University of Cape Town Libraries

2011

HANDBOOK ON CITATION
Karin de Jager and Dianne Steele

Contributors:
Cyrill Walters, Jen Eidelman, Laureen Rushby, Marilyn Wilford, Nuroo Davids, Susanne Noll, Tanya
Barben, William Daniels

Contents
PLAGIARISM IN ACADEMIC WRITING ...........................................................................................................- 1 -

EVALUATION OF RESOURCES .......................................................................................................................- 1 -

ACADEMIC CITATION ...................................................................................................................................- 2 -

GOOD REASONS FOR CITATION ...................................................................................................................- 2 -

HOW DOES ONE CITE CORRECTLY AND AVOID PLAGIARISM? ......................................................................- 2 -

CITATION STYLES .........................................................................................................................................- 3 -

AUTHOR-DATE METHOD ..............................................................................................................................- 4 -

CITING SOURCES WITHIN THE TEXT .............................................................................................................- 4 -

LIST OF REFERENCES AT THE END OF THE TEXT ............................................................................................- 4 -

REFERENCE EXAMPLES (AUTHOR-DATE) ......................................................................................................- 5 -

BOOKS ............................................................................................................................................................ - 5 -
JOURNALS ...................................................................................................................................................... - 8 -
NEWSPAPERS ............................................................................................................................................... - 10 -
WEBSITES ..................................................................................................................................................... - 10 -
CONFERENCES.............................................................................................................................................. - 12 -
GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS ..................................................................................................................... - 12 -
LEGISLATION ........................................................................................................................................... - 12 -
OTHER GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS .................................................................................................... - 14 -
UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS ........................................................................................................................ - 17 -
MAPS ............................................................................................................................................................ - 18 -
OTHER MEDIA .............................................................................................................................................. - 18 -
MUSIC SCORES ............................................................................................................................................. - 19 -
ARTWORK .................................................................................................................................................... - 19 -
COMPUTER PROGRAMS (SOFTWARE) ......................................................................................................... - 20 -
SECONDARY SOURCING ............................................................................................................................... - 20 -

REFERENCES & USEFUL READINGS ............................................................................................................. - 21 -

Plagiarism in academic writing

Students are often unsure of exactly what plagiarism is and how it affects them. Especially these days with the
ease of cutting and pasting from the Internet, student plagiarism has become an issue of great concern in
academic institutions and it is very important to realise that any accusation of plagiarism will be serious and
could be dealt with very severely.

Plagiarism essentially is the misappropriation of others‟ words, thoughts and ideas and is treated very seriously
in the academic environment. Ignorance or carelessness is no excuse. Be aware that it is not acceptable
academic practice under any circumstances to “lift” text and to present it as your own. There are sophisticated
web sites and techniques specifically aimed at tracking down all kinds of plagiarism. The University has
invested in software known as “Turnitin” which has been designed to assist in detecting plagiarism in student
work and you may be required to submit your work electronically, so that it may be tested in this way.
Students found guilty could at best fail their course, or at worst face expulsion from their academic institution.

Although this punitive and legalistic approach may be regarded as draconian by students, who often mean no
harm by cutting and pasting, it is important that you realise that doing this has very serious implications. This
booklet should help you to understand how to deal with the writing of others without resorting to plagiarism.

Evaluation of resources

Students are increasingly relying on using information resources from the World Wide Web for their own
learning. It is important that you understand that Web sources might be substantially different from sources
that you might find in the academic library.

The major difference is that articles on the Web are not peer reviewed. Anybody can publish anything on the
Web. Peer review consists of a rigorous process of anonymous review of all papers that are offered for
publication in academic journals. It is a lengthy and time consuming process which (even though not entirely
immune to abuse) ensures accountability and reliability in the transfer of knowledge. Peer review produces
papers that are essentially different from articles in newspapers and journals like the Cape Argus, Newsweek or
Economist. While the journalistic press may or may not take reasonable measures to produce facts accurately,
the constraints of time and the pressures of readability or popularity may seriously affect veracity.

The first question you therefore have to answer when faced with some potentially interesting information
source on the Web is to establish where it comes from. Are the authors named and do they belong to a
creditable organisation? Look at the Web address or the URL: “.ac” or “.edu” indicates an academic and “.gov”
a governmental provenance, while “.com” or “.co” clearly has commercial implications. If a site is anonymous
you should tread carefully, as you would when there are readily apparent language errors. Reputable authors
sign their work and check their language. References to Wikipedia should be avoided in academic work.

The tone of a text should be considered. Extravagant statements or over-emphatic claims are not found in
serious academic writing, nor are sweeping or vague statements without backup. You should look at the
sources cited. An absence of citations, or only references to what other people have said but not published, are
not hallmarks of reliable information. Beware of one-sided positions or evidence of bias; reputable writers tend
to try and present different points of view or balanced arguments. Evidence of ulterior motives such as
promotion or advertising does not point to reliable information either. It is your responsibility as a writer to
ensure that you use only reliable information in your own written work.

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Academic citation

Academic writing requires you to cite all the sources that you have read and consulted in the preparation of
your work and then provide full details of those sources in references. Citing and referencing consist of quoting
from or referring to other writers‟ words and thoughts and the listing of their names, together with the titles
and other details of their publications so that they can be tracked down independently. Citation and referencing
have long been regarded as a hallmark of academic writing of all kinds.

Good reasons for citation

Citations tell the reader of your text that you understand the topic and have read about it. You give authority
to your statements and add value to your writing by showing that other writers have supported your
arguments.

Citations show how well you know the field. It is important to show that you know who the important writers
are in a specific field and if you leave some of them out, or if you use the writings of those who are less highly
regarded or who have been discredited, it may detract from your own work.

Citations show how up-to-date your reading has been. In certain subject fields it is very important to be aware
of the most recent developments.

Writing is "intellectual property" and you have to give credit to persons who first expressed an idea.

References enable the reader of one‟s work to check the accuracy of a quotation, or to find the source and the
context of a quotation.

Citations are most important in protecting you from being accused of or from committing plagiarism, as was
discussed above.

How does one cite correctly and avoid plagiarism?

Every single instance of using phrases and ideas that are not your own must be acknowledged. You do
this by giving the name of the person who first expressed every concept or thought that you mention in
your text.
When you quote someone‟s words directly, you have to place these words in quotation marks.
Longer quotations, which you should try to avoid or use sparingly, should be “blocked” to make them
stand out clearly. This means indenting and single-spacing the entire quotation, also using a smaller
typeface if you wish.
If you express another‟s words or ideas by paraphrasing them, you have to use your own words. It is not
enough simply to change the word order or to substitute one or two words only.
You may also summarise more lengthy material in your own style and language. Do not repeat the
author‟s own words without placing them in quotation marks.
When you use your own words to express the ideas of someone else, you must still quote the source,
even though you then do not have to use quotation marks.

