g]kfndf cflwsfl/s tYof° k|0ffnL tyf ljlw

(System and Methods of Official

Statistics in Nepal)

g]kfn ;/sf/
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno
s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ laefu
/fdzfxky, sf7df08f}
2066
k|sfzs
s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu
yfkfynL, sf7df08f}
@)^^

;xof]u
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 hg;+Vof sf]if

k|yd ;+:s/0fM @)^^

-$)) k|lt_

of] k':tsdf JoQm ljrf/x¿ n]vssf lghL x'g\ . oxfF JoQm ljrf/x¿;Fu n]vsx? cfj4 ;+:yfsf] ljrf/
km/s x'g ;S5 .
 ljifo–;"rL

qm=;+= ljifo k]h g+=

! g]kfnsf] tYofª\s k|0ffnL ! – !)
@= u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg !! – !%
#= ;j]{If0f of]hgf tyf Joj:yfkg !^ – @#
$= gd"gf 5gf]6ljlw @$ – #)
%= cg'dfg k|ls|of #! – $@
^= u0fgf tyf ;j]{If0fdf gS;fÍg sfo{ $# – %!
&= k|ZgfjnL th'{df %@ – %*
*= tYof+s ;+sng %( – ^*
(= tYofÍdf e|df+zx¿ ^( – &@
!)= tYofÍLo nut k|zf]wg &# – *!
!!= tYof+ssf] k|:t'tLs/0f, k|sfzg tyf ljt/0f *@ – **
!@= hg;+Vof cWoog *( – !))
!#= g]kfndf hgu0fgf !)! – !)*
!$= g]kfndf JolQmut 36gf btf{ k|0ffnL !)( – !!*
!%= z}lIfs tYofÍ !!( – !@%
!^= :jf:Yo tYofÍ !@^ – !#&
!&= ko{6g tYofÍ !#* – !$$
!*= n}lËs tYofÍ !$% – !$(
!(= ckfËtf;DaGwL tYof+s !%) – !^@
@)= a;fOF ;/fO !^# – !^(
@! >d tYofÍ !&) – !&&
@@= ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo tyf dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s !&* – !*^
@#= g]kfnsf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ ;j]{If0fx? !*& – !(!
@$= /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnL M Ps kl/ro !(@ – @)$
@%= :of6nfO6 n]vf @)% – @)&
@^= Aofkf/ tYofÍ @)* – @!@
i
@&= Zff]wgfGt/ tYofÍ @!# – @@!
@*= cf}Bf]lus u0fgf Pj+ ;fgf pBf]u k|lti7fg ;j]{If0f @@@ – @@*
@(= s[lif tYofÍ @@( – @#$
#)= /fli6«o s[lif u0fgf @#% – @$#
#!= d"No ;"rsfÍ @$$ – @$(
#@= g]kfnsf] jftfj/0f tYofÍ / jftfj/0fLo tyf cfly{s n]vf @%) – @^@

ii
 !M g]kfnsf] tYofª\s k|0ffnL

t'ª\u lz/f]dl0f af:tf]nf∗

!= k|f/lDes
/fli6«o tYofª\s k|0ffnLsf] s'/f z'?ubf{ b]zdf slxn]b]lv ;/sf/L:t/df tYofª\s ;ª\sng tyf k|sfzg ug]{ sfo{ cf/De
eof] eGg] lh1f;f x'g;S5 . cfh;Dd k|fKt k|df0fsf cfwf/df ;g\ !(!! sf] hgu0fgfnfO{ g]kfnsf] klxnf] hgu0fgf dflgPsf]
5. of] hgu0fgfkl5 x/]s bz aif{df Psk6s b]ze/sf] hgu0fgf ug]{ k/Dk/f sfod ePsf] 5 . kl5sf aif{x?df ;/sf/n]
hgu0fgfsf cltl/St cGo ljljw k|sf/sf tYofÍx? ;ª\sng / k|sfzg sfo{ klg lj:tf/ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

tYofª\s k|0ffnLdf tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf nflu v8f ePsf lgsfox?sf] dxTj x'G5 . z'?sf hgu0fgf ubf{ b]zdf
tYofª\ssf nflu tf]lsPsf 5'§} tYofª\s lgsfo ePsf] k|df0f kfOPsf] 5}g . kl5 ;g\ !(#* df æpkTosfleqsf] hGd d[To'sf]
nut ;ª\sng ug]{ / ;g\ !($! sf] hgu0fgf ;d]t lng] p2]Zon] hg;ª\Vof uf]Zjf/fÆ v8f ePsf] kfOG5 . o;kl5 j}1flgs
tl/sfn] hgu0fgf ug]{ / kl5 cfjZos cGo ljljw tYofÍ ;d]t ;ª\sng ug]{ p2]Zon] ;g\ !(%) tfsf æ;+Vof ljefuÆ :yfkgf
eof] . of] ljefun] g]kfnsf] kfFrf}+ hgu0fgf -!(%@÷%$_ ;DkGg u¥of] . ljsf;sf] qmddf tYofÍ k|0ffnLnfO{ a9L Jojl:yt Pj+
;'b[9 agfpg] p2]Zon] ;g\ !(%* df tYofÍ P]g hf/L eof] / ;g\ !(%( sf] z'?df s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] :yfkgf eof] .

s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefusf] :yfkgf ePkl5 g]kfndf cflwsfl/s jf ;/sf/L tYofÍ (Official Statistics) sf ljljw
ultljlwx¿ lj:tf/ eP; ljefun] ljleGg gofF tYofÍ ;ª\sng sfo{x¿ z'? u¥of] . g]kfnsf] rf}yf] of]hgf cjlw -!(&!–&%_ sf]
dWo;Dd o; ljefun] s]Gb|Ls[t lgsfosf ¿kdf w]/} k|sf/sf gofF tYofÍx¿ ;Íng ub}{ /Xof] . To;kl5 g]kfndf ;/sf/n] z'?
u/]sf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] gLlt tYofÍ If]qdf klg qmdzM nfu" x'gyfNof] . s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] z'? u/]sf s]xL sfdx¿ lj:tf/}
cGo ;/sf/L lgsfox¿df x:tfGt/0f x'Fb} uP . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ko{6g tYofÍ ko{6g dGqfnodf, d"No tYofÍ g]kfn /fi6«
a}+sdf, jflif{s s[lif tYofÍ tTsfnLg vfB tyf s[lif ahf/ ;]jf ljefudf, j}b]lzs Jofkf/ tYofÍ eG;f/ ljefudf, / hGd d[To'
tyf JolQmut 36gf btf{;DaGwL sfd kl~hsflwsf/Lsf] sfof{nodf x:tfGt/0f eP . clxn] g]kfndf cflwsfl/s jf ;/sf/L
(Official) tYofÍx¿ ljleGg lgsfoaf6 ;ª\sng Pj+ k|sfzg eO/x]sf 5g\ .

@= tYof° k|0ffnL
;g\ !(!! sf] hgu0fgfaf6 z'? ePsf] g]kfnsf] cflwsfl/s tYofÍLo lqmofsnfk lj:tf/} Jojl:yt x'Fb} uof] / o;n]
/fli6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf] :j?k lng yfNof] . ;g\ !($) sf] pQ/fw{df tYofÍ If]qdf pNn]Vo ;ª\u7gfTds k|of;x¿ klg z'?
eP. tYofÍ;DaGwL sfdsf nflu klxn] hg;ª\Vof uf]Zjf/f -;g\ !(#*_ / cf}Bf]lus Jofkfl/s ;dfrf/ ;ª\u|x c•f, kl5 oL
b'O{nfO{ ldnfP/ ;ª\Vof ljefu -;g\ !(%)_ / To;kl5 cfP/ ;ª\Vof ljefusf] ;§f s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] :yfkgf -;g\ !(%(_
ePsf] s'/f dfly g} elg;lsPsf] 5 . s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] cfˆgf] :yfkgf eP nuQ} ;lqmo ¿kdf tYofÍsf ljljw If]qdf
Wofg lbof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, o; ljefun] ;g\ !(^! df g]kfnsf] 5}7f}+ hgu0fgf tyf ;g\ !(^@ df klxnf] s[lif u0fgf ;DkGg
u¥of] . klxnf] k6s ;g\ !(^!÷^@ sf nflu b]zsf] /fli6«o cfo cg'dfg tof/ ug]{ sfd klg z'? eof] . t];|f] of]hgfsfnsf]
cGTo -;g\ !(&!_ ;Dd cfpFbf ljefun] tYofÍ If]qdf b]zsf] s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf ¿kdf cflwsfl/s tYofÍsf w]/} sfo{x¿ ;~rfng
Pj+ ;DkGg ul/;s]sf] lyof] .

rf}yf] of]hgfsfndf klxn] s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] z'?cft u/]sf ljljw sfdx¿ qmdzM cGo ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] lhDdf
lng'sf cltl/Qm ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfox¿n] cfk"mx¿nfO{ cfjZos k/]sf yk tYofÍx¿ cfk}+m ;ª\sng ug{ z'? u/] .
pbfx/0fsf nflu, lzIff dGqfnon] z}lIfs tYofÍ, :jf:Yo dGqfnon] :jf:Yo;DaGwL tYofÍ ;ª\sng ug{ z'? u/] . o;sf] Pp6f
sf/0f, tL lgsfox?df cfkm\gf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf /flvg] k|zf;lgs clen]vx¿ (Administrative Records) af6 klg tYofÍ
pTkfbg x'g;Sg] eP/ xf] . o;/L z'?df a9L s]Gb|Ls[t ePsf] g]kfnsf] cflwsfl/s jf ;/sf/L tYofÍsf] ;|f]t Jofjxfl/s lx;fjn]
∗
tTsfnLg dxflgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
cfef/f]lSt M of] n]vdf ;'emfj lbg' x'g] ;xsdL{x¿ p=;= >L /fd axfb'/ l3ld/] tyf lgb]{zs >L ;'dg /fh cof{nnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
1
lj:tf/} lkFmlhg uof]; cflwsfl/s jf ;/sf/L tYofÍsf ;|f]t PseGbf a9L eP . kmn:j¿k /fli6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnLn] qmdzM
ljs]lGb|t :j¿k lnFb} uof] . clxn] g]kfnsf] /fli6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnL s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu k|dv
' lgsfo ePsf] Ps ljs]lGb|t
k|0ffnLsf ¿kdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 .

;+If]kdf eGg'kbf{, z'?df g]kfnsf] tYofÍ k|0ffnL k/Dk/fut s]Gb|Ls[t df]8]ndf cfwfl/t lyof] . cyf{t\, clwsf+z u0fgf Pj+
;j]{If0fx¿ ;~rfng u/L tYofÍ ;Íng, k|zf]wg, ;~rog, ljZn]if0f tyf k|sfzg ug]{ sfd s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefudf g} s]lGb|t
lyof] . of] k/Dk/fut k|0ffnLnfO{ s;}n] Round Circle of Statistical System klg eGg] u/]sf 5g\ . clxn] ;"rgf k|ljlw
(Information Technology) b|'tultdf ljsf; e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf cGo sltko b]zx¿sf tYofÍ k|0ffnLx?df gofF ;f]r cfPsf]
5. k|ZgfjnLsf] dfWodaf6 tYofÍ ;ª\sng ug]{ k/Dk/fut ljlwsf] t'ngfdf ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s tYofÍsf] d'Vo ;|f]tsf ¿kdf
;/sf/L lgsfosf k|zf;lgs clen]vx¿n] k|fyldstf kfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . o;}cg'¿k tYofÍ k|0ffnLdf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dfqf a9\b}
uPsf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] k|0ffnLnfO{ obfsbf ;lhnf]sf] nflu Squared Circle of Statistical System klg eGg] ul/G5 . xfd|f]
b]zsf] tYofÍ k|0ffnLdf klg o;sf] k|efj k/]sf] 5 / s]xL kl/jt{gx¿ ePsf 5g\ . o:tf kl/jt{gn] ubf{ clxn] g]kfnsf] tYofÍ
k|0ffnLdfly elgPsf] k/Dk/fut df]8]naf6 s]xL ¿kfGt/ eP/ ljsl;t x'Fb}5 .

#= tYof°sf ;|f]t
g]kfndf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] ljleGg k|sf/n] tYofÍ ;ª\sng / pTkfbg ub{5g\ . clwsf+z tYofÍx¿ cfjZostfcg';f/
lgoldt¿kdf jf k6s]¿kdf ul/g] u0fgf Pj+ ;j]{If0fx¿af6 k|fKt x'G5g\ . cGo s]xL dxTjk"0f{ tYofÍx¿ ;/sf/L Joj:yfkgsf]
lgoldt k|ls|ofcGtu{t /flvPsf clen]vx¿af6 pknAw x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] /fli6«o dxTjsf ljleGg u0fgf
Pj+ ;j]{If0fx¿ ;~rfng ug{'sf cltl/Qm /fli6«o n]vf tYofÍsf cg'dfgx¿ tyf cfly{s ;"rsfª\sx? klg tof/ kfb{5 . ljleGg
dGqfno tyf cGtu{tsf lgsfox¿n] cfˆgf cfjZostfcg';f/ ljljw tYofÍx¿ ;ª\sng Pj+ k|sfzg ub{5g\ . dfly eg] h:t},
;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] cf–cfˆgf k|zf;lgs k|0ffnL jf cfˆgf d'Vo sfo{sf l;nl;nfdf k|fKt u/]sf ;"rgfx¿af6 pknAw x'g]
tYofÍx¿sf] ljz]if dxTj 5 .

cfly{s tyf ljQLo tYofÍ pTkfbgdf s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefuafx]s /fi6« a}+ssf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . cy{tGqsf]
df}lb|s kIf emNsfpg] ;"rgf k4ltsf] Joj:yfkssf] ¿kdf /fi6« a}+sn] sfd ub{5 . csf]{tkm{, s/, eG;f/ / ;/sf/L ah]6 h:tf
;/sf/L ljQ / /fh:j;DaGwL tYofÍsf] k|d'v ;|f]t eg]sf] cy{ dGqfnosf] xf], o; cy{df of] dGqfno klg b]zsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{
tYofÍ lgsfo xf] . ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL tYofÍx¿ pknAw u/fpg] sfo{df ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfo / ;fdflhs ;+:yfx¿sf]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . :jf:Yo tyf hg;fª\lVosLo / z}lIfs tYofª\sx¿ ;DalGwt lgsfox¿sf Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL
(MIS) sf] dfWodaf6 klg pknAw x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .

u0fgf / ;j]{If0fafx]s k|zf;lgs clen]vx¿ ;/sf/L tYofÍsf dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]t ePsf] s'/f dfly elg;lsPsf] 5 .
tYofÍsf ;|f]tsf ¿kdf o:tf clen]vx¿sf] dxTj lbgfg'lbg a9\b}5 . ;Defjgfsf lx;fjn] k|To]s ;/sf/L Pj+ cw{;/sf/L
lgsfosf k|zf;sLo clen]vx¿ tYofÍsf ;|f]t x'g;S5g\ . o;f] ePtfklg, g]kfndf eg] xfn;Dd s]xL ;Lldt ;/sf/L jf
cw{;/sf/L lgsfosf k|zf;sLo clen]vx¿af6 dfq tYofÍ pknAw x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf w]/} sf/0fx¿dWo] k|zf;lgs clen]v
/fVg] Joj:yf Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f xf] . g]kfndf xfn s'g s'g lgsfon] s] s:tf tYofÍ pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf]
cfef; lbg] clek|fon] tYofÍ ;|f]tsf b'O{ pbfx/0f cg';"rLdf lbOPsf 5g\ . klxnf] pbfx/0f, cy{ dGqfnon] aflif{s¿kdf k|sfzg
ug]{ cfly{s ;j]{If0fdf plNnlvt ljifo / lgsfox¿sf] ;"rL xf] eg] bf];|f] s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] lgoldlt¿kdf k|sfzg ug]{
Statistical Year Book of Nepal af6 lnOPsf laifo / lgsfox¿sf] ;"rL xf] . oL b'O{ k|sfzgdf ;dfj]z ePsf tYofÍsf
lj:t[t k]mxl/:t ;d]t k|:t't ubf{ w]/} nfdf] x'g] / o;sf nflu Ps 5'§} n]vsf] cfjZostf kg]{ ePsf]n] of] n]vsf] cfsf/nfO{
Wofgdf /fvL ;f] ljj/0f oxfF lbOPsf] 5}g .

$= sfg"gL Joj:yf
/fli6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt¿kdf ljsf; ug{ P]g sfg"gsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . ;/sf/nfO{ tYofÍ ultljlw
;~rfng ug{ sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . g]kfndf z'?sf rf/j6f hgu0fgf ubf{;Dd hgu0fgf ug]{ sfg"gL clwsf/ /
2
cfwf/sf nflu k6s] Ol:txf/ lgsfNg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;Djt\ !(&^ / !((* sf Ol:txf/ / ;ª\Vof ljefusf] gfddf ;Dat\
@))& sf] ;gbadf]lhd hf/L ePsf] Ol:txf/ o;sf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ . o:tf Ol:txf/x¿df hgu0fgfsf] kl/rosf ;fy} hgu0fgf
ug{ vl6Psf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;xof]u, hgu0fgf kmf/fdsf] ;'/Iff, / hgu0fgf;DaGwL s;"/df x'g] ;hfo h:tf ljifo ;d]l6Psf
5g\ . ;g\ !(%@÷%$ sf] kfFrf} hgu0fgf eg] hgu0fgf P]g, @))( hf/L ePkl5 ul/Psf] xf] .

k6s]¿kdf u0fgfsf nflu ;gb Ol:txf/ jf P]g lgsfNg' ;§f tYofÍ;DaGwL Pp6f 5'§} P]g lgdf{0f u/L tYofÍ;DaGwL
sfd ug{ Ps :jtGq lgsfo ;d]t :yfkgf ug]{ p2]Zon] ;g\ !(%* df tYofÍ P]g, @)!% hf/L ePsf] kfOG5 . xfn;Dd b'O{ k6s
;+zf]wg ePsf] o; P]gsf s]xL ljz]iftfx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

• s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] u7g o;} P]gsf] Joj:yfcGtu{t ePsf] xf] .

• P]gn] ;/sf/nfO{ ;"lrt cfb]z k|sflzt u/L h'g;'s} k|sf/sf] tYofÍ ;ª\sng ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 .
• P]gn] ;/sf/nfO{ b]zsf h'g;'s} ju{ jf ;d'bfosf JolQm;Fu tYofÍ dfu ug{;Sg] clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 .
• pQ/bftf;Fu lnOPsf ljj/0f jf tYofÍx¿sf] uf]kgLotf sfod /fVg'kg]{ Joj:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 .
• cGo lgsfon] tYofÍ ;ª\sng / k|sfzg ug{ s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ Joj:yf P]gdf 5 .

cfheGbf sl/j %) jif{klxn] hf/L ePsf] of] P]g Hofb} /fd|f] ePtfklg clxn]sf] kl/jlt{t ;dodf o;sf s]xL
k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ ;do;fk]If agfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;afx]s, clxn]sf] ;"rgf k|ljlw Pj+ tYofÍ If]qdf cfPsf] a[xt\ kl/jt{gnfO{
;d]6\g of] P]g :jfefljs¿kdf ck"/f] 5 .

tYofÍ P]g, @)!% tyf tYofÍ lgodx¿, @)$! sf cltl/Qm cGo P]g lgodx¿ klg g]kfnsf] /fli6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnL;Fu
;DalGwt 5g\ . o:tf s]xL P]g lgodx? o;k|sf/ 5g\ — g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#Ù :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%%Ù
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^Ù /fi6« a}+s P]g, @)%*Ù hGd, d[To' tyf cGo JolQmut 36gf -btf{ ug]{_ P]g, @)##Ù
hGd, d[To' tyf cGo JolQmut 36gf -btf{ ug]{_ lgodfjnL, @)#$Ù /fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw ljsf; ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z, @)%* /
dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g tyf lgodfjnL, @)%@ . oL P]g sfg"gx¿df ;dfj]z ePsf sltko k|fjwfgx¿ bf]xf]/f] k/]sf 5g\,
/ Ps csf{;Fu ;fd~h:o gx'Fbf logLx¿n] s]xL ljifodf cGof]n ;d]t a9fPsf 5g\ .

xfn g]kfnsf] tYofª\s k|0ffnLdf b]lvPsf ljljw ;d:ofx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefun] cGt/f{li6«o tYofÍ
k|0ffnL ljsf;sf gjLg k|of;x¿ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw ;d]tnfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L Ps gofF tYofÍ P]gsf] d:of}bf tof/ u/L cfjZos
sfof{y{ cufl8 a9fPsf] 5 . cfhsf] kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df /fli6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnLnfO{ a9L ;'b[9, ultzLn Pj+ ;do;fk]If agfpg of]
gofF P]gn] ;3fpg] cfzf 5 .

%= /fli6«o tYof° kl/ifb\

b]zsf] tYofÍ k4lt s]Gb|Ls[t jf ljs]lGb|t h] h:tf] ePtfklg s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf] ;dGjo cfjZos x'G5 . ;ª\slnt
ljleGg tYofÍx¿ Ps csf{;Fu t'ngfof]Uo (Comparable) agfpg, tYofÍdf bf]xf]/f]kgf x6fO{ pQ/bftfx¿dflysf] ef/ sd ug{,
cflwsfl/s jf ;/sf/L tYofÍ (Official Statistics) sf] :t/ ;'b[9 u/L o;sf] 5lj ;'wf/ ug{ / cGt/f{li6«o d~rdf :t/Lo Pj+
t'ngfof]Uo tYofÍ k|:t't ug{ ;dGjo ;+oGqn] ;xof]u ub{5 . ;dGjosf ljljw pkfox¿ x'g;S5g\ oLdWo] b]zdf Pp6f
/fli6«o:t/sf] k|efjsf/L tYofÍ ;dGjo kl/ifb\sf] Joj:yf Ps xf] .

g]kfnsf] tYofÍ k4ltdf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dfqf a9\b} uPkl5 o;df ljljw ;d:ofx¿ b]vfkg{ yfn] . ljleGg lgsfon] cf–
cfˆg} tl/sfn] tYofÍ lgsfNb} hfFbf ;d:of k}bf ePsf x'g\ . tYofÍ ;ª\sng sfo{df bf]xf]/f]kgf, lgod kl/efiffdf ljljwtf,
ljleGg tYofÍdf c;fd~h:otf (Inconsistency), tYofÍdf :t/Lotf (Standards) sf] sdL oL ;d:ofsf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ .
o;f] x'Fbf :jfefljs?kdf tYofÍ k|of]ustf{x¿nfO{ cK7\of/f] / cGof]n kg]{ g} eof] .

3
 pk/f]St ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfgsf nflu ;j}eGbf klxn] ljBdfg tYofÍ ultljlwx¿nfO{ ;dlGjt ug{'sf ;fy} k|fdfl0fs
agfpg'kg]{ b]lvof] . o;sf nflu cNksfnLg Pj+ bL3{sfnLg tYofÍ of]hgf agfO{ ;f]xLcg';f/ sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{'kg]{ eof] .
oL ;a} sfo{sf nflu Pp6f :yfoL /fli6«o tYofÍ kl/ifb\sf] cfjZostf dx;'; eof] / ;g\ !(** sf] dWolt/ /fli6«o tYofÍ
kl/ifb\sf] Joj:yf ul/of] .

/fli6«o tYofÍ kl/ifb\, u7g ePkl5 xfn;Dd o;sf] tLg k6s k'gu{7g ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !((% sf] cGTolt/ /fli6«o tYofÍ
kl/ifb\sf] ;+/rgfdf kl5Nnf] k6s k'gu{7g ePsf] xf] . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIfsf] cWoIftfdf u7g ePsf] xfnsf]
kl/ifb\df /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf tYofÍ x]g]{ ;b:o, g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf ue{g/, /f=of]=cf=sf] ;lrjfno, cy{ dGqfno, pBf]u
dGqfno, afl0fHo dGqfno, lzIff dGqfno, :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfno, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnosf ;lrjx¿, lqe'jg
ljZj ljBfnosf] tYofÍ s]Gb|Lo ljefusf cWoIf, tyf cfly{s ljsf; tyf k|zf;g s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf
5 . s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf dxflgb]{zsnfO{ kl/ifb\sf] ;b:o–;lrj tf]lsPsf] 5 . ;fy}, kl/ifb\sf sfo{x¿ tyf ;d:of
;dfwfgdf ;3fpg jf kl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf jf pk;ldltx¿df ;xefuL e} k|fljlws ;'emfjx¿ lbg /fli6«o tYofÍ kl/ifb\n] cGo
;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿af6 ljz]if1x¿nfO{ cfdlGqt ug{;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .

æljleGg tYofÍ lgsfox¿aLr ;dGjo :yflkt u/L b]zdf :t/o'Qm PsLs[t tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{]Æ{ p2]Zo /fvL
u7g ePsf] /fli6«o tYofÍ kl/ifb\sf d'Vo sfo{x¿ o;k|sf/ pNn]v ePsf 5g\ — PsLs[t tYofÍ k|0ffnL ljsf;sf] nflu
cfjZos cNksfnLg Pj+ bL3{sfnLg of]hgf tof/ ug{ ;Nnfx lbg], tYofÍ;DaGwL lgsfox¿sf aLr ;dGjo sfod ug{ lgb]{zg
lbg], :t/o'St tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{ plrt jftfj/0f agfpg], tYofÍ ultljlwdf cfOk/]sf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{] tyf
tYofÍsf ljleGg laifout k|fljlws If]qdf k/fdz{ lbg pk;ldltx¿ u7g ug]{ . /fli6«o tYofÍ kl/ifb\sf] o:tf] Joj:yf
ePtfklg o;n] k|efjsf/L¿kdf sfd ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0fdf kl/ifb\sf] sfg"gL x}l;ot geP/ xf] . clxn] d:of}bf
ePsf] gofF P]gdf of] kl/ifb\nfO{ sfg"gL dfGotf lbO{ o;nfO{ a9L ;zSt, ;lqmo / k|efjsf/L agfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

^= s]Gb|Lo tYof° ljefu

s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] Oltxf;;Fu b]zsf] /fli6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf] Oltxf; hf]l8Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] /fli6«o tYofÍ
k|0ffnLdf o; ljefusf] ljz]if :yfg ePsf]n] oxfF o;sf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbg vf]lhPsf] 5 . s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] hGd ;g\
!(%( df tYofÍ P]g, @)!% sf] Joj:yfadf]lhd ePsf] xf] . o; ljefunfO{ tYofÍ ;ª\sng, ;~rog, k|sfzg Pj+ ljZn]if0f ug]{
lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . tYofª\s P]gn] o; ljefunfO{ cGo ;/sf/L lgsfox¿af6 ;~rfng x'g] tYofÍ
ultljlwx¿sf] ;dGjo ug]{ lhDdf ;d]t lbPsf] 5 .

