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6th International Symposium on Green Technology for Value Chains 2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1201 (2023) 012038 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1201/1/012038

The assessment of sustainable aquaculture model to improve

the aquatic environment and productivity in the Indonesian
coastal area

S I Sachoemar1,2,*, Syaefudin1, Haryanti1, R P Adhi1, R S Aliah3, A Riyadi1,

Y S Garno1, J P Susanto1, D Yaniharto3, W Sujatmiko3, Sutanti3, T Prayogo1,
L Widodo1, A Lusia1, Sabudin1, I Mawardi1, R P Dewa1, T Yanagi4, A Morimoto5,
M Makino6 and M L Wells7
1
Research Center for Environment and Clean Technology, National Research and
Innovation Agency (BRIN), Kawasan Puspiptek Gd.820. Serpong 15314. Tangerang
Selatan. Indonesia.
2
Department of Agro-Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Indonesia, Tangerang
Selatan, Indonesia
3
Research Center for Fishery, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN),
Puspiptek Serpong 15314, Indonesia
4
Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Kasuga, 816-8580,
Japan
5
Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyocho,
Matsuyama, Ehime 790-0826, Japan
6
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-
8564, Japan
7
School of Marine Science, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
*E-mail: suhe002@brin.go.id; suhendarsachoemar@yahoo.com; riar001@brin.go.id

Abstract. To study and review the Integrated Multi Tropic Aquaculture (IMTA) model of the
closed system (CSIMTA) and open system (OSIMTA), experiments were carried out to
determine their performance in improving the quality of the aquatic environment and
productivity in the northern coastal area of Karawang, West Java and the southern coastal area
of Bantaeng, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, respectively. The CSIMTA model experiment used four
treatment models: Treatment model T-1 contained tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) only,
treatment model T-2 contained tiger prawns and saline tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), treatment
model T-3 contained tiger prawns, saline tilapia, and seaweed (Gracillaria verrucosa), and
treatment model T-4 contained tiger prawns, saline tilapia, seaweed, and green mussels (Perna
viridis). Meanwhile, the study of OSIMTA was carried out by measuring the physical and
chemical parameters of the aquatic environment. The results of the CSIMTA model show that
aquaculture containing tiger prawns, saline tilapia, seaweed, and green mussels of the T-4 was
more productive and the quality of the aquatic environment was more stable than the other three
treatments (T-1, T-2, and T-3). In the T-4, a bio-recycling system worked well where seaweed
utilized the liquid waste resulting from the dissolution of feed residues and excrement from saline
tilapia and tiger prawns as a nutrient supply for growth. Then, the organic waste was used by the
green mussels as a feed source. The bio-recycling system also worked in the OSIMTA.
Keywords: sustainable aquaculture model; aquatic environment; productivity; Indonesian
coastal area

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6th International Symposium on Green Technology for Value Chains 2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1201 (2023) 012038 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1201/1/012038

1. Introduction
Global demand for fish and its processed products is expected to increase. In 2022, it is estimated to
increase by around 1.6 million tons from the previous seven years to 184.6 million tonnes [1,2]. This
shows that the level of dependence of the world community on fishery products is very high. Meanwhile,
the development of food based on animal protein such as fish in Indonesia has not been optimal. The
challenges in increasing aquaculture production for food security in the future will not get any easier.
Environmental changes triggered by climate change and global warming have affected projections of
food production, including in the fisheries sector, which are increasingly difficult to predict. Many
aquaculture lands have not been used optimally because of the environmental damage from the use of
technologies that are not environmentally friendly.
The potential for aquaculture land in Indonesia's coastal areas is estimated to reach 2.9 million
hectares and only 2.2% has been utilized. To optimize the use of aquaculture land sustainably, an
environmentally friendly and more productive aquaculture technology is needed. Among the currently
developing aquaculture technologies, Integrated Multi-Tropical Aquaculture (IMTA), which is more
productive and environmentally friendly, is expected to be implemented in Indonesia. For this reason,
the purpose of this paper was to examine and review a sustainable Closed System Integrated Multi
Tropic Aquaculture (CSIMTA) model and Open Systems Integrated Multi Tropic Aquaculture
(OSIMTA) as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) concept adapted to develop the sustainable
model of CSIMTA for brackish water (A) and OSIMTA for marine aquaculture (B) [3].

