Mr AMIT KUMAR

Objectives

1. Define differential equation.

2. Determine order and degree of differential equation.

3. Form differential equation from a given solution.

4. Solve differential equation by using different techniques.

Mr AMIT KUMAR
EQUATION

A mathematical statement with an equal to Symbol between to expression that have

equal value.

For example

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Mr AMIT KUMAR
Mr AMIT KUMAR
A differential equation is an equation involving dependent variables, independent
variables and derivatives of dependent variables with respect to one or more
independent variables.

𝑑𝑦
Here x is an independent variable, y is dependent variable and is the derivative
𝑑𝑥
of the dependent variable w.r.t. the independent variable

Mr AMIT KUMAR
Mr AMIT KUMAR
Differential equations are of two types as follows:
• A differential equation involving derivatives of the dependent variable with
respect to only one independent variable is called an ordinary differential
equation.

• A differential equation involving derivatives with respect

to more than one independent variables is called a partial differential
equation(PDE).

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Mr AMIT KUMAR
The order of the highest-order derivative occurring in a differential equation is called
the order of the differential equation.

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To study the degree of a differential equation, the key point is that the differential
equation must be a polynomial equation in derivatives, i.e., y′, y″, y″′ etc.

Before finding degree of a differential equation, first we have to eliminate those

derivative terms present in fraction form i.e. in the denominator and derivatives with
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 3 𝑑2 𝑦
radicals , , , etc.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2

Consider the following differential equations:

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Mr AMIT KUMAR
Mr AMIT KUMAR
The power of the highest-order derivative occurring in a differential equation, after it
is made free from radicals and fractions, is called the degree of the differential
equation.

Important Note
1. The order of the differential equation is always exist but the degree of the
differential equation need not exist.
2. Order and degree (if defined) of a differential equation are always positive
integers.
3. Degree of a differential equation is defined if it is a polynomial equation in its
derivatives.
4. Degree (when defined) of a differential equation is the highest power (positive
integer only) of the highest order derivative in it.

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A differential equation is a linear differential equation if it is expressible in the form

𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑃𝑛 𝑛 + 𝑃𝑛−1 𝑛−1 + 𝑃𝑛−2 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑃1 + 𝑃0 𝑦 = 𝑄
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑃𝑛 , 𝑃𝑛−1 , 𝑃𝑛−2 , … , 𝑃1 , 𝑃0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄are either constants or functions of independent variable

x.
Thus, if a differential equation when expressed in the form of a polynomial involves the
derivatives and dependent variable in the first power and there are no product of these,
and also the coefficient of the various terms are either constants or functions of the
independent variable, then it is said to be linear differential equation. Otherwise, it is a
non linear differential equation
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Mr AMIT KUMAR
.It follows from the above definition that a differential equation will be non-linear

differential equation if
1. its degree is more than one.
2. any of the differential coefficient has exponent more than one
3. exponent of the dependent variable is more than one
4. products containing dependent variable and its differential coefficients are
present.

Mr AMIT KUMAR
Example 1
Find the order and degree, if defined, of each of the following differential equations.
State also whether they are linear and non linear.

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 Example 2

State also whether they are linear and non linear.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

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Example 3

State also whether they are linear and non linear.

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Example 4

State also whether they are linear and non linear.

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Mr AMIT KUMAR
Example 5

State also whether they are linear and non linear.

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Mr AMIT KUMAR
Mr AMIT KUMAR
Mr AMIT KUMAR
Example 6 Find the order and degree of following ordinary differential equations,
State also whether they are linear and non linear.

(i)

(ii)

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Example 7 Find the order and degree of following ordinary differential equations
State also whether they are linear and non linear.

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S t a t e a l s o w h e t h e r t h e y a re l i n e a r a n d n o n l i n e a r .

Mr AMIT KUMAR
Mr AMIT KUMAR