It is important to keep a list of full details of all the papers you have consulted as you go along and not think
that you will be able to complete the references in your assignments at the last minute, as you are bound to
lose track of some of the things you have read. UCT has invested in providing campus-wide access to
RefWorks, which is a personal bibliographic management software that allows one to download all the
necessary details about library materials as well as online journal papers and other resources including web
pages into one‟s own personal database. The system can then automatically prepare correct citations and
references according to a large variety of referencing conventions as and when required.

RefWorks is available from the Library home page. Click on “Electronic Resources” and select “RefWorks”
from the drop-down list. As a new user, you first have to register your own RefWorks account. The online
Tutorials will help you on your way, or go to the Knowledge Commons and Research Commons in the Library
for assistance.

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Citation styles

There are a number of different styles and conventions which are widely understood and used to encourage a
clear and consistent pattern of citation. Well-known style manuals include the Chicago Manual of Style, and
those published by the American Psychological Association (APA), the Modern Language Association of America
(MLA) and The (British) Modern Humanities Research Association (MHRA). One of the best-known, but also one
of the simplest styles, is the “author-date” style for citations and reference lists (sometimes known as the
“Harvard style”). Scientific publications often use the citation or style guides published by societies and
institutions in their own disciplines. In all cases, consistency in presentation is the most important
consideration.

For theses and dissertations it is essential to make sure of the specific details of the citation convention
required by your department and then to pay particular attention to capitalisation, the use of italics and to
check punctuation very carefully. External examiners usually pay particular attention to citations and
references.

This document illustrates the basic requirements of the author-date style of referencing. Further exhaustive
examples may be found in the Information Literacy Course, which was originally developed for the Cape
Higher Education Consortium. You may access the section on compiling your bibliography at:
http://www.lib.uct.ac.za/Training/Infolit/infolit/bibl.htm

Make sure that you select one style that conforms with your Departmental requirements and apply
it consistently. A list of useful readings with many examples of citations using the different conventions is
also to be found at the end of this document.

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Author-date method

This very well-known system for citation is well established in the social sciences and is increasingly used in
literary studies as well (Visser, 1992:78). Brief examples illustrating the commonest citation issues using the
author-date method follow below:

Citing sources within the text

To show that you have used or borrowed words or ideas from elsewhere, you have to indicate every instance in
the text, to the reader. This is done by the use of the “reference indicator” which contains brief publication
details in round brackets. Whether you cite, paraphrase or quote the words of another writer, the page
reference where those words appeared, have to form part of the reference indicator. It appears in either of two
ways within the text:

1. When the name(s) of the quoted author(s) form part of a sentence, the reference indicator consists of the
date and the page on which that quotation appears. For example:

In her analysis of reading comprehension among primary and secondary school pupils, Pretorius
(2000:33) proposes that inadequate reading skills play a significant role in the poor academic
performance of many South African scholars.

2. Where the sentence does not specifically state the original author‟s name, the reference indicator has to
include the surname(s) of the author(s), followed by the date and the page on which the specific quotation
appears, for example:

In an analysis of reading comprehension among primary and secondary school pupils, it was found
that inadequate reading skills play a significant role in the poor academic performance of many
South African scholars (Pretorius, 2000:33).

List of references at the end of the text

The reference indicator alone does not give enough information for the reader to find the original source of the
idea or quotation. Full details of all the quoted sources also have to be listed at the end of the text. This list
may be called “References” or “Works cited.” The term “Bibliography” is sometimes used when you include
works that you have consulted for your writing, but not actually quoted. This is not recommended, as you are
expected to only list the sources that you have used.

The list of references is arranged alphabetically by surname of the author. Alphabetical order enables a reader
to locate details of all the sources cited quickly and efficiently, so that it is essential that the reference indicator
in round brackets (parentheses) exactly conforms with the first word of the reference in the alphabetical list. If
a work has no identifiable author, the alphabetic arrangement is by the name of the editor(s) or by the first
main word of the title. In such cases, the name of the editor or a brief title will be given as the reference
indicator in round brackets in the body of the text.

Here is the reference for the example above:

Pretorius, E.J. 2000. What they can‟t read will hurt them: reading and academic achievement. Innovation. 21:
33-41.

Note that the page reference now indicates the length of the entire paper and not just the page on which the
quotation appeared.

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 REFERENCE EXAMPLES (AUTHOR-DATE)
BOOKS

Things to remember:
The names of authors are shown with surname first. First names may be abbreviated to the initials only, but be consistent. Sometimes, an organisation may function
as the author – should this occur, give the name of the organisation as it appears on the title page as the “author”.
If there are two or three authors, list them all in the order given on the title page, separating them with commas and the ampersand (&) sign. Alphabetic order will be
according to the surname of the first author.
If there are more than three authors, give the name of the first only for in-text citations, followed by “and others” or “et al.” which is the Latin abbreviation for “and
others”. The names of four or more authors should appear in the reference list to a maximum of eight. Add et al. or and others for more than eight authors, after
the eighth author.
An editor may be treated like an author, but attach the abbreviation “Ed.” to the name, as the function of an editor is different from that of an author.
If there is no identifiable author, editor or responsible corporate body, the first part of the entry is the title of the work and alphabetic order will be according to the first
word in the title that isn‟t “A”, “An” or “The”.
It is a convention that the titles of all published materials are listed using italic type or by underlining. If your word processing package and printer can display italic
type, use italics for titles, as underlining is often used for web document url‟s.
If the lecturer prefers, you may indent the second and each subsequent line so that each entry is a hanging paragraph, however this is not mandatory.
The edition should be mentioned unless it is the first edition. When there is no edition statement, you may assume that the work is a first edition.
List the first place of publication as it appears on the title page of the book. Where applicable, add the country of publication for less known locations.
List the publisher followed by a period.

Reference type In-text example Reference List Example

Parenthetical in-text citation: Green, D. 2009. From poverty to power: how active citizens and effective states can change the world.
(Green, 2009:46) Auckland Park, South Africa: Jacana.
In-text citation:
Hanging indentation:
Green (2009:46) commented…
Indent the second and subsequent lines to hanging indentation, if lecturer prefers, for example:
Direct quote:
“Sanitation is often given little attention in Green, D. 2009. From poverty to power: how active citizens and effective states can change the world.
Book - single national debates, due to a taboo on public Auckland Park, South Africa: Jacana.
author discussion of the topic, leading to less
spending” (Green, 2009:46).
Note:
A specific page, chapter, heading,
paragraph or other element of the work
cited follows the date and should be
preceded by a colon.

