SCIENCE AND CONFLICT OF INTEREST

IN BIOELECTROMAGNETICS
Dariusz Leszczynski, PhD, DSc
Adjunct Professor, University of Helsinki, Finland
Editor-in-Chief of Frontiers in Radiation and Health, Switzerland
Member of the Advisory Board, Cellraid, Ltd, Oulu, Finland
Science blogger @ BRHP – Between a Rock and a Hard Place

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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Content
• Who I am... My expert experiences
• Safety limits / Safety standards
• Scientific evidence for health risk
• Precautionary Principle
• Conflict of Interest
• WHO EMF Project = ICNIRP
• Conclusions
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Who I am... My expert experience

• Two doctorates and docentship in biochemistry
• 22 years (1992-2013) at STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority in Finland
• 2003-2007 as Head of Radiation Biology Laboratory
• 2000-2013 as Research Professor
• Assistant Professor at Harvard Medical School 1997-1999
• Guangbiao Professor at Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China 2006-2009
• Visiting Professor at Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia 2012/2013
• Testified in US Senate hearing on cell phones and health, in 2009
• Participated in IARC 2011 classification of carcinogenicity of cell phone radiation
• Advised e.g. Parliament of Finland, US National Academies, WHO, IARC, BfS, ICNIRP, Swiss
National Foundation
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
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Quote from the LifeExtension Magazine August 2007
The Hidden Dangers of Cell Phone Radiation
George Carlo interviewed by Sue Kovach

“CELL PHONES REACH THE MARKET WITHOUT SAFETY TESTING

The cellular phone industry was born in the early 1980s, when communications
technology that had been developed for the Department of Defense was put into
commerce by companies focusing on profits. This group, with big ideas but limited
resources, pressured government regulatory agencies - particularly the Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) - to allow cell phones to be sold without pre-market
testing. The rationale, known as the “low power exclusion,” distinguished cell
phones from dangerous microwave ovens based on the amount of power used to
push the microwaves. At that time, the only health effect seen from microwaves
involved high power strong enough to heat human tissue.”
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
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Safety limits / Safety standards

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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Problems associated with the safety standards

• No information whether/how cell phone radiation affects humans
• No certainty that safety standards protect all users from anything
besides thermal effects
• Any equipment radiating below safety standards is considered safe,
which might be misleading
• Compliance with the safety standards is currently used as an excuse to
stop research funding and to continue untamed deployment of new
wireless technologies, without any testing
• Non-thermal effects exist but are refused to be acknowledged and
studied in depth because of the “excuse” of safety standards
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
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Macro-scale dosimetry

Water
+ Salt =
Sugar

The problem:
free movement of ions
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
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Scientific evidence for health risk

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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The problem of the funding ”firewalls”

“Firewalls” - set to assure independence of the scientific research from the
commercial interests
Current system of the “firewalls” does not work:
• the industry knows whom they are funding
• the scientists know who is funding them
• the “firewall” keeper is profiting from providing the “firewall” (administrating
the industry’s money for the scientists)
This situation resembles the proverbial ‘public secret’ – everyone knows about it but
no one publicly admits to knowing…
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
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IARC evaluation in 2011

• 30 invited experts divided into four sub-groups
• Dosimetry
• Epidemiology
• Animal studies
• Mechanistic laboratory in vitro studies
• Decisions by a consensus or by a simple majority
• The vast majority of 30 experts voted for the classification of
cell phone radiation as a possible carcinogen (Group 2B)

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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IARC 2011: Epidemiology

• Interphone & Hardell studies
• no reliable exposure data based
on person’s memory
• risk increase in long-term avid
users
• Children – only CEFALO
• exposures for 2-4 years
• has no statistical power to detect
small risk
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
• Bruce Armstrong, Australia
• Maria Blettner, Germany
• Elisabeth Cardis, Spain
• Lennart Hardell, Sweden
• Peter Inskip, USA
• David Richardson, USA
• Martin Roosli, Switzerland
• Jonathan Sammet, USA
• Malcolm Sim, Australia
• Jack Siemiatycki, Canada
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...after IARC: Epidemiology

• Trend-data - Little et al. 2012: slow rise of brain cancer cases in USA
• trend is similar to Interphone “prediction” but not Hardell “prediction”
• Danish Cohort update study 2011 – no effect
• no exposure data but just the length of phone subscription with
service provider
• Million Women study 2014 - no effect but exposure data inadequate
• use of cell phone: ‘never’, ‘less than once a day’, ‘every day’
• CERENAT study from France 2014 – effect as in Inerphone and Hardell
• no reliable exposure data based on person’s memory
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
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Epidemiological evidence supports cancer risk

