbioio uo prn`rckc io ia qui, sb ti bovbtc uo
labioti, ckhns ns hioigblbãbs fi lnkbsbüo fi ìstbüo `rctubtc furcoti 3 cón
(snhri 34.444 ₡).
Is filbr, puifis tioir lnkbsbüo fi ìstbüo fi 4₡ sb lcfc cón bovbtcs c 3

ckb`n (n vcrbns sb tu lcrtirc is fi kãs fi 34.444 ₡).
₡) .
\b qubiris, puifis utbabzcr kb aboe fi ckb`n pcrc lnosiùbr lnkbsbnois
`rctbs ia prbkir cón: lcrans`caco.oit/bofixc (puifis tilaicran io tu
ocvi`cfnr fbriltckioti n iolnotrcran io kb wih).
Yo cvbsn, pnr sb clcsn: on sny uo prngisbnoca gbocolbirn cutnrbzcfn y tnfn

ia lnotiobfn fi isti abhrn fihi lnosbfircrsi kirckioti lnkn uoc
npbobüo pirsnoca y io obo`úo lcsn lnkn uoc rilnkiofclbüo gbocolbirc
n fi bovirsbüo. Xiluirfc qui riotchbabfcfis pcscfcs on `crcotbzco
riotchbabfcfis guturcs y tnfc bovirsbüo lnoaaivc rbis`n fi pirfir fboirn.
BKTNXVCOVI: Rc schis, ac rispnoschbabfcf is sbikpri VYRC.
\b qubiris uoc ùëc kãs fitcaacfc snhri lükn chrbr uoc luiotc io
Bofixc, puifis iolnotrcrac io kb wih.
Kybovistnr
Cuoqui is prnotn pcrc mchacr snhri ia sirvblbn fi lcrtircs bofixcfcs fi
Kybovistnr (acozcfn io juobn 8484), ia iognqui tbioi huioc pbotc.

Vbioi ac kionr lnkbsbüo fi ìstbüo fi tnfns ans ìstnris
cutnkctbzcfns (4,39%), an luca mcli qui ac lnkbsbüo tntca kãxbkc
tckhbâo sic kuy hcjc (4,69%). \u `rco viotcjc is ia këobkn fi bovirsbüo:
snan 394₡.
Vckhbâo luiotc lno uo Trn`rckc Ckb`n lno ia qui puifis tioir

lnkbsbüo fi ìstbüo `rctbs 3 cón (snhri uo kãxbkn fi 84.444₡) + <4₡ fi
ri`can (bovirsbüo këobkc fi 38 kisis y 3.444₡).

Ac cpirturc fi luiotc y ac pactcgnrkc tnfcvëc on sno tco botubtbvcs lnkn
fihirëco, cuoqui supno`n qui an brão lnrrb`biofn.
\b qubiris uoc ùëc kãs fitcaacfc snhri lükn chrbr uoc luiotc io
Kybovistnr, puifis iolnotrcrac io kb wih. Caaë tckhbâo iolnotrcrãs kb
aboe fi ckb`n (ans fns `cockns), qui ki cyufc c kcotioir ia han` y
siùbr lricofn lnotiobfn útba y prãltbln.
Gbobzios
\u ngirtc is uo lcaln fi ac fi Bofixc y fi milmn acs lnkbsbnois sno
prãltblckioti bfâotblcs.
Lnkn viotcjc su këobkn is kionr (3.444 ₡) y lnkn fisviotcjc su

ctiolbüo ca labioti is kijnrchai.
Lnkn gnrkc fi lcptcr bovirsnris bolauyi io sus lcrtircs uo cltbvn

fbgirioti: bovirsbüo boknhbabcrbc vëc XIBVs.
Tcrc cyufcrti c filbfbr mi pripcrcfn uoc tchac fi riotchbabfcfis

mbstürblcs ricais fi ans fbstbotns ìstnris cutnkctbzcfns (lcrtircs fi
gnofns bofixcfns). Lnkpcrn ac ‑lcrtirc kifbc‛ (ob ac kãs lnosirvcfnrc
ob ac kãs crrbis`cfc) y sno riotchbabfcfis oitcs (yc fisluiotco tnfcs acs
lnkbsbnois):
C ac mnrc fi botirpritcr ans fctns, fihis tioir io luiotc qui ac

lnkpcrctbvc pirgiltc on is pnsbhai fcfn qui acs lcrtircs fi lcfc

rnhncfvbsnr sno fbstbotcs. Cuoqui sno sbkbacris, mcy piquiócs
fbgiriolbcs (pnofirclbüo fi ans gnofns n fbstbotns gnofns utbabzcfns).
IA TIXGBA FI XBI\@N
Ac fitirkboclbüo fi tu pirgba fi rbis`n is bkpnrtcoti, yc qui fitirkboc
tu lcrtirc y lno iaan tu riotchbabfcf y vnactbabfcf ispircfcs.
Ia virfcfirn pirgba fi rbis`n si vi io acs lcëfcs. Lrin qui is kuy gãlba

csukbr rbis`n lucofn tnfn vc hbio y mcy suhbfcs. Io isi isliocrbn tnfns
quirikns kãs rbis`n y, pnr tcotn, kãs riotchbabfcf. \bo ikhcr`n, is
lucofn acs lnscs si tuirlio, lucofn uon si fc luiotc fi su virfcfirn
pirgba fi rbis`n. Lucofn uon pbirfi uoc pcrti fi su fboirn y fuiai. Kb
rilnkiofclbüo , pnr tcotn, is lnogbcr io ia rbis`n csbòcfn pnr ia ìstnr
cutnkctbzcfn (bolausn sb on qubiris chrbr luiotc, puifis uscr ia
luistbnocrbn pcrc lnonlir tu pirgba fi rbis`n sbo lnkprnkbsn).
Suâ iixpilt
xpiltctbvcs
ctbvcs puifis
pu ifis tioir
tioir
io guolbüo
guolbü o fi tu pirgba fi rbis`n
rbis`n
Ivbfiotikioti lucotn kãs lnosirvcfnr sics (kions chbirtn ca rbis`n),
kionr sirã ac riotchbabfcf istbkcfc (c acr`n paczn).
Is bkpnrtcoti iotiofir qui ob ac riotc vcrbchai ob ac riotc gbjc sno

‑siùrcs‛ y acs riotchbabfcfis csiùrcfcs on ixbstio ob io uoc ob io ntrc.
An qui së schikns is qui ac riotc gbjc is c acr`n paczn ‑kãs siùrc‛ (kions
vnaãtba). Tnr ia lnotrcrbn, ac riotc vcrbchai tbioi kãs vnactbabfcf (kãs
catbhcjns) pirn tckhbâo is kãs riotchai (mbstürblckioti).
Lnkn virãs lucofn riaaiois ia luistbnocrbn boblbca fi lucaqubir ìstnr

cutnkctbzcfn, tus rispuistcs vco c fitirkbocr tu pirgba fi rbis`n. Is
filbr, si trctc fi iotiofir tu `rcfn fi lnknfbfcf lno ia rbis`n
(vnactbabfcf).
Lnkn nrbiotclbüo ti mi pripcrcfn uoc tchac cprnxbkcfc fi lükn sirã tu

lcrtirc io fbstbotns isliocrbns fi ‑Tirgba fi Xbis`n‛.
Xbis`n‛.
Lcrans @caão Xuhbn =4

Lucotn kãs ‑ctrivbfn‛ sics, kcynr sirã ia pisn fi ac riotc vcrbchai io tu
lcrtirc y kcynr tu riotchbabfcf ispircfc.
Luãotn
Luãotn f
fbo
boirn
irn bov
bovirtbr
irtbr ca kis. N lcfc ] kisis
Lcfc lcsn is fbgirioti (suiafn, gckbabc, mbpntilc, itl.). Lnkn onrkc
ìoirca fbrëc qui uo 34% fia suiafn oitn istã
i stã hbio y uo 84% istã ìobca .
Kb rilnkiofclbüo pirsnoca is qui ti pno`cs boblbcakioti uo nhjitbvn

csukbhai y ricabstc. An bkpnrtcoti is qui ikpbilis, riltbgblc snhri ac
kcrlmc.
Subzã uo snatirn fi 89 cóns qui lnhri 3.<44 ₡ puifc fistbocr <44 ₡ ca kis
(pirn sb vbvi io lcsc fi sus pcfris y tbioi pnlns `cstns qubzã puifc
cukiotcran mcstc ans 744-=44 ₡). Caùbio fi <9 cóns, lno mbpntilc i mbjns,
lnhrcofn ac kbskc lcotbfcf qubzã süan puifc cpnrtcr 94 n 344 ₡/kis.
Cuoqui an bfica is bovirtbr lcfc kis (vboluaãofnan c uo pnrliotcji fi tu
scacrbn),
on tio`cslcfc lcsn is
trchcjn. Iofbgirioti.
isi lcsn, Subzã
puifistus bo`risns
bovirtbr on<sno
lcfc tco riùacris
kisis, n lcfc 7 nn
bolausn uoc viz ca cón.
Bolausn io ia lcsn fi qui tnfcvëc on tio`cs uoc oükboc, ti rilnkbiofn

qui chrcs ac luiotc io uo rnhncfvbsnr y mc`cs cpnrtclbnois piquiócs
(qubzã 84 n 94 ₡ kiosucais, an qui puifcs). Csë ti vcs clnstukhrcofn c
cmnrrcr y tiofrãs tnfn abstn pcrc lucofn aaiùi ia fëc fi pbscr ia
cliaircfnr c gnofn.
=3 BOFITIOFËZCVI FI TCTÃ I\VCFN

‑¾Tnr quâ cutnkãtbln> Trigbirn lnotrnacran
lnotrnacran yn, ki
pnofrâ uo
u o cvbsn io ia
ia lcaiofcrbn
lcaiofcrbn y iovbcrâ uoc
trcosgiriolbc c prbolbpbns fi lcfc kis/lcfc x kisis.‛
Vi an fisclnosijn chsnautckioti. Ac lacvi fi isti sbstikc si hcsc io qui

tnfn istâ cutnkctbzcfn. Is pnsbhai qui ti aaivi uo pcr fi kisis cjustcran
i bolausn puifi mchir ca`úo kis ctëpbln io ia qui oilisbtis ia fboirn (io
isi kis fiscltbvc ac nrfio fisfi ac wih pcrc qui on ti lcrùio ia rilbhn),
rilbhn) ,
pirn, cuo csë, fihirëcs lnogbcr io ia sbstikc. On puifn iogctbzcr an
sugblbioti luão bkpnrtcoti is istn.
Is lrulbca qui ia fboirn on pcsi pnr tus kcons . Clnstúkhrcti c pioscr

io istn lnkn uo `cstn gbjn, bùca qui ac mbpntilc n acs ritiolbnois pnr
BXTG. Vu suiafn oitn, fbspnobhai pcrc `cstcr sirëc tu suiafn hrutn “
bkpuistns “ mbpntilc (sb tbiois) “ rilbhn fi bovirsbüo.
\â qui pcrili uoc tnotirëc (mclir uoc trcosgiriolbc luistc 8 kboutns),

pirn lrâiki, pnr kuy rispnoschai y sbstikãtbln qui sics, ac tiotclbüo y
ac pirizc istcrão sbikpri cmë. R lucofn ac hnasc lcb`c, tnfcvëc kãs. \b ti
iabkbocs c tb kbskn fi ac iluclbüo, ti csiùrcs fi qui ac prbkirc gclturc
qui pc`cs is lnotb`n kbskn (bovirsbüo). R ti csiùrcs fi qui tus
iknlbnois on botirvio`co.
Rn istcrëc fbspuistn c pc`cr pnr ia sirvblbn fi cutnkctbzcr ac bovirsbüo.

Tirn is qui cfikãs is @XCVB\. ¾On is ìobca>
Io sirbn, TÃ@CVI C VB TXBKIXN. Mczan gãlba. R, snhri tnfn, mczan.
Lükn cutnkctbzcr
cutnkctbzcr ac bovirsbüo pirbüfblc:
pirb üfblc:
Rc mi bosbstbfn io ac bkpnrtcolbc fi ac cutnkctbzclbüo. Tbiosn qui is
KYR LNKTABLCFN bovirtbr kis c kis furcoti kulmns cóns sb istn
riqubiri uo isguirzn pnr tu pcrti (pnr piquión y rãpbfn qui sic). Subzã
ca prbolbpbn, kntbvcfn pnr ikpizcr tu paco fi bovirsbüo, pirn on an vin
snstiobhai.
Ac gnrkc fi cutnkctbzcr ac bovirsbüo lckhbc si`úo ia ìstnr

cutnkctbzcfn.

Io caùons lnkn Gbobzios puifis mcliran fisfi su pactcgnrkc
‑fnkblbabcofn‛ uo lnhrn
lnhrn lnotrc tu luiotc lnrrbioti: lnkn sb istuvbircs
lnotrctcofn uo sirvblbn tiaigüobln.
Io ntrns lcsns lnkn io Bofixc, tú prn`rckcs ac trcosgiriolbc fisfi tu

hcoln. Is hcstcoti sbkpai y an puifis mclir noaboi. Fihis huslcr ac
nplbüo ‑Trn`rckcr uoc trcosgiriolbc pirbüfblc‛ (n cutnkãtblc, is an
kbskn) n sbkbacr. An bfica is qui ac luiotc lnrrbioti qui utbablis sic
cquiaac io ac qui rilbhis tus prbolbpcais bo`risns, lnkn tu oükboc.
Lnkn luiotc fi fistbon fihis lnanlcr ia BHCO fi tu luiotc fi igiltbvn

io ia ìstnr cutnkctbzcfn. Io ia lcsn fi Bofixc, istn an puifis lnosuatcr
fiotrn fi ac pactcgnrkc Lnogbùrclbüo/Luiotcs Hcolcrbcs/Luiotc fi
igiltbvn.
Lnkn gilmc fi trcosgiriolbc, ti rilnkbiofn uons < fëcs fispuâs fi ac

gilmc io ac qui suiais rilbhbr tu oükboc. Ijikpan: sb tu oükboc suiai
iotrcr ia úatbkn fëc fi lcfc kis, puifis prn`rckcr tu trcosgiriolbc ia
fëc < n 6 fia kis sbùbioti. Fi isc kcoirc csiùrcs qui ac luiotc tiofrã
igiltbvn fbspnobhai y csiùrcs ac ‑pri-bovirsbüo‛. An qui mcs bovirtbfn, yc
on ti an puifis `cstcr.
Lnkn pirbnfblbfcf : bficakioti kiosuca, pirn tckhbâo puifis mcliran

hbkiosuca, trbkistrca itl.
Csë lnosb`n qui lcfc kis si iovëio ]]] iurns c kb luiotc fi bovirsbüo.
On mcy obo`úo këobkn kiosuca. Tuifis iovbcr 3 iurn sb qubiris.
Yoc viz ia fboirn istã io ac luiotc fi bovirsbüo, sbikpri y lucofn ia

bkpnrti fbspnobhai supiri ans 394 iurns pnr gnofn (io ia lcsn fi Bofixc),
si bovbirti cutnkãtblckioti io ans gnofns bofixcfns. Is uoc ispilbi fi
mulmc io ac qui si clukuac ia fboirn y lucofn mcy sugblbioti (lcfc 8-<
kisis, fipiofbiofn fia bkpnrti bovirtbfn ca kis), si rnkpi y si
lnkprco acs pcrtblbpclbnois io ans gnofns. Vnfn iaan cutnkãtblckioti,
sbo knvir uo fifn.
¡Iomnrchuioc! Vu sctâabti yc istã io ürhbtc. Mc aaivcfn uo tbikpn y

isguirzn boblbca (këobkns) pirn cmnrc guolbnoc sbo qui tio`cs qui mclir
ocfc, cutnkãtblckioti .
=< BOFITIOFËZCVI FI TCTÃ I\VCFN

LNKTXCX GNOFN\ BOFI]CFN\ ‑KCOYCAKIOVI‛
‑KCOYCAKIOVI‛
Rc schis qui c kë on ki ùstc istc catiroctbvc y on ac utbabzn

pirsnocakioti.
\nan mcy uo lcsn io ia qui ti rilnkiofcrëc utbabzcr istc nplbüo: sb

prigbiris iai`br tú kbskn ac lnkpnsblbüo ixcltc fi tu lcrtirc.
Io isi lcsn pnfrëcs chrbr luiotc, pnr ijikpan, io Kybovistnr (ac qui yn
utbabzcrëc) y lnotrctcr ans gnofns fbriltckioti. Io kb wih ti ixpabln lükn
mcliran.
TACO FI TIO\BÜO BOFI]CFN

Ac viotcjc fia paco fi piosbnois vs ia gnofn fi bovirsbüo is gbslca. An qui
cpnrtis c uo paco fi piosbüo ‑fis`rcvc‛ io tu BXTG.
Lnkn fisviotcjc (n viotcjc, si`úo si kbri), on pnfrãs rislctcr ia paco fi

piosbnois mcstc pcscfns 34 cóns, scavn io lcsns ixliplbnocais lnkn
bovcabfiz, fisikpain n juhbaclbüo.
Acs vcrbchais pcrc filbfbr sb bovbirtis io uo gnofn fi bovirsbüo n uo paco

fi piosbnois sno, io kb npbobüo:
• Vus bo`risns cltucais: lucotn kcynris sico, kcynr is tu ‑tbpn

kcr`boca fi BXTG‛ (vir kãs cfiacoti) y pnr tcotn kãs cmnrrn
gbslca lnosbùis.
• Vu privbsbüo fi bo`risns io ia knkiotn fi ritbrcr y ia tbpn

kcr`boca BXTG guturn: sb tu botiolbüo is ritbrcr io ia knkiotn
fi ac juhbaclbüo, an onrkca is qui tio`cs kionris bo`risns y, sb
ans tbpns bkpnsbtbvns si kcotbioio (pnr vir, cuoqui ac tiofiolbc
is calbstc), ia bkpuistn qui pcùis sirã kionr ca cmnrrn cltuca.