Parenthetical in-text citation: Segal, L. & Holden, P. 2008. Great lives, pivotal moments. Auckland Park, South Africa: Jacana.
(Segal & Holden, 2008:42)
In-text:
Book - two
Segal and Holden (2008:42) commented…
authors
Direct quote:
“…” (Segal & Holden, 2008:42).

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Reference type In-text example Reference List Example
Parenthetical in-text citation: Picker, M., Griffiths, C.L. & Weaving, A. 2002. Field guide to insects of South Africa. Cape Town: Struik.
(Picker, Griffiths & Weaving, 2002:4)
In-text citation:
Book - three Picker, Griffiths and Weaving (2002:4)
authors commented that…
Direct quote:
“…” (Picker, Griffiths & Weaving, 2002:4).

Parenthetical in-text citation: Boddy-Evans, M., Exelby, N., Kuschke, J., Daly, R. & Bristow, D. 2006. Getaway’s 1001 places to see
(Boddy-Evans and others, 2006:8) before you die: places to go, things to do in Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik.
In-text citation: Note:
Book - four or Boddy-Evans and others (2006:8) The names of four or more authors should appear in the reference list to a maximum of eight. Add et
more authors al. or and others for more than eight authors.
Note:
May use “et al.” instead of” and others”,
however be consistent.

Book produced Parenthetical in-text citation: Templehoff, J.W.N. Ed. 2005. African water histories: transdisciplinary discourses. Vanderbijlpark,
by an editor (Templehoff, 2005:6) South Africa: Vaal Triangle Faculty, North Western University.
rather than an
author

Book produced (Soweto Trust for Nurse Clinical Training, Soweto Trust for Nursing Clinical Training. 2005. Primary clinical care handbook. 4th ed. Houghton,
by a group, e.g. 2005:4) South Africa: Jacana.
corporation or
organisation

Edition of the (Stuart & Stuart, 2006:3) Stuart, C. & Stuart, T. 2006. Field guide to the larger mammals of Africa. Rev. 3rd ed. Cape Town:
book other than Struik.
the first

Section or (Ruiters, 2009: 105) Ruiters, M. 2009. Collaboration, assimilation and contestation: emerging constructions of Coloured
chapter in a identity in post-apartheid South Africa. In Burdened by race: Coloured identity in South Africa. M.
book – one Adhikari, Ed. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press. 104-133.
editor

Section or (Shisana, Zungu & Peze, 2009:90) Shisana, O., Zungu, N. & Peze, S. 2009. Poverty and HIV and AIDS. In HIV/AIDS in South Africa 25
chapter in a years on: psychosocial perspectives. P. Rohleder and others, Eds. London: Springer. 89-104.
book – multiple
editors

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Reference type In-text example Reference List Example
(Kirkaldy, 1996:9) Kirkaldy, A. 1996. The sea is in our blood: community and craft in Kalk Bay, c. 1880-1939. (Archives
yearbook for South African history). Pretoria: Government Printers.

Book series (Kornegay, 2005:12) Kornegay, F.A. 2005. Race and ethics relations barometer: a narrative analysis of findings from the
Centre for Policy Studies’ Social Identity Survey. (Research report. Centre for Policy Studies no. 106).
Johannesburg: Centre for Policy Studies.

(Klemm, 2008:248) Klemm, P.M. 2008. Cosmetics and body painting. In New encyclopedia of Africa. V. 1. J. Middleton &
Encyclopedia –
J.C. Miller, Eds. Detroit: Gale. 247-249.
with author

(“AIDS”, 2011: “Transmission”) "AIDS". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2011. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. Available:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/10414/AIDS [2011, May 12].
Note:
Encyclopedia – A specific page, chapter, heading, Note:
no author paragraph or other element of the work Add place of publication and publisher for online publications, if available.
cited follows the date and should be
preceded by a colon.

Dictionary – (Tshabe & Shoba, 2006:19) Tshabe, S.L. & Shoba, F.M. Eds. 2006. The greater dictionary of isiXhosa. V.1. Alice, South Africa:
with University of Fort Hare.
author/editor

(“Radiation”, 2003:1730-1731) “Radiation”. McGraw-Hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms. 2003. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-
Hill.

Dictionary – no (“Apartheid, n.”, 2011) “Apartheid, n.". OED Online. 2011. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available:
author/editor http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/9032?redirectedFrom=apartheid [2011, May 11].
Note:
Add place of publication and publisher for online publications, if available.

Translation (Couto, 2010: 11) Couto, M. 2010. The blind fisherman. Translated by David Brookshaw. Johannesburg: Penguin Books.

(Kagwanja & Kondlo, 2009) Kagwanja, P. & Kondlo, K. Eds. 2009. State of the nation: South Africa 2008. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
Available:
Note:
http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/product.php?productid=2231&cat=0&page=1&featured&freedownload=1
If a specific page, paragraph, chapter or
E-book [2010, October 15].
other element of the work cited is
available, it is followed by the date and
should be preceded by a colon.

(Qur‟an 4:3) Major classical works, such as Greek, Roman or religious works should only be included for in-text
citations and not in the reference list.
(1 John 1:4, New International Version)
Classic Works
Note:
For the Bible, add the version.

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Reference type In-text example Reference List Example
Note:
Report Reports can appear in many different forms, e.g. as a book, journal article, series, government publication or online publication. It is advisable to
treat a report as representative of the form it takes in a particular circumstance.
JOURNALS

Things to remember:
Articles are listed according to the surname of the first author that appears on the article.
If there are two or three authors, list them all in the order given on the title page, separating them with commas and the ampersand (&) sign. Alphabetic order will be
according to the surname of the first author.
If there are more than three authors, give the name of the first only for in-text citations, followed by “and others” or “et al.” which is the Latin abbreviation for “and
others”. The names of four or more authors should appear in the reference list to a maximum of eight. Add et al. or and others for more than eight authors, after
the eighth author.
The title of the journal is italicized.
Volume and issue numbers of the journal are given, followed by the page number (or starting and ending pages if it covers more than one page) of the complete article.
By indicating the volume numbering in the fixed sequence: Volume (issue number): starting page (-end page) it is not necessary to use the abbreviations vol.; no. pp.
or p. to indicate volume, issue and page numbers.
Some journals only have volume or issue numbers.

Journal article (Van, Wilgen, 2009:335) Van Wilgen, B.W. 2009. The evolution of fire and invasive alien plant management practices in fynbos:
– single author review article. South African journal of science. 105(9-10):335-342.