^=! ljefusf p2]Zo / sfo{x¿

s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] sfo{ljlwdf pNn]v ePsf ljefusf p2]Zox¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
• ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/nfO{ e/kbf]{ cfwf/ h'6fpg tYofÍ pknAw u/fpg] .
• ;ª\slnt tYofÍx¿sf] k|zf]wg, ljZn]if0f, k|sfzg, ljt/0f tyf ;+/If0f ug]{ .
• tYofÍ ;ª\sng, k|zf]wg, ljZn]if0fdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug{ ;dGjosf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ .
• b]zsf] tYofÍLo lqmofsnfkdf cu|0fL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ .
• cfwf/e"t tYofÍLo hgzlQmsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
ljefusf k|d'v sfo{x¿ a'Fbfut ¿kdf o;k|sf/ pNn]v ePsf 5g\ M
• ;/sf/nfO{ of]hgf th{'df tyf gLlt lgwf{/0fsf nflu cfjZos tYofÍ pknAw u/fpg] .
• cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs If]q;Fu ;DalGwt tYofÍ ;ª\sng, k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0f ug]{ .
• :t/Lo tYofÍ ;ª\sngsf nflu ;j{dfGo ljlw / kl/efiffsf] ljsf; u/L ltgsf] k|of]u ug]{ u/fpg] .
• tYofÍ–lgsfox¿aLr ;dGjo u/L PsLs[t tYofÍ ;ª\sng k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
• eljiosf] nflu cfjZos kg{;Sg] tYofÍLo If]qx¿ vf]hL ub}{ ltgsf] tYofÍ pTkfbg ug]{ .

4
 • tYofÍ clen]vx¿ ;'/lIft¿kdf /fVg] .
• cGt/fli6«o k|ljlw vf]hL u/L tYofÍ ;ª\sngnfO{ j}1flgs, e/kbf]{ / pkof]uL agfpFb} n}hfg] .
• /fli6«o:t/sf pTkflbt tYofÍx¿sf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ ;dGjofTds e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ .
• tYofÍ;Fu ;DalGwt /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o tflnd, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/ cfof]hgf ug]{, u/fpg] .
• tYofÍ;DaGwL ljleGg ultljlwnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] / lgoGq0f ug]{ .
• zfvf tYofÍ sfof{nox¿af6 lgoldt Pj+ e/kbf]{ tYofÍ pknAw ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

^=@ ljefusf] ;ª\u7g

xfn s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefucGtu{t tLg dxfzfvf -;fdflhs tYofÍ, cfly{s tYofÍ / of]hgf tyf hgzlQm Joj:yfkg
dxfzfvf_ /x]sf 5g\ . oL dxfzfvfcGtu{t hDdf !% j6f zfvfx¿ 5g\ . ;fdflhs tYofÍ dxfzfvfcGtu{t hg;ª\Vof
zfvf, ;fdflhs tYofÍ zfvf, nut k|zf]wg tyf GIS zfvf / 3/kl/jf/ ;j]{If0f zfvf kb{5g\ . cfly{s tYofÍ dxfzfvfcGtu{t
/fli6«o n]vf zfvf, jftfj/0f tYofÍ tyf :of6]nfO6 zfvf, k|lti7fg u0fgf tyf ;j]{If0f zfvf, d"No tYofÍ zfvf, s[lif tYofÍ
zfvf / Jofkf/ tYofÍ zfvf /x]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L, of]hgf tyf hgzlQm Joj:yfkg dxfzfvfcGtu{t of]hgf, ;dGjo tyf :t/
lgwf{/0f zfvf, hgzlQm ljsf; tyf tflnd zfvf, k|sfzg, ljt/0f tyf k':tsfno zfvf, k|zf;g tyf cfly{s k|zf;g zfvf
kb{5g\ . b]ze/sf &% lhNnfdf ljefuaf6 ;~rfng x'g] tYofÍ;DaGwL sfo{sf nflu ## j6f zfvf tYofÍ sfof{nox¿ :yfkgf
ePsf 5g\ .

ljefusf] k|d'vdf /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fLsf] dxflgb]{zs /xg] Joj:yf 5 . To;}u/L, dxfzfvf k|d'vdf pkdxflgb]{zs -
/fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fL_ /xg] Joj:yf 5 eg] zfvf k|d'vdf lgb{]zs -/fhkqflÍt låtLo >]0fL_ /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . k|zf;g
/ cfly{s k|zf;g zfvf pk;lrjcGtu{t /x]sf 5g\ . zfvf tYofÍ sfof{nosf] sfof{no k|d'vdf tYofÍ clws[t -/fhkqflÍt
t[tLo >]0fL_ sf] b/aGbL /flvPsf] 5 .

ljefu / cGtu{tsf zfvf tYofÍ sfof{nox¿sf] nflu xfnsf] :jLs[t ;Ë7g :j¿kcg';f/ s'n %@( hgf sd{rf/Lsf]
b/aGbL sfod ePsf] 5 . ;f]dWo] ljefudf !#* hgf / lhNnfdf #(! hgfsf] b/aGbL 5 . s'n b/aGbLdWo] () kb /fhkqflÍt
/ afFsL $#( cGo txsf kb /x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;sf nflu ug{'kg]{ k|:tfljt ;'wf/ sfo{qmdcGtu{t o;
ljefusf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, lj:tf/ Pj+ txj[l4sf of]hgfx¿ klg k/]sf 5g\ .

&= tYof° k|0ffnLsf ;d:ofx¿

cGo b]zdf h:t} g]kfndf klg ljleGg k|sf/sf u0fgf Pj+ ;j]{If0fsf dfWodaf6 cfjlws, cWofjlws tyf tby{¿kdf
tYofÍx¿ ;ª\sng ul/b} cfPsf 5g\ . o; s|ddf ;do;dodf tYofª\s If]qdf ljleGg k|sf/sf ;d:ofx¿ b]lvg] u/]sf 5g\ .
slxn]sfxLF k"j{tof/Lljgf g} tYofÍsf sfd z'? ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . nut k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0f tyf k|;f/0f h:tf tYofÍ
ultljlwsf dxTjk"0f{ cª\ux¿nfO{ kof{Kt Wofg lbOb}g . cS;/ u0fgf sfo{ ;lsPkl5 ;a} sfd ;lsP h:tf] 7flgG5, eljiosf
nflu klxn] pkof]u ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿ Pj+ clen]v /fVg] s'/fdf plrt Wofg lbOb}g .

k]zfut hgzlSt;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of klg pNn]vgLo 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ æ;]jfdf
lg/Gt/tf sfod /fVg / j[lQ ljsf; ;d]tsf] Joj:yf ug{ of]hgf, cg'udg, d"NofÍg / tT;DaGwL sfo{sf nfluÆ g]kfn cfly{s
of]hgf tyf tYofÍ ;]jfsf] u7g ePsf] xf]tfklg of] ;]jfcGtu{t xfn tYofÍ;DaGwL hgzlQm dfq ;d"xLs[t ePsf 5g\ .
of] ;]jfcGtu{tsf] csf]{ ;d"x -of]hgf ;d"x_ eg] cfh;Dd u7g x'g;s]sf] 5}g . o;sf/0f xfn of] ;]jf ck"0f{¿kdf g} ;~rfng
e}/x]sf] 5 . xfn s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu / cGtu{tsf sfof{nox¿df dfq tYofÍ ;d"x k"0f{¿kdf nfu" ePsf] 5 . ljleGg dGqfno
tyf ljefux¿df tYofÍsf sfd x'g] u/]sf ePtfklg tL lgsfox¿df tYofÍ ;d"xsf] hgzlQmsf] cefj 5 . tYofª\s pTkfbg
ug]{ sltko lgsfox¿df tYofÍ PsfO g} 5}gg\ .

5
 pk/f]St ;d:ofsf cltl/St g]kfnsf] tYofÍ k4ltdf xfn b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ df]6fdf]6L¿kdf o;/L ;+If]kLs/0f
ug{ ;lsG5 M
• tYofÍ If]q cGo If]qsf] t'ngfdf ;Fw} sd k|fyldstfdf kb{5 .
• tYofÍ Joj:yfkg / ;dGjosf nflu Pp6f alnof] ;+oGqsf] cefj 5 .
• tYofÍsf] dfu / cfk"lt{sf aLr ;Gt'ngsf] cefj 5 .
• pknAw tYofÍx¿sf] dxQd pkof]u x'g;s]sf] 5}g .
• bL3{sfnLg tYofÍ ljsf; of]hgfsf] cefj 5 .
• Jofjxfl/s tyf cflwsfl/s (Official) tYofÍ laifosf] tflnd lbg] ;+:yfsf] cefj 5 .
• s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, cGo ;/sf/L lgsfo / u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿aLrsf] ;DaGw ;'b[9 5}g .
• ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ (Stakeholders) aLr ;xof]u, ;xsfl/tf / ;dGjosf] cefj 5 .
• tYofÍ pTkfbgdf ePsf] bf]xf]/f]kgn] pknAw ;Lldt ;fwgsf] cIfd k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 .
• tYofÍ pTkfbg ug]{ ljleGg lgsfox¿df ;DalGwt of]Uotf k'u]sf sd{rf/Lsf] cefj 5 .
• tYofÍ k|;f/ ug]{ tyf ;~rf/sf dfWod;Fu ;Dks{ ug]{ ;+oGq sdhf]/ 5 .

g]kfnsf] tYofª\s k|0ffnLdf b]lvPsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ tyf lj;ª\ult x6fpg ;do ;dodf k|of;x? eOcfPsf
5g\. tYofª\s k|0ffnL ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg sfo{bnx? u7g eO{ tL sfo{bnx?n] cfkm\gf k|ltj]bgx?
;/sf/nfO{ a'emfPsf 5g\ . k|To]s gofF ljsf; of]hgf th'{df ubf{ of]hgfdf tYofª\s gLlt s:tf] x'g], s:tf] k|sf/sf]
;ª\u7gfTds ;'wf/ ug]{ / s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefusf] efjL sfo{s|d / o;sf] e"ldsf s] s:tf] x'g] eGg] laifodf ;d]t cWoog
k|ltj]bgx? tof/ x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . oL k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf ljsf; of]hgfx?df s'g} g s'g}?kdf tYofª\snfO{ pNn]v
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] klxnf] / bf];|f] of]hgfdf eg] tYofª\s ljsf;nfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbOPsf] lyof] . cGt/f{li6«o bft[
;+:yfx?n] klg ;do ;dodf g]kfnsf] tYofª\s k|0ffnL ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u ub]{ cfPsf 5g\ . ljutsf oL k|of;x?sf
kmn:j?k tYofª\s If]qsf s]xL ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ePsf 5g\ eg] cGo s]xL oyfjt\ 5g\ / s]xL gofF ;d:of k}bf x'Fb}5g\ .

jt{dfgdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿ Pj+ cfhsf] ljZjsf] ablnFbf] kl/j]zdf tYofÍ If]qdf k/]sf] k|efj ;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug{ PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;xof]udf Pp6f lj:t[t æ;dli6ut /fli6«o tYofÍ of]hgfÆ
tof/ eP/ sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|:tfj ePsf] w]/} jif{ eO;Sbf klg of] cfh;Dd k"0f{?kdf sfof{lGjt x'g;s]sf] 5}g . o;
of]hgfdf k|:tfj ePsf d'Vo laifox¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M /fli6«o tYofÍ kl/ifb\nfO{ sfg"gL dfGotfsf ;fy} a9L ;'b[9 Pj+ k|efjsf/L
agfpg], /fli6«o tYofÍ kl/ifb\sf] ;lrjfnosf] Joj:yf ug]{, ljleGg k|fljlws ;ldltx¿ u7g ug{], lgwf{l/t tYofª\s k|0ffnL
(Designated Statistical System) / ;j]{If0f :jLs[lt k|0ffnL (Survey Clearance System) nfu" ug]{, ;do;fk]If tYofÍ P]g
hf/L ug]{ tyf s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ . xfn b]lvPsf ;d:of ;dfwfg / l5d]sL d'n'sx¿df tYofÍ If]qdf ePsf]
cj:yf, Joj:yf Pj+ ljsf;nfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbFbf of] æ;dli6ut /fli6«o tYofÍ of]hgfÆ sfof{Gjog clt dxTjk"0f{ Pj+ h?/L
b]lvPsf] 5 .

*= cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw
cGTodf, g]kfnsf] /fli6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnL / cGt/f{li6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnLaLrsf] ;DaGwaf/] ;+If]kdf ljrf/ u/f}+ . cGt/f{li6«o
tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf] s'/f ubf{ :jefjtM tYofÍ If]q;Fu ;Da4 ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿sf] s'/f cfpF5 . oL ;+:yfx¿n] w]/}
aif{b]lv /fli6«o tYofÍ–lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo u/L ljleGg tYofÍx¿ ;ª\sng, cg'dfg Pj+ k|sfzg ub]{ cfPsf 5g\ . ;fy}, /fli6«o
tYofÍ–lgsfonfO{ ;xof]u ug{sf nflu oL ;+:yfx¿n] ljleGg k/fdz{x¿ (Recommendations) hf/L ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o
tYofÍ k|0ffnLdf o:tf lqmofsnfkx¿n] cjZo klg k|efa kfb{5g\ . /fli6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf] :j¿k lgwf{/0f Pj+ ljsf;df klg
cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3 ;+:yfsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /xG5 . oxfF g]kfnsf] /fli6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnLdf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u / cflwsfl/s
tYofÍsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿ (Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics) af/] 5f]6f] l6kf]6 k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

6
*=! cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u
cflwsfl/s jf ;/sf/L tYofÍsf bzj6f cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx?dWo] bzf}+ l;4fGtn] cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]usf]
pkof]lutfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5 . o; l;4fGtdf vf;u/L låkIfLo Pj+ ax'kIfLo cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]usf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
cGt/f{li6«o tYofÍLo ljlw, dfkb08, juL{s/0fx¿sf] cª\uLsf/, cfw'lgs pks/0f tyf ;"rgf, ;~rf/ tyf k|ljlw (Information,
Communication and Technology) sf] k|of]u, tYofÍdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 1fg / ;Lksf] ljsf; tyf Joj;flos
Ifdtfj[l4 ug]{ h:tf s'/fdf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u cfjZos x'G5 . cGt/f{li6«o k|fljlws Pj+ cfly{s ;xfotf k|fKt ug{, låkIfLo Pj+
ax'kIfLo ;xof]u ;~rfng ug{ tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;Nnfxsf/, k|fljlw1 Pj+ ljz]if1x¿sf] ;]jf pknAw u/fpg klg
cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf] dxTj x'G5 .

g]kfnn] ljutdf ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿af6 tYofÍ If]qdf k|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
ljleGg k|sf/n] ;xof]u u/]/ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;df l;w} ;3fp k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf k|d'v lgsfox¿ o;k|sf/
5g\ – United Nations Statistical Division, United Nations Development Program, United Nations Population Fund
(UNFPA), United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), United Nations Statistical Institute for Asia
and the Pacific, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Economic and Social Commission for
Asia and the Pacific, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Food Programme,
International Labour Organization, World Health Organization, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, Asian
Development Bank, European Union, Department for International Development, United States Assistance for
International Development, and Japan International Cooperation Agency.

g]kfn / cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿sf aLrsf] ;DaGw / ;xof]usf s]xL pbfx/0fx? tn lbOPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] South
Asian Association for Regional Cooperation on Statistics (SAARCSTAT) sf] ;+:yfks ;b:o eP/ If]qLo ;xof]usf
nflu cfˆgf] k|ltj4tf hfx]/ u/]sf] 5 . International Monetary Fund sf] General Data Dissemination System
sf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL eP/ g]kfnn] tYofÍ ljsf;sf nflu Joj:yfkg kIfdf cfˆgf] kx'Fr a9fPsf] 5 .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] tYofÍ ljefu (UNSD) ;Fu klg g]kfnsf] ;xsfo{ hf/L 5 . UNSD ljZjsf] tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf]
ljsf;sf nflu k|ltj4 5 . o;n] tYofÍ tyf ;"rgfx¿ tof/ kf/]/ ljt/0f ub{5, tYofÍ–lqmofsnfksf nflu dfkb08 /
dfgsx¿ ljsf; ub{5 / /fli6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg] k|of;df ;xof]u ub{5 . cGt/f{li6«o tYofÍ
ultljlwnfO{ ;dGjo ug]{ o;sf] csf]{ sfd xf] . Partnership in Statistics for the 21th Century (Paris 21) sf sfo{qmddf klg
g]kfnn] rf;f] /fVb} cfPsf] 5 . of] Ps o:tf] ;xfotf d~r xf] h;n] tYofÍ ljsf;sf nflu ;Nnfx lbP/ k|f]T;flxt ub{5 .
United Nations Statistical Institute for Asia and the Pacific n] g]kfnsf] hgzlQmnfO{ cflwsfl/s jf ;/sf/L tYofÍ
ljifodf cfwf/e"t tflnd lbP/ ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] -vf; u/]/ s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefun]_ cfˆgf k|sfzgx¿ k7fP/
tyf cGt/f{li6«o lgsfox¿ tyf cGo b]zx?af6 pgLx¿sf k|sfzgx¿ k|fKt u/]/ lg/Gt/ cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw a9fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
oL cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / ;xof]usf yf]/} pbfx/0fx? dfq x'g\ .

*=@ cflwsfl/s jf ;/sf/L tYofª\ssf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿

;g\ !(*) kl5 ljZjdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] cflwsfl/s jf ;/sf/L (Official) tYofÍsf] k/Dk/fut e"ldsfnfO{ ;d]t c;/
kf¥of] . cflwsfl/s tYofÍnfO{ Ps pQd k|0ffnLsf ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos ;femf dfkb08x¿sf] vf]hL eof] . kmn:j¿k,
cflwsfl/s tYofÍsf bzj6f cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿ ljsf; eP . z'?df /fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{nosf k|d'vx¿nfO{ cfˆgf ;ª\u7gsf]
k|lti7f sfod /fVg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg / ;/sf/ Pj+ tYofÍ k|of]ustf{nfO{ cflwsfl/s tYofÍsf] kl/jlt{t e"ldsf cjut u/fpg
oL l;4fGtx¿sf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . ;g\ !((@ tfsf o"/f]ksf nflu cfly{s cfof]u (Economic Commission for Europe) n]
oL l;4fGtx¿ ckgfpg] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . kl5 cfP/ pkof]lutfsf] cfwf/df oL l;4fGtx¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o cg'df]bgsf] cfjZostf
5 eGg] s'/f dx;'; eof] . ;g\ !(($ df ljZjsf] pRrtd tYofÍLo k|fwLsf/L (Highest Statistical Authority)
dflgPsf] ;+o'Qm /fi6« tYofÍ cfof]u (United Nations Statistical Commission) n] klg oL l;4fGtx¿nfO{ cg'df]bg u¥of] .

7
o;kl5 pQm cfof]un] oL l;4fGtx¿ ckgfpg ;a} /fi6«x¿nfO{ lg/Gt/ k|f]T;flxt ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . oL l;4fGtx¿nfO{ cflwsfl/s
jf ;/sf/L tYofÍsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿ (Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics) elgG5 .

cflwsfl/s tYofÍsf oL bzj6f cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿sf] kl/lw lgs} km/flsnf] 5 . cyf{t\, oL l;4fGtx¿n] /fli6«o tYofÍ
k|0ffnLsf ljljw kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf 5g\ . oL l;4fGtx¿sf] a'Fbfut JofVof Hofb} lj:t[t x'g] ePsf]n] oxfF ;fdfGo hfgsf/Lsf
nflu oL l;4fGtx¿nfO{ l6kf]6sf] ¿kdf dfq pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M

!= k|f;lËstf, lgikIftf / ;'netf – nf]stflGqs ;dfhsf] ;"rgf k|0ffnLdf cflwsfl/s tYofÍ Ps ckl/xfo{ tTj dflgG5 .
o;n] ;/sf/, cy{tGq / cfdhgtfnfO{ cfly{s, hg;fª\lVos, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo kl/l:ylt;DaGwL ;"rgf pknAw
u/fpF5 . nf]stflGqs ;dfhdf ;/sf/L tYofÍ–lgsfox¿ (Official Statistical Agencies) n] gful/ssf] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf
kfpg] xssf] ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 . o;sf nflu oL lgsfox¿n] Joj;flos pkof]lutf ePsf cflwsfl/s tYofÍ lgsfn]/
lgikIftfsf ;fy pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 .

@= Jofj;flos dfkb08 / cfrf/ – tYofÍ ;ª\sng, k|zf]wg, e08f/0f tyf k|:t'ltsf ljlw Pj+ k|lqmof lgwf{/0f ubf{ tYofÍ–
lgsfox¿n] j}1flgs l;4fGt / Joj;flos cfrf/;lxt lgtfGt Joj;flos ;f]r–ljrf/sf ;fy lg0f{o lng'kb{5 .
cflwsfl/s jf ;/sf/L tYofÍdf ljZjf; hufO{ tYofÍdf cf:yf sfod /fVg o:tf] k|lqmof dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

#= pQ/bfloTj / kf/blz{tf – tYofÍsf] ;xL cy{ nufpg] sfd ;xh t'Nofpg tYofÍ–lgsfox¿n] tYofÍsf ;|f]t, ljlw /
k|lqmofsf] ljj/0f j}1flgs dfkb08cg';f/ k|:t't ug{'kb{5 .

$= b'¿kof]u lgjf/0f – tYofÍsf] q'l6k"0f{ JofVof ePdf jf b'¿kof]u ePdf tYofÍ–lgsfox¿n] o:tf s'/fsf] l6Kk0fL jf v08g
ug{ ;Sg'k5{ .

%= cflwsfl/s jf ;/sf/L tYofÍsf ;|f]tx¿ – tYofÍLo ;j]{If0f cyjf k|zf;lgs clen]v nufot ;j} k|sf/sf ;|f]tx¿af6
tYofÍLo k|of]hgsf nflu cfFs8f jf ljj/0f lng ;lsG5 . tYofÍ–lgsfon] ;|f]t rog ubf{ u'0f:t/, ;fdlostf, nfut Pj+
pQ/bftfsf] af]emnfO{ ljrf/ u/]/ pko'Qm ;|f]t rog ug{'kb{5 .

^= uf]kgLotf – tYofÍ–lgsfox¿n] tYofÍ lgsfNgsf nflu ;ª\sng u/]sf JolQmut ljj/0f jf cfFs8fx¿ k|fs[lts jf sfg"gL
JolQm hf]–h;sf] ePtfklg Psbd uf]Ko /fVg'kb{5 . ;ª\sng ul/Psf o:tf JolQmut ljj/0fx¿ tYofÍLo k|of]hgsf nflu
dfq k|of]u ug{'kb{5 .

&= sfg"g – h'g P]g, lgod / cfb]]zcGtu{t tYofÍ–k|0ffnL ;~rfng ePsf 5g\ tL ;a} sfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿ ;fj{hlgs x'g'kb{5 .

*= /fli6«o ;dGjo – tYofÍ–k|0ffnLdf ;fd~h:otf / bIftf k|fKt ug{ b]zleqsf ;j} tYofÍ–lgsfox¿aLr ;dGjo cTofjZos
x'G5 .

(= cGt/f{li6«o dfbk08sf] pkof]u – k|To]s b]zsf tYofÍLo lgsfox¿n] cGt/f{li6«o cjwf/0ff, juL{s/0f tyf ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u
ubf{ ;j} ;/sf/L txdf ;fd~h:otf / bIftfsf] a[l4 x'G5 .

!)= cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u – tYofÍdf låkIfLo Pj+ ax'kIfLo ;xof]un] ;j} b]zdf cflwsfl/s tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/ ug{ ;3fp
k'¥ofpF5 .

8
cg';"rL ! M cy{ dGqfnoaf6 k|sflzt cfly{s ;j]{If0f, cfly{s jif{ @)^$÷^% df ;dfj]z ePsf laifo / tYofÍsf ;|f]t

ljifo tYofÍ ;|f]t

cfly{s ultljlw s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

;fj{hlgs ljQ s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no, cy{ dGqfno, g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

d"No tyf cfk"lt{ l:ylt g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, s[lif ljefu, g]kfn cfon lgud lnld6]8\

df}lb|s tyf a}+lsË l:ylt g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; a}+s, sd{rf/L ;~ro sf]if

k"FhL ahf/ g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{, g]kfn lwtf]kq ljlgdo ahf/ lnld6]8\, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ laefu

afXo If]q g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

ul/jL lgjf/0f / /f]huf/L s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, >d tyf /f]huf/ k|j4{g ljefu, :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfno

s[lif, pBf]u / ko{6g s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgL lnld6]8\, /fli6«o
aLp–aLhg sDkgL lnld6]8\, l;rfO ljefu, s[lif ljsf; a}+s, pBf]u ljefu, 3/]n'
tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu, g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, cf}Bf]lus If]q Joj:yfkg lnld6]8\, ko{6g tyf
gful/s p8\8og dGqfno, g]kfn ko{6g tyf xf]6n Joj:yfkg k|lti7fg

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no, cy{ dGqfno

pmhf{ tyf jg hn tyf zlQm cfof]usf] ;lrjfno, a}slNks phf{ k|j{4g s]Gb|, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f
dGqfno, g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f, g]kfn cfon lgud lnld6]8\

oftfoft tyf ;~rf/ ;8s ljefu, oftfoft Joj:yf ljefu, g]kfn b"/;~rf/ lnld6]8\, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
dGqfno

;fdflhs If]q lzIff ljefu, ljZjljBfnox¿ tyf ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u, :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof
dGqfno, g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;n, vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljsf; ljefu / g]kfn
vfg]kfgL ;+:yfg, >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfno

9
cg';"rL @ M s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefuaf6 k|sflzt Statistical Year Book of Nepal, 2007 df ;dfj]z ePsf laifo /
tYofÍsf ;|f]t

ljifo tYofÍ ;|f]t

If]qkmn / hg;ª\Vof s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, gfkL ljefu

vfB tyf s[lif s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgL lnld6]8\, /fli6«o aLp–
aLhg sDkgL lnld6]8\

jg jg ljefu, /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ljefu

xfjfkfgL hnjfo' lj1fg ljefu

:jf:Yo :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfno, :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu, z'qm/fh 6«lksn tyf ;?jf /f]u
c:ktfn

lzIff lzIff ljefu, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno

pTkfbg pBf]u s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no, cy{ dGqfno, pBf]u ljefu, cf}Bf]lus If]q
Joj:yfkg lnld6]8\, g]kfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; skf]{/]zg

oftfoft tyf ;~rf/ ;8s ljefu, x'nfs ;]jf ljefu, ;"rgf ljefu, g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud, gful/s p8\8og
k|flws/0f, g]kfn 6]lnsd

ko{6g ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno

j}b]lzs Jofkf/ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, Jofkf/ k|j4{g s]Gb|

hn, zlSt tyf l;rfO vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{ tyf 9n lgsf; ljefu, l;rfO ljefu, g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f

d"No g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

;fj{hlgs ljQ cy{ dGqfno, dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no, g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

d'b|f, a}lsË tyf shf{ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

/fli6«o n]vf tYofÍ s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

jftfj/0f hn tyf zlSt cfof]usf] ;lrjfno, vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{ tyf 9n lgsf; ljefu, hnjfo' lj1fg
ljefu, g]kfn :jf:Yo cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\, gu/kflnsfx¿

ljljw vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu, ;jf{]Rr cbfnt, g]kfn af/ sfplG;n, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no, oftfoft
Joj:yf ljefu, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, ;"rgf ljefu, u|fdL0f cfjf; sDkgL lnld6]8\, ;xsf/L
ljefu, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

10
 @M u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg
*
g]lag nfn >]i7

!= u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg eg]sf] s] xf] <

u'0ffTds cg';Gwfgdf ljleÌ vfnsf dfgjLo ls|ofsnfkx¿sf] lj:t[t cWoog ul/G5 . o; ljlwdf cWoog ug{
vf]lhPsf laifo;DaGwL ls|ofsnfkx¿ slxn] / sxfF eP eGg] s'/fdf dfq ;Lldt geO{ tL ls|ofsnfkx¿ lsg / s;/L
eP÷e}/x]sf 5g\ eGg] h:tf lj:t[t ljj/0fx¿ ;+sng ul/G5g\ . To;}n] o; cg';Gwfg ljlwdf k|Zg–pQ/x¿ v'nf tyf a9LeGbf
a9L vf]tNg] k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . cGtjf{tf{sf] s|ddf ;'?df pQ/bftfnfO{ k|ZgfjnLdf ePsf ;fwf/0f k|Zg ;f]lwG5 /
pQ/bftfn] lbPsf] pQ/sf] cfwf/df yk k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wb} pQ/bftfsf] ljrf/÷cawf/0ffx¿ yfxf kfpg] ul/G5 . u'0ffTds
cg';Gwfgaf6 lj:t[t / ;Totfdf cfwfl/t ;"rgfx¿ pTkfbg ul/G5 h'g laifoa:t'x¿ ulxl/P/ cWoog ug{ ;xof]uL x'G5g\ .
To;sf/0f u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg eGgfn] cWoog ug{ vf]lhPsf] laifoa:t';DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0ffTds ;"rgfx¿ ;+sng, k|zf]wg
tyf ljZn]if0f ug]{ ;du| k|ls|ofnfO{ al'´G5 .