Vckhbâo pnfrëcs nptcr pnr ritbrcr io vcrbns cóns pcrc qui ia
bkpuistn c pc`cr sic kionr
• Bovirtbr n on ‑ia cmnrrn gbslca‛. Cquë istã ac lacvi:

\b filbfis utbabzcr isi kionr bkpuistn c pc`cr pcrc ‑ri-
‑ri -bovirtbr‛
(an luca tbioi tnfn ia siotbfn io kb npbobüo), iotnolis ac hcacozc
ikpbizc c filcotcrsi pnr ia paco fi piosbnois.
• Ac riotchbabfcf fia gnofn vs ia paco . Lnkn mikns vbstn,

trcfblbnocakioti ans pacois mco tiobfn kionr riotchbabfcf qui
ans gnofns, pirn lno ans pacois fi piosbüo bofixcfns istn on
nlurri y su riotchbabfcf is ac kbskc (n lcsb).
• Luãotn vcanris ac abqubfiz : mcstc 8439, ans pacois fi piosbüo on

irco rislctchais mcstc ac juhbaclbüo. Cmnrc istc lnofblbüo is kãs
acxc y si puifi ritbrcr io 34 cóns, an luca is rcznochai.
\b qubiris tioir abqubfiz bokifbctc, iotnolis kijnr utbabzcr ia

gnofn fi bovirsbüo.
\b puifis lnkprnkitirti 34 cóns (fihirëc sir uo mnrbznoti

rcznochai sb iris bovirsnr fi acr`n paczn i bolausn pnfrëc
prntiìrti fi ritbrcr io ia pinr knkiotn), iotnolis ac hcacozc
h cacozc si
bolaboc mclbc ia paco fi piosbnois
Wckns c vir uo ijikpan:
C uo fi
<4% paco
tusfibo`risns
piosbnois puifislcotbfcf).
(ac kionr cpnrtcr lnkn kãxbkn 3.9
3 .944
44 ₡ coucais n ia
R ia bkpuistn fi ac Xiotc (BXTG) vc pnr trckns. Tc`cs uo pnrliotcji

lrilbioti lnognrki kãs bo`riscs.
Is bkpnrtcoti iotiofir ia lnoliptn fi ‑tbpn kcr`boca‛: is ia tbpn qui

pc`cs pnr ia úatbkn iurn qui `cocs.

Cprnvilmn pcrc rilnrfcr/ixpablcr lükn guolbnoc ia bkpuistn snhri ac
riotc lno uo ijikpan fi uoc pirsnoc qui bo`risi <9.444 ₡ hrutns coucais.
¾Luãotn pc`crã fi bkpuistns>
• Iotri 4 y 38.694 ₡, uo 32%, is filbr: 8.<79 ₡
• Iotri 38.694 y 84.844 ₡, uo 86%, is filbr: 3.=74 ₡
• Iotri 84.844 y <9.444 ₡, uo <4%, is filbr: 6.664 ₡
Io tntca: =.779 ₡.
Hbio, cmnrc supno`ckns qui istc pirsnoc filbfi cpnrtcr c su paco fi

piosbnois ia kãxbkn pirkbtbfn (fisfi 8488): 3.944
3.944 ₡ io uo cón (io 8483
irco 8.444₡ y mcstc 8484 irco =.444₡).
¾Luãa sirã su bkpuistn fispuâs fi istc cpnrtclbüo ca paco fi

piosbnois>
\u hcsi bkpnobhai cmnrc sirã fi <9.444 ₡ - 3.944

3.944 ₡; <<.944 ₡
Tnr tcotn, su bkpuistn c pc`cr sirã 8.<79 ₡ (trckn 3, sbo lckhbns) + 3.=74
₡ (trckn 8, sbo lckhbns) + <4% iotri 84.844 y <<.9
<<.944
44 ₡ (<.224₡) ; =.839 ₡.
(<.224₡)
Io ntrcs pcachrcs: mc lnosiùbfn uo cmnrrn gbslca fi 694 ₡.
Gëjcti io qui ia cmnrrn gbslca is ; Vbpn Kcr`boca

Kcr`boca (io %) * Cpnrtclbüo (₡)

Io ac tchac cotirbnr puifis vir quâ cmnrrn gbslca lnosiùbrëcs sb cpnrtcs
3.444 ₡ n ia kãxbkn (3.9
(3.944
44 ₡) io guolbüo fi tu obvia fi bo`risns privbn c
ac cpnrtclbüo, io uo cón lnolritn (tbpns bkpnsbtbvns fi 8488).
Wbstn istn y pcrc lnkpaitcr ac lnkpcrctbvc iotri paco fi piosbnois vs

gnofn fi bovirsbüo fihikns mclir uoc sbkuaclbüo c an acr`n fia tbikpn:

Fihikns lnosbfircr uo pirënfn fi tbikpn acr`n pcrc qui ia botirâs
lnkpuistn tio`c tbikpn sugblbioti fi cltucr.
Lnkn vikns io ac sbkuaclbüo, sbikpri qui ‑ribovbrtckns‛ ia cmnrrn

gbslca (bosbstn io istn pnrqui is ac lacvi), `coc ia paco fi piosbnois.
Yo +3% fi riotchbabfcf couca cfblbnoca puifi lnovirtbrsi io uoc `rco

fbgiriolbc. Ia ijikpan istã milmn snhri úoblckioti
úoblckioti 3.444 ₡ y pcrc uo
úobln cón, pirn bkc`boc ac fbgiriolbc io lcsn fi bovirsbnois kcynris
(cuoqui ackiotchaikioti lcfc cón ons fijco bovirtbr kions) tnfns ans
cóns.
Lnolausbüo:
Vi botirisc nptcr pnr ia paco fi piosbnois sb lriis qui tu tbpn kcr`boca

guturn sirã kionr ca cltuca, an luca is prnhchai sb tus bo`risns cltucais
sno kifbn/catns.
On ti ixtrcón,
(sirëc botirisc sb lriis
pirn qui tu tbpn
is pnsbhai) n sb kcr`boca guturnacsirã
vcanrcs kulmn kcynr ca cltuca
abqubfiz.
Ontc: fihis schir qui coti lcsns ixliplbnocais (lnkn fisikpain) së

pnfrëcs rislctcr ia paco fi piosbnois. Fi milmn, lno lnofblbnois
viotcjnscs: trbhutcofn ca 4%.
Lcrans @caão Xuhbn ==

Nplbnois fi Tacois fi Tiosbüo Bofixcfns:
Vcotn Gbobzios lnkn Bofixc tbioio ans pacois fi piosbüo kãs ctrcltbvns
hcjn kb puotn fi vbstc. \i fbgiriolbco pnr ia këobkn fi bovirsbüo
prbolbpcakioti. Ia fi Gbobzios cfikãs bolauyi XIBVs (bovirsbüo
boknhbabcrbc) y nrn.
¾On mcy prnknlbüo pcrc ans pacois fi piosbüo>
On. Io ia lcsn fi ans pacois fi piosbüo virãs qui on si ngrilio

prnknlbnois pnrqui ac riùaclbüo bkpbfi qui fns pcrtëlbpis tio`co uoc
lnkbsbüo fbstbotc.
An qui së puifis mclir io ia lcsn fi Bofixc is chrbr ia paco fi piosbüo

lno uo aboe fi ckb`n y io isi lcsn ti ùcrfcrão ‑ia ri`can‛ sb kãs
cfiacoti chris uoc luiotc fi gnofns.
¾R sb qubirn uscr Bofixc Lcpbtca (kionr lnkbsbüo) pirn on qubirn

bovirtbr 3.944 ₡ boblbcais>
Bofixc tckhbâo tbioi sus 8 pacois fi piosbüo (ia fi riotc vcrbchai y ia fi

riotc gbjc) fbspnobhais c trcvâs fi uo lnkirlbcabzcfnr lnkn Kybovistnr.
Tnr an qui pnfrëcs lnotrctcrans kcoucakioti fisfi caaë sbo këobkn.
Io kb wih an ixpabln lno kcynr fitcaai.

Lcp ëtu
tuaa n 0
Ia knkiotn fi ac juhbaclbüo
Vi prnkitë qui ti juhb

juhbacrë
acrëcs
cs kbaan
kbaanocrbn5
ocrbn5
Cq
C q uë ttbb io
iois
is t us KBAA
KBA A NOI\
\b bovbirtis lnkn prnpno`n istc tchac ti fcrã uoc bfic fi an qui puifis
ispircr:

Ac tchac (târkbons onkbocais) kuistrc ia lcpbtca ìoircfn c pcrtbr fi
cpnrtclbnois kiosucais fi iotri 344 y =44 iurns furcoti 34-94 cóns.
\upuistns:
c) Yoc riotchbabfcf onkboca couca fia 7%. Ytbabzn uo 7%

supnobiofn uoc lcrtirc 94% riotc vcrbchai (=% fi riotchbabfcf
istbkcfc) / 94% riotc gbjc (6% fi riotchbabfcf istbkcfc). Csë ans
fctns sno lnosirvcfnris (kijnr pilcr fi lnosirvcfnr qui fi
nptbkbstc).
h) Yo cukiotn fi acs cpnrtclbnois lnognrki c uoc bogaclbüo couca

fia 8%.
Ontc: fbgiriolbc iotri ans lnoliptns fi vcanr ‑onkboca‛ y ‑rica‛.

Vnfcs acs lbgrcs ilnoükblcs si puifio ixpriscr io târkbons onkbocais
n ricais. R, fi milmn, is mchbtuca qui io ac priosc si puifc uscr uon u
ntrn pcrc ‑kcqubaacr‛ acs ontblbcs.

Lucofn mchackns io târkbons onkbocais, ons rigirbkns c ans prilbns sbo
fislnotcr ac bogaclbüo.
Lucofn mchackns io târkbons ricais, ons rigirbkns c ans prilbns,
mchbiofn fislnotcfn ac bogaclbüo.
BKTNXVCOVI:
XICA; ONKBOCA “ BOGACLBÜO
Ijikpan:
Xiotchbabfcf Onkboca: 7%
Bogaclbüo: 8%
Xiotchbabfcf Xica; 7%-8%;6%
An qui
qu i ricakioti bkpnrtc
bkpnr tc is
is ac riotchbabfcf
riotchbabf cf XICA
XICA
¡Fi pnln sbrvi tioir riotchbabfcfis onkbocais kuy catcs sb ac bogaclbüo is

bùca n bolausn kcynr, pnr an qui ac riotchbabfcf rica (ac qui bkpnrtc ca
bovirsnr) pnfrëc aai`cr c sir oi`ctbvc!

Tnr iaan, ti iosión ac tchac cotirbnr, cmnrc io târkbons ricais , is filbr:
mchbiofn fislnotcfn ia igiltn fi ac bogaclbüo:
Io istc tchac mi tiobfn io luiotc uoc riotchbabfcf rica fia 6%.

Xicakioti ons fcrëc an kbskn tioir riotchbabfcf onkboca catc (pnr
ijikpan, fia 34%) i bogaclbüo fia 7% (34%-7%;6%) qui uoc riotchbabfcf
onkboca kionr (pnr ijikpan, fia 6%) y uoc bogaclbüo fia 4% (6%-4%;6%).
Ac riotchbabfcf rica sirëc ac kbskc.
Io ans cóns fi ac lrbsbs/pnst-lrbsbs (844=- ¾>) ac bogaclbüo io ia kuofn y io

Ispcóc ispilbcakioti mc sbfn kuy hcjc (kionr ca 8% couca) y istn mc
milmn qui acs riotchbabfcfis ricais mcyco sbfn kãs catcs. Ac bfic lno ac
qui mcy qui quifcrsi is âstc: sb mcy bogaclbüo hcjc, pnfikns
lnognrkcrons lno kionr riotchbabfcf onkboca.
Tnr ijikpan, vbiofn

vbiofn ac tchac, schikns qui, sb bovirtbkns 844 iurns ca kis
furcoti 64 cóns, lnosiùbrikns uo lcpbtca fi 8<0.3=6 iurns io târkbons
ricais (n, kijnr fblmn, ia fboirn iqubvcaioti pcrc pnfir lnkprcr hbiois
pnr an qui c fëc fi mny vcai 8<0.3=6 iurns). \irã kãs fboirn io târkbons
onkbocais (93<.064 iurns, lnkn pnfikns vir io ac tchac fi cotis).
¾Lükn si riaclbnoco ckhcs tchacs (rica y onkboca)> Tnr ia igiltn fi ac

bogaclbüo.

\b mclis ans lãaluans virãs qui 8<0.3=6 x 8,83 (an qui mc suhbfn io lnsti fi
ac vbfc io 64 cóns lno uoc bogaclbüo fia 8%) ; 93<.444 iurns
(cprnxbkcfckioti). Lnkn vis, acs fns tchacs sno acs fns lcrcs fi uoc
kbskc knoifc: uoc virsbüo is onkboca y ac ntrc rica.
An kãs bkpnrtcoti fi ac tchac is an sbùbioti: ¡Ia tbikpn is NXN! \b

ikpbizcs c bovirtbr an sugblbiotikioti prnotn, puifis sir kbaanocrbn
lucofn aaiùi ia knkiotn fi ritbrcrti.
Ontc: ixtrcpnacr acs lcotbfcfis fi ac tchac is siolbaan. \b qubiris lnonlir

luãotn nhtiofrëcs sb bovbirtis 94₡, kuatbpablc acs lcotbfcfis fi ac
lnaukoc ‑344₡‛ pnr 4,9. \b qubiris lnonlir luãotn nhtiofrëcs bovbrtbiofn
bovbrtbiofn
<44₡, kuatbpaëlcac pnr <.
Ctiolbüo: ac tchac is ‑aboica‛ io lucotn c acs cpnrtclbnois (sb bovbirtis

844₡ nhtiofrãs ia fnhai qui sb bovbirtis 344₡), pirn ‑ixpnoiolbca‛ io
lucotn c ans cóns: lcfc viz ia fboirn lrili kãs fiprbsc, si cliairc ia
lrilbkbiotnn pnr ia igiltn ‑hnac fi obivi‛, tckhbâo
lrilbkbiot tckhb âo lnonlbfn lnkn ‑kc`bc
fia
quibotirâs lnkpuistn‛.
ia fboirn Io ntrcs pcachrcs,
bovirtbfn. IKTBIZC MNR. ia tbikpn is KÃ\ bkpnrtcoti
¾Suâ pcsc
pcsc sb o
onnp
puifn
uifn ispi
ispircr
rcr tcotn ttbikpn>
bikpn>
\b iris bkpclbioti y qubiris fcr ia piantczn pcrc juhbacrti c ans <9 cóns …
iotnolis tnfn istn on is pcrc tb. An sbiotn. Io ia kâtnfn qui ti mi
ixpablcfn on mcy sustbtutn pcrc ia tbikpn. \b ti qubiris juhbacr cotis, acs
kctikãtblcs sno lacrcs: ikpbizc lucotn cotis y cpnrtc ac kcynr lcotbfcf
pnsbhai.