Journal article (Jiane & Mostert, 2010:60) Jiyane, V. & Mostert, J. 2010. Use of information and communication technologies by women hawkers
– two authors and vendors in South Africa. African journal of library, archives and information science. 20(1):53-61.

Journal article (Berry, Robertson & Campbell, 2005:180) Berry, M.G., Robertson, B.L. & Campbell, E.E. 2005. Impact of cutting and collecting firewood
– three authors associated with informal settlement in the south-eastern Cape coastal zone. South Africa journal of
botany. 71(2):179-190.
(Calver and others, 2010:266) Calver, A.D., Falmer, A.A., Murray, M., Strauss, O.J., Streicher, E.M., Hanekom, M. Liversage, T.,Masibi,
M. and others.2010. Emergence of increased resistance and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
Journal article despite treatment adherence, South Africa. Emerging infectious diseases. 16(2):264-271.
– four or more Note:
authors The names of four or more authors should appear in the reference list to a maximum of eight. Add et
al. or and others for more than eight authors.

(Noakes, 2010a:787) Noakes, T.D. 2010a. Peripheral fatigue alone does not explain the decision to terminate sustained
muscular contractions with two limbs. Scandanavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 20(5):787.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01182.x
Journal article
– two or more Note:
articles by the Add a DOI identifier if available. The Digital Object Identifier (DOI®) identifies electronic documents or
same author(s) other objects in the digital environment.
in a single year
(Noakes, 2010b:998) Noakes, T.D. 2010b. The role of the faculty of sports and exercise medicine for public health and elite
athlete care. British journal of sports medicine. 44(14):998-1001.

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Reference type In-text example Reference List Example
(Cherry, 2011:5) Cherry, J. 2011. Animal history meets social history: a new look at horses in South African history.
South African journal of science. 107(1/2):5-6. DOI:10.4102/sajs.v107i1/2.495
Note:
Add a DOI identifier if available. The Digital Object Identifier (DOI®) identifies electronic documents or
other objects in the digital environment.

Journal article (Van Wilgen, 2009:335) Van Wilgen, B.W. 2009. The evolution of fire and invasive alien plant management practices in fynbos:
– available review article. South African journal of science. 105(9-10): 335-342. Available from EBSCOHost
from electronic Academic Search Premier [2010, October 15].
databases
(Digby, 2005) Digby, A. 2005. Early black doctors in South Africa. The journal of African history. 46(3):427-454.
Available from JSTOR [2010, October 15].
Note:
Where DOI identifiers are not available, add the database name as illustrated in the two examples
above.

(Parry, 2011) Parry, D. 2011. Mobile perspectives: on teaching mobile literacy. Educause review. 46(2).
Available:http://www.educause.edu/EDUCAUSE+Review/EDUCAUSEReviewMagazineVolume46/iMobileP
Note:
erspectivesOnteachingi/226160 [2011, April 11].
Journal article A specific page, numbered paragraph,
–electronic chapter or other element of the work cited
follows the date and should be preceded
by a colon.

(De Knecht and others, in press) De Knecht, H.J. Van Langevelde, F., Skidmore, A.K., Delsink, A., Slotow, R., Henley, S., Bucini, G., de
Boer, W.F. and others (in press). The spatial scaling of habitat selection by African elephants. Journal of
animal ecology. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01764.x
Journal article
–in press Note:
Add a DOI identifier if available. The Digital Object Identifier (DOI®) identifies electronic documents or
other objects in the digital environment.

(Hanekom and others, 2010) Hanekom, W.A., Lawn, S.D., Dheda, K. & Whitelaw, A. 2010. Tuberculosis research update [Abstract].
Tropical medicine and international health. 15(8):981-989.
Journal article Note:
–abstract only If at all possible, try to find a full paper and not just information from an abstract. Sometimes,
however, this is not possible and the abstract itself has to be cited.

Journal (Becker, 1986:26) Becker, W.B. 1986. HTLV-III infection in the RSA. South African medical journal. Suppl. (October, 11):
supplement 26-27.

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Reference type In-text example Reference List Example
(Navarro, 2010:915) Navarro, J.L. 2010. Foreign language abstracts in scientific journals: please write them well [Letter to
the editor]. The journal of wildlife management. 74(5):915–916. DOI: 10.2193/2009-391
Journal article
– letter to the Note:
Editor Add a DOI identifier if available. The Digital Object Identifier (DOI®) identifies electronic documents or
other objects in the digital environment.

(Nielsen, 2010:1050) Nielsen, R. 2010. Genomics in search of rare human variants. 1000 genomes pilot study. Nature
[Special issue]. 467(7319): 1050-1051. Doi:10.1038/4671050a
(Kim, 2000:4)
Kim, H.C. 2000. Therapeutic pediatric apheresis. [Special issue: Clinical Applications of Therapeutic
Journal article Apheresis]. Journal of Clinical Apheresis. 15(1-2): 1-5. Doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1101
– special issue
Note:
Add a DOI identifier if available. The Digital Object Identifier (DOI®) identifies electronic documents or
other objects in the digital environment.

Magazine – (Beckman, 2005:2) Beckman, M.Y. 2005. Y did the chromosome cross the road?
without volume Science now. November, 7:203. Available: http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2005/11/07-
or issue 02.html?ref=hp [2011, June 10].
numbers

NEWSPAPERS
Daily (Chauke, 2010:5) Chauke, A. 2010. SA braces for Google television. The Times (Johannesburg). 19 November:5.
newspaper –
article, with
author

Parenthetical in-text citation: Commemoration after closet-torching. 2010. Monday paper. 29(15). 11-24 October:2.
(“Commemoration after closet-torching”,
Weekly 2010:2)
newspaper –
article, no In-text citation:
author “Commemoration after closet-torching”
(2010:2)

Online (Wilson, 2010) Wilson, N. 2010. Starbucks taking a cautious approach to SA. Business day. 1 June. [Online].
newspaper – Available: http://www.businessday.co.za/Articles/Content.aspx?id=110545 [2010, November 19].
article, with
author

WEBSITES (Reference examples of online maps, online computer programs and other online material are covered under separate headings.)
Citations for electronic resources are essentially no different from any other citations; the reader needs clear instructions on where to find an item. Frequently, data held
electronically may be moved to different locations, so that hyperlinks could become obsolete and documents sometimes disappear entirely. It therefore is necessary to
show the date of consultation when referring to such sources, to indicate how recently a link was still functioning.

