SECTION 4

ARTICLE 1207 - Joint and Solidary Obligations

The concurrence of two or more creditors or of two or more debtors in one and the same
obligation does not imply that each one of the formers has a right to demand, or that each
one of the latter is bound to render, entire compliance with the prestation.
● Means daghang creditor or debtor sa isa ka obligation because it deals with pluratity of
subjects. Then each of the formers nay right mo demand ug each of the latter kay mo comply
with the prestation. So joint iyang pasabot.
There is a solidary liability only when the obligation expressly so states, or when the law or
the nature of the obligation requires solidarity.
●Means ang general rule kay joint obligation, then exceptions nay solidary liability if obligation
expressly so states, or when the law or the nature of the obligation requires solidarity. So if dli
pasok sa mga exceptions nga na a dri so joint obligation.

KINDS OF OBLIGATION ACCORDING TO PLURALITY OF SUBJECTS

SINGLE/INDIVIDUAL OBLIGATION – one debtor and one creditor.

●Means isa ra c debtor/obligor and isa rapod c creditot/obligie

COLLECTIVE OBLIGATION – two or more debtors and two or more creditors.

1. JOINT – entire obligation is to be paid or performed proportionately by the debtors;
●Means to each his own sila, kung unsa ra ang share sa part or portion nga sa iya a, mao
ratoy right or obligation niya.

EXAMPLE:c eyam ug cyrra kay joint debtors ni vian sa amount nga 1 million. So c vian maka
deman sya ni eyam ug 500k ug 500k pd kang cyrra.

EXAMPLE: c eyam ug cyrra kay joint debtors ni vian, kyle,hannah,torino who are joint creditors
sa amount nga 1k.C vian, nay demand kang eyam ug cyrra tag 125 pesos, asta sila kyle, hannah,
torino nay right. Same ni vian. kay lagi joined meaning to each his own. So the 1k 4 sila nga
magbahinay so they are entitled to 250 pesos each diba.Then ang debtor kay joint pod meaning
dli pwede isa ra nila ang magbayad tanan.so each of the creditor nay right to demand from eyam
and cyrra 125 pesos ra. Para ma 250 makuha nila ilang shares.
 2. SOLIDARY – each one of the debtors are obliged to pay the entire obligation, each
one of the creditors has the right to demand from any of the debtors, the fulfillment
of the entire obligation;
●Means one for all ,all for one.

Passive Solidarity- ang tawag sa full payment made by anyone of the solidary debtors.

EXAMPLE:c eyam ug cyrra kay solidary debtors ni vian. sa amount nga 1 million. Dri nay right
mag demnd ug 1 million c vian either ni eyam or cyrra. Then what if c eyam nibayad ug whole 1
million did2 ni vian so swerte c cyrra. Dayun c eyam nay right syempre pwede mag ask ni cyrra
ng reimbursement nga 500k which is share ni cyrra.

Active Solidarity – full payment to any of the creditors extinguishes the obligation.

EXAMPLE: c eyam ug cyrra kay solidary debtors ni vian, kyle,hannah,torino who are solidary
creditors sa amount nga 1k. pag in-ani sayun sya e compute, so bisag kinsa sa mga creditor kay
pwedeng mag demand ug full obligation sa bisag kinsa nga debtor pod, either kang eyam or
cyrra. And then in returns kung kinsa sa mga creditors ang mag demand ug full payment,
example c vian so sya moy obligado to give kyle, torino ug hannah a 250 pesos each. Sa part pod
sa debtor ug kinsa tuy nag bayad whole kay pwede mag claim ug reimbursement sa kapwa rpod
niya debtor.

THE QUESTION IS: PWEDE BA NGA JOINT SIDE SA CREDITOR AND SOLIDARY SA
SIDE SA DEBTOR? OR VISE VERSA?

- YES PWEDE.gitawag syag MIXED SOLIDARITY

EXAMPLE: c eyam ug cyrra kay joint debtors ni vian, kyle, hannah ug torino who are solidary
creditors sa amount nga 1k. so pila may ma collect ni vian tan talang, did2 ni eyam? So, kay
solidary man pwede ma collect ni vian ang full amount did2 ni eyam but since c eyam kay joint
debtor, obliged sya mo pay ug share ra niya or yung part rapod niya nga 500 pesos.

EXAMPLE: c eyam ug cyrra kay solidary debtors ni vian, kyle, hannah ug torino who are joint
creditors sa amount nga 1k. so pila kang vian nga ma recover did2 ni eyam? So since c vian kay
joint creditor, she can only recover ag share rpod niya nga 250 pesos, and since ang debtor ang
solidary so eyam is solidary liable. meaning pwede makuha ni vian ang full share nga 250 pesos
did2 ni eyam alone.dli na kailangan nga 125 kay eyam ug cyrra.