‑Vio`n 94 cóns, yc is tcrfi‛
On ti vny c io`cócr: igiltbvckioti, is uo pnln tcrfi. Tirn on istã tnfn
pirfbfn, cúo tbiois 39-84 cóns pnr fiacoti: fihirãs rifulbr `cstns y
cukiotcr tus cpnrtclbnois (utbabzcofn uoc lnkhboclbüo fi riotc
vcrbchai y riotc gbjc, fihbfn c ac lirlcoëc fi ac juhbaclbüo). Is uoc pioc
qui on ons mcyckns lnonlbfn cotis.
Vi rilnkbiofn tckhbâo qui, sb lriis ricakioti qui tu lcsn istã pirfbfn,
ikpbilis iotnolis c pioscr io ia guturn fi tus mbjns. Bovbirti y ifúlcans
gbocolbirckioti pcrc `crcotbzcr su guturn. Iaans së qui aai`co c tbikpn.
Io kuy huio knkiotn fi milmn.
Lnovâoliti: Vi rilnkbiofn qui ikpbilis c gckbabcrbzcrti lno ia

guolbnockbiotn fia botirâs lnkpuistn y ti lnoviozcs lucotn cotis fi ac
bkpnrtcolbc fi ikpizcr prnotn.
¾Luãotn
¾Luãotn fihirëc
fihirëcss cmnrrcr
cmnrr cr pcrc juhbacrti>
juhb acrti>
Istc priùotc is, siolbaackioti, bkpnsbhai fi lnotistcr. Fipiofirã fi tu
rbtkn fi vbfc, ca`n qui on lnonlirãs mcstc qui ti juhbais. Fi tu sbtuclbüo
gckbabcr, ca`n qui on lnonlirãs mcstc qui ti juhbais. Fi tu scauf, ca`n qui
on lnonlirãs mcstc qui ti juhbais. R, pnr lbirtn, tckpnln schis c lbiolbc
lbirtc luãofn ti juhbacrãs. Tnr tcotn, cmnrrc tnfn an qui puifcs y on
oilisbtis pcrc aaivcr uoc vbfc giabz (Xckbt \itmb, ia cutnr fi uon fi ans
abhrns qui ti rilnkbiofn ca gboca fia abhrn, ti
t i puifi iosiócr kulmn snhri
istn: sir giabz prbnrbzcofn ans `cstns). \â qui is uoc lbgrc kuy chbirtc.
Viofrãs qui filbfbran tú.
\b bosbstis, cquë tbiois uocs pcutcs kuy ìoircais pcrc qui ti mc`cs uoc
bfic, bosbstn, kuy cprnxbkcfc:
Ac bfic is ac sbùbioti: mcs bovirtbfn pirbüfblckioti y ia botirâs

lnkpuistn ti mc pirkbtbfn clukuacr uo `rco lcpbtca. Yoc viz aaiùis c
‑tu lbgrc‛, mcy vcrbcs nplbnois pcrc gbocolbcr tu juhbaclbüo, lnkn virikns
kãs cfiacoti.
Lcaluaikns prbkirn y fi kcoirc cprnxbkcfc ‑VY LBGXC‛:

3) \cacrbn fisicfn
Istbkc ia scacrbn kiosuca qui oilisbtcrãs lucofn ti juhbais, c iurns fi
MNR. Is filbr, tiobiofn io luiotc ans prilbns cltucais, ans qui lnonlis
y vis lcfc fëc io ia supirkirlcfn. Tnr ijikpan, 8.444 ₡ oitns (86.444
iurns oitns coucais). Viobiofn io luiotc ac gbslcabfcf (riofbkbiotn
(riofbkbi otn fia
lcpbtca knhbabcrbn n hbio `cocolbc pctrbknobca), cprnxbkcfckioti ti
tnlcrã pc`cr
pc`cr uo 84% fi bkpuistn.
bkpuistn. Tnr tcotn, pcrc nhtioir 86.444 iurns
oitns coucais, oilisbtcrãs 86.444/(3-4,8); <4.444 iurns hrutns.
8) Xiàc fia 6% (kuatbpablcr x89)

Kuatbpablc ac lcotbfcf fia pcsn 3 pnr 89x (riàc fia 6%)
; <4.444*89;094.444 iurns
<) Vio io luiotc ac bogaclbüo.

Ans 094.44 iurns sno c fëc fi mny (târkbons onkbocais).
onkbocais) . \bo ikhcr`n,
istc lbgrc brã cukiotcofn lcfc cón lnognrki cukioti ac bogaclbüo.
\b c fëc fi mny mcs aai`cfn c isc lbgrc, ¡iomnrchuioc, yc mcs

lnosiùbfn ac abhirtcf gbocolbirc!
\b on, tbiois fns nplbnois:
c) Cltucabzcr tu lbgrc lcfc lbirtn tbikpn pcrc vir sb ti istãs clirlcofn.
h) Mclir uoc privbsbüo fi luãofn lnosiùbrãs

lnosiùbrãs aai`cr c tu lbgrc (cóns
cprnxbkcfns) io guolbüo fi luãotn bovbirtcs lcfc kis.
Ijikpan: mikns vbstn io ia pcsn 8 qui tu lbgrc c fëc fi mny is fi
094.444 iurns.
\b rislctckns ac tchac fi bovirsbüo kiosuca (IO VÂXKBON\ XICAI\):

XICAI\) :

6) ¾Luãotn oilisbtcs bovirtbr lcfc kis pcrc aai`cr c VY LBGXC>
Gëjcti io ac tchac pcrc mclirti uoc bfic fi ac cpnrtclbüo kiosuca qui
fihirëcs mclir. On ti nhsisbnois lno acs lcotbfcfis ixcltcs. Lnkn
mikns vbstn, io ricabfcf is bkpnsbhai schir luãotn oilisbtcrãs y an
kijnr qui puifis mclir sno cprnxbkclbnois.
Io ac tchac pnfikns vir qui, sb tioikns 64 cóns pnr fiacoti pcrc

bovirtbr, aai`crikns c ac lbgrc (io ia ijikpan, 094.444₡) bovbrtbiofn
iotri 644-=44 iurns ca kis. Lnolritckioti, 7<8 iurns/kis (si lcaluac
pnr riàc fi <).
Ontc bkpnrtcoti: istn supnoi qui on tio`ckns obo`úo cmnrrn ca

lnkbiozn. \b an tuvbârckns, ac sbtuclbüo kijnrcrëc hcstcoti y
pnfrëckns bovirtbr kions n rifulbr ans cóns oiliscrbns.
C t nf
nfnn lir
l irf
f n a i aaaai`
i`cc ssu
u \co Kcrt
Kcr t ëo:
lükn gbocolbcr ac juhbaclbüo
\b mcs milmn ans fihiris y mcs bovirtbfn pirbüfblckioti, ¡ iomnrchuioc!
Vu juhbaclbüo istã csiùrcfc. Ca kcrìo fi tu piosbüo púhablc.
púhab lc. Ia 24% fia
trchcjn istã milmn. Cmnrc aai`c ia knkiotn fi rilnìr ans grutns.
Mcstc ia knkiotn fi ritbrcrti istchcs io knfn ‑bovirsbüo‛, mclbiofn usn

fi prnfultns gbslcakioti igblbiotis (gnofns fi bovirsbüo bofixcfns) qui
pirkbtëco cprnvilmcr tntcakioti ia pnfir fia botirâs lnkpuistn.

Lucofn ti ritbris, fihis lckhbcr rcfblcakioti ia lmbp. Viofrãs uo
lcpbtca y tu nhjitbvn sirã ìstbnocran pcrc pc`cr tus `cstns.
\bo ikhcr`n, ixbsti uo prnhaikc: cmnrc ia botirâs lnkpuistn jui`c io

tu lnotrc. Ispilbcakioti sb ‑snhrivbvis‛ furcoti fikcsbcfn tbikpn. Vus
oilisbfcfis brão suhbiofn lnognrki c ac bogaclbüo, lrilbiofn lcfc viz
kãs fiprbsc, y isti ‑igiltn hnac fi obivi‛ (cmnrc oi`ctbvn) puifi crrcscr
lno an sikhrcfn furcoti fâlcfcs. Mny io fëc on is tco ixtrcón vbvbr 24 n
344 cóns: 89 n <9 cóns trcs ac juhbaclbüo.
Yoc gnrkc sbkpai y igblbioti: ‑ac riàc fia 6%‛

6 %‛
Ac priùotc fi quâ mclir lno ia fboirn clukuacfn furcoti ac itcpc
achnrca lucofn aaiùi ac juhbaclbüo is bkpnrtcoti. Fi acs kãs
bkpnrtcotis.
\i mc islrbtn kulmn snhri iaan y mcy kulmcs npbobnois. Yoc fi acs

gürkuacs kãs cliptcfcs is ‑ac riàc fia 6%‛.
Ontc/cfvirtiolbc: c an acr`n fia abhrn, mi botiotcfn cfvirtbrti fi qui on

mcy ‑riàcs‛ ob ‑gürkuacs‛ kã`blcs. Lubfcfn lno tnkcr acs
rilnkiofclbnois gbocolbircs (fi qubio sic) ca pbi fi ac aitrc. Is huion
tioir rigiriolbcs sbkpais y lnolritcs, cuoqui on acs tnkis pnr virfcfis
chsnautcs.
Milmc istc cfvirtiolbc, ti ixpabln io quâ lnosbsti istc ‑riàc fia 6%‛ y
fi füofi prnvbioi: ia pacotickbiotn is kcotioir tu lcrtirc fi gnofns
lucofn aaiùi ac juhbaclbüo i br viofbiofn uoc pcrti lcfc cón. ¾Luãotn>
Yo kãxbkn fia 6% fia vcanr fi lcfc knkiotn. Csë fi sbkpai.
¾Tnr quâ ia 6%> \i hcsc io uo istufbn fi ac uobvirsbfcf fi Vrbobty

Vrb obty fi 322=
y cltucabzcfn pnstirbnrkioti pnr Pcfi Tgcu. Ia istufbn cocabzc quâ
muhbirc pcscfn lno uo bovirsnr ckirblcon qui si ritbrc lno uoc lcrtirc
(94% riotc gbjc y 94% riotc vcrbchai ckirblcocs) io fbstbotns knkiotns
y furcoti <4 cóns sbùbiotis. Ia nhjitbvn is vir luãa is ac tcsc fi
riikhnasn (ia % qui si ritbrc fi ac lcrtirc coucakioti pcrc gbocolbcr ans
`cstns fi vbfc fia ritbrcfn) qui pirkbti on quifcrsi sbo fboirn.

Tuis hbio, vickns isti `rãgbln:
Ia `rãgbln ons fbli qui, io ia isliocrbn kãs cfvirsn, uo 6% fi tcsc fi

riikhnasn muhbirc sbfn sugblbioti pcrc kcotioir ans `cstns y ‑snhrivbvbr‛
furcoti <4 cóns.
Lrëtblcs y lnotrc-lrëtblcs: Lnkn hbio fbli Jnrì \bibrn io su han`, ia

istufbn si liotrc io ia kirlcfn ckirblcon úoblckioti (on io uoc
lcrtirc ànhca). Cuoqui tckhbâo is lbirtn, qui ia istufbn supnoi qui on
vcs c lnhrcr ocfc fi uoc piosbüo púhablc, qui on vcs c ìoircr bo`risns
fi oboùoc gnrkc, qui on vcs c rilbhbr oboùoc miriolbc n qui on vcs c
mclir ca`n qui suiai sir mchbtuca io pirsnocs kcynris (rifulbr ia obvia
fi `cstns).

Ntrc gnrkc fi vir ac riàc fia 6% is istc:
Ia rcznockbiotn fia 6% vbioi fi supnoir uoc lcrtirc

lcrtir c ‑94% Xiotc vcrbchai
“ 94% Xiotc gbjc‛ lno uocs riotchbabfcfis ispircfcs fia =% y ia 6%
rispiltbvckioti. Istn ons fc uoc riotchbabfcf fi ac lcrtirc fia 7%. \b c
istn ai ristckns uo 8% fi bogaclbüo, ouistrc riotchbabfcf
riotchbab fcf rica sirã fia 6%
couca. R sb ouistrc tcsc fi riikhnasn
riikh nasn lnbolbfi lno ac riotchbabfcf rica fi
ac lcrtirc:
3. Ans riikhnasns cukiotcrão lnognrki c ac bogaclbüo.
8. Ac lcrtirc kcotiofrã su vcanr io târkbons ricais

(is filbr, tiobiofn io luiotc ia igiltn fi ac bogaclbüo).

Tnfikns viran io istc tchac:
Ac tchac tbioi io luiotc istns supuistns:

Lnkn puifis vir, tus riikhnasns (`cstns) cukiotco lnognrki c ac
bogaclbüo fia 8%. R ia lcpbtca si kcotbioi io târkbons ricais (vir úatbkc
lnaukoc). Istn istã kuy hbio pnrqui csë pnfrãs fijcr uoc miriolbc sb
qubiris.
\b iris kãs lnosirvcfnr, puifis nptcr pnr uoc kionr tcsc fi

riikhnasn. Tnr ijikpan, fia <% (iqubvcaioti c kuatbpablcr tus `cstns
coucais x << vilis).
Ntrc lnosbfirclbüo: ia knkiotn io ia qui lnkbiozcs c ritbrcr is

bkpnrtcoti. On is an kbskn mcliran fispuâs fi uo `rco pirbnfn calbstc
qui fispuâs fi uoc `rco lrbsbs. Tcrc prntiìrons fi istn:
3. Tnr isn si usc uoc tcsc fi riikhnasn rcznochai (fia <-6%).
8. Tnr isn tbiois riotc gbjc io ac lcrtirc: pcrc cknrtbùcr io pcrti

ans knvbkbiotns.
<. Tnr isn fihirëcs cmnrrcr ca`n kãs fi an privbstn.
NVXC\ NTLBNOI\:
Ia prnhaikc
prnh aikc fi ans fipüsbtn
fipüsbtnss
\upno`ckns qui c ac ifcf fi 79 cóns bovbirtis tnfn tu fboirn io uo
fipüsbtn qui rbofi, ixcltckioti, an kbskn qui ac bogaclbüo. Hbio,
iotnolis tu fboirn si clchcrã ixcltckioti fiotrn fi <4 cóns (n
lucaqubirc qui sic ac lbgrc qui mcycs utbabzcfn io ia pcsn 6). Istn qubiri
filbr qui, sb aai`cs c lukpabr 29 cóns, ti quifcrão 4 iurns io ac luiotc y
istcrãs crrubocfn. Ac bogaclbüo si mchrã lnkbfn aiotckioti tus
cmnrrns.
Ac nplbü
nplbüoo lnosirvcfnrc
Ac nplbüo kãs lnosirvcfnrc is lnkprcr uo ‑siùrn fi riotcs‛. Tc`cs c
uoc csiùrcfnrc uoc lcotbfcf fi fboirn y ti `crcotbzco uoc piosbüo fi

pnr vbfc. On ti gcatcrã fboirn ia ristn fi tus fëcs. Cuoqui vbvcs <44 cóns,
ac csiùrcfnrc lnrri ia rbis`n. \bo ikhcr`n, on pnfrãs fijcr uoc miriolbc
c tus mbjns pnrqui ac lcotbfcf pc`cfc c ac csiùrcfnrc on is fivuiatc. R
pirfirãs tnfc ac gaixbhbabfcf: yc on pnfrãs `cstcr ia fboirn pnrqui yc on
an tiofrãs. Fihirãs ispircr c tu riotc kiosuca cotis fi pnfir `cstcr.
¾Suâ nlurri sb qubiris fcr ac vuiatc ca kuofn fispuâs
fis puâs fi iotircrti fi qu
quii
ti quifc pnln tbikpn fi vbfc>
Ijikpan: lno 3,9 kbaanois ₡ nhtiobfns fispuâs fi pc`cr bkpuistns ca

viofir VY LBGXC, pnfrëcs lnkprcr uo siùrn fi riotcs qui pcùi io
tnron c 74.444 iurns coucais, CJY\VCFN\ pnr ac bogaclbüo. Is filbr, tu
scacrbn si cltucabzcrã lcfc cón fi cluirfn c ac bogaclbüo y kcotiofrãs tu
pnfir cfqubsbtbvn.
Yoc nplbüo kãs lnkpaijc

lnkpa ijc::
@ioi
ioircr
rcr tus
tu s p
prnpbcs
rnpbcs riotc
r iotcss (fbvbfiofns
(fbvbf iofns yy//n botiri
bot irisis)
sis)
Istc prnpuistc is gbslcakioti kions igblbioti y kãs lnkpablcfc.
Ac prnpuistc is lnkprcr IVG‒s qui ripcrtco fbvbfiofns. IVG‒s

lnkpuistn pnr cllbnois qui pcùio fbvbfiofns kifbn-catns (<-6%) y
tio`co uoc luaturc fi lubfcr ca cllbnobstc (bolrikiotn mbstürbln fia
fbvbfiofn). Fi istc kcoirc tiofrikns uo scacrbn (prnpnrlbnocfn pnr ans
fbvbfiofns qui pc`co acs ikpriscs) y kcotiofrikns ia vcanr fi ouistrc
lcrtirc (c acr`n paczn).
Ontc: ¾pnr quâ IVG‒s> ¾Suâ is uo IVG> ¡Huioc priùotc! Yo IVG

(Ixlmcoì Vrcfif Guof) is hãsblckioti uo u o gnofn fi bovirsbüo qui lntbzc
fbriltckioti io hnasc, lnkn sb guirc uoc cllbüo, lckhbcofn fi prilbn
lcfc siùofn. Ia trctckbiotn gbslca is ia kbskn fi acs cllbnois, is filbr,
pinr qui ia fi ans gnofns.
Trnpno`n utbabzcr IVG‒s pnrqui pnr ia knkiotn on mi iolnotrcfn gnofns

fi ripcrtn fi fbvbfiofns botiriscotis. On nhstcoti, ac ànhcabzclbüo y ac
lnkpitiolbc jui`co c ouistrn gcvnr. Is kuy pnsbhai qui cpcrizlco
gnofns fi bovirsbüo botiriscotis. \b ti suslrbhis c kb AB\VC FI
BOWIX\BÜO (ca gboca fia abhrn ti ixpabln lükn), ti kcotiofrâ ca lnrrbioti
fi tnfn istn.

