NOTE: REPORTED SPEECH

GROUP: WINX

Group members:
1. Nguyễn Thị Kim Anh (ENENIU23005)
2. Hoàng Ngọc Thái Hà (ENENIU23087)
3. Nguyễn Thanh Khánh Ngân (ENENIU23045)
4. Nguyễn Thị Phi Nhi (ENENIU23055)
5. Nguyễn Ngọc Trinh (ENENIU23075)

UNIT 32: REPORTING PEOPLE’S WORDS AND THOUGHTS

1. Quoting and reporting in our own words:

- When we report what people think or what they have said,we often give the
information using our own words.We do this with sentences that have a reporting
clause and a reported clause.
E.g:She explained (that) she couldn't take the job until January.

Reporting clause Reported clause

She explained (that) she couldn't take the job until January.

2. Report in quotation
- If the exact words are important, we might report the actual words someone
said. In writing this is done in a quotation:
E.g: “I have just bought a pair of shoes” she said to me.

3. Negatives in reporting
- To report what somebody didn't say or think, we make the reporting verb
negative:
E.g: He didn't tell me how he would get to London.
- If we want to report a negative sentence, then we usually report this in the reported
clause:

Negative sentence Reported clause

'You're right, it isn't a good idea.' → He agreed that it wasn't a good idea.

Although it may be reported in the reporting clause, depending on meaning:

 Negative sentence Reporting clause

‘I disagree. It's not a good idea at all.' → He didn't agree that it was a good idea.

+ However, with some verbs, to report a negative sentence we usually make the verb
in the reporting clause negative:
E.g: “I expect he won't come”'/ “I don't expect he will come.”
→ She didn't expect him to come.
Also: believe, feel, intend, plan, propose, suppose, think, want.

4. Reporting questions:
- REPORTING CLAUSE + IF/WHETHER-CLAUSE
E.g:
Alex: Have you booked tickets for the concert?
→ Alex was wondering if/whether I had booked tickets for the concert.
- REPORTING CLAUSE + WH-CLAUSE
E.g:
Rebecca: Where do you live?
→ Rebecca asked me where I lived.
+ However, if the original question begins what, which, or who followed by be +
complement, we can put the complement before or after be in the report:
E.g: 'Who was the winner?'
→ I asked who the winner was. (or ... who was the winner.)
* Note that we DON’T USE A FORM OF DO in the wh-, if-, or whether-clause:
E.g: She asked me where I found it. (not ... where did I find it. /... where I did find it.)
+ However, if we are reporting a negative question, we CAN USE A NEGATIVE
FORM OF DO
E.g: He asked (me) why I didn't want anything to eat.

UNIT 33: REPORTING STATEMENTS WITH THAT CLAUSE

1. Reporting verb + (that) + clause:

- After the more common reporting verbs such as: agree, mention, notice, promise,
say, and think, we often leave out “that”, particularly in informal speech.
E.g: He said (that) he was enjoying his work.

- However, there’s some situations that it is not usually left out:

 + After the less common reporting verbs such as complain, confide, deny,
grumble, speculate, warn (and after the common reporting verbs answer,
argue, and reply).
E.g: The teacher complained to my mom that I slept in the class.
+ In formal writing
+ If the that-clause doesn't immediately follow the verb
Ex: She agreed with her parents and brothers that it would be safer to buy a car than
a motorbike.

Reporting verbs used with a that-clause: add, admit, agree, answer, believe, claim,
complain, confess, confirm, decide, deny, doubt, explain, feel, hope, insist, mention, promise,
repeat, reply, say, suggest, etc.

2. That-clauses → Object + to_inf:

- Some reporting verbs which are followed by a that-clause can alter with an
Object + to_inf.
E.g: I felt that the results were satisfactory.
I felt the results to be satisfactory.
Also: acknowledge, assume, believe, consider, declare, expect, find, presume, report, think,
understand, etc.