The CSIMTA is an IMTA model implemented in brackish water ponds using main commodities such
as prawns, fish, or both, seaweed as a biofilter to absorb inorganic liquid waste, and shellfish as an
absorbent for organic solid waste. Commodities that can be cultivated in the CSIMTA model are
vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon), saline tilapia fish
(Oreochromis niloticus), milkfish (Chanos chanos), seaweed (Gracillaria verrucosa), green mussel
shellfish (Perna viridis), or blood clam (Anadara granosa). CSIMTA technology was developed based
on the bio-recycle and Sato Umi concept of sustainable fish farming and an environmentally friendly
(green) technology to create a zero-waste aquaculture system. The Sato Umi concept aims to sustain and
improve aquaculture productivity with environmental stability, high biodiversity, and community
involvement to create a sustainable aquaculture model [4,5]. Using this technology, improved
productivity of coastal brackish water and marine aquaculture is possible through the development of
intensive and integrated aquaculture incorporating various commodities such as finned fishes, seaweeds,
shellfish, and sea cucumbers, which are grown in an area with maintained water quality. In this system,
the sea cucumbers and shellfish will use organic materials from food remains and fish feces for their
growth, while the seaweeds will utilize the inorganic nutrients for growth and overall create a balanced
ecosystem [6,7]. The integrated commodities, therefore, can develop and grow in optimum and efficient
utilization of available marine resources. If an integrated sustainable aquaculture technology based on

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6th International Symposium on Green Technology for Value Chains 2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1201 (2023) 012038 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1201/1/012038

Sato Umi can be applied successfully in marginal areas of Indonesia, community income in the region
and the overall national economy will increase.
The OSIMTA is an IMTA model implemented in open ocean waters using slightly different
commodities from CSIMTA. Commodities that can be cultivated in the OSIMTA model are saline
tilapia fish, milkfish, red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), grouper (Epinephelus sp), seaweed
(Eucheuma cottonii), green mussel shellfish, blood clam, or other kinds of shellfish. The OSIMTA,
which is also based on the bio-recycle and Sato Umi concept, applies the CSIMTA technology to
establish a sustainable aquaculture method in coastal areas.
OSIMTA experiments were conducted off the coast of Bantaeng, South Sulawesi. These experiments
combined fish culture in floating net cages and seaweed culture using ropes in the same marine area.
The organic residues from fish cages were expected to decompose into inorganic nutrients and could be
used by seaweed, which would maintain the water quality and marine environment condition, as well as
simultaneously increase the productivity of cultivated fish and seaweed.
The integrated sustainable aquaculture technology in the coastal marine area, which is using varieties
of species with high economic value such as tilapia, milkfish, prawns, snappers, and groupers combined
with seaweed, sea cucumbers, and shellfish based on the Sato Umi concept, is a strategic activity to be
promoted. This activity supports the national aquaculture production to improve sustainably, creates
new employment, and increases state revenues. The technology also can support the Indonesian
revitalization program for increasing aquaculture export products, public consumption, and protection
of fishery resources.

Figure 2. Location and experimental design of CSIMTA at the northern coastal area of Karawang.

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6th International Symposium on Green Technology for Value Chains 2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1201 (2023) 012038 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1201/1/012038

2. Method

2.1. Closed System Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture (CSIMTA)

A set of experiments applying the CSIMTA as a sustainable model of aquaculture was conducted in the
marginal brackish water pond area at the northern coastal area of Karawang, West Java, Indonesia to
understand the performance of each treatment to the production level and water quality stability. The
location and experimental design are shown in Figure 2. The experiment was conducted for four months
from May to August 2010. The experiment used four aquaculture treatment models using 500 m2 ponds
each with three replications. The treatment model-1 (T-1) contained tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon)
fry at a density of 5 prawns/m2. The treatment model-2 (T-2) contained tiger prawns fry (5 prawns/m2)
and saline tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) seed at 5 fish /m2. The treatment model-3 (T-3) also contained
saline tilapia and tiger prawns at the same density as T-2, with the addition of seaweed (Gracillaria sp)
in a long-line system at a density of 0.1 kg/m2/point. The treatment model-4 (T-4) contained the same
composition and density as T-3 with the addition of green mussel (Pernapiridis sp), a benthic organism,
in a longline system at a density of 100 g/point. Ponds without organisms were used as controls.
To support this research, several water quality parameters were measured. Physical parameters
(temperature, salinity, pH, turbidity) as well as dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured directly on-site
twice a week (morning, afternoon, and evening) by a Horiba-U10 portable water quality checker. Total
suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP)
as phosphate (PO43-), and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) as the sum of nitrite (NO2-), nitrate
(NO3-), and ammonia (NH3) were measured twice a month and analyzed in the laboratory by the
gravimetric, titration, and spectrometric methods [8]. All measurements and samples were taken from
the outlet, inlet, and central point of the pond.