\TFX \&T @anhca Fbvbfiof Crbstnlrcts YLBV\ IVG (B\BO
BI44H2LS]\03)
Âsti is, io kb npbobüo, ia IVG fi ripcrtn
r ipcrtn fi fbvbfiofns kãs botiriscoti c
fëc fi mny. Bolauyi c 344 ikpriscs ‑crbstülrctcs‛ fi tnfn ia kuofn qui
mco kcotiobfn n bolrikiotcfn su fbvbfiofn lnosilutbvckioti furcoti
ans úatbkns 34 cóns. Vbioi uons `cstns knfircfns (4,69% couca). \u
riotchbabfcf hrutc pnr fbvbfiofn istã io tnron ca <% couca. Fbstrbhuyi
fbvbfiofns trbkistrcakioti (gihrirn, kcyn, c`nstn y onvbikhri). Lntbzc
io vcrbcs hnascs (btcabcoc, caikcoc, subzc n hrbtãoblc) y io vcrbcs fbvbscs
(iurns, grcolns subzns n abhrcs istirabocs). Xilnkbiofn lnkprcran io
iurns.
Ntrns IVG‒s sbkbacris (pirn ON ànhcais):
▪ \TFX \&T Y\ Fbvbfiof Crbstnlrcts YLBV\ IVG

(BI44H7R]9F64).
Ac kbskc gbansngëc pirn süan lno cllbnois ckirblcocs.
▪ \TFX \&T Iurn Fbvbfiof Crbstnlrcts YLBV\ IVG

(BI44H9K3PJ=0). Ia iqubvcaioti iurnpin.
▪ \TFX \&T Tco Csbc Fbvbfiof Crbstnlrcts YLBV\ IVG

(BI44H2EOX<<7). Ia iqubvcaioti csbãtbln.
Bolnoviobiotis
3. Ia scacrbn on sirã gbjn y, io uoc âpnlc fi lrbsbs, caùocs ikpriscs
puifio rilnrtcr ia fbvbfiofn.

8. Fcfn qui si trctc fi riotc vcrbchai, c lnrtn paczn puifi mchir
lcëfcs bkpnrtcotis (fi mcstc ia 94%). Cuoqui acs cllbnois qui
pc`co fbvbfiofns y ans kcotbioio suiaio sir kãs istchais y
tbiofio c sugrbr kions qui ia kirlcfn.
Tnr iaan, is rilnkiofchai on fipiofir úoblckioti fi istc guioti fi

bo`risns y lnkhbocrac lno ntrns prnfultns: tu lcrtirc fi gnofns (lno ac
riàc fia 6%), siùrn fi riotcs, fipüsbtns n IVG‒s fi riotc gbjc lnkn ans
qui ti prisiotn c lnotbouclbüo:
IVG‒s fi riotc gbjc:

▪ \TFX Hcrlacys Iurn @nvirokiot Hnof YLBV\ IVG
(BI44H<\9]P46).
Bovbirti io riotc gbjc fi ans `nhbirons iurnpins. Tc`c botirisis
lcfc 7 kisis (gihrirn y c`nstn). \u riotchbabfcf pnr fbvbfiofn is
fi 4,<% cprnx (ans tbpns fi botirâs istão io këobkns mbstürblns).
Vbioi uons `cstns fia 4,39% couca.
▪ \TFX Hcrlacys Iurn Lnrpnrcti Hnof YLBV\ IVG

(BI44H<V2AK02). \bkbacr ca cotirbnr, pirn bovbirti io riotc gbjc
fi ikpriscs iurnpics (ca`n kãs crrbis`cfn). Vckhbâo mcli fns
pc`ns ca cón y su riotchbabfcf pnr fbvbfiofn is ca`n kcynr (c
kcynr rbis`n, kcynr riotchbabfcf), fi uo 3% cprnx.
▪ \TFX Hcrlacys Iurn C``ri`cti Hnof YLBV\ IVG

(BI44H63XRA7<). Yoc kizlac iotri ans fns cotirbnris: bolauyi
riotc gbjc fi `nhbirons y fi ikpriscs. \u riotchbabfcf pnr
fbvbfiofn couca si sbtúc io ia 4,9% (tbpns fi botirâs io këobkns
mbstürblns).
Ontc: ¾pnr quâ on bovirtbr io gnofns/IVG‒s fi ripcrtn fi fbvbfiofns

fisfi uo prbolbpbn> Io kb npbobüo, pnrqui is boigblbioti gbslcakioti
(lnhrcr fbvbfiofns bkpablc pc`cr bkpuistns). Rn prigbirn on ritbrcr
fboirn io ac gcsi fi bovirsbüo pcrc kcxbkbzcr ia pnfir fia botirâs
lnkpuistn.
Yoc fi acs lacvis pcrc qui tnfn ia sbstikc guolbnoi fi virfcf (on süan c
obvia ilnoükbln) is qui ti \BIOVC\ LÜKNFN. Tnr tcotn, bogürkcti pcrc
iolnotrcr cquiaan qui si cfcpti kijnr c tu pirsnocabfcf. Rn ti puifn
knstrcr acs fbstbotcs nplbnois, pirn ac filbsbüo gboca is sbikpri
sb ikpri tuyc. R ac
rispnoschbabfcf tckhbâo. Is an qui tbioi sir bofipiofbioti fi Tcpã
Istcfn. ¡Vi csiùrn qui kirili ac pioc!

Lcp ëtu
tuaa n =
GCS: Vnfcs tus fufcs, y kãs, risuiatcs
3. Vnfn an qui fblis

fblis suioc kuy hbio y ki ùstcrëc
ùstcrëc ikpizcr c
bovirtbr lnkn prnpnois. Tirn on tio`n tbikpn fi mclir ans
trãkbtis n ki fc kbifn iqubvnlcrki. ¾Tuifis ilmcrki uoc
kcon>
Lacrn, lnkn pcrti fia «EBV fi rilursns fi boblbclbüoµ Bofipiofëzcti

istã ac ùëc pcrc ikpizcr c bovirtbr io 84 kboutns, fnofi ixpabln ia
pcsn c pcsn qui yn utbabzn. An puifis lnosiùbr `rctbs io
www.lcrans`caco.oit, ri`bstrãofnti lno tu lnrrin iailtrüobln.
8. Jnaëo, pirn bovirtbr

bovirtbr c acr`n paczn
paczn is kuy churrbfn.
Bovirtbr fi gnrkc cutnkãtblc, fbvirsbgblcofn lno gnofns y c acr`n

paczn is churrbfn. Rc an sâ. Tirn is ac gnrkc kãs prnhchai fi
f i qui `cois
kulmn fboirn fi gnrkc gbchai. Csë qui, aai`cfns c isti puotn vcs c
tioir qui filbfbr: ¾qubiris juhbacrti kbaanocrbn
kb aanocrbn n on> Lcroi n pislcfn.
FILBFI.

<. Ki ùstcrëc ikpizcr c bovirtbr,
bovirtbr, pirn ON VIO@N FBOIXN.
FBOIXN.
Istny prãltblckioti siùrn fi qui puifis lnosiùbr, ca kions, uo
iurn ca fëc pcrc bovirtbr. Cuoqui sics istufbcoti. Lno isn yc puifis
ikpizcr.
¾Vnfcvëc vis bkpnsbhai cmnrrcr 3 iurn ca fëc> Tirkëtiki qui

lnotrcctcqui: ¾Gukcs> ¾Jui`cs c ac antirëc> \b is csë, yc tbiois pnr
füofi rilnrtcr. R sb on is csë, pbiosc qui hbio pnfrëc sir tu lcsn y, sbo
bkpnrtcr tu lnofblbüo snlbca n ilnoükblc, lnosiùbrëcs ia fboirn
fb oirn pcrc
iaan.
¾Luãotn luistc ia milmn fi gukcr ricakioti>
Yo gukcfnr kifbn `cstc fns lcjitbaacs pnr sikcoc fi kifbc. C 9 iurns

pnr pcquiti istn sno 34 iurns c ac sikcoc n 64 iurns ca kis.
ki s. On pcrili
fikcsbcfn... Tirn ¾luãotn vcai istn c an acr`n fi uoc vbfc> Is filbr, uo
lmcvca fi 89 cóns qui filbfc fijcr fi gukcr i bovirtbr isns 64 iurns
tnfns ans kisis, ¾luãotn fboirn tiofrã lno 79 cóns> Mcz tu cpuistc…
Ocfc kãs y ocfc kions qui 37=.444 iurns. R isn sbo cukiotcr ac
lcotbfcf kiosuca fi 64 iurns (sb csukbkns uoc lnosirvcfnrc
bogaclbüo couca fia <%, ac lbgrc suhi mcstc 8<2.444 iurns).
Knrcaijc 3: ¡fijc fi gukcr mny!
Knrcaijc 8: Bolausn piquiócs lcotbfcfis, bovirtbfcs furcoti acr`ns

pirënfns, puifio lnovirtbrsi
lnovirtbrsi iio
o uoc piquióc gnrtuoc.
Jui`c c tu prnpbc antirëc y mczti rbln fi virfcf
¾Luãotn si `cstc ia ispcóna kifbn io antirëc> \i`úo Antirëcs y

Cpuistcs fia Istcfn, uons 844 iurns ca cón. Istn süan bolauyi ia `cstn
io ‑Antirëcs‛. On bolauyi ia `cstn io ac ‑NOLI‛, lcsbons, hbo`ns n
cpuistcs fipnrtbvcs (ac kifbc istã io tnron c <44 iurns). Is filbr, ia
ispcóna kifbn si `cstc uons 944 iurns io ‑jui`n‛ lcfc cón.
\b io viz fi tbrcr isi fboirn c ac hcsurc cón trcs

tr cs cón, filbfis bovirtbran
lnkn
ans 79)titiofrãs
prnpno`n, fispuâs
uons 364.444fiiurns
64 cóns (pnr ijikpan,
(844.444ijik pan, fisfi
sb lcfc ans 89 mcstc
cón cukiotcs tu

`cstn lnognrki c ac bogaclbüo, supnobiofn uo <% couca). On istã ocfc
kca, ¾virfcf>
Bolausn cuoqui c fëc fi mny ti sic bkpnsbhai cmnrrcr fboirn pcrc

bovirtbr, kb lnosijn is qui chrcs MNR ac luiotc io tu hrüeir y vcycs
iovbcofn fboirn io piquiócs lcotbfcfis.
6. ‑Ju`cr‛ c ac hnasc is kuy ixlbtcoti. Cuoqui sny lnoslbioti fi

qui on lnosiùbrâ bùcacr
bùcacr ac riotchbabfcf
rio tchbabfcf fia kirlcfn,
kirlcfn, ki
fbvbirtn.
\b ti tnkcs ac hnasc lnkn uo mnhhy y sbùis uocs riàcs (acs tuycs

prnpbcs) c rcjc tchac, ki pcrili hbio tioir uoc pcrti fi ac lcrtirc
bovirtbfc fbriltckioti io cllbnois (kãxbkn uo 89%). Tirn
Tir n on fihirëc
sir ac pcrti prbolbpca.
Rn pirsnocakioti sb`n bovbrtbiofn io cllbnois pnr kb luiotc lno ia

89% fi kb bovirsbüo pnrqui ac siosclbüo fi lricr fboirn lno tus bfics
is bobùcachai. Tirn ia `ruisn fia pctrbknobn (09%)
( 09%) istã ‑prnti`bfn‛ fi
kbs iknlbnois y irrnris.
9. ‑Lrin‛ qui ac hnasc vc c lcir. Istã kuy catc, yc mc suhbfn

fikcsbcfn. ¾Fihirëc viofir n trcspcscr c uo gnofn kãs
lnosirvcfnr>
Ia 04% fia tbikpn ac hnasc istã suhbiofn. On tioikns ob bfic
bf ic fi an qui
mcrã io ans prüxbkns kisis n cóns. Ocfbi an schi. Tnr catc
cat c qui istâ, ac
hnasc sbikpri puifi siùbr suhbiofn. Ac gbansngëc fi isti abhrn
lnosbsti io on trctcr fi prifilbr ans prüxbkns knvbkbiotns, sbon io
lnkprcr sbikpri, pcsi an qui pcsi, lnkn uo nrfiocfnr, sbo
siotbkbiotns.
Kb rilnkiofclbüo is ON viofir ob trcspcscr c uo gnofn kãs

lnosirvcfnr. Ocfbi schi an qui pcscrã.
7. Ac hnasc
Lcfc vizmc lcëfn
kãs. uo 64%.viofir>
¾Fihirëc Istny
Istny pirfbiofn kulmn fboirn.
fboirn.

Ouolc, ouolc, ouolc viofcs fispuâs fi uoc lcëfc fia kirlcfn. Isti
sbstikc riqubiri fi gi. Is io ans pinris
pinri s knkiotns lucofn clukuacs
kulmcs pcrtblbpclbnois c hcjn lnsti . Is lucofn ricakioti cvcozcs.
\b on istãs pripcrcfn pcrc vir tcotc vnactbabfcf io tu lcrtirc, bolauyi
kcynr prnpnrlbüo fi riotc gbjc pcrc rihcjcr ia rbis`n. \b utbabzcs
Bofixc Lcpbtca, puifis rihcjcr tu obvia fi rbis`n fisfi tu luiotc y
ia pnrliotcji fi riotc gbjc cukiotcrã cutnkãtblckioti . \b utbabzcs
ntrn hrüeir, fihirãs mcliran kcoucakioti.
0. Vio`n uo fboirn
fboirn bkpnrtcoti qqui
ui bovirtb
bovirtbrr
(pnr ijikpan 74.444 iurns) ¾Luãofn is ia knkiotn>
\b tioikns uoc lcotbfcf qui quirikns ikpizcr c bovirtbr y an

mclikns ‑fi `napi‛, lnrrikns ia rbis`n fi qui justn lnkbiolio acs
lcëfcs y, ca lchn fi uo cón, istikns pirfbiofn uo <4 n 64%64 % fia fboirn.
Tnr iaan ac snaulbüo is utbabzcr ia ‑fnaacr lnst cvirc`bo`‛ c an acr`n fi 9
cóns (pnr ijikpan). ¾Io quâ lnosbsti istn> Kuy siolbaan, sbkpaikioti
qubiri filbr qui io au`cr fi bovirtbr ans 74.444 iurns (fia ijikpan)
mny, fi uoc snac viz, an vckns c br bovbrtbiofn pirbüfblckioti. Is
filbr 74.444/9 cóns;38.444 iurns ca cón. N an qui is an kbskn,
bovirtbrikns 3.444 iurns ca kis.
\b lnkbiozco acs lcëfcs istcrikns iolcotcfns pnrqui pnfrikns

lnkprcr uo kcynr oúkirn fi pcrtblbpclbnois c hcjn prilbn.
\b pnr ia lnotrcrbn ac hnasc suhi, ons crripiotbrikns fi on mchir
lnkprcfn
uoc lcrrirctnfn ca prbolbpbn,
fi gnofn. Ju`cknslucofn
ca acr`nistchc
paczn.kãs
R is hcrctc. Tirn
prigirbhai istnlno
schir lniso
lirtizc qui on istckns lnkprcofn uoc lcotbfcf tco bkpnrtcoti
bkp nrtcoti io ia
pinr knkiotn.
=. \b ac hnasc sbikpri suhi

suhi y ia sbstikc is tco
tco ivbfioti,
¾pnr quâ on an usc tnfn ia kuofn>
Ixbstio kulmcs rcznois. Tnr uo acfn, ac kcynr pcrti fi ac pnhaclbüo

is boluatc gbocolbirckioti y c ac bofustrbc gbocolbirc ai lnovbioi istc

sbtuclbüo (pcrc lnhrcr kãs lnkbsbnois lno prnfultns fi hcjc lcabfcf).
lcabfcf) .
Tnr ntrn acfn, c ac ìoti ai fc ‑kbifn‛ ac hnasc pnrqui on tbioi
kiknrbc mbstürblc y ans kifbns fi lnkuoblclbüo si iolcr`co fi
csustcr lnoviobiotikioti. Cfikãs, is uo kâtnfn churrbfn y aiotn,
acs kcscs prigbirio botiotcr fcr ia piantczn.
2. ¾R sb ac ìstnrc
ìstnrc fi gnofns fi bovirsbüo qubihrc ((Lcsn3)>
Lcsn3)> ¾R sb
kb hrüeir qubihrc (Lcsn 8)> ¾R sb ia gnofn qubihrc (Lcsn <)>
¾R sb ia hcoln fipnsbtcrbn qubihrc (Lcsn 6)>
\bùbiofn lno ans ijikpans fia abhrn, lnovbioi figbobr:
▪ Iotbfcf ìstnrc fia gnofn: Wcoùcrf (lcsn 3)

▪ Hrüeir (botirkifbcrbn gbocolbirn): Bofixc Lcpbtca (lcsn 8)
▪ Gnofn: Wcoùcrf @anhca \tnle Bofix Guof (lcsn <)
▪ Hcoln fipnsbtcrbn: Bovirsbs Hcoln (lcsn 6)
Lcsn 3
Io ia mbpntâtbln lcsn fi qui Wcoùcrf lnkn ìstnrc quihrcsi, ia
pctrbknobn fia gnofn Wcoùcrf @anhca \tnle Bofix Guof istã
tntcakioti sipcrcfn fia pctrbknobn fi ac lcsc ìstnrc. Istn fihi sir
csë pcrc `crcotbzcr qui ans cmnrrns fi kbais fi pirsnocs on istão io
piab`rn.
Lcsn 8
Ntrn lcsn is qui ouistrn botirkifbcrbn gbocolbirn (n hrüeir) qubihri.
Cquë fihikns fbstboùbr iotri ia fboirn io igiltbvn qui kcotio`ckns
io ia hrüeir y/n hcoln fipnsbtcrbn (on fihirëc sir kulmn) y acs
bovirsbnois qui tio`ckns (pnr ijikpan, gnofns fi bovirsbüo):
Bkc`boikns qui tioikns ouistrns gnofns lnotrctcfns c trcvâs fi

Bofixc y âstc qubihrc. Ia gnofn fi bovirsbüo istã io uoc luiotc fi
vcanris c onkhri fia labioti y tntcakioti sipcrcfn fia pctrbknobn
pctrb knobn fia
hrüeir. \bkpaikioti aaivcrëc ca`n fi tbikpn kbiotrcs si clacrc ia
csuotn y si fisbòc uo ouivn lnkirlbcabzcfnr.