It is important to remember that all full bibliographic references, regardless of style, essentially have to convey the same kind of information and consist of the same
elements, although the basic order may differ slightly according to different conventions. The purpose of all references essentially is to provide sufficient information for

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an item to be found. All references should therefore contain, in the order prescribed by the citation style, the following elements, or as many of them as you can
ascertain:

Name of the originator(s) of the document or the part of a document you are using as a source.
Date of publication (some citation styles give the date immediately after the author; otherwise after the name of the publisher). For an electronic resource, look for the
date on which the document was produced or updated.
• Title of the publication (and, if it is part of a larger work, e.g. an article in a journal, or one paper in an edited collection, also the title of the whole publication)
• Publication details: Place of publication and Publisher if the item is a book; Volume and/or issue number if the item is a journal. For an electronic resource give the
uniform resource locator (URL) which may sometimes be given between angle brackets (< >). If the URL is very long, it may be written on two lines, but try to break a
line only where a punctuation mark occurs and do not add a hyphen, as this will alter the URL.
• Inclusive page numbers if the reference is to an item smaller than a whole book.
Add the Doi number (if available).
• For an electronic resource, without Doi numbers, add the date on which the document was last accessed in square brackets.

Things to remember:
Electronic information might be found in blogs, listservers for specific interest groups, published on CD-Rom or DVD discs or in electronic databases and the World Wide
Web.
Information published electronically may have counterparts that are also published on paper.
Give page numbers when they are available (pdf files; Word documents; journal articles also available in print); give paragraph numbers provided that they are
available for all to see (i.e. don‟t go and count them). To indicate paragraph numbers, either use the abbreviation “para.” or the paragraph sign “¶”. Not giving page
numbers is not a serious problem with electronic texts, as most browsers have a „search‟ function. Chapter headings or other identifiable elements of the work cited
may also be used to identify the exact location of the section cited.
Where electronic resources also exist in traditional print form, provide details of the print as well as the electronic source, as details of the printed source might be
required to find the electronic version in a database.

Reference type In-text example Reference List Example

Website – (Grant, 2008) Grant, K. 2008. Concentrated solar power in South Africa. Available:
single author http://www.climatestrategies.org/our-reports/category/69/98.html [2010, November 29].

Website – 1st parenthetical in-text citation: Organisation for Economic and Co-operation and Development. 2009. Composite leading indicators
group or (Organisation for Economic and Co- (CLIs), OECD, January 2009 update. Available:
corporate operation and Development [OECD], http://www.oecd.org/document/59/0,3343,en_2649_34349_41966331_1_1_1_1,00.html [2010,
author 2010) November 9].
Subsequent parenthetical in-text
citations:
(OECD, 2010)
1st In-text citation:
Organisation for Economic and Co-
operation and Development (OECD, 2010)
Subsequent parenthetical in-text
citations:
OECD (2010)

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Reference type In-text example Reference List Example
Website – no Parenthetical in-text citation: Southern African Development Community. n.d. Available: http://www.africa-
author no date (“Southern African Development union.org/root/au/recs/sadc.htm [2010, November 9].
Community” [SADC], n.d.)

CONFERENCES
(Poll, 1998:40) Poll, R. 1998. The house that Jack built: the consequences of measuring. Proceedings of the 2nd
Conference – Northumbria International Conference on Performance Measurement in Library & Information Services.
single author 7-11 September 1997. Newcastle: Information North. 39-45.

(Todani, 2008:101) Todani, K. 2008. Commentary: capital flows, current-account adjustment and monetary policy in South
Online Africa. Proceedings of the conference on “Challenges for Monetary Policy-makers in Emerging Markets”.
conference 29-31 October 2008. 101-105. Available:
proceedings – http://www.resbank.co.za/Lists/News%20and%20Publications/Attachments/9/Challenges+for+Monetar
single author y+Policy-makers.pdf [2011, April 18].

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
LEGISLATION
Things to remember:
References to Acts, Regulations and Bills are listed by the name of the Act followed by the publication details.
Use abbreviations for in-text referencing for sections, subsections, paragraphs and subparagraphs, but never at the start of a sentence: chapter = chap, section = s,
sections = ss, subsection = subsec, paragraph = para, subparagraph = subpara, article = art. (Plurals: subsecs, paras, subparas, arts.)
Further exhaustive examples may be found in the Writing Guide for Law Students, available from the Law Library‟s webpage. (See: University of Cape Town.
Faculty of Law. 2011. Research, writing, style and referencing guide: 2011. Available: http://www.lib.uct.ac.za/law/ [2011, August 3].)

Reference type In-text example Reference List Example

(Labour Relations Act, No. 66 of 1995, Labour Relations Act, No. 66 of 1995. 1995. Government gazette. 366(16861). 13 December.
Act – single act 1995:chap1) Government notice no. 1877. Cape Town: Government Printer.
published in a Note:
government Use abbreviations for in-text referencing
gazette without for sections, subsections, paragraphs and
amendments subparagraphs.

Act – single (Labour Relations Amendment Act, No. 12 Labour Relations Amendment Act, No. 12 of 2002. 2002. Government gazette. 444(23540). 24 June.
amendment act of 2002, 2002:s7) Government notice no. 848. Cape Town: Government Printer.
published in a
government
gazette

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Reference type In-text example Reference List Example
Single act (Public Procurement Act, No. 8 of 2003, Public Procurement Act, No. 8 of 2003. 2003. Zomba: Government Printer. (Malawi)
published 2003: s1)
separately from Note:
the government Should you need to reference legislation of countries, other than South Africa, add the name of the
gazette country or jurisdiction after the publication details, e.g. (Botswana), (Zimbabwe), (Canada).

Single act (Labour Relations Amendment Act, No. 12 Labour Relations Amendment Act, No. 12 of 2002. 2002. Available:
published on an of 2002, 2002:s7) http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=68046 [2011, June 11].
Internet site

Act as (Labour Relations Act, No. 66 of 1995, as Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995, updated 2009, including the CCMA rules. 2009. Wetton, Cape Town:
amended, amended, 2009:chap1) Juta Law.
published in a
Note:
single volume
For date of publication, use the date of the latest update of the consolidated law.

Act as (Labour Relations Act, No. 66 of 1995, as Labour Relations Act, No. 66 of 1995, as amended. 2010. Statutes of the Republic of South Africa,
amended, amended, 2010:chap1) classified and annotated from 1910, Vol. 20. Durban: Butterworths.
published in
Note:
consolidated
For date of publication, use the date of the latest update of the consolidated law.
volumes of
statutes

Act as (Labour Relations Act, No. 66 of 1995, as Labour Relations Act, No. 66 of 1995, as amended. 2007. Available:
amended, amended, 2007:chap1) http://blues.sabinet.co.za/WebZ/FETCH?sessionid=01-45980-
published in a 964208212&recno=1&resultset=1&format=F&next=law/law_nffull.html&bad=law/law_badfetch.html&&
database of entitytoprecno=1&entitycurrecno=1 [2011, June 10].
consolidated
Note:
statutes
In this example, the date of publication reflects the date of the last amendment to the act as found in a
database.