2.2. Open System Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture (OSIMTA)

The OSIMTA research was conducted for three months from March to May 2017 in the coastal area of
Bantaeng, South Sulawesi Province. Observations of water quality parameters were carried out once a
month at 14 observation stations in the seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) and floating net cages of saline
tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivation areas (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Water sampling station and cultivation areas of seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) and
floating net cages saline tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Physical parameters of the aquatic environment (temperature, salinity, turbidity) and DO were
measured with a Horiba U-10 directly on site. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) as nitrate (NO3-) and
dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) as phosphate (PO43-) were measured using the same method as in
the CSIMTA analysis. Seaweed growth was measured every 15 days in a period of 0–30 days of rearing
by measuring the weight of 8 spans of rope (22.5 m long) and the number of clumps of 200-215 clumps
of rope at day 0, day 15, and day 30 days. The specific growth rate of seaweed is calculated by using
the specific growth rate calculation formula in Equation (1) as follows [9]:

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6th International Symposium on Green Technology for Value Chains 2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1201 (2023) 012038 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1201/1/012038

(Ln Wt -LnW0 )
SGR= ×100% (1)
LnW0 ×t

SGR = Specific growth rate (%/day)

W0 = Initial weight of seaweed (grams)
Wt = Final weight of seaweed (grams)
t = Planting time (days)

3. Results

3.1. Closed System Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture (CSIMTA)

3.1.1. Water quality in the CSIMTA. Table 1 and Table 2 show the water quality (temperature, salinity,
pH, turbidity, TSS, BOD5, DO, DIN, and DIP) of the four treatment models and control of CSIMTA.
The analysis and evaluation of results indicated that water quality in all treatment models was normal
and could support the lives of aquaculture organisms. The brackish water pond was filled manually by
a pump from a channel between the pond and the sea, therefore, there was no significant water exchange
between the pond and the sea even though the pond was located only a few hundred meters away from
the coastline. The interesting situation is seen in the treatment model T-4 where temperature and DO
were relatively high, while salinity and pH were low. There was also a high turbidity in the T-4 that
seemed due to the high chlorophyll-a because the TSS was low.

Table 1. Water qualities of each treatment model of CSIMTA.

CSIMTA Temperature Salinity pH Turbidity TSS BOD5
treatment model (°C) (ppt) (NTU) (mg/l) (mg/l)
T-1 30.78 ± 0.03 24.91 ± 0.04 7.92 ± 0.03 121.84 ± 0.01 36.51 ± 0.07 1.64 ± 0.04
T-2 30.71 ± 0.07 23.11 ± 0.02 7.87 ± 0.02 127.46 ± 0.03 22.33 ± 0.05 0.73 ± 0.02
T-3 30.88 ± 0.04 22.47 ± 0.01 7.88 ± 0.09 157.08 ± 0.05 22.83 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.04
T-4 30.92 ± 0.02 22.87 ± 0.08 7.91 ± 0.04 177.67 ± 0.02 18.00 ± 0.02 1.17 ± 0.03
Control 30.57 ± 0.06 20.30 ± 0.06 8.04 ± 0.03 197.02 ± 0.03 38.04 ± 0.06 0.72 ± 0.06