@= u'0ffTds cg';Gwfgsf] pTklQ

u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg ljlw w]/} ;do klxn]b]lv g} k|of]u e}/x]sf] ePtfklg d"ntM ;g\ !(&) b]lv dfq o;n] dfGotf kfPsf] b]lvG5
. To;a]nf;Dd u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg ljlw ;dfhzf:q tyf dfgazf:qsf] laifosf ?kdf dfq ;Lldt lyof] . t/ ;g\ !(&)
kZrft\ u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg ljlw cGo If]qx?df klg s|dzM k|of]u x'Fb} uof] . xfn cfP/ ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts tyf cfly{s
h'g;'s} laifosf] cWoog ug{ klg of] ljlw k|of]u x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . c´ ;+VofTds cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt glthfx?sf] yk ljZn]if0f
ug]{ k|ls|ofdf ;d]t u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg ljlwsf] k|of]u x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;/L ljleGg cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt glthfx? Ps} 7fpFdf
/fvL ljZn]if0f ubf{ k|fKt glthf a9L ;Totf / ljZj;lgotfdf cfwfl/t x'g] ljZjf; ul/G5 . o;k|sf/sf] ljZn]if0f k|ls|ofnfO{
Triangulation ljlw klg eGg] ul/G5 .

#= u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg lsg ul/G5 <

tn plNnlvt cj:yfx¿df u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg ljlw ckgfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
ƒ cjwf/0ff, j:t' tyf ;]jf;DaGwL k|f/lDes cWoog ug{ .
ƒ JolQmx¿sf] ;f]r tyf ljrf/;DaGwL lj:t[t cWoog ug{ .
ƒ ;+VofTds cg';Gwfgsf] nflu x'g;Sg] k|Zgx? tyf ltgsf ;Deflat pQ/x?sf] olsg ug{ .
ƒ ;+VofTds cg';Gwfgsf] nflu kl/sNkgf (Hypothesis) lgdf{0f ug{ .
ƒ ;+VofTds cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt glthfx?sf] 7f]; ljZn]if0f ug{ .

$= u'0ffTds÷;+VofTds cg';Gwfg k4ltsf ljz]iftfx¿

u'0ffTds cfFs8fx¿ lsg / s;/L eGg] k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/;Fu s]lGb|t x'G5g\ eg] ;+VofTds cfFs8fx¿ slxn] / sxfF cyjf slt
dfqfdf cflb k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/;Fu s]lGb|t x'G5g\ . u'0ffTds ljlwåf/f ul/g] tYofÍ ;+sng k|ls|ofdf cGt/jftf{stf{sf]
pQ/bftf;Fu k|ToIf?kdf PSn} jf ;d"xdf 5nkmn x'G5 . u'0ffTds tYofÍ ;+sng ug{ w]/} g} ;do nfUg] ePsfn] ;+VofTds
ljlwdf h:t} 7"nf] ;+Vofaf6 tYofÍ ;+sng gul/sg ;fgf] ;+Vofaf6 dfq tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ ul/G5 . u'0ffTds ljlwsf] k|d'v
kmfObf cWoog ug]{ laifoj:t'df ulxl/P/ lj:t[t ljj/0fx¿ ;+sng ug{ ;Sg' xf] .

;+VofTds tYofÍ h:t} u'0ffTds tYofÍ, tYofÍLo ljlwaf6 ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsb}g . u'0ffTds ljlwaf6 ul/g] tYofÍ ;+sngdf
gd"gf 5gf}6sf] ;+Vof ;fgf] / :yfgLo:t/sf] dfq x'G5 . u'0ffTds / ;+VofTds cg';Gwfg k4ltsf k|d'v ljz]iftfx¿ tn pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .

*
lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
11
laifo u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg ;+VofTds cg';Gwfg

p2]Zo ljrf/x¿sf] AofVof ug]{ dfkg jf k|If]k0f ug]{

;+VofTds k/LIf0f ug{sf] nflu u'0ffTds ljlwåf/f tof/ ul/Psf]

kl/sNkgf (Hypothesis) agfpg] kl/sNkgf (Hypothesis) k/LIf0f ug]{
k|s[lt laifout j:t'ut

JofVof ug{ ;lsg], h:t} lsg < s;/L < tYofÍLo cfwf/, h:t} slt k6s < slt
dfqfdf <
gd"gf cfsf/ tyf ;fgf] cfsf/sf] / ;du|sf] k|ltlglwTj gug]{ 7"nf] cfsf/sf] / ;du|sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{
5gf}6
cg';Gwfgstf{n] rfx]adf]lhdsf] pQ/bftf pQ/bftf 5gf}6 ljlw ;+of]usf] cfwf/df x'g]
5gf}6 ug]{
tYofÍ ;+sng lj:t[t tYofÍ ;+sngsf] nflu k|ToIf?kdf k"j{lgwf{l/t 9fFrfadf]lhdsf] k|ZgfjnLdfk{mt
ljlw JolQm jf ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L Tolxaf6 lgisif{ tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{
lgsfNg]
tYofÍ ;+sng ;fgf] ;d"xaf6 tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ ePsf]n] sd If]qLo sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ a9L ;do / nfut nfUg]
nfut / ;do ;do / nfut nfUg]
tYofÍ ljZn]if0f tYofÍLo k4ltadf]lhd gx'g] tYofÍLo k4ltadf]lhd x'g]

e/kbf]{kgf a9L ;Totf x'g] tYofÍLo ljZj;lgotf

glthf ;du|sf] lg0ff{os ;"rs gx'g] ;du|sf] lg0ff{os ;"rs x'g]

lg0f{o k|ls|ofnfO{ ;3fpg k|f/lDes cfwf/sf] k|fKt ;"rsx¿ lg0f{o k|ls|ofdf k|of]u x'g]
lgdf{0f ug{;Sg]

%= u'0ffTds tYof° ;+sng ug]{ ljlwx¿

u'0ffTds tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ k|d'v ljlwx¿ lgDg k|sf/sf 5g\ M–
ƒ JolQmut cGtjf{tf{
ƒ nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn
ƒ cjnf]sg

%=! JolQmut cGtjf{tf{

JolQmut cGtjf{tf{ s_ k"j{lgwf{l/t 9fFrf v_ cw{–k"j{lgwf{l/t 9fFrf jf u_ lagf k"j{lgwf{l/t 9fFrf h'g;'s} lsl;dsf x'g;Sb5g\ .

s_ k"j{lgwf{l/t 9fFrfadf]lhdsf cGtjf{tf{x¿df k|ZgfjnLsf x/]s k|Zgx¿ klxn] g} lgwf{l/t ul/Psf / pQ/x¿ klg ;Lldt
dfqfdf dfq cfpg;Sg] u/L agfOPsf x''G5g\ . cyf{t o; k|sf/sf] cGtjf{tf{df k|ZgfjnLx¿ ;+VofTds cg';Gwfgdf k|of]u ug]{
e}m agfOPsf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu M

12
k|ZgM tkfO{sf] uf=lj=;=df pknAw :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/nfO{ tkfO{ s;/L d"Nofs+g ug'{x'G5 <
!= clQ pQd
@= pQd
#= 7Ls}
$= g/fd|f]
d"ntM leGgtf eg]sf] u'0ffTds cfFs8f jf ;+VofTds cfFs8f ;+sng ug{' dfq xf] .

v_ cw{–k"j{lgwf{l/t 9fFrfadf]lhdsf cGtjf{tf{x¿df cg';Gwfgstf{n] rfx]adf]lhdsf laifox¿df k|ZgfjnLdf v'nf k|Zgx¿

;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 . v'nf k|Zgx¿ cg';Gwfgsf] laifo;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 / o;n] ubf{ cGtjf{tf{stf{ / pQ/bftfnfO{ ;DalGwt
laifodf a9L lj:t[t?kdf 5nkmn ug{ ldNg] x'G5 . cyf{t cGtjf{tf{stf{nfO{ pQ/bftfn] lbPsf pQ/x¿df a9L vf]tNg] df}sf
x'G5 eg] cGo yk k|Zgx¿ pQ/bftfn] lbPsf] pQ/sf] cfwf/df ;f]Wg] :jtGqtf x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu M
k|Zgstf{ M tkfO{sf] ;d'bfosf ue{jtL dlxnfx¿n] tkfO{sf] uf=lj=;=df /x]sf] :jf:Yo ;+:yfaf6 cfjZos :jf:Yo ;]jf lng
kfPsf 5g\÷5}gg\ <
pQ/bftf M cjZo klg Û w]/} ue{jtL dlxnfx¿n] :jf:Yo ;+:yfaf6 ;]jf kfO/x]sf 5g\ .
k|Zgstf{ M s] s:tf ;]jfx¿ kfO/x]sf 5g\ t <
s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefuaf6 ;+rfng u/]sf] g]kfn ax'p2]ZoLo ;"rsf+Í cfof]hgfcGtu{t kfFrf} r/0fdf æuef{j:yf, ;'Ts]/L tyf
;fIf/tfÆ ;DaGwL /fli6«o:t/sf] ;j]{If0f ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;j]{If0fdf ;+VofTds tYofÍ ;+sng ug{'sf cnfjf u'0ffTds
tYofÍx¿ klg ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . u'0ffTds tYofÍx¿ ;d'bfosf nAwk|ltli7t JolQmx¿ tyf ;+3÷;+:yf;+u 5nkmn u/L
cw{–k"j{lgwf{l/t 9fFrfadf]lhdsf cGtjf{tf{x¿dfk{mt ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . To:t} x/]s ;d'bfox¿df nlIft ;d"x;+u 5nkmn
u/L lj:t[t ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] .

u_ lagf k"j{lgwf{l/t 9fFrfsf cGtjf{tf{x¿df k|Zgx¿ k"j{lgwf{l/t 9fFrfdf x'Fb}g . o;df cGtjf{tf{stf{n] pQ/bftf;dIf ;Lldt
dfqfsf laifox¿ -slxn]sfFxL ! jf @ laifox¿_ lnO{ cGtjf{tf{ lng] ub{5 / yk k|Zgx¿ pQ/bftfn] klxn] lbPsf pQ/x¿;Fu
;DalGwt x'G5g\ . o;vfn] cGtjf{tf{df ;Lldt laifox¿df dfq 5nkmn x'g] u/]tfklg tL laifox¿df lj:t[t?kdf 5nkmn e}
a9LeGbf a9L ljj/0fx¿ pknAw x'g] ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu M
æuef{j:yfdf ue{jtL dlxnfx¿sf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0fÆ laifodf lagf k"j{lgwf{l/t 9fFrfsf cGtjf{tf{x¿ lng ;lsG5 . o;df
cGtjf{tf{stf{n] pQ/bftf;dIf klxnf] k|Zg æue{jtL cj:yfdf dlxnfx¿sf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0faf/] tkfO{sf] s] larf/ 5 <Æ eGg]af6
z'? ug{ ;Sb5 . jfFsL k|Zgx¿ pQ/bftfn] lbPsf] pQ/sf] cfwf/df ;f]Wb} hfg] x'G5 .

u'0ffTds cGtjf{tf k"0f{?kdf cgf}krfl/s tl/sfaf6 ;+rfng x'g'kb{5 . pQ/bftfnfO{ k|Zgf]pQ/df efu lnO/x]sf] geO{ 5nkmndf
;xefuL e}/x]sf] cg'e"lt x'g'kb{5 . o;sf] ;kmntf ;fjwfgLk"j{s tof/ ul/Psf] of]hgf tyf cGtjf{tf{stf{sf] cGtjf{tf{ ;+rfng
ug]{ v'aLdf lge{/ ub{5 .

%=@ nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn

w]/} JolQmx¿;Fu k6s k6s cGtjf{tf{ ul//xg'eGbf slxn]sfFxL nlIft ;d"xaf6 laj/0f ;+sng ug{' pko'Qm x'G5 . of] ljlw
JolQmlkR5] cGtjf{tf{ ug{ ;Dej gePsf] a]nf jf s'g} ljz]if vfnsf ljj/0fx¿ ;+sng ug{'kg]{ cj:yfdf a9L k|of]u x'g]ub{5 .
uPsf s]xL bzsb]lv ahf/÷Jofkf/ cg';Gwfg tyf ;dfhzf:qLx¿n] ;fdflhs ls|ofsnfkx¿sf] cWoog ug{ o; ljlwnfO{ klg
k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljz]ift M tn plNnlvt cj:yfx¿df ;d"x 5nkmn ug{' pko'Qm x'G5 M–

ƒ ;Lldt ;|f]tsf sf/0fn] 7"nf] kl/df0fdf cGtjf{tf{ ug{ g;Sg] ePdf .

ƒ ;d'bfosf w]/} JolQmx¿sf] ljrf/ JoQm ug{;Sg] vfnsf s]xL JolQmx¿ rog ug{;Sg] ePdf .
ƒ s'g} klg laifodf ;d"xdf a9LeGbf a9L 5nkmn u/fO{ lj:t[t ljj/0f ;+sng ug{'k/]df .

13
nlIft ;d"x 5nkmndf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx¿

!= ;fdfGotof ;d"xdf /xg] AolQmx¿sf] ;+Vof ^–!) ;Dd plrt x'G5 . of]eGbf ;fgf] ;d"x ePdf ;+sng ul/Psf
ljj/0fx¿sf] u'0f:t/ sd x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 eg] ;d"xsf] cfsf/ 7"nf] ePdf ;a}nfO{ ;xefuL u/fO{ 5nkmn u/fpg ufx|f]
x'G5 .

@= ;d"xdf ;xefuL x'g] JolQmx¿ cg';Gwfgsf] laifo;Fu ;DalGwt tyf ;xefuLx¿aLr Ps lsl;dsf] Ps?ktf ePsf]
x'g'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu M ue{jtL cj:yfdf :ofxf/ ;';f/;DaGwL laifos 5nkmndf ;xefuLx¿ % jif{d'lgsf afnaRrf
ePsf cfdfx¿sf] ;d"x x'g;Sb5 . ;xefuLx¿ Ps cfk;df lrgfhfgL ePsf] jf gePsf] x'g;S5 .
#= nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn u/fpg] cGtjf{tf{stf{{ tyf ;xhstf{{df ;d"x 5nkmn ;+rfng u/fpg] /fd|f] u'0f ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
;xefuLx¿ sf]xL a9L af]Ng] / sf]xL af]Nb} gaf]Ng] vfnsf x'g;S5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf gaf]Ng] ;xefuLnfO{ af]Ngsf] nflu
k|f]T;fxg ug{'kg]{ x'G5 eg] a9L af]Ng] ;xefuLnfO{ lrQ a'emfO{ c?nfO{ klg af]Ng] df}sf lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'kg]{ x'G5 .
;d"xdf ;xefuL x'g] JolQmx¿nfO{ zfGt 7fpFdf k|foM uf]nfsf/?kdf a;fpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 tf ls ;a}n] ;a}nfO{
k|ToIf?kdf /fd|/L b]Vg / ;'Gg ;s'g\ .

JolQmut jf nlIft ;d"x cGtjf{tf{ pko'Qm x'g] cj:yfx¿

JolQmut cGtjf{tf{ pko'Qm x'g] cj:yfx? M

ƒ pRr kb:y JolQmx?
ƒ k|lt:kwf{df plePsf k]zfljb tyf Joa;foLx?
ƒ ;+j]bgzLn laifox? h'g pQ/bftfn] c?;Fu 5nkmn ug{ grfx]sf] cj:yfdf

nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn pko'Qm x'g] cj:yfx? M

ƒ Ps csf{;Fu ;lhn} 3'nldn ug{;Sg] pQ/bftfx? h:t} M cfdf ;d"x, cjsfz k|fKt sd{rf/Lx? cflb
ƒ gofF ;f]rsf] lgdf{0f ug{
ƒ ;d"x 5nkmnaf6 kmfObf x'g] laifox?df
ƒ ;+j]bgzLn laifox? h'g pQ/bftfn] cfkm" h:t} JolQmx?sf] ;d"xdf 5nkmn ubf{ a9L ;lhnf] dfGg] ePdf

%=# cjnf]sg ljlw

u'0ffTds tYofÍ ;+sng ljlw ;a}df k|ToIf?kdf JolQmx¿;Fu 5nkmn g} x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g . cGo s'g} lalw4f/f laj/0f ;+sng
ug{ ;fGble{s gePsf] a]nf jf ?h' ug{ sl7g cj:yfdf o; lalwsf] k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu h'n'; jf la/f]w ;efdf
cfof]hsx¿n] klxn] eg]adf]lhdsf sfo{qmdcg';f/ sfo{ eP gePsf] .

s'g} s'g} cg';Gwfgdf JolQmx¿sf] cjnf]sgeGbf klg ToxfFsf] jftfj/0fsf] cjnf]sg dxTjk"0f{ x'g;Sb5 . o;af6 cg';Gwfg
ePsf] 7fpFsf] dxTjk"0f{ k[i7e"ldsf ;"rgfx¿ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . h:tf] ls M :jf:Yo rf}sL jf ljBfno /x]sf] 7fpF, pknAw
ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf j:t'x¿ cflb . cjnf]sg ljlw4f/f ;+sng ul/g] ljj/0fx¿ lgDgk|sf/sf 5g\ –
ƒ cjnf]sg ul/Psf laifox¿sf] lnlvt?kdf JofVof u/L
ƒ cl8of] tyf lel8of] /]sl8{ª u/L
ƒ kmf]6f] tyf lrqsnfdfk{mt

^= u'0ffTds cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt ljj/0fx¿sf] ljZn]if0f k|ls|of

cg';Gwfgsf] nflu ;+sng ul/Psf cfFs8fx¿ ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|ls|ofcGtu{t d'VotM ;+sng ul/Psf ljj/0fx¿ ;f/f+zdf lgsfnL
dxTjk"0f{ glthfx¿sf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug]{ xf] . ;+VofTds cg';Gwfgsf] ljZn]if0fdf cfa[lQ, tflnsLs/0f tyf glthfx¿sf]
Significance Test cflb kb{5g\ . ;+VofTds cg';Gwfgdf h:t} u'0ffTds cg';Gwfgdf klg s]xL cfFs8fx¿ x'G5g\ h'g dfkg ug{
;lsG5 . t/ w]/}h;f] cj:yfdf cfFs8fx¿ ls|ofsnfksf] JofVof ug]{ vfnsf ljj/0fx¿ x'G5g\ .
14
;fwf/0ftof ;+VofTds / u'0ffTds tYofÍx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|ls|of Pp6} xf] . ;a}eGbf klxn] pQ/x¿sf] sf]l8Ë ug]{ ul/G5 .
h;n] ubf{ ljleGg pQ/x¿sf aLrdf ePsf Ps?ktf tyf leGgtfx¿af/] hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5 . u'0ffTds cWoogdf ;+sng
ul/Psf ljj/0fx¿ k6s k6s tyf lj:t[t?kdf cWoog u/L To;df ePsf leGgf leGg} pQ/x¿sf] klxrfg u/L sf]l8Ë ug]{
Joj:yf ug{'k5{ . o;f] ubf{ ;a} 7fpFaf6 k|fKt ljj/0fx¿ Ps} ynf]df /fvL cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 eg] Ps 7fpFdf ;+sng ul/Psf]
ljj/0f csf]{ 7fpFsf] ljj/0f;Fu t'ngf ug{;Sg] x'G5 . o;/L sf]l8Ë ug]{ k|ls|ofnfO{ Content Analysis elgG5 . cyf{t Content
Analysis eGgfn] u'0ffTds ljj/0fx¿ ;f/f+zdf k|:t't ug]{ tyf tflnsLs/0f ug{sf] nflu sf]l8Ë tyf juL{s/0f ug]{ ;du|
k|ls|ofnfO{ a'emfpF5 .

&= pk;+xf/
o; n]vsf] d'Vo p2]Zo kf7sx¿nfO{ u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg;DaGwL ;fwf/0f hfgsf/L u/fpg' xf] . o;sf] cWoogaf6 kf7sx¿n]
u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg k4ltsf] ljz]iftfx¿ nufot o;sf] tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ ljlw / ljZn]if0f k|ls|ofaf/] ;fwf/0f hfgsf/L k|fKt
ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . of] n]v u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg ug{ rfxg]nfO{ k|j]z ljGb'sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . t/ o;af/] cem lj:t[t ?kdf
a'em\gsf] nflu eg] yk cWoog ug{ h?/L x'G5 .

15
 #M ;j]{If0f of]hgf tyf Joj:yfkg

/lj k|;fb sfo:y∗

!= e"ldsf
jf:tjdf ljsf; of]hgf th'{df Pj+ sfof{Gjogsf] nflu w]/} k|sf/sf tYofÍx? cfjZos x'G5 . hlt a9L k|sf/sf] /
Jofks:t/;Ddsf] tYofÍ pknJw eof] plt ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] k|ult ;sf/fTds tyf pknlJwd"ns x'g d2t k'U5 . o;sf]
;fy} tYofÍx? ;do ;fGble{s Pj+ lg/Gt/ cfk"lt{ x'g] vfnsf] x'g' cfjZos 5 . tYofÍsf] cfk"lt{sf] dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]tx? cfjlws
u0fgf (Periodic Census) tyf ;j]{If0f (Survey) tyf k|zf;lgs clen]v x'g\ . oL ;|f]tx? ;j}sf cf–cfk\mg} ;Ldfx? /x]sf
ePtfklg ;j]{If0f g} k|of]ustf{x?sf] cfjZostfcg';f/sf] tYofÍ cfk"lt{ ug{;Sg] e/kbf]{ ;|f]t xf] . o;}n] of] tYofÍ cfk"lt{sf]
nflu Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] . ;j]{If0f ;+rfngaf6 k|fKt x'g] tYofÍsf] u'0f:t/ Pj+ ljZj;gLotf d'Votof ;j]{If0f Joj:yfkgdf
cfwfl/t ePsf] x'G5 . ;j]{If0f ;+rfng;+u cfj4 w]/} ls|ofsnfkx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

g]kfndf ;j]{If0fsf] Oltxf; w]/} k'/fgf] b]lv+b}g . lj=;+= @))) ;fnb]lv dfq o;sf] z'?jft ePsf] kfOG5 . To; jif{df tTsfnLg
k"j{ ! g+= sf] l;Gw'kfNrf]s -xfnsf] sfe|]knf~rf]s ;d]t_ df Ps cf}Bf]lus ;j]{If0f ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . ;/bf/ >L eLd
axfb'/ kf08]n] To;avtsf] g]kfn gfds cfk\mgf] k':tsdf pNn]v u/] cg';f/ Tof] g} g]kfnsf] klxnf] :ofDkn ;j]{If0f lyof]
-jf:tf]nf, t'Í -@)^!_ . pQm ;j]{If0fsf] nflu O08li6«on ;j]{ / sf]–ck/]l6e ;f];fO6L gfds c8\8fx?af6 k|ZgfjnL tof/
ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm k|ZgfjnL g]kfn sk8f 3/]n' Ond af]8{af6 :jLs[t ul/Psf] lyof] .

g]kfndf tYofÍ P]g, @)!% af6 kl/nlIft s]Gb|Ls[t tYofÍ k|0ffnL ePtfklg xfn Jojxfl/s?kdf b]zleq ljs]lGb|t k|0ffnLcg'?k
tYofÍsf sfo{x? ;+rfng eO{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . o;}n] ljleGg lgsfox?n] ;do ;dodf ljleGg k|sf/sf ;j]{If0fx? ;+rfng ub}{
cfO/x]sf 5g\ . o:t} u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?, cGt/f{li6«o ;+3;+:yfx? tyf lghL If]qaf6 klg ljleGg p2]Zosf nflu ;j]{If0f ;+rfng
x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . oxL s|ddf /fli6«o:t/df ;"rsx? k|fKt x'gu] /L tYofÍ ;+sngsf] lhDd]jf/L;lxt :yflkt s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun]
klg ljleGg laifodf lgoldt Pj+ k6s] ;j]{If0fx? ;+rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .

@= u0fgf tyf ;j]{If0f

u0fgf (Census) Ps a[xt\ tYofÍLo sfo{ xf] . o;df b]zsf] ef}uf]lns ;Ldfleqsf cWoog;+u ;DalGwt ;a}sf] ljj/0f ;+sng
u/L tYofÍ lgsflnPsf] x'G5 / of] lglZrt ;do ;Ldfleq ;+sng sfo{ k"/f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ctM o;df w]/} 7"nf] kl/df0fdf
dfgjLo ;+;fwg kl/rfng ePsf] x'G5 . o;sf] ;fy} cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwg klg a9L g} kl/rfng ePsf] x'G5 . oxL sf/0fn] ubf{
u0fgf h:tf] a[xt\ tYofÍLo sfo{sf] ;+rfng lglZrt ;dosf] cGt/fndf dfq ug]{ ul/G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu g]kfndf hgu0fgf
tyf s[lif u0fgf k|To]s !) jif{df dfq ul/G5 . o:t} xfd|f] b]zdf cf}Bf]lus u0fgf k|To]s kfFr aif{df ug]{ rng 5 . o;/L u0fgf
lglZrt ;dofjlwd} w]/} hgzlQmsf] pkof]u u/L ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ x'gfn] o;df w]/} k|Zgx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'b}g . cyf{t s'g}
laifodf uxg cWoogsf] nflu cfjZos tYofÍ ;+sng ug{ w]/} k|Zgx? ;dfj]z ug{' pko'Qm x'b}g . u0fgf lgwf{l/t ef}uf]lns
;Ldfleq ;Dk"0f{af6 ljj/0f ;+sng ug{] x'gfn] o;af6 k|fKt tYofÍ :yfgLo:t/df cyf{t k|zf;lgs If]qsf] tNnf] OsfO;Ddsf]
klg pknAw x'g;Sb5 . h:tf]M hgu0fgfdf ;+slnt tYofÍ g]kfnsf] ;aeGbf ;fgf] k|zf;lgs OsfO j8f tx;Dd klg pknAw
x'G5 .

csf]{tk{m ;j]{If0f eg]sf] s'g} lglZrt laifodf cWoog ug{ tYofÍLo ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ k|ls|of xf] . of]
5gf}6ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L jf gu/L s'g} OsfO jf ;d"xsf nIf0fx?af/] tYofÍ ;+sng u/L ug]{ cg';Gwfg sfo{ xf] -jf:tf]nf_ .
;j]{If0fdf t'ngfTds?kdf sd dfq hgzlQm pkof]u x'g] x'gfn] :t/Lo k|lzIf0f Pj+ Joj:yfkgaf6 If]qLo sfo{df v6fpg] ul/G5.
o;}n] ;j]{If0faf6 s'g} laifodf uxg cWoogsf nflu a9L tyf hl6n k|Zgx?af6 a9L ljj/0f ;+sng ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 .
;j]{If0faf6 ;+slnt tYofÍsf] u'0ffTds :t/ t'ngfTds?kdf a9L ePsf] x'g ;Qm5 . t/ ;j]{If0f 5gf}6ljlwdf cfwfl/t ePsf]

∗
lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu . -xfn ko{6g tyf gful/s p•og d+qfnodf sfo{/t_
16
x'gfn] u0fgfn] h:tf] :yfgLo k|zf;lgs If]qsf] tNnf] OsfO;Ddsf] tYofÍ pknJw u/fpg ;ls+b}g . ;j]{If0fsf] ljlw, ;+sng x'g]
tYofÍsf] OsfO cflb s'/fx? ;+sng x'g] tYofÍ jf cWoogsf] p2]Zon] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] x'G5 .

#= ;j]{If0fsf k|sf/x?
;j]{If0f s:tf] k|sf/n] ;+rfng ug]{ cyf{t slt r/0fdf k"/f ug{], s'g ljlwn] ;+rfng ug]{ h:tf laifo nufot tYofÍ s'g
ef}uf]lns OsfO;Ddsf] ;+sng Pj+ k|sfzg ug]{ eGg] laifosf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ nfut xf] . w]/} ;fgf] ef}uf]lns
OsfO;Ddsf] tYofÍ k|fKt x'g]u/L ;j{]If0f ug]{ xf] eg] ;f]xL k|sf/n] 5gf}6ljlwsf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 h'g w]/} a9L nfut kg{ hfG5.
o:t} s'g} s'g} laifosf] ;j]{If0fsf] ljlw jf tl/sf cGo laifosf] eGbf a9L ljsl;t Pj+ k|efasf/L ePsf] x'G5 .

b]zsf] cfjZostfcg';f/ pknJw ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cfwf/df ;j]{If0fsf] laifoj:t' osLg eO;s]kl5 tYofÍ ;+sngsf] nflu s:tf]
ljlw ckgfO{ ;j]{If0f ;+rfng ug{] eGg] osLg ug'k{ b{5 . laifoj:t' / p2]Zocg'?k ;j{]If0fsf k|sf/x? km/s km/s x'g;Sb5g\ .
s]xL k|d'v k|sf/sf ;j]{If0fx? o;k|sf/ 5g M

#=! lg/Gt/ / tby{ ;j]{If0f (Continuing and Ad hoc Survey)

slxn]sfFxL s'g} laifo÷If]qsf] tYofÍ t'/Gt pknAw x'g]u/L ;f]xL p2]Zosf] laifoj:t' ;+ufn]/ ;j]{If0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . o:tf]nfO{
tby{ jf k6s] ;j]{If0f elgG5 . tTsfn cfjZostf k"lt{ ug]{u/L s'g} laifodf o:tf ;j]{If0f ;+rfng ul/Psf] x'g;Qm5 / o:tf]
;j]{If0fn] klxn] ul/Psf ;j]{If0fx?;+u s'g} ;DaGw /fv]sf] x'b}g . g]kfndf o;k|sf/sf] ;j]{If0fsf] pbfx/0fdf s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ
ljefuaf6 ;+rfng ePsf] zx/L hg;+Vof ;j]{If0f, !((^, jL/u+h gu/ If]qsf] hg;+Vof ;j]{If0f cflb x'g\ . csf]{tkm{ s'g} If]q jf
laifodf lg/Gt/ tYofÍ cfk"lt{ x'g]u/L lgoldt ;j]{If0f ul/G5 . lglZrt ;dofjlwsf] cGt/fndf Pp6} laifodf Pp6} kl/lw /
kl/efiffdf cfwfl/t eP/ ;+rflnt ;j]{If0fnfO{ lg/Gt/ ;j]{If0f elgG5 . o;af6 ;+slnt tYofÍ Time Series ljZn]if0fdf
pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 .
#=@ ax'laifos ;j]{If0f (Multi-subject Survey)
Pp6} ;j]{If0fn] w]/} laifoj:t'nfO{ ;+ufn]/ tYofÍ ;+sng sfo{ ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;df ;dfj]z s]xL laifox? 5gf}6df k/]sf ;a};+u
ljj/0f ;+sng ul/G5 eg] cGo s'g} laifodf s]xL kl/jf/ jf JolQm;+u dfq ljj/0f ;+sng ug]{ u/L pk–5gf}6 -Sub-sample_
u/L ;j]{If0f ;+rfng ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] nflu g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o;k|sf/sf] ;j{]If0fdf
t'ngfTds lx;fjn] s]xL nfut sd x'G5 . laifocg';f/ 5'6\6f 5'6\6} ;j]{If0f ubf{ w]/} vr{ / ;do nfUg] x'G5 . o;k|sf/sf]
ax'laifo ;+ufn]/ u/]sf] ;j]{If0fdf ;|]ft ;fwg nufot If]qLo sfo{ w]/} s'zntfk"j{s kl/rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf ;j]{If0fx?af6
k|fKt tYofÍx?sf] uxg cWoog ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . k|fKt tYofÍnfO{ ;j{]If0fdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf ljleGg laifox?;+u Cross
Classify u/L x]g{ ;lsG5 . t/ o:tf] ;j{]If0fx?sf] sdhf]/L g} pQ/bftf;+u w]/} ;do nufO{ ljj/0f lng'kg]{ ePsf]n] sl7g
x'g'sf] ;fy} ljj/0fsf] u'0ffTdstfsf] kIfdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . o:t} csf]{ sdhf]/ kIf s'g} laifoj:t' cWoog ;j{]If0fsf]
nflu ljz]if k|sf/n] 5gf}6ljlw -Sample Design_ tof/ ug{'kg]{ klg x'g ;Qm5 . o:tf] ax'laifo ;j]{If0fsf] nut k|zf]wg sfo{
klg t'ngfTds?kdf sl7g x'G5 .
#=# ljz]if ;j]{If0f (Specialized Survey)
tTsfn s'g} laifodf hfgsf/L lng cfjZos Pp6} laifoj:t'df s]lGb|t eO{ ljz]if k|sf/sf] ;j{]If0f ;+rfng ug]{ ul/G5 .
tf]lsPsf] laifo;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0fx? o:tf ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] ;j]{If0f ljz]ifu/L :jf:Yo If]qdf ul/Psf]
x'G5 h:tf] M kf}li6s cfxf/ ;DaGwL ;j]{If0f, w'd|kfg laifosf] ;j]{If0f cflb . o:tf ljz]if ;j]{If0fx? ;+rfngsf nflu ljlzi6 1fg
ePsf hgzlQm cfjZos x'G5 h:tf]M :jf:Yo ;DaGwL ;j]{If0fdf :jf:Yo ;xfos, g;{ h:tf o;} If]q;+u cfj4 hgzlQm .
#=$ ax'r/0f ;j]{If0f (Multi-phase Survey)

s'g} laifodf hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ r/0fa4?kdf ;j]{If0f ul/g'kg]{ x'G5 . o;df klxnf] r/0fdf ;DkGg ePs} laifo;+u ;Dj4 /x]/
csf]{r/0fsf] ;j{]If0f ug]{ ul/Psf] xG5 . o;sf pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefuaf6 ;+rfng ePsf hg;+Vof ;DaGwL
;j]{If0fx?nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o:tf ;j]{If0fx?df k|yd r/0fdf ;j]{If0f ul/Psf] ljj/0fsf cfwf/df 5gf}6ljlwaf6 csf]{ r/0fsf]
17
;j{]If0fdf ljj/0f ;+sng ug]{ ul/Psf] x'G5 . hg;+Vof ;j]{If0fsf] klxnf] r/0fdf 5gf}6df k/]sf If]qleqsf ;j} 3/ kl/jf/x?sf]
;"rLs/0f ug]{ ul/G5 / o;sf] cfwf/df kl/jf/ 5gf}6 u/L hg;+Vofsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f bf];|f] r/0f jf cGo r/0fdf ;+sng ug]{
ul/G5 .
#=% Kofgn ;j]{If0f (Panel Survey)
s'g} klg laifodf ePsf] kl/jt{g cWoog ug{ Pp6} 5gf}6 OsfO -Sample Unit_ df r/0fa4?kdf ;j]{If0f ug{] sfo{nfO{ g}
Panel Survey eg] ul/G5 . o;df klxnf] r/0fdf ;+sng ul/Ps} ljj/0fx? g} bf];|f] r/0fdf klg ;f]xL kl/jf/ jf If]qdf k'gM
;+sng ug]{ ul/G5 . o;af6 ;DalGwt If]qdf pQm b'O{ r/0faLrdf s] s:tf] kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 eGg] :ki6 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .
o;/L bf];|f] jf t];|f] r/0fsf] ;j]{If0f ubf{ klxnf] r/0fdf ;+sng ul/Psf ljj/0fsf] ;fy} s]xL gofF ljj/0f klg ;+sng ug{
;lsG5 . o;sf] pbfx/0fdf g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f bf];|f]nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o;df g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f klxnf]df 5flgPsf
3/kl/jf/af6 klg ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] .

$= ;j]{If0fsf ls|ofsnfk tyf ljleGg r/0fx?

;j]{If0f ;kmn ;+rfngsf] nflu Joj:yfkg kIf Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . s'g} klg ;j]{If0fdf ljleGg r/0fsf sfo{x? ;dfj]z ePsf
x'G5g\ . ;j]{If0fsf ;a} sfo{x? Pskl5 csf]{ s|da4?kdf ;+rfng ub}{ hfg'kb{5 . tL sfo{x? nIocg'?k lgwf{l/t ;dod} x'g;Sg]
jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf u/L ;+rfng ug'{ g} ;kmn ;j]{If0f Joj:yfkg xf] . ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt glthfsf] u'0f:t/ tL ljleGg r/0fsf
;a} sfo{x? nIocg'?k x'g;s] dfq sfod x'g;Qm5 / o;sf] nflu Joj:yfkg kIf lgs} ;jn x'g' clt h?/L 5 .

;j]{If0fsf d'Vo d'Vo sfo{x?sf] k|jfx lrqsf] gd"gf cg';"rL ! df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdfGotofM tL ;a} sfo{x?nfO{ ;do /
sfo{ k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df d'Vo tLg v08df ljefhg u/L x]g{ ;lsG5 . tL tLg v08x? o;k|sf/ 5g\M
s= tof/L sfo{
v= If]qLo sfo{, /
u= nut k|zf]wg tyf k|sfzg

s= tof/L sfo{
o; v08df ;j]{If0fsf laifoj:t' lgwf{/0f nufot If]qLo sfo{ ;+rfng tyf nut k|zf]wg ;d]tsf] tof/L sfo{ ;dfj]z x'G5 .
;kmn ;j]{If0f ;+rfngsf] nflu cfjZos d'Vo tof/L sfo{x? o;k|sf/ 5g\M

sfo{of]hgf tyf ;+u7g M h'g;'s} laifoj:t'sf] nflu x'g] ;e]{If0f ;+rfngsf] nflu ug'{kg]{ cfjZos sfdx?sf] ;"rL agfpg' clt
h?/L x'G5 / sfo{;"rL tof/ eO;s]kl5 To;sf] sfof{Gjog ;dotflnsf agfpg' cfjZos 5 . of] ;dotflnsfdf ;j]{If0fsf
tof/L sfo{x? nufot If]qLo sfo{;"rL Pj+ nut k|zf]wg tyf glthf ljZn]if0f / k|sfzgsf] ;d]t sfo{;"rL ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{
x'G5 . ;dotflnsfsf] gd"gf cg';"rL @ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L ;dotflnsfsf] tof/LkZrft ;f]cg';f/ sfo{ ;+rfng ug{
cfjZos rfFhf]kfFhf] ldnfpg' g} ;j]{If0f Joj:yfkg xf] . pQm ;dotflnsf cg';f/ ;j{k|yd cfjZostfcg';f/
;Nnfxsf/÷;xof]u ;ldltx? u7g u/L ;j]{If0fsf] k|fljlws Pj+ Joj:yfkg kIfsf] sfof{Gjg ;kmntfsf] nflu lgoldt?kdf
;Nnfx÷;'emfj k|fKt x'g] Joj:yf ug{'kb{5 . o:t} ;e]{If0fdf ;dfj]z ul/g] laifoj:t', tYofÍsf] dxTj / pkof]lutf;DaGwL
hfgsf/L lng tYofÍ k|of]ustf{x?;Fu k/fdz{ lng' cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf] nflu ljleGg k|ls|of h:tf]M sfo{zfnf uf]i7L, ;Dd]ng
cflbsf] cfof]hgfnfO{ pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

sfo{of]hgf tyf ;+u7gcGtu{t k|zf;lgs tof/L sfo{x? klg kb{5g\ h:tf]M ljQLo ;fwg, hg;fwg, sfg"gL k|ls|of, cflb .
;e]{If0fsf] nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx? tof/ ug{ If]qLo sfo{ ;+rfng ug{ rflxg] ljQLo ;fwgsf] cg'dfg ug'{sf] ;fy} To;sf] ;|f]t
klg Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . o;sf] ;fy} ;j]{If0fsf ljleGg r/0fsf sfo{x? ;DkGg ug{ cfjZos hgzlQmsf] cg'dfg u/L ltgLx?sf]
cfk"lt{ Joj:yfaf/] vfsf tof/ ug'{kb{5 . o;cg';f/ tof/Lsf nflu rflxg] hgzlQm / sfo{af]em cg'dfg u/L sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf
ug{'kb{5 . o:t} If]qLo sfo{df s'g tx jf of]Uotf ePsf sd{rf/L cfjZos x'g] / sxfFaf6 k"lt{ ug]{ eGg]af/] k|zf;lgs sfo{ x'g'
h?/L 5 . csf]{tkm{ If]qLo sfo{sf] Joj:yfkg ubf{ To;sf] u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f k|ls|of klg :ki6?kdf tof/L ePs} x'g'kb{5 cyf{t
s]Gb| / If]qaLrsf] ;DaGw, ;'kl/j]Ifs / u0fssf] bfloTj Pj+ ;'kl/j]If0f tl/sf, ;j]{If0f k|ult ljj/0f cflb h:tf k|zf;lgs
18
laifodf klg :ki6 vfsf tof/L ug'{kb{5 . sfo{of]hgfcGtu{t ;j]{If0fsf] glthf s'g vfsfdf k|fKt ug]{, s;/L ljZn]if0f ug]{,
pkof]ustf{;dIf s;/L k'¥ofpg], cflbaf/] klg :ki6 x'g' clt h?/L 5 .

tflnsf k|sfzg of]hgfM ;j]{If0f ;+rfngsf] p2]Zocg'?k s:tf] k|sf/sf] tflnsf k|sfzg ug]{ xf] To;sf] osLg u/L tflnsf
k|sfzg of]hgf agfpg' cfjZos x'G5 . o;} of]hgfcg';f/ k|ZgfjnLdf ;dfj]z ug]{ laifoj:t' Pj+ k|Zgsf] 9fFrf tof/ ug'{kg]{
x'G5 . ;fy} ;j]{If0fsf] ljlw klg o;}n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] x'G5 . o; of]hgfaf6 nut k|zf]wgsf laifo nufot ljZn]if0f tyf glthf
k|sfzgsf] laifo cyf{t s'g s'g tflnsf ;dfj]z ug]{ eg] lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . of] sfo{ k|ZgfjnL lgdf{0f ;+u;+u}
;dGjofTds?kdf cufl8 a9fpg'kb{5 .

ljlw lgwf{/0fM tYofÍsf] cfjZostfcg'?k ;j]{If0fsf] tl/sf Pj+ 5gf}6 ljlw lgwf{/0f x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu
;j]{If0fsf] glthfaf6 k|fKt tYofÍ s'g PsfO;Dd k|fKt ug{] eGg] s'/f cg';f/ g} 5gf}6ljlw -Sample Design_ tof/ x'g h?/L
x'G5 . o;}n] ;j]{If0f Joj:yfkgcGtu{t tof/L sfo{df tYofÍ k|of]ustf{x?sf] dfunfO{ uxg ljZn]if0f u/L ;j]{If0f ljlw tyf
5gf}6ljlw lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 . o;/L ljlwsf] lgwf{/0f eO;s]kl5 ;j]{If0fdf ;dfj]z x'g] laifoj:t'sf] rog u/L :ofDklnË k|]md
tof/ u/L 5gf}6 k|ls|of to ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

;fdu|Lsf] tof/L tyf Joj:yfkgM ;j]{If0fsf] If]qLo sfo{ ;+rfng u/L tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ d'Vo ;fwg g} k|ZgfjnL xf] . ;j{k|ydtM
nlIft pt/bfQf;+u s] s] laifosf k|Zgx? ;f]wL tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ eGg] 6'Ëf] nufpg' h?/L 5 cyf{t k|ZgfjnLdf ;dfj]z x'g]
laifoj:t' lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 / o;sf] olsg ug{ ;DalGwt laifoj:t'sf 1ftfx?;+u 5nkmn ug'{sf] ;fy} k|ZgfjnLsf] k/LIf0f x'g'
clt h?/L 5 . o;/L k|ZgfjnLsf laifoj:t' tyf vfsf tof/ u/L o;;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf agfO{ ;DalGwt laifoj:t'sf] kl/efiff
:ki6 efiffdf ;a}n] a'emg]u/L pbfx/0f;lxt ljZn]if0f u/L pNn]v ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . k|ZgfjnL tof/ ubf{ ;j]{If0fsf] glthfsf]
nflu tof/ ul/Psf tflnsf of]hgfnfO{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L k|ZgfjnL tof/ ePkZrft o;sf] k"j{k/LIf0f clt cfjZos
x'G5 . k|ZgfjnL tyf o;;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf tof/ x'gsf] ;fy} ;j]{If0fsf] ;kmn ;+rfngsf] nflu cfjZos cGo ;fdu|Lx? h:t}M
If]qLo sfo{ ;+rfng lgb]{lzsf, If]qLo hgzlQm lgb]{lzsf, k|rf/ k|;f/ ;fdu|Lx? cflb klg ;dod} tof/ ug'{kb{5 . oL
;fdu|Lx?sf] tof/L ubf{ If]qLo k/LIf0f -Field Test_ klg clt cfjZos x'G5 .

sf6f]{u|fkmL sfo{M ;fdu|Lx?sf] tof/Lsf] ;Gbe{df ;j]{If0fsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf 5flgPsf u0fgf If]q (Primary Sampling Unit -
PSU) sf] gS;fÍg sfo{ xf] . u0fgf ubf{ nlIft If]qsf] osLg u/L If]qLo sfo{ ;+rfng ;/n ug{sf] ;fy} nlIft pQ/bftf g5'6\g]
/ gbf]xf]l/g] agfpg u0fgf If]qsf] gS;f Hofb} cfjZos x'G5 . To;}n] ;e]{If0f ;fdu|Lx?sf] tof/L sfo{df pknAw gS;fx?
cBfjlws ug]{, u0fgf If]qsf] gS;fx? tof/L ug]{ tyf tof/ ul/Psf gS;fx?sf] k/LIf0f / pTkfbg sfo{x? klg ;dfj]z x'g'kb{5.

nut k|zf]wg tof/L sfo{M of] klg ;j]{If0fsf] tof/Lsf] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . ;j]{If0fsf] If]qLo sfo{ k"/f ePkl5 k|fKt nutx?sf]
k|zf]wg of]hgf klxn] g} to eO;s]sf] x'g'kb{5 . If]qLo sfo{ z'? x'g'cufj} nut k|zf]wgsf] nflu pko'Qm k|ljlw jf ;k\m6jo]]/
rog u/L To;sf] nflu cfjZos hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf ug'{sf] ;fy} pko'Qm oGq pks/0fx? h8fg sfo{ k"/f ug'{kb{5 . tL
pks/0fx?sf] k/LIf0f sfo{ x'g' clt cfjZos 5 . o:t} ;j]{If0fsf] glthfsf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf tflnsfcg'?ksf] tYofÍ k|zf]wg
ug{ sDKo'6/ l;:6d l8hfOg tyf k|f]u|fdsf] tof/Lsf] k/LIf0f u/L k"0f{ tof/Ldf /fVg'kb{5 .

k"j{ k/LIf0f÷kfOn6 ;j]{If0fM If]qLo sfo{ -Field Work_ z'? x'g'k"j{ dfly pNn]v ePsf ;Dk"0f{ tof/L sfo{ ;DkGg eO;s]kl5
7"nf 7"nf ;j]{If0fsf sfo{ ubf{ k'gM Ps k6s gd"gf ;j]{If0f -Pilot Survey_ sfo{ ;+rfng ug'{ pko'Qm x'g]5 . gd"gf ;j]{If0f
eg]sf] ;j]{If0fsf] k|fljlws Pj+ k|zf;lgs tof/L sfo{x?sf] ;dli6ut k/LIf0f xf] / o;sf] ;+rfngaf6 tof/L sfo{x?sf] ;jn /
lgj{n kIfx?sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ dxTjk"0f{ cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ ;dod} q'l6 tyf b]lvPsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ df}sf k|fKt
eO{ jf:tljs If]qLo sfo{ q'l6/lxt x'g uO{ tYofÍsf] u'0f:t/ clea[l4 ug{df d2t k'Ub5 .

v= If]qLo sfo{ ;+rfng

Joj:yfkgsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ;j]{If0fsf] Hofb} r'gf}tLk"0f{ kIf If]qLo sfo{ ;+rfng ug'{ xf] . o; v08df d'VotofM ;j]{If0fsf] nflu
Joj:yf ul/Psf] ;+u7gcg'?ksf] sfof{no jf ;Dks{ s]Gb|sf] Joj:yf ug]{, u0fgf (Enumeration) sfo{sf] nflu hgzlQm h'6fpg]
tyf cfjZos tflnd ;+rfng ug]{ sfo{x? kb{5 .

19
sfof{no :yfkgf tyf hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfM ;j{k|yd ;j]{If0fsf] ;+u7gfTds :j?kcg'?k If]qLo sfo{df cfjZos hgzlQm rog
u/L ;DalGwt sfo{If]qdf v6fpg'kb{5 . ;j]{If0fsf] sfo{af]em tyf cf}lrTosf] cfwf/df ;DalGwt If]qdf If]qLo sfof{no -Field
Office_ sf] :yfkgf u/L u0fgf ;+rfngsf] nflu k|fKt ;fdu|Lx? ?h' u/L u0fgf If]qsf] l:yltcg'?k s]xL gk'Ug] b]lvPdf To;sf]
t'/Gt Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o:t} u0fgf sfo{sf] nflu lgwf{l/t hgzlQm ;'kl/j]Ifs tyf u0fsx?sf] sfo{af]emnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL
s]Gb|af6 lalgof]lht hgzlQm ;+Vof tyf u0fgf ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ sfof{jlwaf/] ljrf/ ug'{ cfjZos x'g cfpF5 . olb hgzlQm tyf
sfof{jlw kof{Kt gePdf ;DalGwt 7fpFdf To;sf] ljZn]if0f;lxt hfgsf/L lbO{ cfjZos Joj:yf t'/Gt ul/xfNg'kb{5 . o:t}
lgw{fl/t :t/sf] hgzlQm :yfgLo:t/df g} Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ jf s]Gb|af6 Joj:Yffkg ul/g]af/] :ki6 u/L tL hgzlQmsf] cfk"lt{
Joj:yf ldnfO{ sfo{ ;'rf??kn] ;+rfng ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .

tflndsf] ;+rfngM ljZj;gLo tYofÍ ;+sngsf] d"n cfwf/ g} If]qLo sfo{df ;+nUg hgzlQmsf] sfo{s'zntf xf] . To;}n] tYofÍ
;+sngdf ;+nUg x'g] hgzlQm h:tf]M ;'kl/j]Ifs tyf u0fsx?df ;DalGwt laifosf] hfgsf/L x'g clgjfo{ x'G5 . ;j]{If0fsf]
If]qLo sfo{cGtu{t hgzlQm tflnd Joj:yfkgsf d'Vo p2]Zox? o;k|sf/ x'G5 M
¾ ;j]{If0fsf] cfwf/e"t laifoj:t', ljlw, kl/efiff, tl/sf cflbaf/] hfgsf/L lbg] .
¾ k|ZgfjnLdf ;dfj]z laifoj:t' tyf k|ZgfjnL eg]{ tl/sfaf/] ;}4flGts tyf Jofjxfl/s 1fg lbg] .
¾ ;"rLs/0f tyf 5gf}6 sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg] .
¾ ;j]{If0fsf] If]qLo sfo{ ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf ug{] .
¾ If]qLo sfo{ k"/f ePkl5 nutx? ;DalGwt 7fpFdf ;'/lIft k'¥ofpg] tl/sfsf] hfgsf/L lbg] .