Bill – as first (Labour Relations Amendment Bill, No. Labour Relations Amendment Bill, No. 77D of 2001. 2001. Cape Town: Government Printers.
published 77D of 2001, 2001:s7)

Bill - online (Labour Relations Amendment Bill, No. Labour Relations Amendment Bill, No. 77D of 2001. 2001. Available:
77D of 2001, 2001:s7) http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=67282 [2011, June 10].

Bill – published (Labour Relations Amendment Bill, No.77D Labour Relations Amendment Bill, No.77D of 2001. 2001. Available:
in database of 2001, 2001:s7) http://blues.sabinet.co.za/WebZ/FETCH?sessionid=01-45980-
964208212&recno=1&resultset=3&format=F&next=law/law_nffull.html&bad=law/law_badfetch.html&&
entitytoprecno=1&entitycurrecno=1 [2011, June 10].

Draft Bill (Intellectual Property Rights from Publicly Intellectual Property Rights from Publicly Financed Research Bill [Draft]. 2007. Pretoria: Department of
Financed Research Bill, 2007:s4) Science and Technology.

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Reference type In-text example Reference List Example
Draft Bill – (Draft Science and Technology Laws Draft Science and Technology Laws Amendment Bill. 2010. Government gazette. 543(33518). 10
published in a Amendment Bill, 2010:101) September. General notice no. R866. Pretoria: Government Printers.
government
gazette

Regulation – (Labour Relations Act, No. 55 of 1995. Labour Relations Act, No. 66 of 1995. Regulation. 2003. Government gazette. 460(25515). 10 October.
published in a Regulation, 2003) Government notice no. R1442. Pretoria: Government Printer.
government
Note:
gazette
In this example, the date of publication reflects the date of the Regulation as found in the Government
Gazette.

Regulation – (Labour Relations Act, No. 66 of 1995. Labour Relations Act, No. 66 of 1995. Regulations, as amended. 2008. Available:
database Regulations, as amended, 2008:4) http://search.sabinet.co.za/netlawpdf/netlaw/Labour%20Relations%201.htm [2011, June 10].
access
Note: Note:
Add page number, Sections, Subsections, In this example, the date of publication reflects the last amendment as found in a database.
Chapters, Parts or Schedules where
applicable.

OTHER GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

Things to remember:

In principle, one should use the official name of the country as the author followed by the full name of the government department. However, to avoid long listing of
references under “South Africa”, references may be shortened to reflect the department name only. In addition, the corresponding in-text citation may be shortened after
the first full citation, however only where an identifiable abbreviation is normally used.

Example:

Full reference:
South Africa. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. 1999. White paper on environmental management policy. Pretoria: Department of Environmental
Affairs and Tourism.

May be shortened to:

Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. 1999. White paper on environmental management policy. Pretoria: Department of Environmental Affairs and
Tourism.

1st parenthetical in-text citation:

(Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism [DEAT], 1999:6)

Subsequent parenthetical in-text citations:

(DEAT, 1999:6)

The use of the official name, “Republic of South Africa”, is rarely used for referencing. The author-date referencing convention less suitable for government publications.
Further exhaustive examples may be found in the Writing Guide for Law Students, available from the Law Library‟s webpage. (See: University of Cape Town.
Faculty of Law. 2011. Research, writing, style and referencing guide: 2011 Available: http://www.lib.uct.ac.za/law/)

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Reference type In-text example Reference List Example
1st parenthetical in-text citation: Parliament. National Assembly. 2008. Debates of the National Assembly (Hansard), fifth session, third
Parliament. National Assembly Parliament. 119(21 October -21 November). Cape Town: Parliament.
[Parliament. National Assembly], 2008)
Debates/
Hansards Subsequent parenthetical in-text
citations:
(Parliament. National Assembly, 2008)

(Department of Labour, 2008:3) Department of Labour. 2008. Annual reports 2007/2008-2009/2010. Pretoria: Government Printer.
Annual report

(Hellen, 2000:5) Hellen, D. 2000. National Aquatic Ecosystem Biomonitoring Programme: ecological reference condition
project: field manual: general information, catchment condition, invertebrates and water chemistry.
Series
(NAEBP report series no. 10). Pretoria: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry.

Multi-volume (Department of Human Settlements, Department of Human Settlements. 2009. National housing code, 2009. Vol. 1, Simplified guide to the
books - 2009:8) national housing code: the policy context. Pretoria: Department of Human Settlements.
Individual
volume

1st parenthetical in-text citation: Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. 1999. White paper on environmental management
(Department of Environmental Affairs and policy. Pretoria: Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism.
Tourism [DEAT], 1999:6)
Policy
document Subsequent parenthetical in-text
citations:
(DEAT, 1999:6)

Financial (National Treasury, 2010:4) National Treasury. 2010. Estimates of national expenditure, 2010. Pretoria: National Treasury.
document

1st parenthetical in-text citation: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Secretariat. 2010. Maximizing synergies
(United Nations Conference on Trade and between foreign direct investment and domestic investment for development: enhancing productive
Development. Secretariat [UNCTAD], capacities. Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
2010:4)
International
organisation
Subsequent parenthetical in-text
citations:
(UNCTAD, 2010:4)

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Reference type In-text example Reference List Example
1st parenthetical in-text citation: Department of Agriculture. Directorate: Agricultural Production Economics. 2005. Some agricultural
(Department of Agriculture. Directorate: economic concepts. Pretoria: Department of Agriculture.
Agricultural Production Economics
[Department of Agriculture], 2005:4)
Corporate
author
Subsequent parenthetical in-text
citation:
(Department of Agriculture, 2005:4)

1st parenthetical in-text citation: Commission of Inquiry into Alleged Incidents of Corruption, Maladministration, Violence or Intimidation
(Commission of Inquiry into Alleged in the Department of Correctional Services. 2005. Commission of Inquiry into Alleged Incidents of
Incidents of Corruption , Corruption, Maladministration, Violence or Intimidation in the Department of Correctional Services
Maladministration, Violence or appointed by order of the President of the Republic of South Africa in terms of proclamation no. 135 of
Intimidation in the Department of 2001, as amended: final report: executive summary. (Chairman: T.S.B. Jali ) Durban: Jali Commission
Correctional Services [Jali Commission], of Inquiry into the Department of Correctional Services.
2005:4)
Report of a
Subsequent parenthetical in-text
commission of
citations:
inquiry
(Jali Commission, 2005:4)

Note:
Some reports of commissions of inquiry
are readily identified through the
chairperson, and may be shortened as
indicated in the above example.