Table 2. Statistical analysis of the ANOVA and mean average of DIN, DIP, and DO
concentrations of each treatment model of CSIMTA.
CSIMTA treatment model
Parameter Control T-1 T-2 T-3 T-4
a a a
DO (mg/l) 6.65±0.34 6.28±0.22 6.27±0.12 6.74±0.34 7.11±0.57b
DIN (mg/l) 2.31±0.33 3.51±0.38a 3.19±0.61a 2.93±0.34a 2.18±0.28
DIP (mg/l) 0.08±0.03 0.13±0.10 0.11±0.11 0.11±0.11 0.07±0.04
a
Significantly different with control and treatment model T-4 (p < 0.05)
b
Significantly different with control and treatment models T-1, T-2, and T-3 (p < 0.05)

Table 2 shows that the T-4 had the lowest DIN concentration. Statistical analysis in Table 2 shows
that the DIN concentration in the T-4 was significantly different from the other treatments (T-1, T-2, T-
3), but had no significant difference from the control. This result indicates that the presence of green
mussels (Pernapiridis sp) as the organic material users and seaweed (Gracillaria sp) as the inorganic
material users in the T-4 contributed to the reduction of DIN concentration through the bio-recycling
system. In this system, green mussels and seaweed respectively used organic and inorganic materials
derived from residual feed, fish waste, and other sources for their growth. The bio-recycling system in
the CSIMTA worked well to reduce the DIN concentration in the T-4 and as a result, the water quality
and ecosystem of the T-4 were more stable compared with the other treatments.
A similar situation was seen on the DO, in which the T-4 had significantly higher DO concentrations
compared with the other models and control. The high DO concentration of the T-4 indicated the

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6th International Symposium on Green Technology for Value Chains 2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1201 (2023) 012038 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1201/1/012038

enrichment of DO as a response to the presence of seaweed that produced oxygen through high-intensity
photosynthesis stimulated by high temperature. The high DO concentration was also shown by the T-3
compared with T-1, T-2, and control. The T3 also contained seaweed and its presence also contributed
to the DO enrichment. It can be concluded that the presence of seaweed in the T-3 and T-4 improved
the water quality. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in DIP concentrations among
the treatments and even with the control (Table 2). This indicated that compared to DIN, DIP was not a
major element affecting the aquaculture system during the CSIMTA experiment in the northern coastal
area of Karawang.

3.1.2 Biomass productivity of the CSIMTA. Development of green technology in the aquaculture field
aimed to overcome environmental degradation problems. An environmentally friendly aquaculture
model, such as the integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, was expected to increase the productivity of
marginal brackish water ponds in the coastal area and sustainably maintain the quality of the
environment. The integrated multi-trophic aquaculture used a bio-recycling system, in which the organic
material from remaining feed, fish waste, and other sources could be used by the green mussels while
the inorganic materials could be used by the seaweed. It was already evident in the treatment model T-
4, where green mussels and seaweed could respectively use residual organic and inorganic materials,
the tiger prawns and saline tilapia that were cultivated there could grow well and the water quality was
in good condition. The seaweed also enriched the DO and made the aquatic ecosystem more healthy and
stable to maintain the cultivated organisms. The biomass productivity of each experiment model in Table
3 shows that T-4 was the most productive treatment model followed by T-3. This shows that the multi-
trophic organisms in the T-4 worked well as a bio-recycling system to minimize and reduce organic and
inorganic wastes from the remaining feed, feces, and other sources in the aquaculture system. The T-4
also had a higher biomass production compared to the monoculture or polyculture systems with no algae
and benthic organisms as represented by the T-1 and T-2, respectively.

Table 3. Biomass production of the CSIMTA treatment model at the end of the experiment.
Biomass of the CSIMTA treatment model (kg)
Commodities T-1 T-2 T-3 T-4
Tiger prawns
18.27 ± 0.15 132.77 ± 0.15 152.10 ± 0.20 125.00 ± 0.50
(Penaeus monodon)
Saline tilapia - 8.57 ± 0.15 6.07 ± 0.25 34.53 ± 0.31
(Oreochromis niloticus)
Seaweed
- - 337.20 ± 0.34 467.40 ± 0.20
(Gracillaria sp)
Green mussel - - - 760.50 ± 0.30
(Pernapiridis sp)

From the perspective of cultivated organism production, the application of an integrated multi-
trophic aquaculture model using tiger prawns, saline tilapia, seaweed, and green mussels as a polyculture
system could optimize and increase the utilization and productivity of marginal brackish water.
Moreover, the system also naturally maintained the water quality and aquatic ecosystem health better
than the monoculture and polyculture systems. Similar models of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture
using different organisms were expected to also be capable of sustainably improving and increasing the
productivity of marginal brackish water.