;j]{If0fdf ;+nUg x'g] ljleGg lhDd]jf/L lng] hgzlQmx?nfO{ ljleGg r/0fdf tflndsf] ;+rfng ug'{kb{5 . 7"nf 7"nf ;j]{If0fsf]
;+rfngdf w]/} g} hgzlQm ;+nUg x'g] x'+bf tflndsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ x'G5 / If]qLo sfo{sf] ;kmntf klg o;}df
cfwfl/t /x]sf] x'G5 .

u0fgf sfo{ -Enumeration Work_ ;+rfngM ;j]{If0f sfo{sf nflu hgzlQm Joj:yf eO{ cfjZos tflnd ;d]t ;DkGg
eO;s]kl5 jf:tljs u0fgfsf] sfo{ z'? x'G5 . o;cGtu{t lgDg sfo{x? x'g]5M
¾ ;"rLs/0f ug]{ .
¾ 5gf}6ljlwaf6 u0fgfsf] nflu kl/jf/ rog ug]{ .
¾ k|ZgfjnL eg]{ .
¾ If]qLo sfo{sf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udg ug]{ .

u= nut k|zf]wg tyf k|sfzg

nut k|zf]wgM If]qLo sfo{sf] ;dflKtkZrft el/Psf k|ZgfjnLx?sf] ;+sng ug]{ / ltgLx?sf] ;'/lIft tj/n] k|zf]wg ul/g]
:yfgdf k'¥ofpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' klg ;j]{If0f Joj:yfkgsf] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . ;+slnt nutx? nut k|zf]wgsf] tof/Lsf
k|yd r/0fdf ltgLx?sf] ;Dkfbg, ;+s]t tyf OG6«L -Editing, Coding & Entry_ sfo{x?sf] nflu Joj:yfkg ug'{kb{5 . t/
jt{dfg abln+bf] tyf ljsl;t k|ljlwdf ;j]{If0f Joj:yfkgsf] of] sfo{ cfjZos klg gkg]{ l:ylt cfPsf] 5 . cyf{t k|ZgfjnL g}
k"j{;+s]ltt -Pre-coded_ ePdf ;+s]tsf] sfo{ ul//xg' cfjZos x'+b}g . o:t} ;j]{If0fsf] k|ZgfjnL eg]{ sfo{ g} sDKo'6/sf]
k|of]uaf6 If]q -Field_ d} x'g] ePdf of] r/0fsf] sfo{ cfjZos x'+b}g . OG6«Lsf] sfo{ ;DkGg eO;s]kl5 d]l;g Ol86 tyf
e]l/lkms]zg sfo{ ug'{kb{5 .

u'0f:t/ lgoGq0fM ;j]{If0fsf] x/]s r/0fsf] sfo{x?df u'0f:t/;DaGwL ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ ckl/xfo{ tYo xf] . ljz]iftM If]qLo
sfo{sf] :t/ pRr t'Nofpg tyf s'g} ;d:of eP To;sf] ;dod} lg/fs/0f ug{ ;zQm ;'kl/j]If0fsf] Joj:yf ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .
o;sf] ;fy} ;'kl/j]If0faf6 If]qLo sfo{df Ps?ktf sfod ug{ klg ;xof]u x'G5 . u'0f:t/ pRr /fVgsf] nflu If]qLo sfo{sf] ;fy}
nut k|zf]wg sfo{df klg ;'kl/j]If0f nufot lgoGq0fsf] Joj:yf x'g' h?/L 5 .

glthf ljZn]if0f k'g/fjnf]sgM o;/L dfly plNnlvt sfo{x? k"/f ePkl5 nut k|zf]wg tyf ;fl/0fLs/0f -Data Processing &
Tabulation_ sfo{ u/L tof/ ePsf tYofÍ ldn]gldn]sf] /fd|f];+u hfFr ug'{kb{5 . k|fKt tflnsfx?df cfGtl/s ;fd~h:otf
20
(Consistency)+ hfFr ug'{kb{5 . of] hfFr sfo{ k"/f ePkl5 dfq glthf k|sfzgsf] nflu tof/ x'G5 . k|of]ustf{x?;dIf ;lhn}
a'lemg] 9fFrfdf tYofÍ k|:t't ug{ pko'Qm ljZn]if0f x'g'kb{5 .

glthf k|sfzg tyf k|rf/ k|;f/M nut k|zf]wg sfo{ ;DkGg eO{ k|fKt glthfnfO{ tYofÍ k|of]ustf{x?;dIf ;xh?kdf pkof]usf]
nflu k'¥ofpg' klg ;j]{If0f Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{cGtu{t g} kb{5 . o:t} glthf ;fj{hlgs ul/;s]kl5 tL glthfx?sf] uxg
ljZn]if0f u/L k|ltj]bg klg tof/ ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . o;/L glthf tyf ljZn]if0f k|ltj]bg tof/ eO;s]kl5 tYofÍ
k|of]ustf{x?;dIf pknJw u/fpg Ps sfo{zfnf uf]i7L ;+rfng ug'{ klg pko'Qm x'g]5 . glthf k|sfzgsf] ;Gbe{df k|ljlwsf]
jt{dfg ljsf;sf] l:yltdf tYofÍ ljB'tLo dfWod -Electronic Media_ af6 klg pkof]ustf{nfO{ pknJw u/fpg] Joj:yf ug'{
clt cfjZos b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 .

clen]vM ;j]{If0f ;+rfng ubf{sf ljleGg lg0f{ox?sf] clen]v /fVg' cfjZos x'G5 / o;n] ubf{ csf]{ ;j]{If0f ;+rfng ug'{ kbf{
lgs} ;lhnf] x'ghfG5 . o:t} ;j]{If0f ;+rfngsf] s|ddf ljsf; ul/Psf ljleGg k|sf/sf kmf/fd, k|ZgfjnL, lgb]{lzsf, gS;fx?
cflbsf] ;'/lIft?kdf clen]v /fVg'kb{5 . o:t} If]qLo sfo{sf] lg/LIf0f k|0ffnL, nut k|zf]wg k|ls|of, cflb klg ;'/lIft
/fVg'kb{5 . oL clen]vx?af6 Psftkm{ kl5 x'g] ;j]{If0fx?sf] ;+rfngdf lgs} d2t k'Ug;Qm5 eg] csf]{tk{m ;+rflnt ;j]{If0fsf]
u'0f:t/ Pj+ tYofÍ ljZn]if0fdf 7"nf] ;xof]u k'Ug ;Qm5 .

%= pk;+xf/
b]zdf tYofÍsf] lgoldt tyf e/kbf]{ cfk"lt{sf] dxTjk"0f ;|f]t g} ;j]{If0f xf] eGg] tYofnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsb}g . t/ ;j]{If0f w]/}
k|sf/sf x'G5g\ / o;sf] p2]Zo tyf laifoa:t'af6 g} o;df k|of]u x'g] ljlw Pj+ k|sf/ lge{/ /x]sf] x'G5 . p2]Zo tyf
laifoj:t'sf] lgSof}{n ePkl5 ;kmn Joj:yfkgaf6 ;j]{If0fsf] ;+u7g tyf k|fljlws kIfsf] ;fy} k|zf;lgs kIfsf sfo{x?nfO{
s'zntfk"j{s lgwf{l/t ;dofjlwdf ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o:t} ;j]{If0fsf k|ZgfjnL nufot cGo ;fdu|Lx? tyf k|sflzt
tYofÍx?sf] ;d]t clen]v /fVg] Joj:yf;Ddsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x? ;j]{If0f Joj:yfkgsf] kl/lwleq ;dfj]z x'G5 . Joj:yfkgdf
:t/Lotf / s'zntfjf6 g} ;j]{If0f glthf /fd|f] eO{ tYofÍsf] k|of]uaf6 of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogdf ;kmntf k|fKt u/L b]z
ljsf;df tLa| cu|ult lng ;lsG5 . o;sf] ;fy} u'0f:t/Lo tYofÍdf cfwfl/t eO{ lgdf{0f ePsf gLltx?df klg lbuf]kgf /xg'sf]
;fy} o;af6 ljsf;nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg lgs} of]ubfg k'Ug ;Qm5 .

;Gbe{ ;"rL
!= jf:tf]nf, t'Í -@)^!_ ;j]{If0f ;~rfngsf lgodx?, hg;+Vof / k|hgg :jf:Yo PsLs[t kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf lhNnfx?sf]
nflu tYofÍ laifos k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f lgb]{lzsf, >L % sf] ;/sf/ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu,
yfkfynL, sf7df08f} .
@= sfo:y, /lj k|;fb -@)^!_ ;j]{If0f Joj:yfkgdf tflnd, hg;+Vof / k|hgg :jf:Yo PsLs[t kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf
lhNnfx?sf] nflu tYofÍ laifos k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f lgb]{lzsf, >L % sf] ;/sf/ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo
tYofÍ ljefu, yfkfynL, sf7df08f} .

21
cg';"rL !
u0fgf÷;j]{If0fsf] ;fdfGo sfo{k|jfx tflnsfM
u0fgf ÷ ;j]{If0f ug]{ lg0f{o

of]hgf tyf sfo{ ;+u7g

Uf0fgf÷;j]{If0f ljlw lgwf{/0f

tflnsf Pj+ k|sfzg u0fgf If]qsf] gS;f tof/L

of]hgfsf] th'{df

k|ZgfjnL, lgb]{lzsf, k|rf/ nut k|zf]wg sfo{of]hgf

;fdu|L cflbsf] d:of}bf tof/L

• l;:6d l8hfOg
;fdu|Lx¿sf] k/LIf0f
• k|f]u|fldË tof/L
• nut k|zf]wg
pks/0fsf] h8fg
u0fgf gd"gf k/LIf0f • nut k|zf]wg k/LIf0f

u0fgf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] pTkfbg tyf Joj:yfkg

hgzlQm tyf tflndsf] Joj:yfkg

nut k|zf]wg hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf tyf
tflnd
u0fgf sfo{ ÷ If]qLo sfo{
(Enumeration / Field Work)

nut k|zf]wg

glthf k|sfzg

glthf ljZn]if0f tyf k|sfzg

clen]v /fVg] Joj:yf

22
cg';"rL @
;j]{If0f ;~rfngsf] ;dofj4 sfo{tflnsfsf] gd"gf
sfo{qmd ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@ !# !$ !% !^ !& !*
sfo{{of]hgf, ah]6 Pj+ ;+u7g
Uf0fgf÷;j]{If0f ljlw lgwf{/0f
5gf}6ljlwsf] rog (Sample Design)
k|ZgfjnL, lgb]{lzsf, k|rf/ ;fdu|L cflbsf] d:of}bf
Uf0fgf If]qsf] gS;f tof/L
nut k|zf]wg sfo{ of]hgf tof/L
l;:6d l8hfOg, k|f]u|fldË tof/L, nut k|zf]wg
pks/0f h8fg, nut k|zf]wg k/LIf0f
u0fgf÷;j]{If0f ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k/LIf0f
u0fgf gd"gf k/LIf0f
u0fgf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] pTkfbg tyf Joj:yfkg
hgzlQm tyf tflndsf] Joj:yfkg
nut k|zf]wg hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf tyf tflnd
Uf0fgf sfo{÷If]qLo sfo{
nut k|zf]wg
tflnsfsf] tof/L tyf k'g/fjnf]sg
glthf ;fj{hlgs ug]{
glthf ljZn]if0f tyf k|ltj]bg k|sfzg
gf]6M !,@,# cflb ;+Vofn] ;do PsfO -h:tf] xKtf, dlxgf cflb_ nfO{ hgfpb5 .

;|f]tM s]=t=lj=-@)^!_ s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] sfo{ljlw @)^$ .

23
 $M gd"gf 5gf]6ljlw
(Sampling Method)

e/t /fh zdf•{

!= kl/ro (Introduction)
s]xL efu jf dfqfsf] k/LIf0faf6 ;du|sf] af/]df cWoog ug]{ jf cg'dfg nufpg] ;dli6ut k|ls|ofnfO{ gd"gf 5gf]6
elgG5 . xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgsf ljljw kIfx¿df klg k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf gd"gf 5gf]6sf] k|of]u eO/x]sf] x'G5 . h:t}M k;ndf
;fdfg lsGbf hxfF l;of]n] 3f]r]/ lgsflnPsf] Ps d'7L rfdn x]/]/ af]/fe/Lsf] rfdn lsGg] glsGg] lg0f{o ul/G5 . 3/df vfgf
ksfpFbf s]xL cFz 5fd]/ kfs] gkfs]sf] cg'dfg nufOG5 . s]xL cFzsf] :jfb lnP/ g'g nfu] gnfu]sf] lgisif{ lgsflnG5 . oL ;j}
gd"gf 5gf}6sf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ . b}lgs hLjgdf dfq geP/ ljleGg cWoog cg';Gwfgdf klg gd"gf 5gf]6 k4lt ckgfOG5 .
s'g} s'g} ljifo h:t} ;du| (Population) clglZrt (Infinite) ePsf] a]nf, 6'6\g] km'6\g] / lau|g] rLhdf t gd"gf 5gf]6 g} Ps
dfq cWoogsf] pkfo x'g cfpF5 . gd"gf 5gf]6sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;du| (Population) af6 s]xL PsfO jf c+zsf] 5gf]6 u/L
ltgLx¿sf] k/LIf0f u/L tYofÍzf:qLo ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df u'0ffTds jf ;+VofTds JofVof ug{' xf] . gd"gf 5gf]6ljlw gd"gf 5gf]6
sfo{ cWoogsf] k|s[ltdf lge{/ ub{5 / pko'Qm gd"gfsf] 5gf]6 ug{' dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ dflgG5 . 5flgPsf gd"gf cWoogaf6 To:t}
u'0fo'Qm ;d"x jf ;du| (Population) sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g ;sf];\ eGg] p2]Zosf nflu lgodx¿ agfOPsf 5g\ . gd"gf 5fGgsf]
nflu cjnDag ug{'kg]{ To:tf] lgod jf ljlwnfO{ 5gf]6ljlw elgG5 . ljljw sf/s tTjx¿sf] cfwf/df pko'Qm gd"gf 5gf]6
ljlwsf] rog ug{'kb{5 . h:t}M ;d:ofsf] k|:t'lt, ;du|sf] cfsf/, gd"gfsf] cfsf/, ;do, ah]6 / hgzlQm cflbn] pko'Qm
ljlwsf] rogdf k|efj kfb{5 . k|To]s ljlwsf cf–cfˆg} u'0f / cju'0fx¿ x'G5g\ . h]xf];\ gd"gf 5gf]6ljlw 5fGbf cWoogsf] nflu
;/n / ;DefAo 5gf]6ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]sf] v08df q'l6/lxt / a9L z'4 kl/0ffd k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . d'Vo u/]/ gd"gf 5gf]6nfO{
b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 — ;DefAo gd"gf 5gf]6 (Probability Sampling) / c;DefAo gd"gf 5gf]6 (Non-Probability
Sampling) .

@= gd"gf 5gf]6sf] p2]Zo (Objective of Sampling)

lj:t[t cy{df gd"gf 5gf]6sf] p2]Zo ;du|sf] af/]df cWoog ug{ ;f]xL ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L Go"gtd ;fwg ;|f]t -
;do, ah]6 hgzlQm cflb_ sf] k|of]u u/L gd"gf 5g]f6 sfo{ ug{' / To;af6 k|fKt ;"rs (Indicator) sf] cfwf/df ;du|nfO{
cg'dfg ug{' xf] . csf]{ cy{df 5gf]6 ul/Psf gd"gfaf6 ;du|sf] af/]df a9LeGbf a9L / tYok"0f{ ;"rgf k|bfg ug{' g} gd"gf
5gf]6sf] d'Vo p2]Zo xf] .

#= gd"gf 5gf]6 k4ltsf kmfObfx¿ (Merits of Sampling Technique)

!= >dsf] art
@= vr{sf] art
#= ;dosf] art
$= z'4tf k/LIf0f ug{ ;lsg]
%= lj:t[t If]q cf]u6\g]
^= glthfdf j}wtf

$= gd"gf 5gf]6 k4ltsf a]kmfObfx¿ (Demerits of Sampling Technique)

!= kl/jt{gzLn PsfO (Changeable Unit) : PsfOx? ablng] k|s[ltsf 5g\ eg] o:tf] gd"gfaf6 k|fKt glthfaf6
;fdfGoLs/0f (Generalization) ug{ ;lsb}g .
@= unt lgisif{ (Misleading Conclusion) : ljlzi6 1fgsf] cefjdf xr'jfsf] cfwf/df gd"gf 5gf]6 u/]sf] v08df
unt cy{ lbg] vfnsf kl/0ffd cfpg ;Sb5g\ .
#= ljlzi6 1fgsf] cfjZostf (Need of Specialized Knowledge)
•
tYofÍ clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu . -xfn dlxnf, afn aflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f d+qfnodf sfo{/t_
24
 $= gd"gf 5gf]6 ;Dej gx'g] cj:yf : ;du| c;dfg jf w]/} ;fgf] ePsf] cj:yf, cBfjlws cfs[lt (Frame) pknAw
gePsf] cj:yf cflbdf gd"gf 5gf]6 ;Dej gx'g ;Sb5 .

%= gd"gf ;j]{If0f pkof]uL x'g] cj:yfx¿

!= ;j]{If0f ug{'kg]{ ;du| (Population) w]/} 7"nf] x'Fbf
@= hg;+Vofsf] ljz]iftf ;dfg ePsf] a]nf
#= k"0f{ z'4tf cfjZos gePsf] a]nf
$= gf;jfg÷gi6sf/L k|s[ltsf j:t'x¿sf] cWoogdf
%= t'?Gt glthf rflxPsf] a]nf

^= ;DefAo gd"gf 5gf]6

;DefAo gd"gf 5gf]6ljlwdf s'g} tYofÍLo ljlw4f/f gd"gf 5gf]6 ul/G5, h;df ;du|sf k|To]s OsfOsf] gd"gfdf 5gf]6
x'g] ;dfg ;Defjgf /xG5 . o;df cg';Gwfgstf{n] cfˆgf] OR5fn] 5gf]6df s]xL ug{ kfpFb}g . o:tf] gd"gf 5gf]6nfO{ ;+of]u
gd"gf 5gf]6 klg elgG5 . o; 5gf]6 lalwaf6 k|fKt glthfsf] cfwf/df ;du|sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;DefAo gd"gf 5gf]6
ljlwnfO{ gd"gf 5gf]6 ubf{ ckgfOg] ljlw (Method) sf cfwf/df lgDg k|sf/df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

^=! ;fdfGo ;+of]u gd"gf 5gf]6 (Simple Random Sampling)

^=!=! kl/efiff
;fdfGo ;+of]u gd"gf 5gf]6 ljlwdf ;du|df /x]sf ;a} PsfOsf] 5gf]6df kg]{ ;Defjgf a/fa/ x'G5 . of] ljlw ;/n / a9L
k|of]udf cfpg] ljlw xf] . of] ljlw hxfF ;j]{If0f ug{'kg]{ ;du|sf] ;"rL tof/ 5 jf ;lhn};Fu ;"rL tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 ToxfF a9L
pkof]uL x'G5 . To;f] x'gfn] :yfgLo:t/sf ;j]{If0fdf of] a9L pkof]uL x'G5 .

^=!=@ ;+of]u gd"gf 5gf]6sf] 5gf}6 k|ls|of (Selection Procedure of Simple Random Sampling)

ƒ gd"gf 5gf]6sf] ;+Vof kQf nufpg] .

ƒ cWoog ug]{ ;du|sf k|To]s OsfOnfO{ ;"rLs[t ug]{ .
ƒ lr7\7f k4lt jf ;+of]u c+s tflnsf k|of]u u/L gd"gf 5gf]6 ug]{ . h;df ;du| ;fgf] eP lr7\7f k|0ffnL ckgfpg
;lsG5, t/ ;du| 7"nf] eP ;+of]u c+s tflnsf k|of]u ug{' ;lhnf] x'G5 . h'g lr7\7f k|0ffnLeGbf ;lhnf] / e/kbf]{ klg
x'G5 .
u'0fx¿
!= ;du|sf] ljz]iftf p:t} ePsf] a]nf a9L k|efasf/L x'g] .
@= ;du|sf] k"0f{ k|ltlglwTj x'g] .

cju'0fx¿
!= ;du|sf] cfsf/ 7"nf] ePsf] a]nf a9L ;do nfUg] / vlr{nf] x'g] .
@= Pp6f PsfO 5'6 ePdf ljlw g} c;kmn ;fljt x'G5 .

^=@ qmdj4 gd"gf 5gf]6 (Systematic Sampling)

qmdj4 gd"gf 5gf]6ljlwdf Pp6f PsfOnfO{ ;+of]u gDa/sf] cfwf/df 5gf]6 u/L afFsL PsfOx?nfO{ lglZrt lgodsf]
cfwf/df :jtM 5gf]6 ul/G5 . of] ljlw klg ;du|sf] ;"rL ePsf] 7fpFdf jf ;lhn} ;"rL tof/ x'g] 7fpFdf pkof]uL dflgG5 .
/fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)%* df o;} ljlwaf6 gd"gf 5gf]6 ul/Psf] lyof] .

25
5gf]6 ljlw
ƒ cWoog ug]{ ;du|sf k|To]s PsfOnfO{ qmdj4 ;"rLs[t ug]{ .
ƒ gd"gf 5gf]6sf] km/s c+s kQf nufpg] .
Size of Population
Sampling Interval (k) =
Size of Sample

ƒ lr7\7f k|0ffnL jf ;+of]u c+s tflnsfaf6 ;+of]u c+s kQf nufpg] .

ƒ afFsL /x]sf gd"gfx¿ gd"gf cGt/sf] cfwf/df 5fGb} hfg] .

pbfx/0f M– dfgf} klxnf 5gf}6 ul/Psf] ;+Vof x 5 / 5gf}6 cGt/ k 5 eg] klxnf] gd"gf x, bf];|f] gd"gf x+k, t];|f] gd"gf
x+2k x'Fb} hfG5 .

u'0fx?
o;df ;fdfGo ;DefJo 5gf]6sf ;a} u'0fx?sf cltl/Qm lgDg u'0fx? 5g\ .
ƒ sd ;do nfUg] / ;lhnf] x'g] .
ƒ ;j]{If0f vr{ 36fpFg] .

cju'0fx?
ƒ ;"rLs[t ;+of]u s|d (Random Order) df geP unt lgisif{ lg:sg] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu kl/jf/df k'?if dlxnf,
k'?if dlxnf ub}{ ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] ePdf k'?if jf dlxnf dfq 5flgg;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
ƒ klxnf] 5gf]6 ul/Psf] gd"gfdf ;j} gd"gf lge{/ /xg' .

^=# :t/Ls[t gd"gf 5gf]6 (Stratified Sampling)

:t/Ls[t Pp6f o:tf] k4lt xf] hxfF c;dfg PsfOx¿sf] ;du|nfO{ ;dfg u'0fx¿ ePsf pk–;du|x¿df (Sub-
Population) df juL{s/0f ul/G5 log} ;du|x¿nfO{ :t/ (Strata) elgG5 . To;kl5 log} pk–;du| (Strata) x¿af6 gd"gf
5gf]6 ul/G5 . :t/Ls[t gd"gf 5gf]6ljlwdf ;dfg'kflts jf c;dfg'kflts ¿kdf gd"gf 5gf]6 ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu
s'g} tflnd sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ePsf k|lzIffyL{x¿df k'?ifsf] ;+Vof a9L 5 eg] k'?if / dlxnf u/L b'O{ pk–;du| agfPkl5
c;dfg'kflts l;4fGt k|of]u ubf{ k'?if / dlxnfaf6 a/fa/ 5flgG5g\ eg] ;dfg'kflts l;4fGtdf cg'kftsf cfwf/df 5flgG5g\,
hxfF a9L ;d"xaf6 a9L / sd ;d"xaf6 sd gd"gfsf] 5gf}6 x'G5 . dfgf}+ #) k|lzIffyL{x? dWo] !) dlxnf / @) k'?if 5g\ eg]
dlxnf / k'?ifsf] b'O{ ;d"xnfO{ pk–;du| (Strata) elgG5 . cj of] k|lzIffyL{sf] ;d"xaf6 ^ j6f gd"gf 5fGg' 5 eg] ;dfg'kflts
¿kdf 5fGbf @ hgf dlxnf / $ hgf k'?if 5flgG5g\ eg] c;dfg'kflts ¿kdf 5fGbf # hgf dlxnf / # hgf k'?if 5flgG5g\ .

u'0fx?
ƒ ;du|nfO{ ljljw:t/df -txdf_ ljefhg ul/g] ePsf]n] :t/x¿aLr t'ngfTds cWoog ug{ ;lsg] .
ƒ ;du|nfO{ ;lhn};Fu klxrfg ul/Psf :t/x¿df ljefhg ug{ ;lsPdf a9L e/kbf]{ tYofÍ k|fKt x'g] .
ƒ hfthflt, pd]/, lnË cflbsf] :t/Ls[t u/L cWoog ubf{ a9L pkof]uL x'g] .

cju'0fx?
ƒ k|To]s :t/ (Strata) df p:t} k|sf/sf] u'0f gePdf glthf q'l6k"0f{ x'G5 . lsgls ;du|sf] juL{s/0f pko'Qm
gePdf 5gf]6 ul/g] gd"gf k|ltlglwk"0f{ gx'g;S5 .
ƒ olb gd"gf 5gf]6sf] cfs[lt (Sampling Frame) 5}g eg] oL ljlwsf] k|of]u /fd|f] xF'b}g .