- If we use a that-clause after an active form of some verbs, we must include an object
between the verb and the that-clause. This object can't be a prepositional object
E.g: I notified the bank that I had changed my address.
- Also: assure, convince, inform, persuade, reassure, remind, tell.
- However, after some other verbs an object before a that-clause is not always
necessary:
E.g: They promised (me) that they would come to the party.
Also: advise, show, teach, warn
- After some verbs we can use a that-clause with or without a personal object before
the that-clause. However, if we do include an object, we put a preposition before it.
● To:
E.g: I pointed out (to the driver) that he had parked across the entrance.
Also: announce, complain, confess, explain, indicate, mention, propose, recommend, report,
say, suggest
● With:
E.g: We agreed (with Ella) that the information should go no further.
Also : argue, check, disagree, joke
● Of
E.g: The club asks (of its members) that they pay their fees by 31st December.
-> This pattern is usually used in formal contexts. Less formally we can use a to-infinitive
clause after ask and require.
E.g: The club asks its members to pay their fees by 31st December.
 UNIT 34: VERB + WH-CLAUSE

1. Reporting verb + Wh-clause:

- Some verbs can be followed by a clause beginning with a wh-word (how, what,
when, where, which, who, or why).
Other verbs like this include: arrange, calculate, check, choose, debate, determine, discover,
discuss, establish, find out, forget, guess, imagine, know, learn, notice, plan, realise,
remember, say, see, talk about, understand, wonder, etc.
E.g: That might explain why he’s looking unhappy.

NOTE:
+ These verbs can also be followed by a wh-word (except ‘why’) + to-infinitive.
E.g: I don’t understand what to do.
+ Add the subject in the wh-clause we don’t use a to-infinitive.
E.g: I can’t imagine what you like about jazz. (but not I can’t imagine what to…)

2. Verb + Object + Wh-clause:

- Some verbs must have an object before the wh-clause.
Other verbs like this include: advise, inform, instruct, teach, warn, remind, tell, etc.
E.g: She reminded me where I had to leave the papers.

NOTE:
+ The verbs ask and show often have an object before a wh-clause, but not always.
E.g: I asked (him) how I could get to the station, and he told me.
+ These verbs can be followed by an object + wh-word + to-infinitive.
E.g: She taught me how to play chess.
+ We can often use the way instead of how.
E.g: Have you noticed the way he spins the ball? (or …how he spins the ball.)

3. Whether:
- We can use “whether” as the wh-word in a wh-clause to indicate that something is
possible, but that other things are also possible. ‘Whether’ has a similar meaning
to ‘if’.
E.g: He couldn’t remember whether (if) he had turned the computer off.

- Verbs are followed by whether + to-infinitive to talk about the choice between two
or more possibilities.
Such as: choose, consider, debate, decide, determine, discuss, know (in questions and
negative), wonder, think about (‘talking’ or ‘thinking about choices’ verb).

- Some other ‘talking’ and ‘thinking about choices’ verbs are not used with whether +
to-infinitive (including ask, conclude, explain, imagine, realise, speculate, think.)
 - Whether can be followed by a to-infinitive, but ‘if’ is never used before a to-
infinitive.
E.g: They have 14 days to decide whether to keep it or send it back. (not “ to decide to keep
it or not”)

NOTE: The difference between the pairs of sentences below. The first has a wh-clause with
whether and the second has a that-clause.
E.g:
- I didn’t know whether the university was shut. (= if t(he university was shut or not)
- I didn’t know that the university was shut. (suggests that the university was shut)
- In writing (formal contexts), we use “as to” with a meaning similar to “about” or
“concerning” before a wh-clause. This is most common before whether.
E.g: Opinion was divided as to whether the findings from the study were representative of the
population as a whole.

UNIT 35: TENSES CHOICE IN REPORTING

1. Verb tense in the reported clause:

- Past simple/Past continuous: the situation is in the past at the moment we are
reporting.
E.g: “I don’t want to eat”
→ Annie said she didn’t want to eat.

- Past perfect: the situation had already done in the past when we originally told about
it
E.g: “I have found my ring under the table”
→ She said she had found her ring under the table.