• IARC classification was based on the results of Interphone and Hardell studies
• In 2014, a new epidemiological study was published - the French CERENAT
• The French study reached similar conclusions as Interphone and Hardell
previously – long term avid use of cell phone increases a risk of developing
brain cancer
• Now, there are three replications of the same epidemiological type of study,
the case-control study, that all suggest the cell phone radiation might increase
risk of developing brain cancer
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
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All epidemiology studies have completely

unreliable exposure data
• All epidemiology studies have completely unreliable exposure data
• Length of calls or length of phone subscription with service provider or
saying whether you ever or never used cell phone, does not inform about
the real exposure of the cell phone user.
• Using the above ”exposure data”, persons with very different radiation
exposures are placed in the same exposed group for statistical
evaluation. This dilutes results!
• Ongoing cohort study COSMOS collects exposure data as length of calls!
• There is a way to collect real exposure data by using apps installed on
currently used smart phones
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
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IARC evaluation: Human studies

• The vast majority are “feelings” studies
• Subjects asked how they feel and do they feel when radiation is on/off
• EHS must exist – question is only what is radiation cut-off level
• Otherwise EMF would be the only factor not causing individual sensitivity
• Problem of EHS – studied by psychologists not physiologists – wrong methods
• WHO definition of health – how to consider it? IARC classification justifies
reasoning for “mental and social well-being”
• Lack of studies examining biochemical responses of human tissues (!)
• Single skin proteomics study
• Two studies examined glucose metabolism in the brain
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
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IARC evaluation: Animal studies

• No classical toxicology possible
• Not possible to overdose cell phone radiation because of heating effect
• By classical toxicology standards RF would be judged as harmful to humans
• Life-time exposures to radiation at doses similar to those emitted by cell
phones show no effect – result is useless for human health risk estimation
• Misleading claims that because animal studies, performed with cell phone
radiation levels, do not show effects means that people are safe
• Co-carcinogen studies show some effects – cell phone radiation might
potentiate effects of carcinogenic chemicals or radiation
• Just now published: Tillmann 2010 confirmed by Lerchl 2015!
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
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IARC evaluation: Mechanistic studies

• Laboratory evidence was considered, by voting (no
consensus) as insufficient to support/show mechanism of
cell phone radiation effects

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

 Mechanism of some of the biological effects:
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Cellular stress response

Leszczynski et al. 2002

Caraglia et al. 2005 Cell

proliferation
Friedman et al. 2007 and
expression
Buttiglione et al. 2007 of cancer
regularory
Yu et al. 2008
genes
Lee et al. 2008

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In my opinion, the currently available

scientific evidence is sufficient to upgrade
the carcinogenicity of cell phone radiation
from the possible carcinogen (Group 2B) to
the probable carcinogen (Group 2A)

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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Precautionary Principle

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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Invoking the Precautionary Principle

“Whether or not to invoke the Precautionary Principle is a
decision exercised where scientific information is
insufficient, inconclusive, or uncertain and where there are
indications that the possible effects on environment, or
human, animal or plant health may be potentially
dangerous and inconsistent with the chosen level of
protection.”

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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Reasons for invoking the Precautionary Principle

Scientific information is insufficient, inconclusive, or uncertain
• IARC classification as possible carcinogen (Group 2B)
There are indications that the possible effects on human health may be
potentially dangerous
• epidemiological studies from Interphone, Hardell and CERENAT show
an increased risk of brain cancer in long-term avid users
Inconsistent with the chosen level of protection
• epidemiological studies, showing increased risk in long-term avid
users, were generated in populations using regular cell phones,
meeting current safety standards = current safety standards are
insufficient to protect users
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
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The impact of implementing the

Precautionary Principle
• Precaution does not equal Prevention
• Strong opposition from telecom industry
• Technology providers can be made responsible to prove their product is safe
• Requirement of making more efficient (less radiation emissions) technology
• Limiting current rampant and uncontrolled deployment of wireless networks
• Will create new knowledge through research
• Will create new jobs in research and technology

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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Conflict of Interest

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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What is Conflict of Interest (CoI)

The Institute of Medicine of The US National Academies defines
Conflict of Interest (CoI) as:

“a set of circumstances that creates a risk that professional

judgment or actions regarding a primary interest will be unduly
influenced by a secondary interest”.
Quotes selected/modified from
Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice
Institute of Medicine of the National Academies 2009

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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The goal of the CoI policies

Central goal of conflict of interest policies is to protect the

integrity of professional judgment and to preserve public trust
rather than to remeditate bias or mistrust after it occurs

Quote modified from

Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice
Institute of Medicine of the National Academies 2009

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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Sufficiency of the CoI disclosure

The disclosure of individual and institutional financial relationships

is a critical but limited first step in the process of identifying and
responding to conflict of interest

Quote modified from

Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice
Institute of Medicine of the National Academies 2009

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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Why CoI disclosure might be insufficient

• Person with the conflict of interest will be making decisions
• How reliable will be decisions made by the person with the
conflict of interest?
• How reliable are the past decisions of persons who left the
advisory expert committee to work for the industry?