Ia fboirn io igiltbvn. Io isti lcsn, sb mchackns fi uo hcoln, ia Gnofn
fi @crcotëc fi Fipüsbtns luhri ans prbkirns 344.444 iurns pnr tbtuacr
y pnr hcoln. \b mchackns fi uoc snlbifcf fi f i vcanris, ia GN@CBO luhri
tckhbâo 344.444 iurns. Tirn úoblckioti fia fboirn io igiltbvn.
Lnkn mikns vbstn, ia fboirn bovirtbfn io gnofns is ntrc mbstnrbc y istã
sipcrcfn fia pctrbknobn fia hrüeir y fi ac ìstnrc. \b si lukpai ac aiy,
istã siùrn.
Lcsn <
\b ia gnofn qubihrc… tâloblckioti uo gnofn fi bovirsbüo on puifi
quihrcr. \ë is pnsbhai qui vca`c lirn sb tnfcs acs ikpriscs fi acs qui
is cllbnobstc qubihrco, pirn istn is ia rbis`n fia kirlcfn, ob kãs ob
kions.
Lcsn 6
\b ia hcoln fipnsbtcrbn (Bovirsbs Hcoln, sbùbiofn ia ijikpan fi
bovirsbüo c trcvâs fi Bofixc Lcpbtca) qubihrc: Io lucotn c ac luiotc
lnrrbioti qui istã chbirtc c tu onkhri, fnofi istã fipnsbtcfn ia
igiltbvn tuyn qui on mcyc sbfn bovirtbfn io vcanris, istã csiùrcfc pnr
ia Gnofn fi @crcotëc fi Fipüsbtns, mcstc 344.444₡ pnr tbtuacr.
Io 8439 pufbkns vir istc sbtuclbüo io ac prãltblc (Lcsn Hcoln

Kcfrbf). Cuoqui io uo prbkir knkiotn si ispiluaü lno qui ans
bovirsnris pnfëco pirfir sus bovirsbnois pnr iolbkc fi 344.444
iurns, ac LOKW scabü io figiosc fia bovirsnr y si lukpabü ac aiy. \i
fisbòü c LILC
Muhn uons lnkn
lucotns fipnsbtcrbc
kisis y c Xiotc
fi fiknrc, pirn ia6 fboirn
lnkn lnkirlbcabzcfnr.
quifü siùrn.
Io lucotn c tu luiotc fi vcanris, istã si`ri`cfc fia hcacoli

hca coli fia hcoln
lustnfbn y on gnrkcrëc pcrti fi ac kcsc fi ac qubihrc fia hcoln (tus
vcanris, is filbr tus pcrtblbpclbnois io gnofns, siùbrëco sbiofn
tuyns).
34. Oilisbtn fboirn. Oilisbtn viofir ans gnofns

Ac lacvi fia sbstikc qui pacotin, bovirsbüo c acr`n paczn, lnosbsti io
on ritbrcr ‑OYOLC‛ ia fboirn. Csë ia botirâs lnkpuistn puifi mclir
su trchcjn. \b ritbrcs ia fboirn vuiavis c ac lcsbaac fi scabfc.
Tnr isn fihis kiotcabzcrti virfcfirckioti fi qui ia fboirn

bovirtbfn, is fboirn
fboirn prnmbhbfn, ‑pirfbfn‛.
Ivbfiotikioti ac vbfc is kuy acr`c i, boivbtchaikioti, pcsco ‑lnscs‛.

Tnr isn, cotis fi ocfc, fihirëcs riuobr uo ‑lnalmüo
‑lnal müo fi siùrbfcf‛: uo
fboirn sbikpri fbspnobhai (io ac luiotc lnrrbioti) qui luhrc tnfns tus
`cstns fi <-7 kisis. Bolausn 38 kisis sb iris kbifnsn/c.
\ÜAN io uo lcsn ixtrikn fihirëcs ritbrcr fboirn fi tu luiotc fi

bovirsbüo.
33. ¾Füofi puifn bognrkcrki snhri hnasc> ¾Pihs, han`s>

Ac hiaaizc fia sbstikc fi bovirsbüo cutnkãtbln risbfi io qui on
oilisbtc fi tu cllbüo. On is oiliscrbn qui istâs bognrkcfn snhri ac
hnasc. Fi milmn, is prigirbhai qui ti chstrcb`cs y ob sbqubirc
lnosuatis acs lntbzclbnois, pcrc ivbtcr qui tus iknlbnois iotrio io
jui`n. Lnosuatcr ia prilbn on ti cpnrtc obo`úo hioigblbn:
h ioigblbn: pcsi an qui
pcsi lno ac lntbzclbüo, tu rispuistc fihi sir ac kbskc: quifcrti
qubitn/c, on mclir ocfc. Vcotn sb suhi lnkn sb hcjc.
Wny c mclir uoc rigaixbüo uo tcotn ‑gbansügblc‛: istckns fikcsbcfn

fik csbcfn
clnstukhrcfns c lnkpcrcrons. C oilisbtcr lnotbouckioti uoc
cprnhclbüo, uoc ritrncabkiotclbüo. C vir quâ tca an istckns mclbiofn.
C vir quâ pbiosco fi onsntrns. Mchan io ìoirca, io ac vbfc. R
tckhbâo, pnr supuistn, io kctirbc fi bovirsbnois. Ons ùstc
ù stc lnosuatcr
acs lntbzclbnois ‑pcrc vir quâ tca vc…‛ Tbiosn qui istn puifi ju`cr
kcacs pcscfcs (yn cpiocs lnosuatn ia scafn fi kb luiotc fi bovirsbüo:
qubzã < n 6 vilis ca cón).
Tnr iaan süan ti fcrâ uoc guioti fi bognrkclbüo: uo han` snhri gnofns
bofixcfns y ac gbansngëc fi bovirsbüo c acr`n paczn qui mi botiotcfn
trcoskbtbrti: www.bovirsnrbotiabìoti.oit

38. R sb tnfn ia kuofn lnkbiozc c utbabzcr gnofns bofixcfns…
¾puifio knrbr fi âxbtn y fijcr fi guolbnocr>
C fbgiriolbc fi ans gnofns fi ìstbüo cltbvc, uo gnofn bofixcfn ON
puifi knrbr fi âxbtn. Istã fbsiócfn pcrc on gcaacr. \u nhjitbvn is
ripablcr c su ëofbli fi rigiriolbc y an lnosbùi ia 344% fi acs vilis.
Tnr tcotn, sb kulmc ìoti lnkbiozc c utbabzcr gnofns bofixcfns on
pcsc ocfc: ac riotchbabfcf siùbrã sbiofn ac kbskc, ac fia kirlcfn.
3<. Ac hnasc mc lcëfn hcstcoti. Vio`n uo fboirn fbspnobha

f bspnobhai.
i.
¾Fihirëc cprnvilmcr pcrc clukuacr pcrtblbpclbnois hcrctcs>
Huioc priùotc. ¡Kb rispuistc is ON! Ki ixpabln: ac gbansngëc fi tnfn
isti abhrn lnosbsti io ON botiotcr prifilbr ia kirlcfn. Tuifi qui
mcyc lcëfn uo 64% pirn pnfrëc siùbr lcyiofn pirgiltckioti. Ocfbi
an schi. Tnr isn prnpno`n bovirtbr lnkn uo nrfiocfnr.
Ia sbstikc yc lnkprc cutnkãtblckioti kãs pcrtblbpclbnois c hcjn

prilbn lucofn ia kirlcfn lci guirtikioti.
Fblmn istn, sb qubiris I\TILYACX (ocfc fi kcan io iaan), ¡cfiacoti!

Rn an mc`n lno uoc pcrti fi kb fboirn. R sbo fufc ki risirvn uo
fboirn pcrc bovirtbran io lcsn fi `rcofis lrcles fia kirlcfn. Tirn is
isn, I\TILYACLBÜO. Is filbr, istã sipcrcfn tntcakioti fi kb
BOWIX\BÜO CYVNKCVBZCFC R C ACX@N TACZN.
36. Ia kirlcfn istã ‑fbgëlba/piab`rnsn‛ cmnrc kbskn.

¾Is ia knkiotn fi ikpizcr>
i kpizcr>
Ki abkbtcrâ c ripitbr uoc viz kãs: Ia knkiotn
knk iotn pirgiltn irc cyir. Mny
is ia siùofn kijnr fëc pcrc ikpizcr. Kcócoc sirã tcrfi.
39. ‑Aaivn < kisis bovbrtbiofn y yc pbirfn uo 84%.

Ki tbikhaco acs pbirocs.‛
¡Luãotn ki cai`rn! \ë, ki cai`rn fi qui pbirfcs. Ac úoblc kcoirc fi
lnkprnhcr luãa
lcëfcs. Ocfbi is tu cvirfcfirn
cpriofi pirgba
tnricr fisfi fi rbis`n\b is
ac hcrrirc. ixpirbkiotcofn
fispuâs fi < kisis

istãs pirfbiofn, siùrckioti on kãs fi uons lbiotns fi iurns, y yc
‑ti tbikhaco acs pbirocs‛, sbo fufc isti sbstikc on is pcrc
p crc tb. Botrnfuli
riotc gbjc (kions rbis`n).
Tbâoscan csë: sb ti lc`cs lno uons pnlns lbiotns (n kbais) fi iurns, ¾quâ
¾q uâ
pcscrã fiotrn fi 84 cóns lucofn, pnr ijikpan, tio`cs 844.444iurns
bovirtbfns (kuy gcltbhai sb bovbirtis kis c kis y si fc uo pirënfn
calbstc)>
An bkpnrtcoti is pripcrcrsi pcrc isi isliocrbn... Cmë on ac puifis

lc`cr. On ti puifis pirkbtbr, viofir pnr pãobln
pãobl n lucofn ans 844.444 si
lnovbirtco io 344.444... R ti csiùrn qui vc c pcscr. \b iotnolis ti
puifi ia pãobln, is @CKI NWIX.
Tnr isn, utbabzc acs lcëfcs pcrc cvirbùcr tu virfcfirc cvirsbüo ca

rbis`n.
37. ¾\iùrn qui ac hnasc riofbrã uo 7-0-=% couca>

¡ON, ON y ON! Sui quifi lacrn. On tio`n ob bfic fi an qui pcscrã. Ob
tú tckpnln. An úobln qui sâ is qui mbstürblckioti mc sbfn kuy
riotchai. ¡Tuotn!
30. ¾Isti kâtnfn is

i s tuyn>
¾Suâ kâtnfn> An qui mi botiotcfn ixpablcrti is an qui yn mi
cpriofbfn fispuâs fi iqubvnlcrki, bognrkcrki y rigaixbnocr. R an
qui yn cpabln. On is obo`úo kâtnfn kã`bln y ispirn qui on an vics
lnkn tca.
3=. ¾Suâ pcsc sb justn uo cón cotis

co tis fi juhbacrki ac hnasc si
fispankc>
Lnkn mikns vbstn io lcpëtuans cotirbnris, fihirëcs br rifulbiofn ia
pnrliotcji fi riotc vcrbchai (‑hnasc‛) c kifbfc qui isi knkiotn vc
clirlãofnsi.

32. ¾Luãa is ac gürkuac fia botirâs lnkpuistn> ¾Lükn lcaluan acs
riotchbabfcfis>
Istn is bkpnrtcoti. Vbiois qui lnonlir istc gürkuac (is sbkpai) y
schir utbabzcrac.
Lg; Lcpbtca gboca
Lb; Lcpbtca boblbca
b;botirâs couca
o; cóns
\upno`ckns qui bovbirtis 3.444 iurns. Ca lchn fi 34 cóns si mco

lnovirtbfn io 8.444 iurns. ¾Suâ botirâs couca an mc milmn pnsbhai> On
is uo 34%. Xiluirfc qui ia botirâs lnkpuistn jui`c c tu gcvnr y
‑cliairc‛ ac rivcanrbzclbüo. Tnr tcotn, ia botirâs lnkpuistn oiliscrbn
mchrã sbfn kionr.
¾Luãotn>
Fispijikns:
8444;3444 (3+b) _ (34).

Tnr sb on riluirfcs fi tus tbikpns fia lnai`bn, si fispijc csë:
Tnr tcotn, ia botirâs (b) oiliscrbn is: 0.8%

Xiàc koikntâloblc: Xiàc fia 08: pcrc schir luãotn tbikpn (cóns)
tcrfcrãs io fnhacr (x8) uo fboirn ], sbkpaikioti fbvbfi 08 iotri ia
botirâs ispircfn.
Ijikpans:
Botirâs ispircfn fia 0.8%: 08/0.8; 34 cóns

Botirâs ispircfn fia 84%: 08/84; fnhacrëcs tu fboirn io <.7 cóns
Botirâs ispircfn fia 9%: 08/9; 36.6 cóns
84. Vio`n uo BXTG catn. Lrin qui ki lnkpiosc bovirtbr io kb

paco fi piosbnois pcrc fifulbrki.
Tuifis vnavir c aiir ac pcrti fia lcpëtuan 7 fnofi
f nofi an cocabzn io fitcaai.
83. Istny kuy fi cluirfn lno ac gbansngëc, pirn prigbirn utbabzcr

IVG‒s io au`cr fi gnofns fi bovirsbüo
Ki pcrili pirgiltn. Rn mi iai`bfn ans gnofns pnr uo tikc fi gbslcabfcf

(si puifio trcspcscr sbo ‑pcscr pnr Mclbiofc‛), lnkbsbnois (lnkn on
mcy lnkbsbnois fi iotrcfc y scabfc puifn lnkprcr piquiócs
lcotbfcfis lcfc kis) y cutnkctbzclbüo (puifn fcr ürfiois
cutnkãtblcs).
cu tnkãtblcs). \bo ikhcr`n, mcy IVG‒s bofixcfns kuy botiriscotis i
bolausn fi kcynr
pnr sb aai`crc lcabfcf
uo puotn qui
io ia ansacsgnofns.
qui \iùbrâ
viot cjcs
viotcjcs ctiotn
fia IVG ca kirlcfn
supirco c acs fia
gnofn.
88. Oilisbtn vir qui kbs bovirsbnois ‑fco riotcs‛.

Iotrckns io tikcs psblnaü`blns. C piscr fi qui is kãs lnoviobioti
on lnhrcr fbvbfiofns (iaan lnoaaivc uoc ritiolbüo fi uo 84% cprnx) y
fijcr qui ia lcpbtca si vcyc kuatbpablcofn (botirâs lnkpuistn), c
kulmc ìoti
lrilbiotis ai cyufc
(cuoqui vir qui sus bovirsbnois ìoirco riotcs
acs ribovbirtco).

\bolirckioti, sb istn ti cyufc c kcotioir tu fbslbpaboc bovirsnrc,
¡cfiacoti! An bkpnrtcoti is qui bovbirtcs y tio`cs uocs riàcs, uo
sbstikc. R tio`n qui rilnonlir qui c kë lcfc viz ki ctrci kãs ac bfic.
8<. ‑Vio`n 66 cóns, fbvnrlbcfc, uo mbjn fi 33 y uoc mbjc fi 36

cóns, uo lcoblmi aackcfn Lcpb (knoësbkn), uo pbsn io
prnpbifcf (sny fi Tcaiolbc) y uo cpcrtckiotn
cpc rtckiotn istupiofn io
Hiobfnrk io siùofc aëoic fi pacyc y lno mbpntilc. Vckhbâo
ki ùstc ia lboi y ia
i a tictrn, aiir y lnlbocr. Kb suiafn is fi
3944 iurns. Cmmm, y ki aackn Kcrëc. ¾Suâ mc`n>‛
Fi viz io lucofn ki aai`co lnrrins fi isti istban. Cuoqui botiotn

rispnofir an kijnr qui puifn, on sny uo ixpirtn. R tckpnln sny
csisnr pirsnoca. R cfikãs on lnonzln c ac pirsnoc, ki gcatc kulmc
bognrkclbüo pcrc lnotistcrai lnrriltckioti.