* If it is clear that one event took place before another, it may not be necessary to indicate
this by using the past perfect and we use past simple instead.
E.g: “I’ve sent out the invitations. I did it well before the wedding”
→ She reassured me that she sent out the invitation well before the wedding.

COMPARING PAST TENSES AND PRESENT TENSES IN REPORTED CLAUSE:

 PAST TENSES
- When we not sure about the situation is
true or not
- The situation does not exist now.
E.g: Compare:
- Jasmine told me that she has 2 houses
near the beach.
→ It is true that she has 2 houses near
the beach
- Jasmine told me that she had 2 houses
near the beach.
→ It is perhaps not true, or she once had
2 houses but doesn’t have 2 houses
now.
2. Verb tense in the reporting clause:
PAST TENSE
- Report something said or thought in the - Report current news, opinions, etc.
past
E.g: Just before our presentation, she
informed us that she had been on
her vacation and couldn’t show up.
PRESENT TENSES
- Permanent/habitual situation
- The situation is still existing or
relevant at the moment of reporting
E.g: She admitted that she knows that
Charles had stolen your money.
U.S scientists claim that they have
developed a new vaccine against
malaria.
* Present perfect is used to focus on the
result of an action.
PRESENT TENSE
- Emphasise that what was said is true or
still relevant when we are reporting
E.g: She says (said) that she’ll have to close
the shop unless business improves.
* We still can use past tense, but we prefer
present tenses in these situation:
- Report information that we have heard,
but don’t know whether it is true
E.g: I hear that you want to drop your study.
- Report what is said by the authorities
E.g: The law states that no one under age 20
can drive a car.
- Report what many people say
E.g: Every teacher I’ve spoken to tells me
that standards of spelling are in decline.
 3. Connection between verb tense in reporting clause and in reported clause:

REPORTING CLAUSE REPORTED CLAUSE

Past tense Past tense/Present tense
E.g: She argued that John was/is the most
suitable person for this job.

Present tense Present tense

E.g: Dr.Wei thinks that he spends about 5
minutes on a typical appointment with his
patient.

UNIT 36: REPORTING OFFERS, SUGGESTIONS,

ORDERS, INTENTIONS,…

1. Verb + (object) + to-infinitive clause:

- to-infinitive clause
E.g : They promise to give me a lift.
Also: agree, demand, guarantee, offer, promise, swear, threaten, volunteer

- an object + to-infinitive
E.g : Lan encouraged Fran to take the job.
Also: advise, ask, call on, command, instruct, invite, order, persuade, recommend, remind,
request, urge, warn, tell
L

2. Verb + that-clause or verb + to-infinitive clause

- Some verbs we can use a that-clause instead of a to-infinitive clause:
E.g : He promised that he would arrive on time.
or He promised to arrive on time
Also : agree, demand, expect, guarantee, hope, propose, request, vow
 - With a that-clause the person promising, etc. and the person referred to in the
reported clause may be different.
E.g: He promised that he wouldn't be late.

- After the verbs insist, order, say and suggest we use a that-clause:
E.g : There were cheers when he suggested that we went home early.

- Advise and order can be used with an object + to-infinitive clause

E.g : I advised that she should accept, (or I advised her to accept.)

3. Verb + to-infinitive clause ( not verb + that-clause)

- After some verbs we use a to-infinitive clause but not a that-clause:
E.g : Carolyn intends to return to Dublin after a year in Canada.
Also: long, offer, refuse, volunteer, want

4. When we report a suggestion, either what the person reported might do

themselves, or what someone else might do, we can use a reporting clause with
advise, propose, recommend or suggest followed by an -ing clause rather than a
that-clause:
E.g:The lecturer recommended reading a number of books before the exam.

UNIT 37: MODAL VERBS IN REPORTING

MODAL VERBS MODAL VERB

IN ORIGINAL SPEECH IN REPORTED SPEECH
- could, would, should, might, needn't, ought (no change)
to, used to, could have, should have, etc E.g: “I could meet you at the airport.”' -->
He said that he could meet us at the airport.
- will, can, may
- will, can, may (existing or future
situations and present tense verb in
reporting clause)
- will or would, can or could, may or might
(existing or future situations and past tense
verb in reporting clause)
- would, could, might
E.g: She may have already left. → He
thought she might have already left.
- will, can, may
E.g: “I'll be in Paris at Christmas.”→ She
tells me she'll be in Paris at Christmas.
E.g: The problem can be solved.
→ They said the problem can / could be
solved.