ARTICLE 1208 – Presumption That Obligation is Joint

●Means kini nga provision kay in support sa previous one, nag provide sya ug presumption nga
pag nay 2 or more debtors or 2 or more creditors geh presumed niya na ang obligation is joint.
And as a consequence the debt shall be divided into as many equal shares as there are creditors
or debtors, the credits or debts being considered distinct from one another. Means ang klasi2 nga
shares ng debt or credit kay considered distinct from one and another. Then kaning subject to the
rules of court governing the multiplicity of suits. Meams ang isa ka creditor mag so-sue or mag
file ng action against one debtor for its share or obligations, peru agi ani much better nga mag
sue all the necessary party at the same time so sa isa ka action mag file ra syag case to all partys.

●This provision speaks of JOINT DIVISIBLE OBLIGATION.

●When there is a concurrence of several creditors or of several debtors in one and in the
same obligation, there is a presumption that the obligation is joint.

●Each of the creditors shall be entitled to demand only the payment of his proportionate
share of the credit.

●Each of the debtors may be compelled to pay only his proportionate share of the debt.

●The credits or debts shall be considered distinct from one another.

CONSEQUENCES OF JOINT OBLIGATION

1. Vitiated consent on the part of one debtor do not affect the others.
EXAMPLE: c eyam ug cyrra kay joint debtors of vian sa amount nga 1k, peru if ang
consent ni eyam kay obtain with fraud dli liable c eyam, peru c cyrra still liable sa 500.
Kay ang dalawa ka utang, ang share ni eyam ug share obligation ni cyrra kay distinct
from each other so dli ma apektuhan ang share ni cyra, and yes na a gihapon syay
obligation magbayad ng 500 pesos.

2. Insolvency of one debtor does not make others responsible for his share.
EXAMPLE: c eyam ug cyrra kay joint debtors ni vian sa amount nga 1k, what if nagging
insolvent c eyam means dli niya kayang magbayad or bayaran. So pila may baryan ni
cyrra? Or kailangan ba niya bayaran ang part ni eyam? Since distinct man ang share
nilang duha so syempre c cyrra will only pay 500 pesos so iya rapong part iyang baryan.

3. Demand by the creditor on one joint debtor puts him in defaut, but not the others
since the debts are distinct.

ARTICLE 1209 – Joint Indivisible obligation

●Means the obligation is joint kay ang Partys are merely proportionately liable and
indivisible naman kay ang object or subject matter kay dli physically divisible into different
parts. SO joint refers to the tie between the partys and indivisible refer sya sa object.
EXAMPLE: c eyam ug cyrra kay jointly liable nga mohatag ug ni vian ug Car nga tag 1
million pesos. So in the day of delivery, willing mo deliver c eyam peru c cyrra kay dli. Since
ang car kay indivisible man, dli sya ma comply unless all the debtors mag comply sa ilang
obligation. in this case the liability converted into one for damages.

CHARACTERISTICS OF JOINT INDIVISIBLE OBLIGATIONS

The obligations is joint but since the object is indivisible, the creditor must proceed
against ALL the joint debtors, for compliance is possible only if all the joint debtors
would act TOGETHER.
●Means ma comply ra sya if tanan nga debtors kay nag comply.

Demand must therefore be made on ALL the joint debtors.

●Means a demand made by one joint creditors is not a demand by the others.

If there be jont creditors, delivery must be made to all and not merely to ONE, unless,
that one be specifically authorized by the others.
●Means jont lain2 ilang shares , peru pag nag deliver ka dapat sa bawat isa jd dli pwede nga
sa isa lang kay joints creditors sila ,unless joint creditors sila.

Joint creditor is allowed to renounce his propostionate credit.

●Means unless joint creditors is allowe ed to renounced his proportion credit. So pwede niya
e renounce or e waved ang credit sa iya a.

ARTICLE 1213 –
●Means about the solidary creditors right to assign. General rule: Solidary creditor cannot
assign. Then na a poy exception when other creditor’s consent. Pag nag assign ka to other
person, nag assign ka sa iba ng right mo that person will be put into your shoes. So mutual
agency and confidence ang relationship between solidary obligation so kinahanglan nay
consent sa mga other creditors.

EXAMPLE: Eyam kay obliged to give 1 million to solidary creditors vian, cyrra and kyle on
July 12, 2024. Then bag-o pa nag July 12,2024 geh assign ni vian iyang right did2 ni
hannah, peru hannah cannot collect the obligations due date because the assignment is
invalid, kay wala may consent ni vian as a creditor or walay consent sa kapwa solidary
creditors ni vian. But c vian pwede sya maka assign sa iyang right nila cyrra, ug kyle kay dli
man sila other person . kundili ka co-creditors.So ang mutual agency and confidence na gi
apply or geh Implies ng solidary obligation kay walay changes if kapwa co-creditors rapod
nimu geh assign ang right nimu.
Peru what if, naka bayad c eyam ug 1 million did2 ni hannah, so pwede niya ma recover ang
payment under thre rule of solution indebite, or unjust enrichment . kay bisan nag nagbayad
sya but hannah has no right to receive.
ARTICLE 1214:
●means kung kang kinsa ba dapat magbayad c debtor, kay naka solidary creditor sila “ one
for all, all for one”. So general rule bisan kinsa sa mga creditor pwede. Peru if nay isa nga
nag demand in behalf of the others dapat did2 ka niya mobayad mao nay exceptions.