26
^=$ e'm08 gd"gf 5gf]6 (Cluster Sampling)
e'm08 gd"gf 5gf]6ljlw ljleGg e'm08x¿df ljefhg ul/Psf] ;du|af6 cfjZos e'm08x¿ 5fgL 5flgPsf e'm08x¿sf] k"0f{
u0fgf u/L lgisif{df k'Ug] k|ls|of xf] . of] k4ltdf Pp6f e'm08df /x]sf -cWoog ug]{_ PsfOx¿sf] u'0fx¿ leGg leGg x'g] cg'dfg
ul/Psf] x'G5 . of] ljlwdf ;du|sf] ;"rL rflxb}g vfln e'm08sf] ;"rL eP k'Ub5 . of] ljlwdf ;du|nfO{ o:tf] ;d"xdf ljefhg
ul/G5 ls hxfF ;d"x ;d"xsf] u'0fx¿ p:t} xf];\ t/ ;d"xleqsf OsfOsf] u'0fx¿ km/s x'g\ .

u'0fx?
ƒ ;do, vr{ / hgzlQmsf] art x'G5 .
ƒ 7"nf] ;du|sf] cWoogdf a9L nf]slk|o x'g] .
ƒ ljBfyL{x¿ h:tf] ;d"x -hxfF Ps} 7fpFdf Pp6} pd]/ ;d"xsf t/ leGg cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;Ff:s[lts_ sf] cWoogdf
pkof]uL x'g] .
cju'0fx?
ƒ Ps} k|sf/sf ljz]iftf ePsf ;d"xx¿ agfpg ;d:of x'G5 .
ƒ of]Uo hgzlQmljgf gd"gf 5gf]6 ljr/0f (Sampling Variance) kQf nufpg ufx|f] x'g] x'Fbf tYofÍLo pkof]lutf
(Statistical Significance) klg kQf nufpg ufx|f] k5{ .
ƒ of] 5gf]6ljlwaf6 gd"gf 5fGbf k|foMu/]/ s'g} tf]lsPsf] txdf tYofÍLo pkof]lutf (Statistical Significance) lgsfNg
gd"gf ;+Vof w]/} rflxG5 .

^=% ax'qmlds gd"gf 5gf]6 (Multistage Sampling)

ax'qmlds gd"gf 5gf]6 eGgfn] cWoog ug]{ PsfOsf] 5gf]6 PseGbf a9L txdf 5gf]6 ug]{ k4ltnfO{ a'lemG5 . ax'qmlds
gd"gf 5gf]6 k4ltdf gd"gf 5gf]6 sfo{ tx tx u/]/ qmlds ?kdf ul/G5 . hxfF k|yd r/0fdf 5gf]6 ul/g] gd"gfnfO{ k|yd r/0f
PsfO jf k|f/lDes gd"gf 5gf]6 PsfO (Primary Sampling Units) elgG5 / To;leqsf] PsfOjf6 5gf]6 ul/g] gd"gfnfO{ bf];|f]
r/0f PsfO elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu klxnf lhNnf 5gf]6 ug]{ To;kl5 5flgPsf] lhNnfdf uf=lj=;= 5gf]6 ug]{ / clGtddf
5flgPsf] uf=lj=;=af6 kl/jf/ 5gf]6 ug]{ tLg txsf] gd"gf 5gf]6 (Three Stage Sampling) ul/G5 . ax'qmlds gd"gf 5gf]6 w]/}
7"nf] / km/s lsl;dsf] (Diverse) ;du|sf] nflu k|of]u ul/G5 . ax'qmlds gd"gf 5gf]6df ljleGg txdf leGg gd"gf 5gf]6ljlw
klg ckgfpg ;lsG5 .
u'0fx?
ƒ w]/} 7"nf] / km/s lsl;dsf] (Diverse) ;du|sf] nflu a9L pkof]uL x'g] .
ƒ x/]s txdf gd"gf ;+Vofsf] cfsf/ 36\g] x'Fbf o;n] ;do / ;|f]t 36fpF5 .
cju'0fx?
ƒ w]/} r/0fdf cWoog ug{'kg]{ ePsf]n] gd"gfsf q'l6x? (Sampling Errors) k|z:t dfqfdf /xG5g\ .
ƒ w]/} txdf 5gf]6 x'g] ePsf]n] ljr/0f (Variance) sf] cg'dfg ;+of]u gd"gf 5gf]6df h:tf] ;lhnf] x'Fb}g .
ƒ txx?sf] ;+Vof a9\bf ljr/0f klg a9\5, h;df u0fgf ug{ bIf / cg'ejL cg';Gwfgstf{ cfjZos kb{5 .
&= c;DefAo gd"gf 5gf]6 (Non-Probability Sampling)
c;DefAo gd"gf 5gf]6 k4ltdf ;du|sf ;a} PsfOx¿sf] gd"gf 5gf]6 x'g] ;Defjgf /xb}g . o:tf] ljlwdf
cg';Gwfgstf{n] cfˆgf] JolQmut 1fg / ljrf/sf] cfwf/df of]hgf agfP/ gd"gf 5gf]6 ug]{ x'gfn] s'g PsfO 5gf]6 ug]{ eGg] s'/f
cg';Gwfgstf{sf] ;f]rdf e/kb{5 . cg';Gwfgstf{ cg'ejL / kIfkft/lxt ePsf] v08df rflx of] k4ltaf6 klg e/kbf]{ /
pkof]uL gd"gf 5gf]6 x'g;Sb5 . t/ cWoogk"j{ cWoogsf] of]hgf agfpg] sfddf eg] of] ljlw klg kmnbfoL x'g;S5 .
c;DefAo gd"gf 5gf]6nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

27
&=! p2]Zok"0f{ gd"gf 5gf]6 (Purposive or Judgment Sampling)
cg';Gwfgstf{n] cfˆgf] lglZrt p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu ;du|af6 5fgL5fgL cfjZos gd"gf 5gf]6 ug]{ ljlwnfO{ g} p2]Zok"0f{
gd"gf 5gf]6 ljlw elgG5 . o:tf] gd"gf 5gf]6 cg';Gwfgstf{sf] lg0f{odf e/kg]{ x'gfn] o;nfO{ lg0f{o gd"gf 5gf]6 elgG5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu s;}n] g]kfnsf] s/ gLltsf] af/]df cg';Gwfg ug{'5 eg] a9L s/ ltg]{ JolQm 5fg]/ cWoog ug{;S5 eg] cf}ifwL
a]Rg] cf}ifwL k|ltlglw (Medical Representative) n] cf}iflwsf] af/]df cg';Gwfg ug{ a9L nf]slk|o 8fS6/ 5fGg ;S5 .

&=@ ;'ljwfk"0f{ gd"gf 5gf]6 (Convenience Sampling)

hxfF h'g PsfOnfO{ gd"gfdf 5gf]6 ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 To;}nfO{ gd"gfsf] ¿kdf 5gf]6 ug]{ ljlw ;'ljwfk"0f{ gd"gf 5gf]6ljlw
xf] . pko'Qm If]qaf6 gd"gf 5gf]6 x'g] ePsf]n] vr{ ;do / >dsf] jrt x'G5 / lj:t[t cWoogdf ;lhnf] x'G5 . dfgf} s;}n]
g]kfnsf cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgdf sfd ug]{ k|aGwsx¿sf] af/]df cWoog ug{' kbf{ ;DalGwt 7fpFsf] cf}Bf]lus If]q 5fGg ;Sb5 .

&=# c“z gd"gf 5gf]6 (Quota Sampling)

o; ljlwdf ;j{k|yd ;du|nfO{ ljljw :t/df juL{s/0f ul/G5 . To;kl5 s'g :t/sf] slt 5fGg] eGg] olsg u/L
o;}cg'¿k gd"gf 5gf]6 ul/G5 . o:tf] gd"gf 5gf]6df k]zf, hft÷hflt, lnË, If]q cflbsf] cfwf/df gd"gf 5gf]6 ug{ ;ls5 .
o;af6 yf]/} ;dodf Jofks ;du|sf] af/]df 1fg lng ;lsG5 . o; ljlwaf6 hgdt / hgtfsf] dgf]j[lQ cWoog ug{ ;lhnf]
x'G5 .

*= g]kfndf ;+rflnt /fli6«o:t/sf k|d'v ;j]{If0fx¿ / k|of]u ul/Psf] gd"gf 5gf}6ljlw

;j]{If0fsf] gfd jif{ -;gdf_ gd"gf 5gf}6lalw

g]kfn k|hgg ;j]{If0f
g]kfn kl/jf/ lgof]hg;DaGwL ;j]{If0f
g]kfn k|hgg tyf kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;j]{If0f
g]kfn k|hgg, kl/jf/ lgof]hg tyf :jf:Yo
;j]{If0f
g]kfn kl/jf/ :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f
g]kfn ax' ;"rsfFs ;j]{If0f (NMIS)
g]kfn hg;fFlVosLo :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f
u0fgfaLrsf] kfl/jfl/s ;"rgf cg'udg Pj+
d"NofÍg k4lt (BCHIMES)
g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f klxnf]
!(&^ Three Stage Sampling Design
!(*! Four Stage Sampling Design
!(*^ Four Stage Sampling Design
!((! Three Stage Sampling Design in Rural Areas
& Two Stage Sampling Design in Urban
Areas
!((^ Two Stage Sampling Design
!((% b]lv !((& ;Dd Two Stage Cluster Sampling Design
@))! Two Stage Sampling Design
@))) Two Stage Cluster Sampling Design
!((%÷!((^ Two Stage Stratified Sampling Design

g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0f klxnf] !((*÷(( Two Stage PPS Selection

g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f bf];|f] @))#÷@))$ Two Stage Stratified Sampling Design
g]kfn hg;fFlVosLo :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f @))^ Two Stage Sampling Design
g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0f bf];|f] @))* Two Stage PPS Selection

28
(= gd"gf ;+Vof kQf nufpg] tl/sf (Sample Size Determination Method)
gd"gf 5gf]6sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;du| (Population) af6 s]xL PsfO (Unit) jf c+zsf] 5gf]6 u/L ltgLx¿sf] k/LIf0f u/L
tYofÍzf:qLo ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df u'0ffTds jf ;+VofTds JofVof ug{' xf] t/ s]xL PsfO (Unit) jf c+zsf] 5gf]6 u/L ;du|
(Population) sf] jf/]df cg'dfg ug'{ Tolt ;xh sfo{ xf]Og . t;y{ gd"gf ;+Vof lgwf{/0fb]lv 5gf]6sf] ljlw rog ug]{ ;do;Dd
w]/} ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'kb{5 . ;du|sf] k|ltlglwTj ug'{ / ;du|sf] jf/]df kof{Kt ;"rgf lbg' g} gd"gf ;+Vofsf] ljz]iftf xf] . gd"gf
;+Vofsf] cfsf/sf] 5gf]6df ljleGg k|sf/sf tTjx? (Factors) n] c;/ ub{5g\ tfklg oxfF ;fdfGo?kdf rflxg] gd"gf ;+Vofsf]
cfsf/ kQf nufpg] s'/fx? pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . rflxPsf] gd"gf ;+Vof kQf nufpg'eGbf klxn] cg';Gwfgstf{n] cfk"mnfO{ rflxg]
z'4tfsf] tx (Degree of Accuracy), k|of]u ug{ rfx]sf] ljZj;gLo tx (Confidence Level) / cg';Gwfg ug{ nfluPsf]
gd"gfn] k|ltlglwTj ug{'kg]{ ;du| (Population) sf] cfsf/sf] af/]df /fd|f] 1fg x'g' h?/L x'G5 . cg';Gwfg ug{ nfluPsf] ;du|sf]
cfsf/ 7"nf] jf clglZrt ePdf cWoog ug]{ ;du|sf] h'g;'s} cg'kftdf tnsf] ;"'qaf6 gd"gfsf] cfsf/ kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .
2
⎛Z ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ≤ n
⎝ 2e ⎠
hxfF,
n n] gd"gfsf] ;+Vof hgfpF5, e n] q'l6 hgfpF5 / Z n] ljZj;gLo ;Ldf hgfpF5 .

olb cWoog ug]{ ;du|sf] cfsf/ ;fgf] ePdf ljr/0f (Variance) sf] nflu Population Correction Factor -;du|
;'wf/ u'0fg v08_ rflxG5 . Tolta]nf dflysf] ;"q o;k|sf/ x'G5 .
2
⎛Z ⎞
N⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2e ⎠
2
⎛Z ⎞
N −1+ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2e ⎠
hxfF, N n] ;du|sf] hf]8nfO{ hgfpF5 .

;du|df c;dfg PsfOx?sf] k|ltlglwTj 5 eg] ;du| (Population) nfO{ ljleGg :t/ (Strata) jf e'm08 (Cluster) df ljefhg
u/L ;f]xL :t/ (Strata) jf e'm08 (Cluster) sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L dflysf] ;"qcg';f/ gd"gfsf] ;+Vof kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .
cfhef]ln Internet Site x?sf dfWodaf6 klg ;lhn} gd"gf ;+Vof kQf nufpg ;ls5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu o; jS;df
ljZj;gLotfsf] tx, ljZj;gLotfsf cGt/ / ;du| /flvlbg] xf] eg] cfjZos gd"gfsf] ;+Vof yfxf x'G5 .

Determine Sample Size

Confidence Level : 95% 99%

Confidence Interval :

Population :

Calculate Clear

Sample Size needed :

29
!)= pk;+xf/ (Conclusion)
cg';Gwfgdf z'4tf (Accuracy) ta dfq k|fKt x'G5 ha lgolGqt cj:yfdf ;a} ;du| (Population) sf PsfO
(Members) x¿nfO{ k/LIf0f ul/G5 . o:tf] cj:yf hgu0fgf h:tf k"0f{u0fgfx? (Complete Enumerations) ul/Psf] ;dodf
dfq ;Dej x'G5 / o:tf] u0fgf h'g;'s} ca:yfdf ;Dej x'Fb}g lsgls o;df k|z:t wg/fzL, ;do / hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . To;}n] gd"gf 5gf]6 u/L cWoog cg';Gwfg ubf{ cg';Gwfgstf{sf] d'Vo p2]Zo g} q'l6x¿ (Sampling & Non-Sampling
Errors) sd u/L a9LeGbf a9L z'4 (Accurate) ;"rs kQf nufpg' x'g'kb{5 . To;sf/0f cg';Gwfgstf{n] gd"gf 5gf]6 / o;sf]
9fFrf tof/ kfbf{ ljz]if ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'kb{5 . k"0f{ / cBfjlws cfs[ltljgf ;du|sf] k"0f{ k|ltlglwTj x'g;Sb}g . d'Vou/]/
gd"gf ;+Vofsf] k|ltlglwTjn] glthfdf ljz]if k|efj kfg]{ ePsf]n] gd"gf ;+Vof 5gf]6 ubf{ k"0f{ / cBfjlws cfs[lt x'g' h?/L x'G5
/ ;Dej eP;Dd a9L g} gd"gf 5gf]6 ug{'kb{5 . tYofÍzf:qLo hl6ntfsf sf/0f ;fdfGo ;+of]u 5gf]6 ljlw / qmdj4
5gf]6ljlw a9L pko'Qm 7flgPtfklg pk–;d"x (Sub-group) x¿sf] af/]df tYofÍ ;Íng ug{'5 eg] :t/Ls[t gd"gf 5gf]6ljlw
ckgfpg'kb{5 . gd"gf 5gf]6 gLlt / gd"gf ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ubf{ s]xL gd"gfx¿ x6\g;Sg] ;Defjgf / 5flgg] gd"gf cg';Gwfgsf]
laifo;Fu ;DalGwt x'g'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ ljz]if dxTjsf ;fy Wofg lbg'kb{5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿
!= hf]zL, k'ik/fh, @)%( M cg';Gwfg k4lt, a'4 Ps]8]lds klAn;;{ P08 l8l:6«Ao"6;{ k|f=ln=, sf7df08f} .
@= Gupta, S.C. V.K. Kapoor, 1987, Fundamentals of Applied Statistics, Sultan Chand & Sons, New Delhi
#= URL: http://www.giant.lakeheadu.ca/~wmontelp/survey methods/sursmpl_pz.html.
$= URL: http://www.surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm
%= URL:http://department.obg.cuhk.edu.hk/ResearchSupport/SampSize.asp
^= URL:http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/prevmed/ps/

30
 %= cg'dfg k|ls|of

t'ª\u lz/f]dl0f af:tf]nf∗

! e"ldsf
tYofÍsf k|d'v ;|f]tx?dWo] gd'gf–;j]{If0f (Sample Survey) Ps xf] . gd'gf–;j]{If0fx?df hg;ª\Vof (Population)
sf ;Dk"0f{ k|f/lDes PsfOx? (Elementary Units) dWo] s]xL PsfOx? 5gf}6 ul/G5 . 5flgPsf tL PsfOx?sf] cjnf]sg ul/G5
cyjf tL PsfOx?af6 tYofÍ ;ª\sng ul/G5 . To;kl5 h'g hg;ª\Vofaf6 k|ltlglwd"ns gd'gf 5flgPsf] xf] ;f] hg;ª\Vofsf
af/]df yfxf kfpg cg'dfgx? lgsflnG5g\ . o; sfo{df cg'dfg jf cfsng k|ls|of (Estimation Procedure) sf] pkof]u x'G5 .

cg'dfg jf cfsng k|ls|ofsf] ljifoj:t' lj:t[t / :jefjtM a9L k|fljlws x'G5 . o; n]vdf cg'dfg k|ls|of /
;DalGwt ljifosf] ;fdfGo kl/ro dfq k|:t't ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . oxfF k|fdfl0fs g]kfnL k|fljlws kfl/eflifs zJbfjnLsf] k|of]u
ul/Psf] 5}gÙ cª\u|]hL zJbx?sf] ;fwf/0f cg'jfb dfq k|of]u ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, cª\u|]hLsf] Sample zAbnfO{
lgbz{ jf k|ltbz{ gegL gd'gf jf 5flgPsf] gd'gf elgPsf] 5 . To:t} tYofÍdf k|fljlws zAbsf] ?kdf k|of]u x'g] cª\u|]hL zAb
Population nfO{ oxfF ;dli6, ;du|, ;d"rf jf dfp;d"x gegL hg;ª\Vof g} elgPsf] 5 . cg'dfg / cfsngnfO{ kof{ojfrL
zJbsf ?kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . låljwf sd ug{ s]xL zAb, zAbfjnLsf] cª\u|]hL cg'jfb sf]i7df lbOPsf] 5 .

@ hg;ª\Vof / gd'gf (Population and Sample)

cg'dfg k|ls|ofdf klxn] hg;ª\Vof / gd'gfaLrsf] km/s yfxf kfpg'kb{5 . hg;ª\Vof (Population) eGgfn] xfd|f] rf;f]
jf Oi6 ;d"xleqsf ;Dk"0f{ j:t'x?sf] ;dli6 (Universe) nfO{ a'emfpF5 . csf]{ zAbdf, h'g ;d"xsf] j0f{g cfjZos ePsf] 5 jf
h'g ;d"xaf/] lgisif{ lgsfNg' k/]sf] 5 ;f] ;d"xnfO{ hg;ª\Vof elgG5 . JolSt, kl/jf/, ;ª\u7g cyjf cGo h'g;'s} j:t'x?
hg;ª\Vofsf PsfO x'g;Sb5g\ . cyf{t\, xfdLn] tYofÍ ;ª\sng, cjnf]sg jf cWoog ug{ vf]h]sf] dflg;, hgfj/, jg:klt jf
cGo j:t'sf] ;du| ;d"xnfO{ hg;ª\Vof elgG5 . cWoog jf cg';Gwfgsf] laifoj:t', PsfO, lj:tf/, km}nfj6 tyf ;docg';f/
hg;ª\Vof km/skm/s x'g;S5g\ . o;sf/0f, ;a}eGbf klxn] hg;ª\VofnfO{ ;fjwfgL Pj+ ;hustfsf ;fy, k"0f{?kdf / :ki6;Fu
kl/efiff ug'{kb{5 . o; k|ls|ofaf6 ;j]{If0fsf nflu nlIft hg;ª\Vof (Target Population) lgwf{/0f ug{ d2t k'Ub5 .

hg;ª\Vofleqsf ;a} PsfOx?sf] cWoog ug{ cS;/ w]/} ;do, vr{ / cGo ;+;fwg nfUg] ePsf]n] t'ngfTds lx;fan]
Pp6f ;fgf] k|ltlglwd"ns (Representative) ;d"x 5fg]/ To;sf] cWoog ul/G5 . o;/L s'g} 7"nf] ;d"xaf6 5flgPsf PsfOx?sf]
;fgf] ;d"xnfO{ gd'gf (Sample) elgG5 . 5flgPsf] gd'gfsf] cWoog u/]/ hg;ª\Vofaf/] dfGo lgisif{ lgsfNg'kg]{ x'gfn]
hg;ª\Vofsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] lsl;dn] gd'gf 5fGg ;Sg'k5{ jf o:tf] gd'gf lng] p2]Zo /fVg'k5{ . o;k|sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj
;'lglZrt ug{ ;d;Defljs 5gf}6 k|0ffnL (Random Sampling) ckgfP/ gd'gfx? 5gf}6 ul/G5 . oxfF ;Demg'kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg]
Pp6f hg;ª\Vofaf6 PseGbf a9L gd'gfx? 5gf}6 ug{ ;lsG5 .

pbfx/0f – g]kfnsf] >dzlSt ;j]{If0f, @))* df b]ze/sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g]u/L dfGo tYofÍ ljlwaf6 !^ xhf/
kl/jf/x? 5flgof] . o;/L 5flgPsf ;a} kl/jf/af6 ljj/0f ;ª\sng ul/of] . of] >dzlSt ;j]{If0fsf ;Gbe{df b]ze/sf ;a}
kl/jf/x?sf] ;d"x hg;ª\Vof (Population) xf] eg] 5flgPsf !^ xhf/ kl/jf/x?sf] ;d"x gd'gf (Sample) xf] .

∗
dxflgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu
cfef/f]lStM o; n]vsf nflu ;'emfj lbg'x'g] tyf ;xof]u ug'{x'g] ;xsdL{x? lgb]{zs >L g]ljg nfn >]i7 tyf sDKo'6/ clws[t >L 8f]n
gf/fo0f >]i7nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
31
# hg;ª\Vof dfg / ;ª\Vos (Population Value and Statistic)
cg'dfg k|ls|ofdf hg;ª\Vof dfg (Population Value) / ;ª\Vos (Statistic) aLrsf] km/s yfxf kfpg' h?/L x'G5 .
hg;ª\Vof dfgx? (Population Values) n] hg;ª\Vofsf ;j} N PsfOx?sf s]xL lglZrt nIf0fsf (Y) dfgx?sf] ;f/;+If]k
hgfpF5g\ . hg;ª\Vof dWodf (Mean) Y / hg;ª\Vofsf] s'n hf]8 (Total) Y o;sf s]xL k|rlnt pbfx/0f x'g\ . hg;ª\Vof
dfgx? hg;ª\Vofsf d'Vo rf/ s'/fdf e/kb{5g\ – nlIft (Target) ;d"x, nIf0fx?sf] :jefj, gfksf] ljlw / ul0ftLo ;"q .
gfksf] e|df+zlagf ;a} PsfOx?sf] gfkaf6 cfpg] hg;ª\Vofsf] dfgx?nfO{ hg;ª\Vofsf] vf; dfgx? (True Values) elgG5 .
5gf}6df k/]sf n PsfOx? h;/L gflkG5 x'ax' To;/L g} hg;ª\Vofsf N PsfOx? klg gfKof] eg] hg;ª\Vof dfg pknJw x'G5
eGg] dfGotf 5 . hg;ª\Vof dfg jf vf; (True) dfgnfO{ k/fldlt (Parameter) klg eGg] ul/G5 t/ o;n] slxn]sfxLF låljwf
pTkGg ug]{ x'Fbf of] k|fljlws zJb TolQ k|of]u ul/b}g .

hg;ª\Vof dfg o:tf] ;ªVof xf] h;n] hg;ª\Vof|sf] j0f{g ub{5 jf hg;ª\Vofaf/] hfgsf/L lbG5 . o;n] s'g} lglZrt
hg;ª\Vofsf] nIf0f, :jefj jf u'0fsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] x'G5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ o:tf] dfg cS;/ c1ft x'G5 /
o;nfO{ cg'dfg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . Pp6f lglZrt hg;ª\Vofsf nflu hg;ª\Vof dfg klg lglZrt jf crn x'G5, x]/km]/ x'Fb}g .
hg;ª\Vofsf] k|ltzt / ;dfg'kft (Proportion) hg;ª\Vof dfgsf s]xL yk pbfx/0f x'g\ .

5flgPsf] gd'gfaf6 k|fKt cª\sx?sf] lx;fa u/]/ lgsflnPsf ;ª\VofnfO{ ;ª\Vos (Statistic)
elgG5 . o;n] hg;ª\Vofsf] c1ft dfgaf/] hfgsf/L lbG5 . cyf{t\, ;ª\Vosn] hg;ª\Vof dfgaf/] cg'dfg nufpF5 jf o;af/]
atfpF5 . dfly eg] h:t} Pp6f hg;ª\Vofaf6 Ps} cfsf/ (Size) sf PseGbf a9L gd'gfx? lng ;lsG5 . hg;ª\Vofaf6
5flgPsf] Ps gd'gfsf] Ps lglZrt dfg x'G5 . k|To]s gd'gfaf6 leGgfleGg} cg'dfg lgsflnG5 jf lgsfNg ;lsG5 .

gd'gfaf6 lgsflnPsf] dWodf (Mean) h'g hg;ª\Vofaf6 of] gd'gf lnOPsf] xf] ;f] hg;ª\Vofsf] vf; dWodfsf]
cg'dfg nufpg pkof]u ul/G5 . cyf{t\, gd'gfaf6 lgsflnPsf] dWodfn] hg;ª\Vofsf] c1ft dWodfsf] cg'dfg nufpF5 . Pp6f
hg;ª\Vofaf6 lng ;lsg] ljleGg gd'gfaf6 lgsflnPsf dWodfx? a]Unfa]Un} x'g;S5g\ t/ hg;ª\Vofsf] vf; dWodfsf] dfg
eg] Pp6f dfq x'G5 .

pbfx/0f – Pp6f ufd]{06 km\ofS6«Ldf Ps xKtfdf pTkfbg ePsf ;a} Hofs]6x? (Jackets) dWo] slt k|ltzt ljlu|Psf
Hofs]6 pTkfbg eP5g\ eg]/ hfGg' k/]sf] 5 . km\ofS6«Ldf Ps xKtfdf xhf/f}+ Hofs]6x? pTkfbg x'G5g\, ;a} PsPs u/]/ hfFRg
;lsb}g t/ pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/ eg] kQf nufpg kg]{ g} x'G5 . pTkfbg lg/LIfsn] tYofÍsf] dfGo ljlwaf6 #)) j6f Hofs]6x?
5fg]/ k/LIf0f ubf{ tLdWo] !% j6f Hofs]6x? lalu|Psf kfOP . o;af6 lx;fa ubf{ lau|]/ pTkfbg ePsf Hofs]6sf] cg'kft p̂ =
15/300 = 0.05 eof] . cyf{t\ hfFr ul/Psf] pTkfbgdWo] % k|ltzt pTkfbg v/fa (Defective) /x]5 . oxfF p̂ nfO{ Statistic
elgG5 . of] ufd]{06 km\ofS6«Ldf Ps xKtfdf pTkfbg ePsf ;Dk"0f{ Hofs]6x? -hg;ª\Vof_ dWo] lalu|Psf Hofs]6sf] k|ltzt p,
c1ft 5 / o;sf] cg'dfg ug{ p̂ sf] dfg k|of]u ePsf] 5 .