Parenthetical in-text citation: Committee of Inquiry into a Comprehensive Social Security System for South Africa. 2002. Report of
Report of a
(Committee of Inquiry into a the Committee of Inquiry into a Comprehensive Social Security System for South Africa. Cape Town:
committee of
Comprehensive Social Security System for Alliance for Children's Entitlement to Social Security.
inquiry
South Africa, 2002)

1st parenthetical in-text citation: Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Foreign Affairs Committee. 2004. South Africa: fifth
(Great Britain. Parliament. House of report of Session 2003-04: report together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence. (HC ; 117.)
Commons. Foreign Affairs Committee. London: Stationery Office.
Report of a [Foreign Affairs Committee], 2004)
parliamentary
committee Subsequent parenthetical in-text
citations:
(Foreign Affairs Committee, 2004)

(Werunga, 2008) Werunga, M. 2008. A hundred years of working parliament in Kenya. The Parliamentarian. 89(4): 352-
Journal article 710.

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Reference type In-text example Reference List Example
(Department of Environmental Affairs, Department of Environmental Affairs. 2010. South Africa welcomes the outcomes of the Convention on
2010) Biological Diversity held in Japan. 31 October 2010. Available:
Media release
http://www.info.gov.za/speech/DynamicAction?pageid=461&sid=14171&tid=23542 [2011, June 13].

(Xingwana, 2010) Xingwana, L. 2010. Parliamentary media briefing by the Minister for Women, Children and Persons with
Disabilities Ms Lulu Xingwana. Cape Town, 17 November 2010. Available:
Speech
http://www.info.gov.za/speech/DynamicAction?pageid=461&sid=14640&tid=24537 [2011, June 13].

1st parenthetical in-text citation: United Nations. 2009. Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on
(United Nations [UN], 2009:3) Development. New York, 24-30 June 2009. New York: United Nations.

Conference Subsequent parenthetical in-text

citations:
(UN, 2009:3)

(Reinecke, 2007) Reinecke, M.K. 2007. The nature and invasion of riparian vegetation zones in the South Western Cape.
Research report (WRC report ; no. 1407/1/07). Gezina, South Africa: Water Research Commission.

(Department of Health, 2008) Department of Health. 2008. The burden of cryptococcosis in South Africa. Statistical notes.
February:1-14. Available: http://www.doh.gov.za/facts/stats-notes/2008/cryptococcosis.pdf [2011,
Online series
June 9].

UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS
Things to remember:
The titles of unpublished works are not underlined or italicised.
Give "(Unpublished)" at the end of a reference if the information is not readily available or obvious.

(Makhubela, 1998) Makhubela, P.M. 1998. Public libraries in the provision of adult basic education programmes: the case of
Theses and the Western Cape Province, South Africa. D.Bibl. Thesis. Department of Library and Information
Dissertations Science, University of the Western Cape.

Lectures and (Jansen, 2010) Jansen, J. 2010. What school reform can learn from the rhythm method in sex [Lecture]. University of
Papers Cape Town. February 2.
Presented at
Meetings

Course (De Jager, 2005) De Jager, K. 2005. Quality, authority control and content evaluation in large databases [LIS513 Lecture
lectures, notes]. University of Cape Town, Department of Information and Library Studies.
course/lecture
notes, course
manuals

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Reference type In-text example Reference List Example
(De Jager, personal communication 2004, Note:
May 20) Personal communications are not included in the reference list.
Personal
Communication (Thapisa, personal interview, 1998 March
10)

Manuscript (Bleek and Lloyd Collection) Bleek and Lloyd Collection. BC151, A5.6. Manuscritps and Archives Department, University of Cape
Collections Town Libraries, University of Cape Town. (Unpublished).

MAPS
(South Africa, 1956) South Africa. 1956. Rainfall map - sheet 2330 Tzaneen. 1:250 000. Pretoria: Government Printer.

(South Africa, 1967) South Africa. 1967. Topographic surveys sheet 2330CB Ga-Modjadji. 1:50 000. Mowbray, South Africa:
Directorate of Surveys.
Maps

(Map Studio, n.d.) Map Studio. n.d. Locality map: KwaZulu-Natal. 2nd ed. 1:600 000. Cape Town: Map
Studio.

(Google Map Data, 2011) Google Map Data. 2011. Long street Cape Town [Online map]. Available:
http://maps.google.co.za/maps?q=long%20street&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-
Online Maps
US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wl [2011, June 13].

OTHER MEDIA (Includes references to electronic and other resources, e.g. filmstrips, microforms, models, motion pictures, sound recordings,
transparencies and video recordings.

Parenthetical in-text citation: Forgiveness [Motion picture]. 2004. Produced by C. Gabriel & Directed by I. Gabriel. Sandown, South
Motion pictures (“Forgiveness”, 2004) Africa: Ster-Kinekor Home Entertainment.

Parenthetical in-text citation: Yesterday [DVD]. 2005. Produced by A. Singh & Director/Writer D.J. Roodt. Durban: A Videovision
(“Yesterday”, 2004) Entertainment.

(Buzan, T. 2007) Buzan, T. (2007). Maximise the power of your brain: Tony Buzan mind mapping. Available:
Online Videos
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MlabrWv25qQ [2011, June 10].
(e.g. Youtube)

(“Angolan freedom songs”, 1991) Angolan freedom songs [Sound recording]. 1991?. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Folkways Records.
Sound
Note:
recording
Speaker unknown.

(University of Cape Town, 2011) University of Cape Town. 2011. Michelle Obama's visit to UCT inspires young learners [Facebook
update, 27 June]. Available: https://www.facebook.com/home.php#!/uct.ac.za [2011, July 8].
Social Media
Note:
(e.g. Facebook,
Use a screen name if the author‟s full
Twitter)
name is unavailable.

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Reference type In-text example Reference List Example
(Seevan Franks, 2011) Sevaan Franks. 2011. Egyptian rock art found [Blog, 6 July]. Available:
Blogs http://www.ablogabouthistory.com/2011/07/06/egyptian-rock-art-found/ [2011, July 8].

MUSIC SCORES
(Schoenberg, 1949) Schoenberg, A. 1949. A survivor from Warsaw; for narrator, men's chorus, and orchestra, op. 46. Long
Island City: Bomart Music Publications.