3.2. Open System Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture (OSIMTA)

The OSIMTA experiment integrated the cultivation of saline tilapia and seaweed. Unlike the CSIMTA
that cultivated Gracillaria sp, the seaweed cultivated in the OSIMTA model was Eucheuma cottonii. E.
cottonii cannot be cultivated in the CSIMTA model due to differences in the aquatic and marine
environments, especially salinity. In the CSIMTA model, the water was brackish with a salinity ranging

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1201 (2023) 012038 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1201/1/012038

from 6–29 ppt, while in the OSIMTA model, the water was marine with a salinity ranging from 30–40
ppt. The experiment result of the OSIMTA shows that the growth rates were 0.6–1.6 g/day for E. cottonii
and 2.5 g/day for saline tilapia (Figure 4). The growth rate of E. cottonii in this study was lower than in
another study in India [10], which was 2.0–6.1 g/day. On the other hand, the growth rate of saline tilapia
was similar to or slightly higher than another study in Ghana that observed a growth range in the range
of 2.3–2.4 g/day [11] and higher than the saline tilapia growth rate in the CSIMTA model (1.4–1,7
g/day).

Figure 4. The growth rate of saline tilapia (Oreochromis

niloticus) and seaweed Eucheuma cottonii in the east,
central and west coast area of Bantaeng.

Sea surface water quality distribution as shown in Figure 5 indicated that the high temperature, low
salinity, high turbidity, and high DO of the river water were distributed near the mouth of Tino River.
The high DIN and DIP in the central to the eastern part of the seaweed area were influenced by the
domestic and industrial waste from the terrestrial area as the result. The growth rate of seaweed E.
cottonii in the central area was higher than in the East and West coast areas as shown in Figure 4.
The mol ratio of DIN:DIP in the OSIMTA area was calculated from the average concentration and
found to be 0.3, which was much smaller than the Redfield ratio of phytoplankton (16) and seaweed (5–
50) [12]. The ratio suggests that the limiting nutrient for the seaweed growth in this area was DIN instead
of DIP. A previous study in Japan found the limiting DIN concentration for the dis-colorization of
seaweed was 0.028 mg/l [5], however, the required DIN concentration for E. cottonii growth is
unknown. Figure 5 shows that in most of the sea areas except for the inshore, the DIN in April 2017 was
lower than 0.028 mg/l. Similar DIN distributions were also observed in March and May 2017, suggesting
that the DIN in this area was depleted by E. cottonii cultivation [5]. The low DIN concentration in this
area might contribute to the low growth rate of E. cottonii as shown in Figure 4.

4. Discussion
The Integrated Multi Tropic Aquaculture (IMTA) model had been adopted and developed into the closed
system (CSIMTA) and open system (OSIMTA) models. The two aquaculture models had been applied
respectively for developing sustainable brackish water and marine aquaculture in Indonesian coastal
waters. The results of the CSIMTA study had shown high productivity in the aquaculture system using
four commodities (treatment model T-4) namely saline tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), tiger prawns
(Penaeus monodon), seaweed (Glacillaria sp), and green mussels (Pernapiridis sp) compared with the

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1201 (2023) 012038 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1201/1/012038

systems (T-1, T-2, T-3) with one, two, and three commodities, respectively. The integrated multi-trophic
aquaculture could be expected to reduce the risks of failure in the aquaculture business because there
are at least one or more commodities that can be harvested.

Figure 5. Sea surface water temperature, salinity, turbidity, DO,

DIN, and DIP horizontal distributions in April 2017.