$ cfsng / cfsns (Estimation and Estimator)

5flgPsf] gd'gfdf cfwfl/t ;j]{If0fsf] d'Vo p2]Zo hg;ª\Vofaf/] lgisif{ lgsfNg ;Ifd x'g' xf] . ;d;Defljs 5gf}6
(Random Sampling) ljlwsf cfwf/df 5flgPsf] gd'gfdf k/]sf PsfOx?sf] u0fgf u/]/ jf tL PsfOaf6 nut ;ª\sng u/]/
nlIft hg;ª\Vofaf/] dfGo lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsg] s'/f pNn]v e};s]sf] 5 . csf]{ zAbdf, gd'gf ;j]{If0fn] hg;ª\Vofsf c1ft
nIf0fx? (Unknown Characteristics) sf nflu cg'dfgx? (Estimates) pknAw u/fpF5 . o;/L cg'dfg ul/g] k|d'v
nIf0fx?df hDdfhf]8 (Total), dWodf (Mean), cg'kft (Ratio), ;dfg'kft (Proportion), / ljr/0f (Variance) kb{5g\ .

cjnf]sgaf6 k|fKt dfgsf] cfwf/df c1ft ;ª\Vofaf/] hfgsf/L lng] sfo{nfO{ cg'dfg jf cfsng (Estimation)
elgG5 . dfly eg] h:t}, nlIft jf h'g hg;ª\Vofaf/] hfgsf/L lng cfjZos ePsf] 5 ;f] hg;ª\Vofaf6 tYofÍsf] dfGo

32
ljlwaf6 gd'gf 5gf}6 ul/G5 . hg;ª\Vofaf/] cg'dfg nufpg 5gf}6 ePsf] gd'gfaf6 k|fKt ePsf cª\sx? s;/L pkof]u ul/G5
eGg] ljifo cg'dfg jf cfsng k|ls|of (Estimation Procedure) cGtu{t kb{5g\ .

cg'dfg k|ls|ofdf gd'gfaf6 k|fKt cª\sx?nfO{ tYofª\sLo jf ul0ftLo ;"q nufOG5 . cfjZos / ;Dej ePsf
cj:yfdf 5flgPsf] gd'gfafx]s cGoqaf6 klg yk ;"rgfx? lnP/ pkof]u ul/G5 . cg'dfg k|ls|ofaf6 nlIft hg;ª\Vofsf] dfg
cg'dfg ug{ gd'gf cg'dfgx? (Sample Estimates) lgsflnG5g\ . cg'dfg k|ls|ofcGtu{t cg'dfgdf clglZrttfsf] dfqf
(Measure of Uncertainty) kQf nufpg] sfo{ klg kb{5 . clglZrttfsf] dfqf cg'dfgdf oL b'O{ ljifox? kb{5g\ – 5gf}6sf]
e|df+z (Sampling Error) cg'dfg, / ljZj:ttfsf] cGt/fn (Confidence Interval) lgdf{0f .

hg;ª\Vofsf] dfg cg'dfg ug{ 5gf}6af6 k|fKt ;"rgf jf ljj/0fx? pkof]u ug]{ ;"qnfO{ cfsns (Estimator) elgG5 .
Ps lglZrt 5gf}6 gd'gfaf6 k|fKt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df k|fKt cfsnssf] lglZrt dfgnfO{ cg'dfg (Estimate) elgG5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu, 5gf}6 dWodf (Sample Mean) nfO{ hg;ª\Vof dWodf (Population Mean) sf] Pp6f /fd|f] cg'dfg dflgG5 .
cfsns Ps ;d;Defljs rn (Random Variable) xf] / o;n] w]/} dfg lng;S5 . Pp6f hg;ª\Vof dWodfsf] cg'dfg ug{ w]/}
cfsns ;Dej x'G5g\ . oL ;Dej cfsnsdWo] s'g cfsns rog ug]{ eGg] s'/f cfsnssf] u'0fdf lge{/ ub{5 .

$=! cg'dfgsf k|sf/ (Types of Estimation)

cg'dfg jf cfsng (Estimation) ljlwnfO{ vf;u/]/ b'O{ ju{df ljefhg ul/G5 . klxnf] ljGb'ut cfsng (Point
Estimation) xf] eg] bf];|f] cGt/fn cfsng (Interval Estimation) xf] . ljGb'ut cfsngdf 5flgPsf] gd'gfaf6 lgsflnPsf] s'g}
Ps lglZrt ;ª\VofnfO{ hg;ª\Vofsf] dfg cg'dfg ug{ pkof]u ul/G5 . ljGb'ut cfsngdf hg;ª\Vofsf] c1ft dfgsf] ;jf]{Qd
cg'dfg nufpg 5gf}6 ePsf] gd'gfaf6 Psn dfg ePsf] ;ª\Vos (Statistic) lgsflnG5 . ljGb'ut cfsnssf s]xL ;fdfGo
pbfx/0fx? tn lbOPsf] 5 .

pbfx/0f != zx/e/sf !* jif{ dflysf afx|;o dflg;sf] ;d;Defljs ljlwn] 5gf}6 u/L pgLx?;Fu cGtjf{tf{ lnOof] .
oxfF 5flgPsf afx|;o hgfsf] ;d"x 5flgPsf] gd'gf xf] eg] zx/e/sf !* jif{ k'u]sf dflg;x?sf] ;d"x rfxLF hg;ª\Vof xf] .
dfgf}+, 5flgPsf afx|;o hgf;Fu s'g} j:t'sf] ?rLaf/] ;f]lwof] . afx|;odWo] ^!% hgfn] ;f] j:t' dg k/fP . cyf{t\, !* jif{dfly
pd]/sf 51.25 (615/1200 = 0.5125) k|ltztn] ;f] j:t' dg k/fpFbf /x]5g\ eGg] lgisif{ cfof] . oxfF pSt a:t' dgk/fpg]
dflg;x?sf] cg'kft ljGb'ut cfsns xf] .

pbfx/0f @= Ps :yfgLo sn]hdf egf{ ePs. ljBfyL{sf] cf};t pd]/ yfxf kfpg'kg]{ eof] . sn]hsf ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{
PsPs ;f]w]/ pd]/ kQf nufpg ;lsPg . To;sf/0f Ps;o hgfsf] Pp6f k|ltlglwd"ns ;d;Defljtfdf cfwfl/t gd'gf
5flgof]. pgLx?af6 ;ª\slnt ljj/0fsf cfwf/df ljBfyL{x?sf] cf};t pd]/ lgsflnof] . cf};t pd]/ x = 20.25 jif{ cfof], /
o;sf] k|;/0f jf ljr/tf (Variance) 5.0625 cfof] . oxfF x sn]hsf ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{x?sf] cf};t pd]/ µ sf] ljGb'ut cfsns
xf] . To;}u/L hg;ª\Vof k|fdfl0fs ljrng σ sf] ljGb'ut cfsns gd'gfaf6 lgsflnPsf] s = √(5.0625) = 2.25 xf] .

hg;ª\Vof dfgsf ljGb'ut cfsnsx?df :jefjtM 5gf}6df cGtlg{lxt e|df+zx? (Errors) x'g] k|j[lQ /xG5 . 5flgPsf]
gd'gfaf6 lgsflnPsf] cg'dfg hg;ª\Vofsf] dfg;Fu 7ofSs a/fa/ x'g] ;Defjgf Hofb} sd x'G5 . o;sf/0f hg;ª\Vofsf]
ljGb'ut cfsnssf cltl/St hg;ª\Vofsf] dfg kg{;Sg] cGt/fn klg agfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . cGt/fn cfsngdf Psn dfgsf] ;§f
hg;ª\Vofsf] c1ft dfg kg{;Sg] Pp6f ;DefJo cGt/fn (Interval) agfOG5 . cyf{t\, cGt/fn cfsngdf hg;ª\Vof dfgsf]
cg'dfg ug{ s'g} Ps lglZrt ;ª\Vofsf] ;§f Pp6f ;DefJo lj:tf/ (Range) lgdf{0f ul/G5 .

5gf}6 gd'gfaf6 k|fKt ;"rgfsf cfwf/df cGt/fn cfsns lgdf{0f ubf{ hg;ª\Vofsf] dfg To;leq kg]{ Ps lglZrt
;Defjgf ePsf] Pp6f cGt/fn -b'O{ lglZrt ;ª\Vofsf] ;Ldf ePsf] Pp6f cGt/fn_ lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] dfg lgwf{l/t
cGt/fnleq kg]{ ;DefJotf (Probability) nfO{ ljZj:ttfsf] :t/ jf u'0ffª\s (Confidence Level or Coefficient) elgG5 /
o;nfO{ (1-α) n] hgfOG5 .

33
 pbfx/0f — hg;ª\Vof dfg -jf k/fldlt_ θ sf] cfsnsnfO{ θˆ dfgf}+ . cfsngsf] e|df+z (Error) o;k|sf/ lgsflnG5
θ − θˆ . oxfF xfd|f] rf;f] s] x'g;S5 eg] θˆ n] slQsf] /fd|f];Fu θ sf] cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 < xfdL l;w} of] yfxf kfpg t
;Sb}gf}+ t/ df]6fdf]6L?kdf s'g} OlR5t ;DefJotf (Desired Probability) sf nflu Pp6f lglZrt ;Ldf (Bound) B eg] kQf
nufpg ;S5f}+ h;sf] cfwf/df Pp6f cGt/fn cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 ( θˆ - B, θˆ + B) . o:tf] cGt/fnnfO{ θ sf] ljZj:ttf
u'0ffª\s (1-α) ePsf] ljZj:ttf cGt/fn elgG5 (Confidence Interval for θ with Confidence Coefficient (1-α)). ;fy},
( θˆ - B) / ( θˆ + B) nfO{ s|dzM ljZj:ttfsf] cwM;Ldf (Lower Confodence Limit) / pRr ;Ldf (Upper Confidence
Limit) elgG5 .

hg;ª\Vof–dfgsf] (% k|ltzt ljZj:ttf cGt/fn (95% Confidence Interval) eg]sf] olb w]/}k6s p:t} ljlwn]
gd'gfx? (Repeated Sampling) 5flgof] / k|To]s gd'gfsf nflu 5'§f5'§} cGt/fn lgdf{0f ul/of] eg] (% k|ltzt o:tf
ljZj:ttfsf cGt/fnleq hg;ª\Vofsf] vf; dfg kb{5 . csf]{ zJbdf, (% k|ltzt ljZj:ttfsf] cGt/fnn] hg;ª\Vof dfg
;d]6]sf x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fdf xfdL (% k|ltzt cfZj:t x'G5f}+ . cGt/fn cfsngdf ljGb'ut cg'dfgsf] k|of]u u/]/ ljZj:ttf
cGt/fn o;/L lgsflnG5M

ljZj:ttf cGt/fn Ö [ ljGb'ut cfsns ± ljZj;gLotf u'0fs x dfgs e|df+z jf lje|d -ljGb'ut cfsnssf]_ ]
Confidence Interval = [Point Estimator ± Reliability Factor x Standard Error (of Point Estimate)]

af/Daf/ k|of]udf cfpg] ljZj;gLotf u'0fs (Reliability Factor) o;k|sf/ 5g\M

90% Confidence Interval: Reliability Factor (Z0.05) = 1.65
95% Confidence Interval: Reliability Factor (Z0.025) = 1.96
99% Confidence Interval: Reliability Factor (Z0.005) = 2.58

ljZj;gLotf cGt/fn lgdf{0fsf s]xL k|rlnt pbfx/0fx? o;k|sf/ 5g\M

Confidence Interval of Population Mean (Population with Known Variance)
Confidence Interval of Population Mean (Population with Unknown Variance)
Confidence Interval of Population Variance
Confidence Interval for Proportions

pbfx/0f != dfgf}+, xfdLn] Pp6f hg;ª\Vofaf6 !)) j6f PsfO 5fGof}+ . o;af6 lx;fa ubf{ gd'gf dWodf 0.04 /
dfgs ljrng (Standard Deviation) 0.06 lg:Sof] . of] hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/ Hofb} 7"nf] 5 eGg] klg dfgf}+ . cj xfdLnfO{
hg;ª\Vof dWodfsf] nflu ljZj:ttfsf] cGt/fn lgdf{0f ug'{5 . oxfF hg;ª\Vof dWodf (µ) sf] ljGb'ut cg'dfg gd'gf dWodf
( x = 0.04) xf] eg] dfgs e|df+z jf lje|d (Standard Error) 0.006 (=0.06/√100) x'G5 . To;sf/0f µ sf] nflu ljZj:ttfsf]
cGt/fn o:tf] x'G5 M [ 0.04 ± 1.96(0.006) ] / o;nfO{ o;/L n]lvG5M
[ 0.04 – 1.96x0.006 < µ < 0.04 + 1.96x0.006 ] cyjf [ 0.02824 < µ < 0.05176 ]
oxfF 0.02824 nfO{ µ sf] cwM;Ldf elgG5 eg] 0.05176 nfO{ µ sf] pRr;Ldf elgG5 .

pbfx/0f @= xfdLn] Pp6f tfnsf] %) ljleGg 7fpF -s'gf, dfem, 5]p_ htftt}af6 gfk lnP/ o;sf] cf};t ulx/fO
yfxfkfpg vf]Hof}+ . tfnsf] cf};t ulx/fO !$ ld6/ / o;sf] ljr/tf $ ld6/ cfof] . cj cf};t ulx/fOsf] lglZrt cGt/fn
s;/L agfOG5 x]/f}+ .
14 − µˆ
= 140.−28µ
ˆ
1.96 = 2
50

14 - µ̂ = 0.55, oxfF ± 0.55 nfO{ Margin of Error elgG5 . oxfF Confidence Interval o:tf] x'G5:
(13.45 ≤ x ≤ 14.55)

34
 cGt/fn cfsngsf] ljlw ckgfP/ xfdL s'g} tf]lsPsf] ;'lglZrttf (Specified Precision) sfod ug]{ ;d;Defljs
gd'gfsf] cfsf/ (Size of the Random Sample) kQf nufpg ;S5f}+ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, cg'dfg ubf{ x'g] e|df+zsf] ;LdfnfO{
s'g} OlR5t kl/df0f B df ;Lldt u/]/ hg;ª\Vofsf] dWodf µ cg'dfg ug{;Sg] gd'gfdf slt PsfOx? (Number of
Observations) lng'knf{ eGg] s'/f oxL ljlwaf6 lgsfNg ;lsG5 .

$=@ cfsnssf u'0fx? (Characteristics of Estimators)

c;n jf /fd|f] (Estimator) cfsnssf nIf0fx? o; k|sf/ 5g\M lg:kIftf (Unbiasedness), ;fd~h:otf
(Consistency), bIftf (Efficiency), / kof{Kttf (Sufficiency) .

olb cfsnssf] ck]lIft dfg (Expected Value) o;sf] hg;ª\Vof dfg jf k/fldlt (Population Value or
Parameter) ;Fu a/fa/ x'G5 eg] To:tf] cfsnsnfO{ lg:kIf cfsns (Unbiased Estimator) elgG5 . s'g} cfsns
kIfkft/lxt x'g' /fd|f] s'/f xf] t/ cfsnssf] rogdf of] Pp6f dfq nIf0f lg0ff{os tTj x'Fb}g . cfsns rog ubf{ cGo ljljw
s'/fdf klg Wofg lbg'kb{5 .

cjnf]sgsf PsfO ;ª\Vofx? (Number of Observations) a9fpFbf s'g} cfsnssf] e|df+z jf lje|d (Mean Squared
Estimation Error) z"Go x'g vf]H5 eg] To:tf] cfsnsnfO{ ;';ª\ut (Consistent) cfsns elgG5 . cyf{t\, 5gf}6sf] cfsf/
a9fpFbf cfsnssf] dfg hg;ª\Vof dfgsf] glhs jf a/fa/ x'g] ;Defjgf a9\5 eg] To:tf] cfsnsnfO{ ;';ª\ut cfsns /
cfsnssf] o:tf] u'0fnfO{ ;fd~h:otf (Consistency) elgG5 .

hg;ª\Vof dfg jf k/fldltsf] PseGbf a9L lgikIf cfsnsx? x'g;Sb5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf b'O{ cfsnsdWo] h'g
cfsnssf] k|;/0f jf ljr/tf (Variance) sd x'G5 Tof] cfsnsnfO{ t'ngfTds lx;fjn] a9L bIf (Efficient) dflgG5 .
PseGbf a9L ;';ª\ut cfsns ePdf klg oxL kl/efiff jf dfkb08 ckgfOG5 . bIf cfsnssf] lje|d jf e|df+z (Mean
Squared Estimation Error) s'g} lglZrt ;Ldf a/fa/ x'G5 . o:tf] Ps ;Ldf Cramer-Rao Bound xf] .

5flgPsf] gd'gfcGtu{t ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;"rgf jf ljj/0f s'g} cfsnsdf kfOG5 eg] To:tf] cfsnsnfO{ hg;ª\Vof
dfgsf] kof{Kt (Sufficient) cfsns elgG5 . 5flgPsf] gd'gfn] lbg;Sg] hlt ;a} ;"rgfx? kof{Kt cfsnsn] pkof]u u/]sf]
x'G5 . kof{Kt cfsns pknJw ePsf] cj:ydf of] g} ;j}eGbf bIf x'G5 . kof{Kt cfsns ;wF}+ ;';ª\ut x'G5 . t/ o:tf] cfsns
;w}+F lgikIf eg] gx'g klg ;Sb5 .

cfsng e|df+z (Estimation Error) – dfly eg] h:t}, o;n] cg'dfg / hg;ª\Vof dfgsf] aLrsf] km/s a'emfpF5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu, s'g} sIffsf] ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{sf] ;/b/ prfO % lkm6 5 . t/ ;f] sIffsf ljBfyL{dWo]af6 s]xL ljBfyL{ 5gf}6 u/]/
pgLx?sf] dfq gfksf] cfwf/df prfO lgsfNbf cf};t prfO % lkm6 b'O{ OGr b]lvof] eg] oxfF b'O{ OGrnfO{ cfsngsf] e|df+z
elgG5 . o:tf] e|df+z gd'gflkR5] km/s kg{;S5, o;sf] dfg slxn] + x'g;S5 eg] slxn] - klg x'g;S5 .

pbfx/0fM ul0ftLo ;"qx? o; n]vsf] If]qaflx/ ePsf]n] oxfF ;"qx? lbg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5}g . s]xL pbfx/0f dfq
lbOPsf 5g\ . 5flgPsf] gd'gfaf6 lgsflnPsf] dWodf (Sample Mean) hg;ª\Vof dWodf (Population Mean) sf] lgikIf
cfsns xf] . gd'gfaf6 lgsflnPsf] ljr/tfdfg (Sample Variance) hg;ª\Vof ljr/tfdfg (Population Variance) sf]
;';ª\ut cfsns xf] t/ of] lgikIf eg] x'Fb}g . gd'gfaf6 lgsflnPsf] dWodf (Sample Mean) / dWos (Sample Median) b'j}
hg;ª\Vof dWodf (Population Mean) sf lgikIf / ;';ª\ut cfsns x'g\ . t/ dWodf oL b'O{ dWo] a9L bIf cfsns xf] .
gd'gf dWodf kof{Kt cfsns klg dflgG5 .

cj lgikIftfsf] Pp6f ;fgf] pbfx/0f x]/f}+M tLg ;ª\Vof 2, 4, 6 dfq ePsf] Pp6f sfNklgs ;d"x jf ;]6 larf/ u/f}+M P
= {2, 4, 6} . pbfx/0fsf nflu P nfO{ hg;ª\Vof (Population) / gd'gf (Sample) dfg]/ lgsflnPsf Mean, Variance /
Standard Deviation tflnsf ! df b]vfOPsf 5g\,

35
tflnsf !M hg;ª\Vof / gd'gfsf] nflu dWodf / ljr/0f dfg lgsfNg] tl/sf

olb P nfO{ hg;ª\Vof (Population) xf] eGg] dfGof}+ eg] olb P nfO{ Pp6f gd'gf (Sample) xf] eGg] dfGof}+ eg]
Mean (µ) = (2+4+6)/3 = 4 Mean ( x ) = (2+4+6)/3 = 4
2 2 2 2
Variance (σ ) = [(2-4) + (4-4) +(6-4) ]/3 = 2.6667 Variance (s2) = [(2-4)2 + (4-4)2 +(6-4)2]/2 = 4
Std. Deviation (σ) = √(2.6667) = 1.6330 Std. Deviation (s) = √4 = 2

Pp6f hg;ª\Vofaf6 Ps} cfsf/ (Size) sf PseGbf a9L gd'gf lng ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f dfly elg;lsPsf] 5 .
hg;ª\Vofaf6 5flgPsf] Ps gd'gfsf] Ps lglZrt dfg x'G5 . k|To]s gd'gfaf6 leGgfleGg} cg'dfg lgsflnG5 . dflysf] ;]6 P =
{2, 4, 6} nfO{ hg;ª\Vof dfg]/ o;af6 Random Sampling With Replacement ljlwaf6 b'O{ PsfO ePsf] gd'gf 5gf}6 u/f}+ .
of] ljlwaf6 hDdf gf}j6f (3x3 = 9) gd'gfx? 5gf}6 ug{ ;lsg] /x]5M (2,2), (2,4), (2,6), (4,2), (4,4), (4,6), (6,2), (6,4), /
(6,6) . cj oL gd'gfx? k|Tos]af6 dWodf (Mean) / ljr/tf (Variance) lgsfnf}+ . o;/L lgsflnPsf dfgx? tflnsf @ df
lbOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf @M ;Dej ;j} gd'gfx?sf] dWodf / ljr/tf dfg

gd'gf (Sample) gd'gf dWodf (Sample Mean) = x gd'gf ljr/tf (Sample Variance) = s2 s
2,2 2 0 0
2,4 3 2 1.4142
2,6 4 8 2.8284
4,2 3 2 1.4142
4,4 4 0 0
4,6 5 2 1.4142
6,2 4 8 2.8284
6,4 5 2 1.4142
6,6 6 0 0
s'n (Total) 36 24 11.3136
cf};t (Average) 4 2.6667 1.2571

dflysf] tflnsfaf6 Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ lgisif{ lg:s]sf] 5 . dfly gf}j6f gd'gfx? k|To]saf6 lgsflnPsf dWodf /
ljr/tfx?sf] cf};t (Average or Mean of Sample Means) hg;ª\Vofsf] dWodf / ljr/tf a/fa/ 5 . o;af6 s] l;Wb x'G5
eg] x / s2 qmdzM µ / σ2 sf] lgikIf cfsns x'g\ . csf]{tkm{ WofglbP/ x]g]{ xf] eg] s] b]lvG5 eg] s sf] cf};t dfg σ a/fa/
5}g cyf{t\ s eg] σ sf] lgikIf cfsns xf]Og /x]5 .

% cg'Q/ tyf 5'6 (Nonresponse and Undercoverage)

cg'Q/ (Nonresponse) eGgfn] tYofª\s ;ª\sngdf ljj/0f k|fKt x'g g;s]sf] eGg] a'lemG5 . cg'Q/ ;fdfGotof tLg
lsl;dn] x'ghfG5 – 5gf}6df k/]sf] PsfO (Element) -h:t} M JolSt jf kl/jf/_ ;Fu ;Dks{ ug{ g;Sg', pQ/ lbg] JolStn] s'g}
k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg g;Sg' / pQ/ lbg c:jLsf/ ug'{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, s'g} kfl/jfl/s ;j]{If0f (Household Survey) df x'g;Sg]
cg'Q/sf s]xL sf/0fx? o;k|sf/sf x'g;S5g\ – 5flgPsf] kl/jf/sf k"/} ;b:ox? cg'kl:yt ePsf] jf pgLx?;Fu lng'kg]{ ;a}
ljj/0f 5'6 ePsf], cyf{t\ u0fgf ug'{kg]{ l;ª\uf] kl/jf/ g} 5'6]sf], kl/jf/sf s]xL ;b:osf] u0fgf ug{ jf pgLx?sf] ljj/0f lnP/
k|ZgfjnL eg{ 5'6]sf] / Pp6f jf PseGbf a9L k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ n]Vg 5'6]sf] . cfsng ubf{ o:tf 5'6nfO{ ljrf/ u/]/ o;sf] ;d]t
lx;fa ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] ljrf/ gePdf cg'dfgn] unt lgisif{ lbg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .

;j]{If0fsf] pQ/bftf / ;j]{If0fdf pQ/ glbPsf JolStx?sf] :jefj, nIf0f jf u'0fx?df w]/} km/s kg]{ /x]5 eg] o;n]
;j]{If0fsf] glthfdf uDeL/ c;/ kfb{5 . o:tf] cg'Q/sf] gsf/fTds c;/sf] k|l;Wb pbfx/0fdf cd]l/sfdf ;g\ !(#( df ul/Psf]
Literary Digest Voter Survey nfO{ lng] ul/G5 . of] ;j]{If0fn] cd]l/sfsf] /fi6«klt kbdf Alfred Landon n] Franklin
36
Roosevelt nfO{ x/fpg] cg'dfg nufPsf] lyof] t/ r'gfjsf] glthf o;sf] pN6f] cfof] . Psk6s km]l/ tYofÍsf] pkxf; ul/of] —
“Lies, Damn Lies and Statistics” eGg] pvfg bf]xf]¥ofOof] .

pSt ;j]{If0fdf s] uNtL ePsf] lyof] t< of] gd'gfdf Go"g cfo ePsf dtbftfx?sf] oyf]lrt k|ltlglwTj gePsf] x'Fbf
o:tf] unt lgisif{ cfPsf] atfOG5 . pQ/ glbPsfdWo] clwsf+z Roosevelt ;dy{s k/]5g\ . elgG5, 5flgPsf JolStdWo] @%
k|ltztn] dfq x'nfsaf6 cfkm\gf pQ/ k7fPsf lyP . of] x'nfsaf6 ul/g] ;j]{If0fsf] a]kmfObfsf] Ps pbfx/0f klg xf] .