Beethoven‟s (1976) composition displays… Beethoven, L. 1976. Fourth and Fifth Symphonies. New York: Dover.
Single
Composer The bassoon solo in Rite of Spring Stravinsky, I. 1975. Rite of Spring. London: Hansen House.
(Stravinsky, 1975)

(Klatzow, 1996) Klatzow, P. 1996. Sonata for violin and piano. Claremont, South Africa: Musications.

(Johnson, 1997) Johnson, C. 1997. Crazy bone rag. In Ragtime jubilee: 42 piano gems, 1911-21, 41-45. D. Jasen, Ed.
Mineola: Dover.
Anthology of
music (Beethoven, 1999) Beethoven, L. 1999. Sonata no. 14 in C-sharp minor, op. 27, no. 2. In Five great piano sonatas, 43-60.
H. Schenker, Ed. Mineola: Dover.

(Debussy, 1966) Debussy, Claude. 1966. 43 Songs for voice and piano. Sergius Kagen, Ed. New York: International
Music score
Music.
with editor
(Bach 1956, 26) Bach, Johann Sebastian. 1956. Französische Suiten. Munich: Henle.
Urtext edition
Music score (Mozart 1970, 115-116) Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. 1970. Die Zauberflöte. G. Gruber & A. Orel, Eds. Neue Ausgabe Sämtliche
from collected Werke. Serie 2, Werkgruppe 5, Bd. 19. Kassel: Bärenreiter.
works

ARTWORK (Examples illustrated include paintings and sculpture. However, artwork is not limited to these examples.)

(Bester, 1993) Bester, W. 1993. Group removals [Painting]. Cape Town: J.P. Porer loan to the University of Cape Town
Works of Art Collection.

Note:
Paintings Example of an artwork on loan to a gallery.

(Griffin-Jones, 2005) Griffin-Jones, J. 2005. Story of Isaac [Painting]. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Works of Art
Collection.

(Bester, 2000) Bester, W. 2000. Sara Baartman [Sculpture]. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Works of Art
Sculpture
Collection.

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Reference type In-text example Reference List Example
COMPUTER PROGRAMS (SOFTWARE)
(Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, 2002) Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. 2002. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis [Computer software]. Version 2.
Englewood, NJ: Biostat.

(McGregor BFA, 2011) McGregor BFA. 2011. Analyser: price data Johannesburg: McGregor BFA. Available:
http://www.mcgregorbfa.com/Product_Login.aspx [2011, June 10].

(ThomsonReuters, 2011a) ThomsonReuters. 2011a. Datastream [Online data file]. Version 6. New York: Thomson Reuters.
Available from University of Cape Town Libraries [2011, June 13].
Computer
Note:
programs
Datastream access is restricted; therefore the subscriber rather than the resource locator (URL) is
mentioned.

(ThomsonReuters, 2011b) ThomsonReuters. 2011b. Reuters 3000 Xtra. New York: ThomsonReuters. Available:
https://portal.hpd.global.reuters.com/auth/login.aspx [2011, June 10].

(UNComTrade, 2009) UNComTrade. 2009. Commodities explorer: snapshot: USA. Available:

http://comtrade.un.org/db/ce/ceSnapshot.aspx?r=842 [2011, June 11].

SECONDARY SOURCING
Things to remember:

Students sometimes mistakenly believe that it is sufficient to read a single review article and then cite other writers‟ statements from citations in the review article. Many
references in your text to authors that have been quoted by other authors significantly detract from your work. You should as far a possible go back to the original work
and not just cite the review article as the source. It is even worse to copy the references from the review article as if you have read the original; this is blatantly
dishonest. Should you in rare instances need to cite a difficult-to-find source from a citation, acknowledge both sources in-text, but only include the secondary source in
the reference list.

According to Barr and Hayne (1996,
quoted by Bauer and others, 2000:13),
infants imitate…
Secondary
sourcing
Citing Gray (1999), Mirzeler and Young
(2000:408) support this view and note…
Bauer, P.J., Wenner, J.A., Dropik, P.L. & Wewerka, S.S. 2000. Parameters of remembering and
forgetting in the transition from infancy to early childhood. Monographs of the Society for Research in
Child Development. 65(4). Available from JSTOR [2011, May 30].
Mirzeler,M. & Young, C. 2000. Pastoral politics in the northwest periphery in Uganda: AK-47 as change
agent. Journal of modern African studies. 38(3):407-429. Available from JSTOR [2011, June 13].

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References & useful readings

American Society of Civil Engineers. 2011. ASCE Press authors’guide. Available:

http://www.asce.org/Content.aspx?id=18310 [2011, June 9].

Blum, E. & Wilhoit, F.G. 1990. Mass media bibliography: an annotated guide to books and journals for research
and reference. 3rd ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Curtin University. Library & Information Service. 2011. Referencing. Available:

http://library.curtin.edu.au/referencing/index.html [2011, June 9].

(This site contains information on various referencing styles with practical examples.)

English, J., Fielding, M., Howard, E. & Van der Merwe, N. 2006. Professional communication: how to deliver
effective written and spoken messages. 2nd ed. Cape Town: Juta.

Gibaldi, J. 2009. MLA handbook for writers of research papers. 7th ed. New York: Modern Language Association
of America.

Harmon, C. 2000. Using the internet, online services, and CD-ROMs for writing research and term papers. 2nd
ed. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers.

Lehigh University. Library & Technology Services. 2011. Footnote and citation style guides. Available:
http://libraryguides.lehigh.edu/styleguide [2011, May 23].

Lester, J.D. & Lester, J.D. 2011. Writing research papers: a complete guide. New York: Longman Pub Group.

Li, X. & Crane, N. 1996. Electronic styles: a handbook for citing electronic information. Rev ed. Medford, N.J.:
Information Today.

(This is the standard text on the citation of electronic sources.)

Modern Humanities Research Association. 1996. MHRA style book: notes for authors, editors and writers of
theses. 5th ed. London: MHRA.

Smith, A.G. 1997. Testing the surf: criteria for evaluating Internet information resources. The public-access
computer systems review. 8(3). Available: http://info.lib.uh.edu/pr/v8/n3/smit8n3.html [2011, June
9].

Standler, R.B. 2000. Plagiarism in colleges in USA. Available: http://www.rbs2.com/plag.htm [2011, June 9].

Turabian, K.L. 2007. A manual for writers of research papers, theses and dissertations. 7th ed. Revised by W.
C. Booth, G. G. Colomb and J.M. Williams. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

University of Cape Town. Faculty of Law. 2011. Research, writing, style and referencing guide: 2011. Available:
http://www.lib.uct.ac.za/law/[2011, June 18].

Visser, N. 1992. Handbook for writers of essays and theses. 2nd ed. Cape Town: Maskew, Miller, Longman.

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