Xipbtn: ON \NR I]TIXVN. On ti tnkis ca pbi fi ac aitrc tnfn an qui
islrbhn. Ispirn mchirti cyufcfn c ‑fispirtcr‛. Tirn sbùi
cpriofbiofn.
Ontc: ob kulmn kions qubirn fisboliotbvcr acs priùotcs. Ki ùstco,

sbikpri cpriofn i botiotn cyufcr. \bkpaikioti qubirn cfvirtbr qui
qubzã on sic ia kãs bofblcfn pcrc priùotcs tco ckpabcs.
86. ¾Tuifn lckhbcr isti gnofn ] n botirkifbcrbn R> Ki fc kbifn

gcstbfbcr ac ‑gürkuac kã`blc‛
Wnavikns c an kbskn. Fi viz io lucofn ki aai`co lnrrins lno

priùotcs fi isti istban. On sny csisnr y on pritiofn siran.
Sui quifi lacrn: ac gbansngëc qui ixpabln on is kãs qui isn, uoc gnrkc
fi iognlcr ac bovirsbüo c acr`n paczn. ON I\ OBO@YOC GÜXKYAC
KÃ@BLC. Subzã mcyc pilcfn fi sbkpabstc y pnr iaan ti an mi fcfn tnfn
fikcsbcfn kcstblcfn…

Tnr tcotn, ac XI\TNO\CHBABFCF, fisfi yc (fisfi sbikpri) is VYRC y
süan tuyc. Vcotn pcrc hbio lnkn pcrc kca.
89. ¾puifn
\b nptn pnr chrbr
iai`br uoc luiotc ioans
bofbvbfucakioti uo gnofns
ìstnr io
cutnkctbzcfn,
ans qui bovirtbr>
Istc is uoc fi acs priùotcs qui kãs rilbhn. Ac rispuistc is ‑On‛. Io
ans ìstnris cutnkctbzcfns (Bofixc, Gbobzios itl) prnpnoio uoc
lcrtirc io hcsi c tu pirgba fi rbis`n. \b ti ùstc, bovbirtis y iaans si
iolcr`co fia ristn. On is uo hrüeir ca usn io ia qui tú iabìs y
suslrbhis ans gnofns kcoucakioti.
Tbiosn qui pcrc ac kcynrëc fi bovirsnris, ia milmn fi

f i qui ‑ons an fio
kcstblcfn‛ is pnsbtbvn y cyufc c iabkbocr fufcs i bovirtbr cotis.
cotis.
87. ¾R sb qubirn gnrrcrki y fcr

f cr ia piantczn> ¾Suâ prnpnois>
Bovbrtbiofn pirbüfblckioti, pnln c pnln, on fcrãs ia piantczn ob ti
gnrrcrãs io uons pnlns cóns. On pritiofn io`cócr c ocfbi. Isti abhrn
on vc snhri istn.
\b ricakioti an qui huslcr is fcr ia piantczn (lno rbis`n), io kb

npbobüo tu kijnr nplbüo is knotcr uo oi`nlbn noaboi (pnobiofn kuy
pnln n ocfc fi fboirn) qui tio`c siotbfn, trchcjcr furn y lnosiùbr
viofiran. Subzã isti abhrn ti cyufi: Vmi kbaabnocbri gcstacoi.
Vckhbâo io ispcóna lnkn Ac vëc rãpbfc fia kbaanocrbn fi K.J. Fi
Kcrln.
80. ¾Luãa is ac fbgiriolbc iotri rbis`n y vnactbabfcf>

Ia rbis`n is ac pnsbhbabfcf fi pirfir tu fboirn fi gnrkc pirkcoioti.
Ac vnactbabfcf is ac gaultuclbüo tikpnrca fi ans prilbns. C lnrtn paczn,
ia rbis`n y ac vnactbabfcf si lnoguofio. Tnr ijikpan, bovirtbr io hnasc
is vnaãtba, cuoqui on oiliscrbckioti crrbis`cfn c (kuy) acr`n paczn.

8=. \b mi fislcr`cfn
fi slcr`cfn ia abhrn bai`cakioti, ¾puifn islrbhbrti
islrbhbrti>
>
Ac virfcf is qui on ki knaistc qui si aic ia abhrn bai`cakioti. Kb
nhjitbvn is qui sbrvc c ac ìoti. Rn on ki vny c iotircr fi sb mcs
lnkprcfn n on ia abhrn. R cuoqui ki an luiotis, on ki vny c iogcfcr
5) Tuifis islrbhbrki sbo prnhaikc.
82. ¾Tuifn bovirtbr c onkhri fi kb mbjn kionr>

\ë, io kb han` (lcrans`caco.oit) an ixpabln.
<4. ¾R sb vbvn guirc fi Iurnpc (Actbonckârblc, Csbc…)>

Io isi lcsn, si`úo ki lnkiotc ca`úo ailtnr, uoc nplbüo puifi sir ia
rnhncfvbsnr Bohistki.
<3. Ki scai uo pirgba fi rbis`n hcjn y qubirn kãs riotchbabfcf. ¾An

lckhbn>
Istc is uoc fi acs priùotcs qui kãs rilbhn. R snhri iaan islrbhë uo
crtëluan io kb han` (‑Ia virfcfirn pirgba fi rbis`n si vi io acs lcëfcs‛).
Lucofn ac hnasc suhi, tnfns quirikns kãs rbis`n pnrqui istn si
trcfuli io kcynr riotchbabfcf. R pnr tcotn puifi qui quirckns
csukbr uo kcynr rbis`n fia qui ouistrc ixpirbiolbc/sbtuclbüo
ilnoükblc y gckbabcr ons pirkbtc.
Tnr isn yn rilnkbiofn pnr onrkc ìoirca gbcrons fia pirgba fi rbis`n
csbòcfn. \nhri tnfn, sb ouolc mcs bovirtbfn io hnasc cotis.
<8. Kb fufc is:

i s: sb bovbirtn io cllbnois fbriltckioti c acr`n paczn,
lnosirvn acs cllbnois y cfikãs nhtio`n uoc riotc vëc
fbvbfiofns. ¾Luãa is ac fbgiriolbc lno ans gnofns>
Is uoc priùotc kuy huioc. R tbioi truln.
Igiltbvckioti, sb lnkprcs uoc cllbüo is kuy lacrn qui lnosirvcs ac

cllbüo y cfikãs ti pc`co uo fbvbfiofn.

\bo ikhcr`n, vckns c vir uo ijikpan: supno`ckns qui tbiois uoc
cllbüo fi Viaigüoblc qui lntbzc c 34 iurns ia 3 fi ioirn. Ia 8 fi ioirn
Viaigüoblc filbfi pc`cr 3 iurn fi fbvbfiofn.
Kulmc ìoti on schi istn: an qui ricakioti nlurri is qui ia fëc 8 fi

ioirn, ac cllbüo fi Viaigüoblc lnkiozcrã c lntbzcr c 2 iurns. Ia
fbvbfiofn on is ca`n qui surjc ‑fi ac ocfc‛. \bon qui si fisluiotc fia
vcanr fi ac cllbüo.
Cfikãs, sb lnhrcs 3 iurn fi fbvbfiofn, fihirãs pc`cr 4,84 iurns fi

bkpuistn (cprnxbkcfckioti).
Is filbr, tu fboirn fispuâs fi lnhrcr ia fbvbfiofn ia fëc 8 fi ioirn is:

34-3+3-4,8;2,=4 iurns.
¾\nrpriofbfn> \ë, ia igiltn gboca is qui mcs pirfbfn 84 lâotbkns fi

vcanr (34 “ 2,=4 iurns).
\bo ikhcr`n, sb bovbirtis io uo gnofn fi bovirsbüo qui tbioi 3 cllbüo

fi Viaigüoblc io lcrtirc, on pbirfis
pbirfi s ocfc. Istn nlurri pnrqui ia gnofn
tbioi uoc gbslcabfcf botiroc qui ai pirkbti on trbhutcr pnr ans
fbvbfiofns. Cfikãs, ia gnofn si iolcr`c fi ribovirtbr ans fbvbfiofns
pcrc qui ac hnac sb`c lrilbiofn.
<<. Ki pacotin bovirtbr io vcrbcs luiotcs (pnr ijikpan, uoc pcrc

kb kujir, ntrc pcrc kb mbjn y ntrc pcrc kë). ¾Wny c fiscprnvilmcr
csë ia botirâs lnkpuistn>
On. Ia botirâs lnkpuistn cpablc bùcakioti c < lcrtircs
lcrtircs fi 3.444 ₡ lcfc
uoc qui c uoc snac fi <.444 ₡.
Ca lchn fi 84 cóns tiofrãs ixcltckioti ia kbskn risuatcfn (sno

kctikãtblcs). Xiluirfc qui ia botirâs lnkpuistn is ‑aboica‛ io
lucotn c acs lcotbfcfis (puifis fbvbfbr io vcrbcs luiotcs) pirn
‑ixpnoiolbca‛ io lucotn ca tbikpn (is kulmn kijnr bovirtbr prnotn
uoc piquióc lcotbfcf qui tcrfi uoc kãs catc).
Csë qui, on ki lcosn fi filbran, ikpbizc mny.

<6. Ki pacotin bovirtbr tcotn io gnofns lnkn io paco fi
piosbnois bofixcfns, pcrc fbvirsbgblcr. ¾An vis hbio>
\ë. Vbioi siotbfn. Yoc pcrti io pacois fi piosbüo pcrc cprnvilmcr ia
cmnrrn gbslca y ntrc io gnofns pcrc tioir ca`n kãs fi
gaixbhbabfcf/abqubfiz.
<9. Xiaaion ia luistbnocrbn boblbca fi ca`úo ìstnr cutnkctbzcfn y

ac riotchbabfcf istbkcfc fi ac lcrtirc qui ki prnpnoio is hcjc.
¾Tnr quâ> ¾Xilnkbiofcs suhbr ia pirgba fi rbis`n> ¾Lükn>
Istn snhri tnfn nlurri lno Bofixc, qui prigbiri sir ‑lcutc‛ y kuistrc
uocs riotchbabfcfis privbstcs ‑lnosirvcfnrcs‛. Trigbiri pilcr fi
lnhcrfi pcrc on figrcufcr.
¾Xilnkbiofn
¾Xil nkbiofn ‑suhbr‛ kcoucakioti ia pirgba fi rbis`n> Rn on an mcrëc.
Lucofn ac hnasc
lucofn lci suhi, is
is lucofn ti gãlba csukbr
cai`rcrãs firbis`n
mchir (kãs riotchbabfcf).
lnogbcfn Tirn
io ia pirgba fi
rbis`n csbòcfn.
\b cuo csë, qubiris suhbr ia pirgba fi rbis`n, y hcjn tu rispnoschbabfcf,

puifis vnavir c lnotistcr ia luistbnocrbn lckhbcofn acs rispuistcs c
acs priùotcs (snhri tnfn fblbiofn qui ‑huslcs kãs riotchbabfcf‛ y
‑snpnrtcs lcëfcs‛).
<7. ¾Bovbirtn lno kb kujir n kijnr pnr sipcrcfn> ¾Gbslcakioti

qui lnovbioi>
C kë pirsnocakioti ki ùstc kãs tioir acs luiotcs sipcrcfcs.
sip crcfcs. Fi isc
gnrkc quifc kãs lacrn. Cuoqui iotbiofn tckhbâo ac pnsturc fi qubio
prigbiri tioiran tnfn lnojuotn. Gbslcakioti, io ricabfcf on mcy
oboùoc fbgiriolbc. Ob viotcjc ob fisviotcjc fi tioiran juotn n
sipcrcfn.
<0. ¾Tuifn chrbr luiotc io uo ìstnr cutnkctbzcfn bofixcfn c

onkhri fi kb ikprisc>
\ë, puifis chrbr luiotc sbo prnhaikc c onkhri fi uoc snlbifcf.

<=. ¾Is huioc bfic fbvirsbgblcr lno kãs gnofns> ¾N kijnr
lnoliotrcr> ¾Lükn si cprnvilmc kijnr ‑ac hnac fi obivi‛>
On pnr tioir kãs gnofns istãs kãs fbvirsbgblcfn. Ac fbvirsbgblclbüo

istã io ac lnkpnsblbüo fi ans gnofns fi bovirsbüo. Bovirtbr io uo úobln
gnofn qui bovbirtc io kbais fi ikpriscs fi tnfn ia kuofn is
fbvirsbgblcr kãs qui bovirtbr io 9 gnofns qui bovbirtco io ikpriscs
snan ispcónacs.
Tnr ntrn acfn: ¾bovirtbr io kãs gnofns rnkpi ia igiltn ‑hnac fi obivi‛
obivi‛>
On. Is bofbgirioti.
\b ans gnofns tbioio uoc riotchbabfcf sbkbacr (qui io prbolbpbn së), is

iqubvcaioti tioir 3 gnofn y ] iurns n 9 gnofns y 3/9 fi ] iurns io lcfc
gnofn. Ia igiltn ‑hnac fi obivi‛
obivi‛ (botirâs lnkpuistn) siùbrã vbìoti
kbiotrcs sb`cs bovirtbfn y on viofcs acs pcrtblbpclbnois,
bofipiofbiotikioti fi sb istã ripcrtbfn io pnlns n kulmns gnofns,
io uoc n vcrbcs luiotcs.
<2. Vrcspcscr uo gnofn c ntrn fi ntrc iotbfcf, ¾rnkpi ac "kc`bc"

fia botirâs lnkpuistn>
Huioc priùotc: ¡On! Ia botirâs lnkpuistn y su kc`bc sbùio
mclbiofn su trchcjn. Ia igiltn hnac fi obivi (botirâs lnkpuistn)
siùbrã vbìoti kbiotrcs sb`cs bovirtbfn y on viofcs acs
pcrtblbpclbnois. R lnkn snan istãs ‑trcspcscofn‛ (qui on viofbiofn)
tnfn sbùi io kcrlmc.
64. ¾Cgiltc tioir uoc lcrtirc fi gnofns bofixcfns io ac

Filacrclbüo fi ac Xiotc> ¾Gbslcakioti luãofn cgiltc> ¾Vio`n
qui bognrkcr fi ca`n c Mclbiofc>
Kbiotrcs on viofcs ans gnofns, on cgiltc pcrc ocfc (úoblckioti së
tuvbircs uo pctrbknobn iaivcfn y pc`csis bkpuistn fi pctrbknobn). R
tckpnln gbùrc io tu hnrrcfnr, ob tbiois qui bognrkcran, ob tbiois
nhab`clbüo gbslca.

Ac trbhutclbüo vbioi lucofn viofcs. ¾Suâ bkpuistn mchrã qui pc`cr>
Cprnxbkcfckioti uo 84% snhri ac `cocolbc pctrbknobca.
Ijikpan: lnkprcsti pnr 3.444 ₡. Wiofis pnr 8.444 ₡. @cocolbc

pctrbknobca: 3.444 ₡
Bkpuistn: - 844 ₡
@cocolbc oitc fispuâs fi bkpuistn: =44
=44 ₡
IA TXBKIX ABHXN FI ‑LÜFB@N CHBIXVN‛

Âsti is uo abhrn, lnkn ki ùstc aackcran, fi ‑lüfb`n chbirtn‛. Lno istn
on qubirn filbr qui sic `rctbs (isn sirëc lnotrcprnfulioti). An qui qubiri
filbr is qui VNFN\ TCXVBLBTCO io su lnotiobfn. Istã lnotbouckioti
ivnaulbnocofn. Trãltblckioti c fbcrbn botircllbnon lno ans ailtnris y c
rcëz fi acs priùotcs y lrëtblcs, vckns cpriofbiofn. Mcy ìoti qui schi
kulmn kãs qui yn qui ki islrbhi pcrc pacoticr uo iognqui fbstbotn n
lnrri`br irrnris. Istny kuy chbirtn c lckhbcr fi npbobüo i bolausn c
lckhbcr fi crrbhc c chcjn ia abhrn.
@rclbcs pnr tus priùotcs/lrëtblcs pnr cfiacotcfn.
\b yc tbiois ia «EBV fi rilursns fi boblbclbüoµ Bofipiofëzcti, iotnolis yc

schis lükn pacoticrki ouivcs priùotcs. An puifis lnosiùbr `rctbs io
www.lcrans`caco.oit/uoiti-ca-iqubpn
www.lcrans`caco.oit/uoi ti-ca-iqubpn , ri`bstrãofnti lno tu lnrrin
iailtrüobln.
R pnr supuistn sb yc istãs io ia lauh, yc tio`n tu lnrrin y ti iovbcrâ pnr

supuistn acs guturcs cltucabzclbnois fia abhrn.
\b tbiois caùoc fufc on risuiatc, islrëhiki. Vi ac risnavirâ y ac

bolaubrâ io ac prüxbkc cltucabzclbüo.