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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Criteria for evaluating CoI policies

Proportionality Is the policy most efficiently directed at the most important CoI?
Transparency Is the policy comprehensible and accessible to the individuals
and institutions that may be affected by the CoI policy?
Accountability Does the CoI policy indicate who is responsible for enforcing
and revising it?
Fairness Does the CoI policy apply equally to all relevant groups within
an institution and in different institutions?
Quoted after
Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice
Institute of Medicine of the National Academies 2009
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
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Specifics of the bioelectromagnetics

• Bioelectromagnetics is a narrow research area. Unavoidably, all
science is done, evaluated and presented to the general public and
decision-makers by a small group of “influential players”.
• Large research consortia, appointed committees and self-appointed
committees consist of the same “influential players”. The same applies
to the narrow field of “influential” peer-reviewers of new research
projects and of articles published in peer-reviewed journals.

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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As if by default, all of the bioelectromagnetics’

“influential players” claim in their disclosures to
either have no CoI or, if they have it, they claim
to be absolutely unaffected in their scientific
decisions by their CoI.

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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Trustworthiness of the unchecked, self-made CoI

David Heath of the Center for Public Integrity, Washington, DC,
wrote in December 2013 about Patricia Buffler, Dean of the School
of Public Health at the University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
• Buffler’s own research found strong evidence suggesting that preschoolers
should stay away from wet paint
• Yet, in the past three years, Buffler was paid more than $360,000 to
work as an expert witness on behalf of companies that used to sell lead-
based paint

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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Accountability in bioelectromagnetics committees

• Commonly, the disclosures of CoI, even in very influential
committees, are not standardized and seemingly not checked
for their accuracy
• The CoI disclosures rely entirely on the willingness of the
discloser to make the full disclosure
• There seems to be no accountability for any false, erroneous or
incomplete disclosures

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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Examples of the committees

Committee Selections Disclosures Accountability Funding
ICNIRP ”private club” Yes, but... No Unclear sources
SCENIHR ”buddies system” Yes, but... Yes* EU
BioInitiative ”private club” No? No Members’ own
* Potential exclusion from the SCENIHR

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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ICNIRP members are asked to declare any personal interests in

relation to the activities of ICNIRP. Members' declaration of
personal interests are available on ICNIRP’s website.

Accuracy checks are missing. Avoidance of “straight” answers?

• Q: Do you have research support from the industry?
• A: I have no personal support from the industry.

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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Examples of the scientific problems in the

bioelectromagnetics committees
• Selectiveness in collecting/admissing evidence
• All evidence listed but not considered in practice (ICNIRP)
• Selection of predominantly supportive evidence (BioInitiative)
• Single scientist making judgement/writing opinion paper
• BioInitiative
• SCENIHR
• Committees do not want to talk to each other
• Call for the round-table to resolve differences was flatly rejected
by ICNIRP, BioInitiative and MMF/GSMA
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
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Potential impact of the disclosed CoI

• Even in a situation when disclosure of the CoI is done in full,
what impact the disclosed CoI has on the decisions made by the
discloser?
• Even after the full disclosure of the CoI, person having the CoI
might be making decisions.
• Are these decisions influenced, or not influenced, by the CoI,
also when it was disclosed?

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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Are there irreplaceable experts ?

As the society at large and as the scientific community, should we
be solely dependent on the ethics and the consciousness of
persons having Conflict of Interest, or should we intervene and
exclude persons with significant CoI from the advisory and
decision-making role?

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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In dealings with experts, as a society and as

scientists, should we exercise a full trust or a
limited trust, and make sure that the ”skeletons”
do not remain hidden?

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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ICNIRP hijacked the WHO EMF Project #1

• WHO EMF Project is working as “front” for implementing
ICNIRP opinions
• Head of the WHO EMF Project is Dr. Emilie van Deventer, an
engineer, without expertise in evaluating bio-medical research
• WHO EMF Project relies completely on bio-medical expertise
from the ICNIRP

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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WHO EMF Project = ICNIRP

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ICNIRP hijacked the WHO EMF Project #2

• ICNIRP members play a lead role in preparation of the Environmental Health
Criteria on RF-EMF (e.g. cell phone radiation) that will determine the future of
the wireless technologies
• ICNIRP, the self-appointing NGO, has no accountability at all – nobody
controls its activites (not for CoI disclosures, not for errorenous decisions)
• Can ”private club”, ICNIRP, be fully trusted with the EHC task that is certainly
lobbied by the telecom?

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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ICNIRP hijacked the WHO EMF Project #3

• The World Health Organization Director General Dr. Margaret Chan does
not care what the WHO EMF Project does with the science
• The complaint about the WHO EMF Project’s handling of the writing process
of the Environmental Health Criteria, was sent for response to... Dr. Emilie van
Deventer, Head of the WHO EMF Project – clear problem of Conflict of
Interest

Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015

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Conclusions
• IARC classification of cell phone radiation as a possible carcinogen is a sufficient
reason for invoking Precautionary Principle
• Claims that the current safety standards protect all users are not supported by
the scientific evidence
• Users should be informed about the current scientific uncertainty and advised to
limit exposures whenever possible and feasible and strongly discouraged from
keeping cell phones close to body (in pockets)
• Real radiation exposure data should be used in epidemiological studies
• ALARA principle should be implemented for cell phone radiation exposures
• Activity of WHO EMF Project and membersips of ICNIRP and SCENIHR should
be overhauled... and clear accountability rules should be set
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015