- shall - would
E.g: I shall call you on Monday!
→ She told me she would call me on
Monday
- should
E.g: Where shall I put this box?
→He asked where he should put the box.

- must(= necessity) - must or had to

E.g:You must be home by 9 o'clock → She
said I must/had to be home by 9 o'clock.
- must
- must(= conclude) E.g:’I didn't hear the phone. I must be going
deaf.'
→ Alex thought he must be going deaf.
- mustn’t
E.g: You mustn't tell my brother.' →He
- mustn’t warned me that I mustn't tell his brother

UNIT 38: REPORTING WHAT PEOPLE SAY

USING NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
 1. Reporting using nouns:
- Reporting people’s words and thoughts using a noun in the reporting clause followed
by a reported clause beginning with that, a to-infinitive-, or wh-word.

+ Noun + that-clause
E.g: For years, nobody listened to the warnings that global temperatures were rising.
Also: acknowledgement, advice, allegation, announcement, answer, argument, comment,
decision, explanation, forecast, guarantee, indication, observation, promise, recommendation,
reply, speculation, statement, suggestion, threat, warning.

+ Noun + to-infinitive clause

E.g: She accepted Peter’s invitation to visit him in England.
Also: decision, instruction, order, promise, recommendation, refusal, threat, warning
* Some of these nouns can be followed by a that-clause (threat,…)

+ Noun + wh-clause
E.g: Lucas raised the question of when the money would be collected.
Also: explanation, discussion, problem
* We usually use of after these nouns in reporting

- After listed nouns, we can use as to + wh-clause or as to + wh-word + to-infinitive to

introduce the subject of a question or topic discussed or thought about.
E.g: She asked for my advice as to what subject she should study at university.
* An alternative preposition can usually be used instead of as to (advice as to what → advice
on what)

2. Reporting using adjectives:

- Adjective + that-clause: Report a speaker’s feelings or opinion
E.g: The builders are certain that they will be finished by the end of next week.
Also: adamant, agreed, angry, annoyed, grateful, insistent, sure

- Adjective + wh-clause: Expressing uncertainty

E.g: She isn’t sure when her parents will come.
Also: doubtful (usually + whether), uncertain, not certain, unsure

- Adjective + preposition + noun phrase

E.g: She is very sympathetic to his feelings.
Also: apologetic, complimentary, insulting, tactful (+ about), dismissive, scornful (+ of),
abusive, sympathetic (+ to / towards)

UNIT 39: SHOULD IN THAT-CLAUSE

THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

- Reporting advice, orders, requests, suggestions, etc. about things that need to be
done or are desirable using a that-clause with should + bare infinitive.
E.g:
- They have proposed that Jim should move to their London office.
- Alice thinks that we should avoid driving through the center of town.

NOTE:
+ After should we often use be + past participle (passive) or be + adjective.
E.g:
- They directed that the building should be pulled down.
- The report recommends that the land should not be sold.

- In formal contexts, particularly in written English, we can leave out should but keep
the infinitive. An infinitive used in this way is sometimes called the subjunctive
which is used to describe bringing about the situation expressed in the that-
clause.
Other verbs used with the present subjunctive: advice, ask, beg, command, demand,
instruct, intend, order, request, require, stipulate, warn, etc.
E.g:
- They directed that the building be pulled down.
- It was agreed that the company not raise its prices.

NOTE:
+ To make a negative form, using not (not ‘do not’) before the verb.
E.g: We advised that the company not raise its price.
+ In less formal contexts we can use ordinary tenses instead of the subjunctive.
E.g: Compare:
- They recommended that he should give up writing.
- They recommended that he give up writing. (more formal)
- They recommended that he gives up writing. (less formal)
 - We can use that-clause with should after reporting clause with nouns related to
some subjunctive verbs. (e.g. advice, order, proposal, warning)
E.g:
- The police gave an order that all weapons (should) be handed in immediately.
- The weather forecast gave a warning that people (should) be prepared for heavy snow.