Isn së, rivbsc pnr gcvnr cotis ia abstcfn fi Triùotcs Griluiotis
Cltucabzcfn (is uon fi ans rilursns fia «Ebtµ), pnrqui prnhchaikioti
ca`úo lnkpcóirn ki an mcyc priùotcfn cotis y yc ac mchrâ bolaubfn 5)
Tcrc lnosiùbr ia EBV, tckhbâo puifis islcoicr lno ac lãkcrc fi tu

küvba isti lüfb`n SX
Cllisn ca EBV
6. Xiaaioc tu onkhri y lnrrin iailtrüobln. Mcz lable io Iovbcr.

Lcp ëtu
tuaa n 2
Io tirrions pcotconsns:
p cotconsns:
¾lnkprcr n caqubacr vbvbiofc>
Isti abhrn si liotrc io ia fbsión fi uo sbstikc cutnkãtbln fi bovirsbüo

utbabzcofn
puifn fijcrgnofns bofixcfns.
fi acfn ia tikc fi\bo ikhcr`n, mchacofn fi bovirsbüo on
ac vbvbiofc.
Tcrc ac kcynrëc fi ac ìoti sirã ac kcynr bovirsbüo fi su vbfc. I bovirtbr

io uoc lcsc puifi abkbtcr ac pnsbhbabfcf fi bovirtbr io ntrcs lnscs (lnkn
pnr ijikpan hnasc). R isn mcy qui kifbtcran hbio.
Ia tikc fi ac vbvbiofc is kuy piabcùfn y sâ qui ki puifn `rcojicr kãs

fi uo ioikb`n ca islrbhbr istn, pirn kirilirã ac pioc. C caùon ai chrbrã
ans njns y, ca kions, rigaixbnocrã snhri ia kcynr `cstn fi su vbfc.
\i mco lricfn uoc sirbi fi kbtns carififnr fi ac vbvbiofc qui kulmns

tnkcrno (y tnfcvëc tnkco) pnr virfcfis uobvirscais. Wckns c virans:
3. Ac vbvbiofc ouolc hcjc: vbstn an vbstn fisfi 844=, isti

crùkiotn lci pnr su prnpbn pisn…
8. Caqubacr is tbrcr ia fboirn, pc`cs an kbskn y ca gboca on tbiois

tb iois
ocfc
¾Istãs siùrn> ¾An fblis lno lnonlbkbiotn fi lcusc n süan istãs
ripbtbiofn an qui fbli tu ‑vilbon fia tirlirn‛> Kulmc ìoti
lnkpcrc ‑pc`n fi mbpntilc‛ kiosuca lno ia ‑caqubair‛ kiosuca.
Tirn on tbioi io luiotc tnfc uoc sirbi fi `cstns ‑bovbsbhais‛
‑bovbsbhai s‛ qui
pc`c tnfn prnpbitcrbn: bkpuistns (io Ispcóc, süan io BHB “
Bkpuistn fi Hbiois Bokuihais “ si pc`co uons 944 iurns fi
kifbc ca cón), ripcrclbnois, kcotiobkbiotn, lnstis i
bkpuistns csnlbcfns c ac lnkprc y viotc fi ac vbvbiofc, siùrns,
`cstns fi lnkuobfcf, firrckcs…
Ca kcrìo fi tnfns istns `cstns tco`bhais, mcy ntrns lnstis

botco`bhais vboluacfns c ac prnpbifcf: pârfbfc fi abhirtcf ( on ti
puifis br c ntrn pcës c vbvbr kcócoc kbskn), pârfbfc fi
gaixbhbabfcf (¾quâ pcsc sb pbirfis ia trchcjn y on puifis pc`cr ac
mbpntilc>, ¾quâ pcsc sb tbiois 6 mbjns y ti tbiois qui lckhbcr fi
lcsc>), striss y quihrcfirns fi lchizc (ans vilbons mclio kulmn
rubfn, ia hcrrbn si istã fi`rcfcofn, si mc istrnpicfn ac oivirc …).
Io uo kuofn lcfc viz kãs ànhca y lckhbcoti, istns ‑lnstis
botco`bhais‛ fi ac vbvbiofc io prnpbifcf sno lcfc viz kãs
riaivcotis. Lcfc viz tbioi kions siotbfn lnkprcr uoc
vbvbiofc.
<. Rc, pirn is qui csë ki nhab`n c bovirtbr
\bikpri ki mbzn `rclbc isti crùkiotn. Vi nhab`cs c pc`cr uoc
gclturc furcoti <4 cóns y ca gboca tbiois uoc lcsc qui ìoirc
`cstns tnfns ans kisis. Is lbirtn qui guolbnoc: ca gboca tbiois
uoc ‑bovirsbüo‛ (uoc bovirsbüo qui ti qubtc fboirn, isn së). Tirn,
lno uo pnqubtn fi guirzc fi vnauotcf pnfrëcs mclir kulmn kãs.
Tcsc an kbskn qui lno ans pacois fi piosbnois: pc`cs
p c`cs uo fboirn
qui on pnfrãs rilupircr furcoti kulmns cóns (pbirfis tu
abqubfiz) y c lckhbn nhtbiois uoc riotchbabfcf kifbnlri.
6. Rc, pirn is qui csë ais fijn ‑ca`n‛ c kbs mbjns

¾Lriis qui fijcrais uoc vbvbiofc c tus mbjns is huion> Rn pbiosn
qui c vilis istn trci prnhaikcs. Cuoqui tckhbâo fihn filbr
qui io ntrns lcsns mc sbfn uoc guioti fi bo`risns botiriscoti
pcrc ans mirifirns.

¾Subiris
¾Subiris `cocr 844 iurns pnr
p nr m
mnrc>
nrc>
C piscr fi tnfn, mcs filbfbfn lnkprcr uoc lcsc. Kuy hbio: mcy lcsns io
ans qui puifi tioir siotbfn lnkprcr (pnr ijikpan, sb schis qui vcs c vbvbr
fi pnr vbfc io uoc lbufcf n lnkn bovirsbüo pcrc caqubacr).
Tirn, pnr gcvnr, ¡mczan hbio! Is ia kcynr `cstn/bovirsbüo qui mcrãs jckãs.
jck ãs.
¡On is lnkn lnkprcrti uons pcotcanois!
¾Suâ
¾Suâ ti rilnkbiofn>
rilnkbiofn >
3. Lnkpcrcr ixmcustbvckioti lno ans `cstns fi caqubair . R
siotbrti lüknfn lno ans `cstns c ans qui ti iogriotcs y ac abhirtcf
y gaixbhbabfcf qui pbirfis.
8. Fifblcrai uo këobkn fi 344 mnrcs fi istufbn. Aiir

chsnautckioti tnfn snhri ia tikc: `cstns, psblnan`ëc, trulns pcrc
oi`nlbcr, trulns qui utbabzco ans cìotis boknhbabcrbns io tu
lnotrc, gbslcabfcf, hcolns itl. Mchacr lno ixpirtns, bovistb`cr acs
znocs, mchacr lno prnpbitcrbns, mchacr lno boqubabons. Io
figbobtbvc, fihis sir ia kcynr ixpirtn snhri boknhbabcrbn cotis
fi acozcrti.
<. Bovistb`cr furcoti uo këobkn fi 7 kisis . On ti prilbpbtis ob

fijis qui acs iknlbnois ti fnkboio. On istc viz. Vi ac jui`cs c
uoc snac lcrtc.
\b sbùis istns < lnosijns, snhri uoc lcsc fi 844.444 iurns is kuy
prnhchai qui lnosb`cs cmnrrcrti, sbiofn lnosirvcfnr, uo 34%, 84.444
iurns. Is filbr, uons 844 iurns pnr mnrc bovirtbfc (supnobiofn 344 mnrcs
fi bovistb`clbüo).
Ac bovirsbü
bovirsbüoo boknh
boknhbab
babcrbc
crbc lnkn gguioti
uioti fi abhirtcf
abh irtcf
gbocolbirc

Lno isti piquión lcpëtuan sbkpaikioti pritiofn aackcr ac ctiolbüo
snhri uo tikc qui io Ispcóc on si mc pacoticfn mcstc mcli
mcl i riactbvckioti
pnln. Io kulmns pcësis is lcfc viz kãs lnkúo vbvbr fi caqubair y on
ixbsti uo crrcb`n tco kcrlcfn mclbc ac prnpbifcf. On qubirn filbr qui ac
bovirsbüo io vbvbiofc on sic riotchai ob fisclnosijchai. ¡Ob kulmn
kions!
Fi milmn, pbiosn qui is uoc gnrkc kãs fi bovirtbr, qui puifi sir kuy
botiriscoti tcotn pnr ia lcsmganw qui ìoirc (fc bo`risns pcsbvns
kiosucais) lnkn pnr ia cpcacolckbiotn (sb is siosctn y lnotrnacfn) qui
pirkbti (vëc mbpntilc).
Io ntrcs pcachrcs, puifis lnosiùbr qui tu bovirsbüo (n bovirsbnois io

paurca) si pcùi lno ia caqubair fi ac vbvbiofc sbo oilisbfcf fi tioir io
igiltbvn ia 344% fia vcanr fi ac lcsc. Istn on nlurri lno ans gnofns fi
bovirsbüo, pnr ijikpan (ia hcoln fbgëlbakioti ti pristcrã pcrc lnkprcr
uo gnofn, pirn së pcrc lnkprcr uoc lcsc).
Is an qui si lnonli lnkn fiufc huioc y pirkbti lnostrubr pnln c pnln

uo pctrbknobn pcrc vbvbr fi riotcs. \b ti botirisc isti knfian fi
bovirsbüo ti ixpabln lükn an mc`n yn (coãabsbs, húsquifc, oi`nlbclbüo fi
bokuihais y tckhbâo gbocolbclbüo, rignrkc, gbslcabfcf y ìstbüo fi
boqubabons) io www.abhirtcfb
www.abhirtcfboknhbabcrbc.is
oknhbabcrbc.is (pnflcst + lursn `rctubtn +
lursn cvcozcfn).
Lcrans @caão Xuhbn 3<4

LMILE NYV
Suirbfn ckb`n, istckns aai`cofn ca gboca fia lckbon. Ki ùstcrëc qui

ti tnkcsis uo knkiotn pcrc rilnrfcr acs bfics lacvi fia abhrn:
▪ Ia sir mukcon on is rclbnoca. Vbioi uo kbifn brrclbnoca ca rbis`n.
▪ Ac hnasc is ia cltbvn kãs riotchai qui ixbsti, cuoqui crrbis`cfc c

lnrtn paczn
▪ Ia tbikpn irnsbnoc ia rbis`n fi ac hnasc
▪ Ans gnofns bofixcfns sno ac kijnr gnrkc fi bovirtbr c acr`n paczn:

gbslcabfcf, fbvirsbgblclbüo y hcjcs lnkbsbnois
▪ Ytbabzc ac psblnan`ëc c tu gcvnr: cutnkctbzc tu bovirsbüo
▪
Bovbirti tnfn an qui puifcs lucotn cotis. Ia tbikpn is nrn
▪ On ti ‑lcùis‛ sb ac hnasc si fispankc. ¡Caâ`rcti!
▪ Xigaixbnoc cotis fi lnkprcr uoc vbvbiofc (io ac qui vbvbr).
3<3 BOFITIOFËZCVI FI TCTÃ I\VCFN

Yoc úatbk
úatbkcc rilnkiofclbüo:
rilnkiofclbüo: Ac pirgillbüo is uo k
kbtn
btn..
¡IKTB
¡IKTBIZ
IZC C RC!
Io lbirtc nlcsbüo priùotcrno c Pcrrio Huggit (uon fi ans kcynris
bovirsnris fi ac mbstnrbc y uon fi ans < mnkhris kãs rblns fia kuofn)
clirlc fi quâ si crripiotëc io su lcrrirc. C piscr fi qui lnkprü su
prbkirc cllbüo lno tco süan 33 cóns fbjn qui si crripbioti fi on mchir
ikpizcfn cotis c bovirtbr.
R is qui ia pnfir fia botirâs lnkpuistn is ca`n kã`bln (lnkn

prnhchaikioti sipcs, Ibostibo si rigbrbü ca botirâs lnkpuistn lnkn ac
guirzc kãs pnfirnsc fia uobvirsn), lcsb bolnkpriosbhai pcrc ia lirihrn
mukcon, pirn oilisbtc fi tbikpn, lucotn kãs kijnr, pcrc fispai`cr su
pnfir.
Tnr tcotn, is kuy bkpnrtcoti qui ikpbilis lucotn cotis: Cyir irc ia
kijnr fëc, MNR is ia siùofn kijnr. Kcócoc sirã tcrfi. On pcfizlcs ac
mchbtuca ‑pcrãabsbs pnr coãabsbs‛. Iotbiofn qui ans tikcs gbocolbirns sno
lnkpaijns y on qubiris lnogbcr io lucaqubirc. Tirn mcy tcotc
bognrkclbüo, tcotcs tâloblcs y, snhri tnfn, tcotc ìoti trctcofn
trc tcofn fi crcócr
lnkbsbnois qui pnsbhaikioti ti sbiotcs chrukcfn, lnkn ki pcsü c kë
io su fëc.
Tnr isn mi lricfn isti kctirbca. Tcrc pnoir io tus kcons tnfn an qui
oilisbtcs pcrc ikpizcr c guolbnocr
g uolbnocr mny kbskn. Tnr supuistn
supuistn iris abhri
fi mclir lckhbns y ti rilnkbiofn qui ti bognrkis y rigaixbnois snhri sb
an qui yn prnpno`n si cfcptc c tu istban fi vbfc, tu pirgba fi rbis`n i
bolausn tus vcanris. Tirn kb rilnkiofclbüo is kuy lacrc: prbkirn pno
ia sbstikc c guolbnocr y aui`n bogürkcti . \ë, ripbtn, pno prbkirn ia
sbstikc io kcrlmc.
\â qui istn puifi snocr uo pnln lnotrcfbltnrbn fispuâs fi mchirti

rilnkiofcfn bovistb`cr c gnofn ia tikc fi ac lnkprc fi vbvbiofc cotis
fi filbfbrti. Tirn, istcrãs fi cluirfn io qui sno tikcs hcstcoti
fbgiriotis: lucofn lnkprcs tu lcsc ti ac jui`cs c uoc lcrtc y on puifis
pirkbtbrti irrnris (kãs fi 344.444 iurns fi `napi) kbiotrcs qui lucofn
bovbirtis, vcs pnln c pnln, kis c kis, n cón c cón (ikpbizcs lno uons
lbiotns fi iurns). Mcy tbikpn pcrc riltbgblcr.

Tnr isn ti prnpno`n qui cpriofcs snhri ac kcrlmc. Ytbabzc kb prnpuistc
lnkn nplbüo pnr figiltn furcoti ans prbkirns 7 kisis y fifëlcti
cpriofir furcoti isi tbikpn. R sb fispuâs risuatc qui on tbiois tbikpn
fi cpriofir n ti fc pirizc, tu fboirn siùbrã lrilbiofn.
An qui fbstboùi c acs pirsnocs ixbtnscs fi acs qui si quifco c kifbcs is

ac lcpclbfcf pcrc pnoirsi io kcrlmc c piscr fi acs fufcs. Lno siùrbfcf
lnonlis c kãs fi uon qui aaivc cóns huslcofn ac snaulbüo pirgiltc pcrc
hcjcr fi pisn y pnoirsi io gnrkc. Tirn ouolc ac ioluiotrc. Tnrqui ac
pirgillbüo ON ixbsti. Is uo kbtn. R pnr tcotn ouolc si pnoi io k
kcrlmc…
crlmc…
…C vilis on mcy qui huslcr ctcjns, sbon, sbkpaikioti, IKTIZCX.
3<< BOFITIOFËZCVI FI TCTÃ I\VCFN

\b qubiris schir kãs…
Ouolc gub ckb`n fi acs botirkbochais abstcs fi ailturcs rilnkiofcfcs.

Vi prnpnoio <4 abhrns y on schis luãa iai`br. Clchcs on aiyiofn oboùon
fi iaans.
Tnr isn yn süan ti vny c prnpnoir fns:
▪ Yo pcsin caictnrbn pnr Pcaastriit fi Hurtno @. Kcaebia.

Tcrc kë is ac hbhabc io lucotn c bovirsbüo botiabìoti, bofixcfc y
sbkpai. Yoc huioc pcrti fi istc ùëc si mc bospbrcfn io acs
iosiócozcs fi Kcaebia. \bo fufc is ia abhrn qui kãs mc bogaubfn kb
gbansngëc fi bovirsbüo. Is ca`n lcrn (<4₡). Tirn, ¾quâ qubiris qui ti
fb`c> Ac bònrcolbc is kãs lcrc. Kulmn kãs.
▪ B wbaa ticlm ynu tn hi rblm fi Xckbt \itmb.