Likewise, with the conditions of the waters in CSIMTA, the T-4 treatment had a more stable water
quality with lower DIN and higher DO concentrations compared to the other treatments. The study’s
results show the ecological function of seaweed (Glacillaria sp) that utilized the nitrogen-rich inorganic
liquid waste to support its growth. Meanwhile, green mussels also utilized the organic waste from feed
residues for their growth. With the natural balance to maintain aquatic environment health, farmers can
also reduce the capital risk of farming and maintain the coastal area to support aquaculture activities.
In the OSIMTA model, the research conducted in the coastal area of Bantaeng, South Sulawesi
showed good results in seaweed (Euchema cottonii) and saline tilapia growth despite a slightly lower
growth of seaweed compared with India and a better growth of saline tilapia compared with Ghana.
Meanwhile, the condition of the aquatic environment in the coastal area of Bantaeng was quite
supportive to develop OSIMTA, even though DIN was a limiting factor indicated by the low growth of
seaweed in this area. To improve the performance of seaweed growth in coastal areas by applying the
OSIMTA model, proper arrangements are needed in the placement of fish cages and seaweed farming
so that the DIN supply can meet the needs of seaweed growth optimally and improve the health of the
aquatic environment.
There is a wide operation of rope-cultivation of seaweeds (Euchema cottonii and Euchema
spinosum) and fish cage-cultivation of saline tilapia, milkfish, grouper, and barramundi in the eastern

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1201 (2023) 012038 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1201/1/012038

part of Indonesia. The main reason for the study of CSIMTA in the western part of Indonesia and
OSIMTA in the eastern part was the difference in the characteristics between the western and eastern
coastal waters, particularly the water quality. In the western part of the country, there are many coastal
areas where large rivers flow into, and in such coastal waters, river sedimentation supplies a high amount
of suspended particles and increases turbidity. The turbid water was unsuitable for fish and seaweed
cultures, therefore, a closed system with inland ponds inland on the coastline was used for aquaculture.
However, there are only a few large rivers in the eastern part of Indonesia. Therefore, the seaweed rope-
culture and fish cage-culture were conducted in coastal waters with low turbidity.

5. Conclusion
The sustainable Integrated Multi Tropic Aquaculture (IMTA) models of the closed system (CSIMTA)
and open system (OSIMTA) were examined and reviewed. The performance of both models in
improving the aquatic environment and productivity in the northern coastal area of Karawang, West
Java and the southern coastal area of Bantaeng, South Sulawesi, Indonesia had been excellent. Based on
the results of the CSIMTA research, the integrated aquaculture model with four commodities: tiger
prawns (Penaeus monodon), saline tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), seaweed (Gracillaria sp), and green
mussel (Pernapiridis sp) on the treatment model T-4 was more productive and the quality of the aquatic
environment was more stable than the other three treatment models (T-1, T-2, and T-3). In the treatment
model T-4, a bio-recycling system had been working where seaweed utilized liquid waste resulting from
the dissolution of feed residues and excrement from tilapia and prawns as a nutrient supply for growth.
Then the organic waste was used by the green mussels as a feed source. The bio-recycling system also
worked in the OSIMTA. In the near future, the sustainable model of CSIMTA and OSIMTA hopefully
can be applied throughout Indonesia's coastal areas with various modifications according to the potential
of local natural resources and taking into account local wisdom.

Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the Research Institute for Brackish Water and Marine Aquaculture
Development (BPBAPL) of West Java and the Ministry for Fisheries and Marine Affairs of Bantaeng
region, South Sulawesi, for their support to implement the research. Sincere gratitude is also addressed
to the International EMECS Center of Japan, PICES (The North Pacific Marine Science Organization),
FRA (Fisheries Research Agency), MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries) of Japan,
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) of Collaborative Research and Education Project in
Southeast Asia for Sustainable Use of Marine Ecosystems (CREPSUM), for their support to disseminate
and implement the Sato Umi concept for integrated sustainable aquaculture research and development
in Indonesia.

Author contributions
S I Sachoemar contributed in designing, developing methodology, formal analysis, investigation,
writing – original draft, writing – reviewing and editing. Syaefudin, Haryanti, R P Adhi contributed in
funding acquisition, supervision, resources, reviewing and editing original draft. R S Aliah, A Riyadi,
Y S Garno, J P Susanto, D Yaniharto, W Sujatmiko, Sutanti, T Prayogo contributed in formal analysis
of the system, field observation, data collection and writing – original draft. L Widodo, A Lusia,
Sabudin, I Mawardi, R P Dewa were collecting and analyzing field data of the social aspect and writing
– original draft. T Yanagi, A Morimoto, M Makino and M L Wells were conceptualization and
developing the platform of the research program, supervision and reviewing original draft. All authors
read and approved the final paper.

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1201 (2023) 012038 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1201/1/012038

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