- We can also use should or sometimes the subjunctive in a that-clause after it + be

+ adjective. (e.g. crucial, essential, imperative, important, (in)appropriate,
(un)necessary, vital.)
E.g:
- It is inappropriate that they (should) be given the award again. (or…they are given…)
- It is important that she (should) understand what her decision means. (or…she
understands…)

- We can use should in a that-clause when we talk about our own reaction to
something we are reporting, particularly after be + adjective. (e.g. amazed, anxious,
concerned, disappointed, surprised, upset).
E.g:
- I am concerned that she should think I stole the money. Or
- I am concerned that she thinks I stole the money. (not…that she think I stole…)

NOTE: When we leave out should in sentences like this we use an ordinary tense, not an
infinitive. There is actually very little difference in meaning between sentences like this with
and without should. We leave out should in less formal contexts.

- We use should in that-clause to talk about a situation that exists now,

E.g: It’s not surprising that they should be seen together - they’re brothers.

Or one that may exist in the future.

E.g: We believe it is important that she should take the exam next year.

When talking about an intention or plan, we can use a subjunctive rather than should
E.g: I’ve arranged that she come to the first part of the meeting. (or… that she should
come…/… that she comes…/… for her to come…)

SURVEY QUESTIONS
Unit 32:

1. Jack asked me ……………

A. where do you come from?
B. where I came from
C. where I come from
D. where did I come from?
2.She asked me …….. I liked pop music.
A. when B. what C. if D. x

3.“Are you going to the cinema?” he asked me.

→ He wanted to know………………………………………
He wanted to know if I was going to the cinema.

4. “How do you know that?” she asked me.

→ She asked me…………………………
She asked me how I knew that.

5. “Where is my umbrella?” she asked.

→ She asked……………………
She asked where her umbrella was.

Unit 33:

1. He believes the survey ………….. satisfactory.

A. to be
B. to have been
C. is
D. are
2. She agreed ………….. that she would go to the USA to study abroad.
A. with
B. to
C. at
D. about

3. The president's spokesman commented that the election result …………. a victory for
democracy.
A. to be
B. is
C. was
D. are
4. The college ………… its students that they attend all classes.
A. required of
B. required about
C. required at
D. required in

5. Dad …………. me that my room was too untidy.

A. complained to
B. required of
C. agree with
D. complained about

Unit 34:

1. They found out ……. the power had gone out in the building.
A. what
B. why
C. which
D. who

2. I don’t know…... to do.

A. which
B. who
C. why
D. what

3. I….. Linda how to get to my house.

A. told
B. said
C. asked
D. No answer is correct.

4. I'm not sure…… I want to go to the beach or stay home and watch movies.
A. whether
B. if
C. both are correct.
D. both are wrong.

5. I don’t know….. to go to the party or stay home.

A. whether
B. if
C. both are correct.
D. both are wrong.

6. I……. whether to go for a run or watch a movie.

A. think
B. wonder
C. imagine
D. ask

7. Choose the correct answer:

A. He asked me why to be late for the meeting.
B. He asked me what I was late for the meeting.
C. He asked me why I was late for the meeting.
D. He asked me which I was late for the meeting.

8. Choose the correct answer:

A. She taught how to play chess.
B. She taught me how playing chess.
C. She taught how playing chess.
D. She taught me how to play chess.

9. Choose the correct answer:

A. Can you show me the way how to get to the track up the mountain?
B. Can you show me the way to get to the track up the mountain?
C. Can you show me how get to the track up the mountain?
D. Can you show me the way get to the mountain?

Unit 35:

1. “I came back here early yesterday”, she said.

A. She said she had come back there early the previous day.
B. She said she came back here early the previous day.
C. She said she was coming back here early yesterday.
D. She said she come back there early the previous day.