Isti abhrn is kuy prãltbln. Mchac fisfi lükn oi`nlbcr ac lnkprc
l nkprc fi
uo lnlmi, pcscofn pnr lükn oi`nlbcr lno tu hcoln, mcstc snhri
lükn fbsiócr tu sbstikc cutnkãtbln fi bovirsbüo. Mcli kulmn
mbolcpbâ io ac psblnan`ëc y io knstrcr an brrclbnocais
brr clbnocais qui snkns lno
ia fboirn, csë lnkn trulns pcrc snaulbnocran. Vckhbâo mchac snhri
‑ia lnosukn lnoslbioti‛ n lükn `cstcr tu fboirn fi cluirf
cluirfnn lno tus
virfcfircs prbnrbfcfis. Yo `rco abhrn qui, fi knkiotn,
knk iotn, süan istã io
boàâs. Sui on ti ilmi pcrc ctrãs. Ia aioùcji is siolbaan y csë kctcs
fns pãjcrns fi uo tbrn: cpriofis gbocozcs y cpriofis boàâs.

Fivn
vnavb
avbi
iofn an cpri
priofb
ofbfn fn::
pnrr quâ
pn q uâ fnon
fn on ia 94%
94% fi
ans hi
hioi
oigbl
gblbns
bns fi ist
stii ababhrn
hrn
Tcrc quâ ons vckns c io`cócr, sny uo prbvbai`bcfn. Ouolc ki mc

gcatcfn fi ocfc y mi pnfbfn cllifir c uoc ifulclbüo fi lcabfcf. R isn,
uobfn c kb botirâs pnr acs gbocozcs y tckhbâo ca czcr ki mco pirkbtbfn ia
cllisn ca lnonlbkbiotn qui mi pacskcfn io istcs pã`bocs.
Tirn mcy ìoti qui on tbioi ac kbskc ‑suirti‛. On mchan fi ìoti pnhri
ilnoükblckioti. Mchan fi ìoti onrkca qui fisluhri fikcsbcfn tcrfi
ia tisnrn fia botirâs lnkpuistn. Mchan fi obóns qui si ikpcpco fi
lriiolbcs tntcakioti fcóbocs clirlc fia fboirn y qui aaivcrão furcoti
tnfc su vbfc isi acstri kiotca c ac ispcafc.
Tnr isn fifbln ia 94% fi ans hioigblbns fia abhrn c prnknvir ac

IFYLCLBÜO gbocolbirc pcrc obóns. Cquë puifis vir acs cltbvbfcfis qui
istny prnknvbiofn: www.lcrans`caco.oit/fnoclbnois

Abstc
Abs tc fi lnr
lnrri
rin
n
\ uslrëhiti pcrc istcr bognrkcfn snhri tnfn an qui mc`c io riaclbüo c

kb lcrtirc fi bovirsbüo (lnkn pnsbhais lckhbns io ans gnofns n io ia
hrüeir qui utbabzn, bognrkis fi riotchbabfcf), cltucabzclbnois fia abhrn,
ontblbcs, csë lnkn fi ntrns kctirbcais qui puifc lricr.
\b on an mcs milmn yc, pcrc suslrbhbrti vi c kb wih y fijc tu lnrrin pcrc

cllifir ca EBV. Fi isc gnrkc quifcs tckhbâo suslrbtn c kb abstc fi
lnrrin.
C gboca fi lcfc kis iovën uo i-kcba fi "9 Tëafnrcs kiosucais" lno

rigaixbnois. Ans cltucais ailtnris fblio qui kbs kioscjis sno uoc fi acs
pnlcs lnscs qui ain y ricakioti vcanrn y uoc bospbrclbüo tcotn pcrc ac bovirsbüo
lnkn pcrc ac vbfc kbskc .

Wbsbtc www.lcrans`caco.oit
pcrc:
Io kb wih puifis cllifir `rctbs ca «EBV fi rilursns fi boblbclbüoµ

Bofipiofëzcti. An puifis lnosiùbr io www.lcrans`caco.oit,
ri`bstrãofnti lno tu lnrrin iailtrüobln.
Caaë tbiois:
3) Ia paco fi cllbüo pcrc bovirtbr io 84 kboutns
8) Kb kcstirlacss ‑Bovirtbr sbo sir uo ixpirtn‛ io vëfin
<) Abstc fi Triùotcs Griluiotis Cltucabzcfcs + vëc fi

lnkuoblclbüo pcrc mclirki ouivcs priùotcs
6) Kb iHnne ”Wbvbr fi riotcs boknhbabcrbcs‒ io TFG
9) Ac Mnjc Ixlia qui utbabzn pcrc lnotrnacr kbs `cstns y pctrbknobn
Cfikãs, c gboca fi lcfc kis iovën uo i-kcba fi "9 Tëafnrcs kiosucais"

lno rigaixbnois. Ans cltucais ailtnris fblio qui kbs kioscjis sno uoc fi
acs pnlcs lnscs qui ain y ricakioti vcanrn y uoc bospbrclbüo tcotn pcrc ac
bovirsbüo lnkn pcrc ac vbfc kbskc .
Tcrc
küvbalnosiùbr
isti lüfb`niaSX:
EBV, tckhbâo puifis islcoicr lno ac lãkcrc fi tu

Cllisn ca EBV
6. Xiaaioc tu onkhri y lnrrin iailtrüobln. Mcz lable io Iovbcr.
Lcrans @caão Xuhbn 3<=

¾Ki cy u f cs c cy u f cr c kãs
ìoti>
âjcki mclirti uo pcr fi priùotcs: ¾Vi mc ùstcfn ia abhrn> ¾Vi mc
F
cpnrtcfn vcanr>
Vio`n ia ritn fi cyufcr ca kãxbkn oúkirn fi pirsnocs pnsbhai c

ìstbnocr kijnr sus gbocozcs y qui an`rio su bofipiofiolbc
gbocolbirc, ca kions, io su itcpc fi juhbaclbüo. Cyufcrais c nhtioir
kãs lacrbfcf, c tioir uoc rutc y c sir lcfc viz kãs botiabìotis lno su
fboirn.
\b istãs fi cluirfn lnokb`n io qui ia fboirn jui`c uo pcpia kuy

bkpnrtcoti io ouistrc vbfc y qui tnfcvëc tioikns kulmn qui cpriofir
io isti cspiltn, ¾ti cpitili cyufcrki lno kb ritn>
Subzã lno isti abhrn puifcs lnotrbhubr y cpnrtcr ouivns lnonlbkbiotns c

ìoti fi tu iotnron.
Tbâoscan pnr uo knkiotn, ¾c quâ 8 pirsnocs ais cyufcrëc an qui mcs

cpriofbfn io isti abhrn>
@rclbcs c Ckczno, ia abhrn istã puhablcfn io gnrkctn pcpia. \b ti

cpitili, puifis lnkprcran c trcvâs fi Ckczno y io uons < fëcs an tbiois
io lcsc. Xi`cacr uo huio abhrn is ca`n hcrctn y lno catn bkpcltn. Yoc
bovirsbüo kuy riotchai. Rn an mc`n kulmn y an iovën fbriltckioti
fisfi ckczno c lcsc n c ac ngblboc fi kbs ckb`ns (kuy lüknfn).
¡Ouolc ki mi crripiotbfn fi ri`cacr uo huio abhrn pnr snrprisc!

snrprisc! \b
iabìs ia kën pcrc ri`cacr c ca`úo ckb`n n gckbabcr, ti an c`rcfizln fi
lnrczüo. Cquë ti fijn ia SX:

\NH
\NH XI KË y H A N@
O clë io 3223 y sny fi Zcrc`nzc, pcrc kë, uoc fi acs lbufcfis

lb ufcfis lno kcynr
lcabfcf fi vbfc fi Ispcóc y ia kuofn (y mi vbvbfn io < pcësis kãs).
Fiscgën an lnoviolbnoca, cpuistn pnr an sbkpai y kbobkcabstc… y ki

iolcotco acs huiocs pirsnocs, ia fipnrti io ac octurcaizc, ac psblnan`ëc y
ans oi`nlbns.
\bikpri istny fbspuistn c cpriofir y lckhbcr fi npbobüo.
Lnkn ti lnkiotchc io ac botrnfullbüo, io gihrirn fi 8439, fispuâs fi

uons kisis vbcjcofn pnr ia \ufisti csbãtbln, islrbhë isti abhrn.
Fisfi iotnolis, siùë vbcjcofn pnr \ufckârblc y ki quifâ uo pcr fi

cóns c trchcjcr io Lmbai, io ia fiscrrnaan fi uoc stcrt-up fi ilnkkirli
(8439-8437). Wbvbr caaë gui uoc `rco ixpirbiolbc pcrc kë.
\bo ikhcr`n, ilmchc fi kions kb tbirrc y pnr iaan fisfi 8430 vbvn fi
ouivn io kb lbufcf, Zcrc`nzc.
Io kb han` lcrans`caco.oit puifis aiir kãs snhri kë y kb gnrkc fi
pioscr (rigaixbnois, iotrivbstcs…).

¾KI C RYF
RYFC
C \ C FBG
FBGYO
YOFBX
FBX IA
KIO\CJI>
K YLMC\ @XCLBC\ pnr tnkcrti ia tbikpn fi aiir isti abhrn.

Is pcrc kë uo nrùaan qui mcycs aai`cfn mcstc ia gboca.
On ti navbfis fi islrbhbrki sb tbiois lucaqubir fufc, suìriolbc n lrëtblc.
\b ti cpitili, qubirn pifbrti qui ki cyufis c fbguofbr ia kioscji lno uoc

piquióc npbobüo io Ckczno (3 kboutn fi tbikpn) pcrc qui kãs ìoti si
cobki c bovirtbr y kijnrcr sus gbocozcs.
¾Tnr quâ ti pbfn istn> \b ti mc ùstcfn y, snhri tnfn, sb ti mc sirvbfn ia

abhrn, lnotrbhubrãs c fcrai kãs vbsbhbabfcf y qui kãs ìoti puifc
hioigblbcrsi fi kbs bfics. Ans lnkiotcrbns io Ckczno sno ac kijnr
puhablbfcf.
Cuoqui ”Bofipiofëzcti fi Tcpã Istcfn‒ tbioi kulmcs npbobnois

pnsbtbvcs, ia ca`nrbtkn fi Ckczno tbioi io luiotc úoblckioti acs
kãs rilbiotis. Ki cyufcrëc hcstcoti sb puifis fijcr uoc piquióc
npbobüo
Tifbfns, (3 aëoic;3
huslcr kboutn).
ia abhrn Tcrclable
y mclir iaanio
puifis br c uoc
‑Islrbhbr Ckczno/Kb
Npbobüo‛.Luiotc/Kbs
Lnjn ia küvba y ti cyufn cmnrc Lcrans:
R tckhbâo islcoicofn isti SX puifis br fbriltckioti c fijcr ac npbobüo (ti an

pno`n gãlba pnrqui is
is bkpnrtcoti, fi virfcf 5))

Tirn tckhbâo ti cobkn c qui islrbhcs sb on ti mc ùstcfn: islrbhi uoc
lrëtblc oi`ctbvc io isi lcsn. Csë ocfbi pirfirã su tbikpn io aiiran.
Ia kirlcfn filbfbrã sb ia lnotiobfn kirili n on ac pioc.

Rc an fbjn Fcrwbo… ac ivnaulbüo on pirfnoc.
pirfno c.
Yo chrczn guirti,
Lcrans
8439 (Ifblbüo Nrb`boca)

8488 (Ifblbüo qui clchcs fi aiir)
Lcrans
Lcra ns @caão
@caão Xuhbn
www.lcrans`caco.oit

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BOFITIOFËZCVI

Lcrans @caão Xuhbn 8

Lcrans @caão Xuhbn

Lcrans @caão Xuhbn 6

Cvbsn ai`ca, ixlausbüo fi `crcotëcs y rispnoschbabfcf:

9 BOFITIOFËZCVI FI TCTÃ I\VCFN

Lcrans @caão Xuhbn 7

XI@CAN TCXC AN\ AILVNXI\

@uëc `rctubtc: Lükn ikpizcr c bovirtbr (io 89 kboutns)

0 BOFITIOFËZCVI FI TCTÃ I\VCFN

BOFITIOFËZCVI FI TCTÃ I\VCFN

Lcrans @caão Xuhbn =

Fi quâ trctc iaia abhrn

Vrctc snhri BOWIX\BÜO io kcyúsluacs. On mchac snhri ‑cmnrrbaans‛, ob

Tisi c an qui puifc bosboucr ia tëtuan, ON trctc snhri pnaëtblc ob iotrc c

Io risukio: io isti piquión abhrn ti iosión tnfn an qui sâ snhri ia

On mcy uo aëkbti fi ifcf. Vnfn ia kuofn puifi aiiran. \bo ikhcr`n,

2 BOFITIOFËZCVI FI TCTÃ I\VCFN

Tnr quâ an islr

\b tuvbirco uocs onlbnois hãsblcs, uo paco y IKTIZC

On pritiofn ‑gnrrcrki‛ lno isti abhrn ob lnovirtbrki io ia prüxbkn `urú.

Subâo sny yn pcrc islrbhbr

Fisfi piquióbtn ki botirisü kulmësbkn tnfn an riaclbnocfn lno acs

Lcrans @caão Xuhbn 34

Lnkn on pnfëc sir fi ntrc kcoirc istufbâ ac lcrrirc fi Ilnonkëc io ac

Vckhbâo mi tiobfn ac npnrtuobfcf fi vir lükn guolbnoc ricakioti ia

C ac vuiatc fi istc cpcsbnocoti ixlursbüo (gihrirn fi 8439) filbfë qui

33 BOFITIOFËZCVI FI TCTÃ I\VCFN

3) Aio`ucji sbkpai y fbriltn. Tcrc kë (y pcrc ac kcynrëc fi

¾Tuifis iolnotrcr an qui ixpabln aiyiofn han`s> \bo fufc. Lnkn

Ac fbgiriolbc istã io qui cmnrrcs

Ca gbo y ca lchn, mchackns fi bovirsbüo. R sb uo abhrn on ti iosióc

R pnr isn io isti abhrn ti ixpablcrâ lükn ikpizcr c bovirtbr,

6) On vc fi ‑fcr ia piantczn‛. Ac gbansngëc fia abhrn is kuy fbstbotc.

R cmnrc së. \b istãs fi cluirfn, ¡lnkiozckns!

Lcrans @caão Xuhbn 38

8) Kb kcstirlacss ‑Bovirtbr sbo sir uo ixpirtn‛ (vëfin)

<) Abstc fi Tri`uotcs Griluiotis Cltucabzcfcs + vëc fi

6) Kb iHnne ”Wbvbr fi riotcs boknhbabcrbcs‒ io TFG

9) Ac Mnjc Ixlia qui utbabzn pcrc lnotrnacr kbs `cstns y pctrbknobn

Tcrc iotrcr puifis br c kb wih n islcoicr lno ac lãkcrc fi tu küvba isti

3. Chri ac lãkcrc fi tu küvba

<. Tuasc io ac ontbgblclbüo pcrc cllifir c ac pã`boc wih

3< BOFITIOFËZCVI FI TCTÃ I\VCFN

Ifblbüo qui istãs aiyiofn (33ª ifblbüo): 8488

Lcrans @caão Xuhbn 36

Ac bofustrbc fi ans prnfultns fi bovirsbüo is ionrki. Mcy kulmns

Vnfns trctco fi lnoviolirti fi qui tbioio ia kijnr prnfultn, trctco fi

Is pnsbhai qui on mcycs lcëfn io istc `rco trckpc n qui úoblckioti

Iris lnoslbioti fi qui bovirtbr pcrc tu guturn is bkpnrtcoti y lcfc viz

Subzã lucofn ikpbilis c trchcjcr, n lucofn ti cslbiofco, n lucofn

39 BOFITIOFËZCVI FI TCTÃ I\VCFN

Cuoqui ti filbfbisis c mcliran mny kbskn, ¾pnr füofi ikpizcr> Mcy

On vny c prnkitirti qui aiyiofn (y pnobiofn io prãltblc an qui

An qui së ti csi`urn is qui, sb mclis an qui ti fb`n, fistbocs ia fboirn

Lcrans @caão Xuhbn 37

Fisfi kuy jnvio ki botirisü kulmësbkn ia kuofn fia fboirn. Ki

Fispuâs fi istn ikpilâ c nër mchacr fi ca`n aackcfn ‑hnasc‛ y quifâ

Filbfë ikpizcr lno ca`n si`urn y clufë c ac NTW (scabfc c hnasc) fi

30 BOFITIOFËZCVI FI TCTÃ I\VCFN

Lnolritckioti mchëc uoc ikprisc kuy ‑puotirc‛ qui pcrilëc uo lnmiti:

Fispuâs acs lnscs ikpizcrno c tnrlirsi y ac lntbzclbüo lnkiozü c lcir.

Io istc âpnlc pcschc hcstcotis mnrcs aiyiofn gnrns snhri ac ikprisc,

Fisfi ans 89 iurns fi kãxbkn mbstürbln, ac cllbüo si fispankü mcstc