EXAMPLE: eyam, cyrra, vian are solidary debtors of hannah and kyle nga solidary creditors
for 30,000 pesos. Then c hannah ga demad sya ni eyam . so question kinsa may bayaran ni
eyam? Syempre c hannah kay sya nag demand, peru what if did2 sya ni bayad ni kyle? So
extinguish ang obligation as to kyle ra. Peru kang hannah dli kay ang payment niya jd kay
nag sya gud ang ga demand.

ARTICLE 1215:
●Means daghang mga legal terms. Kining 4 pwede sila maka extinguish sa obligation..

NOVATION- (art.1291)
EXAMPLE: c eyam ug cyrra kay solidary liable did2 ni vian ug hannah ( solidary creditors)
for 1 million. So okay na ilang agreement peru later the parties agreed nga instead mo pay
sila sa 1 million , ihatag nalang ni eyam iyang car. So ang 1 million pesos kay na
extinguished peru nag create ug new obligation. which is ang car ni eyam so nay
modification as to the object of the obligation. peru c eyam ug vian ra ang ni agreed to the
novation, so c cyrra bound ba sya nga mo comply sa novation? Syempre dli. Kay wala syay
consent sa novation. Dri napod tas part sa creditor c hannah , unsa may right niya .syempre
right niya is to proceed against vian kay ana diba ng article 15. he who collects the debt, shall
be liable to the others for the share in the obligation corresponding to them.

COMPENSATION- 2 persons and their own right are debtor and creditor for each other as
simple as,
EXAMPLE: c eyam nay utang kay cyrra ug 1k, then c cyrra pod nay utang ni eyam nga 1k.
pwede sya total or partial, if total means extuinguished ang obligation.

CONFUSION- means character ni debtor and creditor is merged into one and the same
person. ( nag merge sa isa ka tao)
EXAMPLE: c eyam ug cyrra are solidary debtors of vian for an amount of 10k through
promissoty note , then c vian iyang geh endorsed iyang promissory note did2 ni hannah , then
c hannah geh endorsed napod niya ang promissoty note did2 ni kyle , then paingun napod ni
torino. The gihatag niya ni eyam ,so c eyam kay nahimog debtor, creditor at the same time,
so extinguished ang obligation.

REMISSION- means in other term condonation or waiver , kanang geh waved ni creditor
yung credit in favor kay debtor. So wala nay bayran extinguished na ang obligation. just like
the provision said, WITHOUT PREJUDICE ( Pag ang share daw ng solidary creditor was
remitted by the creditor after another solidary debtor had paid the whole obligation ,the
remission is useless. Magbayad japon c debtor kay nag waved lang sya ng payment so
useless japon. E waved paba nga bayad naman.

ARTICLE 1216- Against Whom Creditor May Proceed For Payment?

●Means the right of creditor the right to proceed against any solidary debtor, so kang kinsa
sya maningil . so ingun dri sag kinsa nila pwede sya maningil.
EXAMPLE: c eyam ug cyrra , solidary debtors of vian to an amount of 1 million. So either
kay eyan or cyrra ay mag bayad ng whole amount of 1 million, pwedeng maningil ug pwede
pd mag collect ra c vian ug tug 500k ni eyam ug cyrra .

ARTICLE 1217-
1- Payment daw made by one of the solidary debtors extinguished ng obligation, then if 2
or more debtors nag offer ng bayad so c creditor nay option kung kinsa nila .kang kinsang
offer ang dawaton.
EXAMPLE: c eyam ug cyrra are solidary debtors of vian sa amount nga 1 million. If
kaning 2 ka solidary debtors ni offer to pay, so c vian pwede sya mamili asa nila iyang
dawaton. And if c eyam ra ang gabayd sa whole amount ,pwede sya mag ask ug
reimbursement did2 ni cyrra plus interest.

2- Means pwede mg ask ug re- imbursement plus interest pajud daw. If paid after maturity
interest shall run from the date of payment until re-imbursement is made, if before
maturity daw interest shall run from maturity until re-imbursement is made.
EXAMPLE: if c eyam nag pay due date pwede sya maka ask ug re-imbursement from
cyrra without interest peru if c cyrra nag bayad after 1 yr na from the date nga nag bayad
c eyam so sympre dapat sya mo pay with interest na.