2. The laws ……. that people under 20 can not drive a car.
A. States
B. Stated
C. Had Stated
D. Have stated

3. I think I ……… 5 minutes a day to meditate.

A. Spend
B. Spent
C. Have spent
D. Was spending

The woman wonders ………. doing well at school.

A. Whether her children were
B. If her children were
C. Her children are whether
D. Whether her children are
4. I called my friend in Australia yesterday, and she said it …….. raining.
A. Was
B. Had been
C. Is
D. Were

5. The teacher announces that there …….. no school tomorrow.

A. Was
B. Is
C. Are
D. Has been

Unit 36:

1. Ha ………….. conduct a survey.

A. persuaded us from
B. persuaded us to
C. persuaded us at
D. persuaded us in

2. The thieves ………….. kill the child.

A. threatened to
B. offer to
C. promised to
D. asked to

3. The lecturer………….. a number of articles before the exam.

A. recommended to read
B. recommended reading
C. recommended for reading
D. recommended about reading

4. To avoid the road works, police have advised ………….. motorway Junction 3.
A. leaving
B. to leave
C. to leaving
D. from leaving

5. She said: “Don’t smile, John. Be serious”.

A. She said not to smile and be serious
B. She said John not to smile and be serious
C. She told John not to smile and asked him to be serious
D. She told John do not smile and be serious
6. To find my way around London, Reza suggested ………….. Google Maps.
A. using
B. to use
C. to have been used
D. use

7. The capital urgently needs a new airport, and the government proposes ………….. a
new one.
A. build
B. building
C. to built
D. to have been built

Unit 37:

1. When he was at Oliver’s flat yesterday, Martin asked if he ……….. use the phone.
A. can B. could C. may D. must

2. I wanted to know ………….. return home.

A. when would she B. when will she C. when she will D. when she would

3. Patricia: “My mother will celebrate her birthday next weekend.”

→ ………………………………………….…
Patricia said that her mother would celebrate her birthday the following weekend.

4. “Would you like to come to my birthday party next Saturday?” she said.
→ ………………………………………….…
She invited me to come to her birthday party the following Saturday.

5. “ Shall I carry the bag for you?” he said.

→ ………………………………………….…
He offered to carry the bag for me.

Unit 38:
1. “We have still not decided where we will go this summer.”
A. There is still no decision as to where we will go this summer.
B. There is still no decision where we will go this summer.
C. There is still no decision as to where we would go this summer.
D. There was still no decision as to where we would go this summer.

2. Nancy remembered his promise ………. her on a trip.

A. taking
B. that take
C. to take
D. which took

3. She explained why she did not attend the party.

A. She gave an explanation why she did not attend the party.
B. She gave an explanation of why she did not attend the party.
C. She gave an explanation about why she did not attend the party.
D. She gave an explanation in why she did not attend the party.

4. He was ……….. towards staff with family problems.

A. sympathize
B. sympathetic
C. sympathy
D. sympathetically

Unit 39:
1. The teacher advised that we…….. our note before the exam.
A. should reviews
B. should be reviewed
C. should review
D. reviewed

2. The boss ordered that the report ………. by Friday.

A. should be submitted
B. should submit
C. should be submit
D. should submitted

3. It’s not surprising that they ……. together - they’re brothers.

A. should see
B. be seen
C. should to see
D. should be seen

4. Choose the correct answer:

A. It is inappropriate that he should receive the award again.
B. It is inappropriate that he receive the award again.
C. It is inappropriate that he receives the award again.
D. All are correct.
5. Choose the correct answer:
A. I was surprised that he pass the exam easily.
B. I was surprised that he passes the exam easily.
C. I was surprised that he passed the exam easily.
D. I was surprised that he will pass the exam easily.

6. Choose the correct answer:

A. I am upset that she should think I broke her car.
B. I am upset that she think I broke her car.
C. Both are correct.
D. Both are wrong.

7. Choose the correct answer:

A. It is essential that we should be there to welcome them.
B. It is essential that we are there to welcome them.
C. It is essential that we be there to welcome them.
D. It is essential that we would be there to welcome them.