5gf}6 gd'gfdf hg;ª\Vofsf ;Dk"0f{ PsfOdWo] s]xL PsfOx?sf] kof{Kt dfqfdf k|ltlglwTj x'g;s]g eg] ck"0f{tf jf 5'6
(Undercoverage) sf] ;d:of cfpF5 . o;df klg ;g\ !(#( sf] Literary Digest Voter Survey s} pbfx/0f lng ;lsG5 . ;f]
;j]{If0fdf Go"g cfo ePsf dtbftfx?sf] kof{Kt dfqfdf k|ltlglwTj x'g;s]sf] lyPg . r'gfjdf Go"g cfo ePsf clwsf+zn]
Roosevelt nfO{ ef]6 lbP . gd'gf 5gf}6 ubf{ 6]lnkmf]g 8fO/]S6/L / sf/sf] btf{ ;"rLaf6 gfdx? 5flgPsf lyP . ;g\ !(#( tfsf
6]lnkmf]g / sf/ ePsf clwsf+z JolStx? t'ngfTds?kdf a9L ;DkGg JolSt x'Gy] . To;sf/0f, Go"g cfo ePsf clwsf+z
JolStx? ;j]{If0fdf 5'6\g uPÙ 5gf}6df pgLx?sf] kof{Kt k|ltlglwTj x'g;s]g / o;n] ;j]{If0fsf] glthfdf uDeL/ ljkl/t c;/
kf¥of] .

^ cg'dfg jf cfsngdf ef/sf] k|of]u (Use of Weights)

clt ;/n ;j]{If0fsf ljlwdf P]lss lgodn] cg'dfg lgsfNg ;lsG5 t/ Jojxf/df ;j]{If0f ljlwx? ;w}+ ;/n x'Fb}gg\ .
;j]{If0fdf nfUg] vr{ / cGo ;+;fwgsf cefjdf klg w]/} ;j]{If0f ljlwx? hl6n ePsf x'G5g\ . ;j]{If0f ljlw jf 5gf}6 ljlw
hl6n ePkl5 cg'dfg k|ls|of klg hl6n x'ghfG5 . slxn]sfxLF gd'gf / hg;ª\Vofsf aLr tfnd]n gldNbf cg'dfgdf u8a8
k}bf x'G5 . o:tf u8a8sf pbfx/0fdf – 5gf}6sf ;DefJotf km/s kg'{ (Selection of Units with Unequal Probabilities),
hg;ª\Vof|sf ;j} PsfO g;d]l6g' (Non-coverage of Population) / pQ/sf] cefj jf cg'Q/ (Non-response) kb{5g\ .
gd'gfdf ePsf o:tf u8a8n] cGttM hg;ª\Vof dfgsf] cg'dfgdf kIfkft x'ghfG5 .

ef/sf] k|of]un] cg'dfgsf] j}wtf Pj+ bIftf a9fpg d2t ub{5 . ef/sf] k|of]u 5gf}6sf c;dfg ;DefJotfnfO{ ;Gt'ng
ug{ dfq xf]Og cg'Q/af6 ePsf] sdL k"/f ug{, u0fgfdf 5'6 ePsf] c+zsf] lx;fj ldnfpg tyf cg'kft cg'dfg (Ratio
Estimation) ljlwdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;d]t pkof]uL x'G5 .

cg'dfgsf] bIftf w]/}h:tf] pko'St ef/ 5gf}6df e/ kb{5 . vf;df cg'dfgsf] klxnf] r/0f g} pko'St ef/ lgwf{/0f xf].
gd'gfdf k/]sf k|To]s PsfOsf] nflu ef/ lgwf{/0f ug'{k5{ o:tf] ef/nfO{ l8hfOg ef/ (Design Weight) elgG5 . ef/ lgwf{/0f
k|To]s PsfO 5gf}6sf] ;DefJotf;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu olb s'g} PsfO rogsf] ;DefJotf pi 5 eg] cg'dfg ubf{
o;sf] ef/ (wi) = 1/pi x'G5 . 5gf}6 ubf{ 1/100 ;DefJotf ePsf] PsfOnfO{ cg'dfg k|ls|ofdf ef/ 100 lbOG5 cyf{t\ oxfF
5gf}6df k/]sf] k|To]s PsfOn] hg;ª\Vofsf] 100 PsfOx?sf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . o:tf] ef/nfO{ :kmLlt u'0fs (Blow-up or
Raising or Inflation Factor) eGg] klg rng 5 . ax'r/0fdf cfwfl/t gd'gfsf nflu o:tf] ef/ lgwf{/0f k|ls|of dfly eg] h:t}
;/n x'Fb}g, ;j} r/0fnfO{ ;d]6]/ Psd'i6 ef/ lgwf{/0f ug'k5{ . gd'gfdf k/]sf ;Dk"0f{ PsfOx?sf] ef/ Pp6} cyf{t\ a/fa/ x'G5
eg] To:tf] gd'gfnfO{ :jo+efl/t gd'gf (Self-weighting Sample) elgG5 . 5gf}6 ljlw lgwf{/0f ubf{ :jo+efl/t gd'gf agfpg]
p2]Zo /flvG5 tfklg Jojxf/df o:tf] gd'gf b'n{e x'G5 .

cg'dfgdf u'0fssf] cfjZostfsf cltl/St cGo sf/0fn] klg ef/ lgwf{/0f cfjZos x'G5 . u0fgf ubf{ s'g} PsfOsf]
pko'Sttf;DaGwL cGof]n ePdf ef/sf] d2t lnOG5 . u0fgf ;dfKt ePkl5 5gf}6sf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] ;"rL (Sampling
Frame) df s'g} PsfO bf]xf]l/Psf] kfOof] eg] klg pko'St ef/sf] k|of]u u/]/ cg'dfg ldnfpg'k5{ .

pbfx/0f – %)) kl/jf/af6 ;d;Defjgfsf (Equal Probability) cfwf/df !) kl/jf/ 5flgof] . To;kl5 5flgPsf !)
kl/jf/dWo] k|To]s kl/jf/af6 csf]{ r/0fdf Pshgf s]6fs]6L -!^ jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf]_ 5flgof] . ;a} kl/jf/df a/fa/ ;ª\Vofdf
s]6fs]6L x'Fb}gg\ . kl/jf/cg';f/ s]6fs]6Lsf] ;ª\Vof km/skm/s x'G5 . 5flgPsf kl/jf/dWo] ith kl/jf/df ePsf s]6fs]6Lsf]

37
;ª\VofnfO{ Mi n] hgfOof] eg] 5flgPsf] k|To]s s]6fs]6Lsf] Psd'i6 ;DefJotf (10/500 x 1/Mi = 1/50 x 1/Mi) x'G5 / cg'dfg
ef/ 50 Mi x'G5 .

;j]{If0fdf cg'Q/sf] ;Defjgf / o;n] kfg{;Sg] gsf/fTds c;/af/] dfly 5f]6s/Ldf rrf{ ePsf] 5 . cg'Q/sf] dfqf
sd 5 cyjf pQ/ lbg] / glbg]x?aLrsf] km/s vf; 5}g eg] cg'Q/n] w]/} gsf/fTds c;/ kfb}{g . o;sf/0f cg'Q/sf] dfqf
;s];Dd sd u/fpg] d'Vo p2]Zo /flvG5 . u0fsx?n] pQ/ glbPsf] PsfO;Fu yk k|of; u/]/ u0fgf ;DkGg ug]{ / u0fssf]
tflnddf hf]8 lbg] h:tf s'/f cg'Q/sf] dfqf 36fpg] s]xL pkfo x'g\ . o:tf k|oTg ubf{ub}{ klg s]xL cg'Q/nfO{ ldnfpg
5flgPsf] gd'gfdf ef/ ;dfof]hg ug'{kg]{ g} x'G5 . cg'Q/sf] c;/ 36fpg] ljleGg pkfox?df cfjZoseGbf 7"nf] cfsf/sf] gd'gf
5fGg], ef/ ldnfpg], z'?df g} k|lt:yfkg (Replacement) PsfO 5flg/fVg] / k|lt/f]k0f (Imputation) ljlw kb{5g\ . k|lt/f]k0f
vf;u/]/ Ps jf PseGbf a9L k|Zgsf pQ/ gcfPsf] cj:yf (Item Nonresponse) df k|of]u ul/G5 .

cg'Q/sf] ef/ ldnfpFbf 5flgPsf cg'Ql/t PsfOx?sf] ef/ pQl/t PsfOx?df ;dfof]hg ul/G5 . o;sf nflu efl/t
u0fgf ;DkGg PsfO ;ª\VofnfO{ efl/t 5gf}6df k/]sf PsfOx?sf] ;ª\Vofn] efu ul/G5 . u0fgfdf ePsf] 5'6 (Noncoverage)
nfO{ k"lt{ ug{ klg o:t} pkfo ckgfOG5 . ef/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ pknJw Control Total nfO{ cfwf/ agfOG5 . o;sf nflu ;Dk"0f{
hg;ª\VofnfO{ ;fgf ;d"xdf ljefhg ul/G5 h;nfO{ kZr:t/Ls/0f (Post-Stratification) elgG5 . o;/L lgwf{l/t ef/sf] k|of]u
u/]/ 5'6sf] dfqf k"lt{ ug]{ sf]lz; ul/G5 .

pbfx/0f — Pp6f 3/kl/jf/ ;j]{If0fdf k|fKt glthfnfO{ tx ljefhg u/]kl5 Pp6f txsf] cg'dflgt kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof
#%,))) cfof] . csf]{ ;|f]taf6 ToxL txsf] hDdf kl/jf/;ª\Vof #(,!&% ePsf] yfxf eof] eg] ;dfof]hgsf] ef/ = 39175/35000
= 1.1193 x'G5 . olb cg'Q/sf] ef/ klg k|of]u ug'{ kg]{ /x]5 eg] ;f] ;d]tn] u'0fg u/]/ clGtd ;dfof]lht ef/ lgsflnG5 .

cg'dfg ubf{ ef/sf] k|of]un] ;sf/fTds Pj+ gsf/fTds b'j} k|sf/sf] k|efa kfg{;S5 . To;sf/0f ef/sf] k|of]u ubf{
xf]l;of/ x'g'k5{, o;sf] kIf ljkIfsf] /fd|f] cWoog x'g'kb{5 . ef/sf] k|of]un] k}bf ug]{ s]xL c;/x? o;k|sf/ 5g\ – cg'dfg ;'wf/
ug]{, kIfkftnfO{ sd u/fpg], cGo k|sf/sf kIfkft yKg], e|d jf k|;/0f sd ug]{, k|;/0f a9fpg], lx;fa / ljZn]if0f ug{ a9L
hl6n x'g] .

& cg'kflts tyf k|ltkfog cfsng (Ratio and Regression Estimation)

cg'dfg ubf{ d'Vo jf Oi6 rn;Fu cltl/St, ;xfos jf k"/s rn (Auxiliary or Subsidiary Variable) sf] ;d]t
k|of]u u/]/ cfsnssf] u'0f:t/ a9fpg jf hg;ª\Vof dfgsf] a9L oyfy{ cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . o:tf] ;xfos rn ;lhn}
pknAw x'g;Sg] / d'Vo rn;Fu pRr ;x;DaGw ePsf] (Highly Correlated) x'g'kb{5 . ;xfos rnsf] hg;ª\Vof dWodf
(Mean) jf s'n dfg (Total) klg yfxf x'g'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, hg;ª\Vofsf] dWodf / s'n dfg gd'gfleqsf PsfOx?af6
k|fKt pQ/x? (y1, y2, y3, … yn) sf cfwf/df lx;fj u/]/ lgsflnG5 . olb ;xfos rnsf dfgx? (x1, x2, x3, … xn) pknJw
5g\ / y tyf x sf aLr pRr ;x;DaGw (High Correlation) 5 / X jf µ x yfxf 5 eg] of] ;xfos rn x sf] k|of]u u/]/ y
sf] cg'dfgnfO{ a9L e/kbf]{ agfpg ;lsG5 . o;/L ;xfos rnsf] pkof]u ug]{ k|rlnt cfsng ljlwdf cg'kflts (Ratio),
k|ltkfog (Regression) / cGt/ (Difference) cg'dfg ljlw kb{5g\ .

;xfos rnsf] pkof]u ug]{ k|rlnt cfsng ljlwx?df klxnf] ljlw cg'kflts cfsng (Ratio Estimation) ljlw xf] .
olb yi, xi sf] ;DaGw ;/n/]vf (Straight Line) df k5{ / of] /]vf d"nljGb' (Origin) af6 hfG5 eg] -cyf{t\ x = 0 x'Fbf y = 0
x'G5 eg]_ cg'kft cfsng k|of]u ul/G5 . 5f]6s/Ldf eGg'kbf{, y = Bx, A=0 ePdf cg'kft cfsng pko'St x'G5 .

cg'kft cfsngx? w]/} cj:yfdf k|of]u x'G5g\ . s]xL pbfx/0fx? o;k|sf/ 5g\ — cg'kft cg'dfg ug{ -h:t} M Ps
dlxgfdf vfglkgdf ePsf] vr{ / Ps dlxgfsf] cfDbfgLsf] cg'kft lgsfNg_, hg;ª\Vofsf] hDdf PsfO N yfxf 5}g t/
hg;ª\Vofsf] s'g} u'0fsf] s'n dfg yfxf kfpg -Pp6f 6«sdf e/]/ NofPsf] ;'Gtnfsf] ;ª\Vof u0fgf gu/]/ gd'gfsf e/df ;a}
;'Gtnfaf6 slt /; lgsfNg ;lsG5 eg]/ cg'dfg nufpg_, cg'dfg ul/g] dWodf / s'n dfgnfO{ a9L oyfy{ agfpg -Ps 6«s
e/L ;'Gtnfaf6 k|lt uf]6f ;'Gtnfdf ePsf] /;sf] dfqf cg'dfg ug{_, hg;fª\lVos cg'dfgx? ;dfof]hg ug{ -jflif{s ;j]{If0faf6
38
s'g} vf; hfthfltsf] j]/f]huf/L b/ kQf nufpg_, cg'Q/nfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{ -cg'Ql/t PsfOsf] ;ª\Vof k"lt{ ug{_, ljleGg
;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt tYofª\s ljZn]if0f ug{ -pkef]Stf d"No ;"rL tof/ ug{_, k"jf{g'dfg ug{ -rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] lgof{t cg'dfg ug{_,
cflb .

pbfx/0f — s'g} Ps 7fpFsf kl/jf/n] lzIffdf u/]sf] vr{ cg'dfg ug'{k/]sf] cj:yfdf klxn] 5flgPsf k|To]s kl/jf/sf]
hDdf cfDbfgL / pSt kl/jf/n] lzIffdf u/]sf] vr{sf] cg'kftsf] cg'dfg lgsfNg] / To;kl5 ;f] If]q leqsf ;Dk"{0f kl/jf/sf]
jflif{s cfDbfgLn] u'0fg u/]df rflxPsf] cg'dfg k|fKt x'G5 .

cg'kflts cfsngdf h:t} k|ltkfog cfsngdf klg cg'dfgsf] oyfy{tf jf ;'lglZrttf (Precision) a9fpg d'Vo
rn;Fu ;x;DaGw ePsf] ;xfos rnsf] pkof]u ul/G5 . olb yi, xi sf] ;DaGw ;/n/]vf (Straight Line) df k5{ / of] /]vf
d"nljGb' (Origin) af6 hfFb}g eg] -cyf{t\ x = 0 x'Fbf y = 0 x'Fb}g eg]_ k|ltkfog cfsng k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;"qdf eGbf y = A
+ Bx, ePdf k|ltkfog cfsng ljlw pko'St x'G5 . oxfF y / x sf aLrsf] ;DaGw b]vfpg] ;/n /]vfnfO{ Regression Line of
y upon x elgG5 . k|ltkfog ljlwaf6 µ y cyf{t\ hg;ª\Vof dWodf cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 t/ oxfF klg cg'kflts cfsngdf h:t}
µ x yfxf ePsf] x'g'k5{ .

pbfx/0f != OlGhlgol/ª\u sn]hdf egf{ x'gsf nflu lnOPsf] k|j]z k/LIffdf cfj]bg lbg] ljBfyL{n] ul0ftdf kfPsf]
gDa/ sn]h;Fu 5 . clxn] sn]hdf %)) hgf ljBfyL{ egf{eP/ kl9/x]sf 5g\ . k|j]z k/LIffdf oL %)) hgf ljBfyL{n] ul0ftdf
kfPsf] gDa/sf] cf};t ( µ x ) ^! lyof] . oL ljBfyL{x?n] klxnf] jif{sf] hfFrdf ul0ftdf slt k|ult u/] jf u/]gg\ eg]/ yfxf
kfpg ;j} %)) hgfn] ul0ftdf kfPsf] gDa/ ghf]8L ;fgf] gd'gfsf] cfwf/df cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu tYofÍsf] dfGo
ljlwaf6 !) hgf ljBfyL{ 5fg]/ pgLx?n] klxnf] jflif{s k/LIffdf ul0ftdf kfPsf] gDa/ (yi) / klxn] k|j]z k/LIffdf kfPsf] gDa/
(xi) sf cfwf/df k|ltkfog ljlwaf6 cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

tflnsf #= OlGhlgol/ª\u sn]hdf k9\g] ljBfyL{x?n] k|j]z k/LIff / klxnf] jif{sf] k/LIffdf ul0ftdf kfPsf] gDa/
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total
xi 40 45 23 66 57 48 28 75 34 52 468
yi 63 78 50 82 92 89 73 96 57 76 756
xiyi 2520 3510 1150 5412 5244 4272 2044 7200 1938 3952 37242
xi2 1600 2025 529 4356 3249 2304 784 5625 1156 2704 24332

gf]6M ljBfyL{n] klxnf] jflif{s k/LIffdf ul0ftdf kfPsf] gDa/ (yi) / klxn] k|j]z k/LIffdf kfPsf] gDa/ (xi)

oxfF, %)) ljBfyL{n] klxnf] jif{sf] k/LIffdf ul0ftdf kfPsf] gDa/sf] cf};tsf] cg'dfg µ̂ yL o;/L lgsflnG5,

b yx = ∑n i xi 2 −∑( i x ∑
n x y −( x ) ( yi )
µˆ yL = y + b yx ( µ x − x ) ; ,
∑i ∑i ) 2

µ̂ yL = 756/10 + [(10 x 37242 – 468 x 756)/(10 x 24332 – 468 x 468)] (61 – 468/10)
= 75.6 + [(372420 – 353808)/(243320 – 219024)] (14.2)
= 75.6 + (18612/24296) (14.2) = 75.6 + 10.9 = 86.5

dflysf] ;"qdf olb b yx g/fvL cg'dfg lgsflnof] eg] To:tf] cg'dfgnfO{ cGt/ cfsng (Difference Estimation)
ljlwaf6 ul/Psf] cg'dfg, µ̂ yD elgG5 . dflysf] pbfx/0fdf µˆ yD = y + ( µ x − x ) = 75.6 + 14.2 = 89.9

pbfx/0f @= 100 lsQf ePsf] s'g} 7fpFdf ePsf] afnLsf] hDdf pTkfbg kQfnufpg' k/]sf] 5 . !)) lsQfaf6
tYofÍsf] dfGo ljlw ckgfP/ 4 j6f lsQfx? 5flgP / 5flgPsf k|To]s lsQfsf] pTkfbg (yi) lnOof] . afnLsf] pTkfbg ux|f jf
lsQfdf k|of]u ePsf] dnsf] dfqfdf e/ kb{5 . olb dflysf ;a} 100 lsQfdf k|of]u ePsf] dnsf] kl/df0f (xi) xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5
eg] xfdL k|ltkfog cfsng ljlw ckgfP/ ;a} 100 lsQfdf nfu]sf] afnLsf] s'n pTkfbgsf] kl/df0f cg'dfg ug{;S5f}+ .
39
* k|;/0f jf ljr/tf (Variance)
hg;ª\Vofsf PsfOx?sf] dfg gfKbf x'g;Sg] tndfly, ljrng jf lj:tf/ gfKg] ;"rsnfO{ k|;/0f jf ljr/tf
(Variance) elgG5 . of] hg;ª\Vofsf] s'g} gfk y / o;sf] dWodf µ aLrsf] cGt/—ju{x?sf] cf};t jf ck]lIft dfg xf] . o;nfO{
;"qdf o;/L n]lvG5, V(y) = E(y - µ)2 = ∑ ( y − µ)
y
2
p ( y ) ; p(y) n] y ;Fu ;DalGwt ;DefJotf (Probability) hgfpF5 .

hg;ª\Vofsf] k|;/0fnfO{ cS;/ σ2 n] hgfOG5 . o;sf] -+_ wgfTds ju{d"n σ nfO{ k|fdfl0fs ljrng (Standard Deviation)
elgG5 .

pbfx/0f — z"Gob]lv gf} ;Ddsf bzj6f cª\sx?sf] ;]6 P ={0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} lncf}+ . of] ;]6sf] dWodf µ
= 4.5 / p(y) = 1/10 x'G5 . To;sf/0f, V(y) = (0 – 4.5)2 (1/10) + … + (9 – 4.5)2 (1/10) = (82.5) (1/10) = 8.25 . o;sf]
k|fdfl0fs ljrng, σ = √8.25 = 2.9 x'G5 .

N PsfOx? ePsf] hg;ª\Vofaf/] yfxf kfpg ;d;Defljs ljlwaf6 n PsfOx?sf] Pp6f gd'gf 5flgPdf To;af6
dWodf / k|;/0f jf ljr/tf cg'dfg ug]{ tl/sf dflysf] eGbf yf]/} leGg 5 . gd'gfaf6 lnOPsf gfkx?nfO{ (y1, y2, y3, … yn)
dfgf}+ . of] gd'gfsf nflu dWodf y , k|;/0f s2 , k|fdfl0fs ljrng s / k|fdfl0fs lje|d (Standard Error) lgsfNg] ;"qx? o;
k|sf/ 5g\M
n n
y= 1
n ∑ yi
i =1
s2 = 1
n −1 ∑(y
i =1
i − y) 2 s = s2

Var ( x ) = N −n
nN s2 SE ( x ) = (1 − Nn ) s2
n

pbfx/0f — dfgf}+, ;d;Defljs ljlwaf6 5gf}6 ubf{ bzj6f PsfOx? ePsf] gd'gf ;]6 o:tf] cfof], S = {8, 9, 3, 5, 8, 9, 2, 7,
4, 1} . oxfF dWodf y = 56/10 = 5.6 x'G5 . To;sf/0f, s2 = (8 – 5.6)2 (1/9) + … + (1 – 5.6)2 (1/9) = (80.4) (1/9) = 8.93 .
o;sf] k|fdfl0fs ljrng, σ = √8.93 = 3.0 x'G5 .

k|;/0f jf ljr/tfn] cfsnssf] bIftf t'ngf ug{ d2t u5{ . dfgf}+ hg;ª\Vof dWodf µ sf b'O{j6f cfsns /x]5g\ E1
/ E2 . oL b'O{ cfsnsdWo] s'g j]z xf]nf eGg] hfGgsf nflu klxn] ;fk]lIfs bIftf (Relative Efficiency), RE lgsflnG5 .
;"qdf o; s'/fnfO{ o; k|sf/n] hgfOG5 — RE ( EE12 ) = VV ((EE12 )) . oxfF b'j} cfsnssf nflu gd'gfsf] cfsf/ a/fa/ jf Pp6}
x'g'k5{ . olb RE(E1/E2) > 1 eof] eg] E1 a9L bIf x'G5 / of] cfsns lng pko'St x'G5 .

;j]{If0fdf ;ª\Vos (Statistic) lgsfn] kl5 o;sf] ljZj;gLotf (Reliability) klg yfxf kfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu
;ª\Vossf] k|;/0f jf ljr/tf cg'dfg ul/G5 . ;ª\Vossf] k|;/0f jf ljr/tf lgDg s'/fdf e/kb{5 — hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/,
gd'gfsf] cfsf/, gd'gf ljlw, cfsng ljlw / hg;ª\Vofdf ;f] rnsf] k|;/0f jf ljr/tf . o;}cg'?k, s'g ljlwaf6 k|;/0f jf
ljr/tf cg'dfg ug]{ eGg] s'/f klg k|of]u ul/Psf] 5gf}6 ljlw (Sample Design Used), 5gf}6 ljlwsf] pknJw ljj/0f (Sample
Design Information Available), cg'dfg ug'{kg]{ hg;ª\Vof dfg jf k/fldlt (Population Value or Parameter to be
Estimated), tyf lx;fa ug]{ tl/sf (Computational Methods) df e/kb{5 . 5gf}6 ljlw cg';f/sf] lje|d (Sampling Error)
gfKg k|dfl0fs lje|dafx]s k|;/0f—u'0ffª\s (Coefficient of Variation) / l8hfOg c;/ (Design Effect) klg k|of]u ul/G5 .

gd'gf 5gf}6 ljlw hl6n ePcg';f/ k|;/0f cg'dfg ljlw klg hl6n x'Fb}hfG5 . hl6n ;j]{If0fsf nflu k|;/0f jf
ljr/tf cg'dfg ug{ ljleGg ljlw ljsf; ePsf 5g\ . 3/kl/jf/ ;j]{If0fsf nflu k|;/0f gfKg] ljleGg ljlwnfO{ rf/ ju{df
afF8]sf] kfOG5 — Exact Method, Cluster Method, Linearization Method and Replication Method . oL ljlwcGtu{tsf
k|;/0f jf ljr/tf cg'dfg (Variance Estimation) sf s]xL k|rlnt ljlw o;k|sf/ 5g\ — Taylor Series Linearization,
Random Groups, Balanced Repeated Replication, Jackknife and Bootstrap .

40
 pbfx/0f – dfgf}+ ;/n ;d;Defljs 5gf}6 ljlw (Simple Random Sampling Method) k|of]u u/]/ N = 20,000
kl/jf/af6 n = 20 kl/jf/ 5flgof] . kl/jf/sf] dfl;s 3/vr{ = Y -?= xhf/df_ tn lbOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf $ kl/jf/sf] dfl;s 3/ vr{ -?= xhf/df_

SN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Y 9 5 13 5 7 8 15 14 6 15 12 8 12 12 11 11 10 5 15 7

dflysf] pbfx/0fdf ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/sf] cf};t dfl;s vr{sf] cg'dfg 5flgPsf] gd'gf cWoogaf6 o;/L lgsflnG5
20
Yˆ = 1
20 ∑Y i = ( 9+ 5+ 13+ …+ 7)/20 = 200/20 = 10
i =1

cj cg'dflgt cf};t cfosf] k|;/0f jf ljr/tf o;k|sf/ lgsflnG5M

v (Yˆ ) = (1- 20/20000) {(9-10)2 + (5-10)2 + (13-10)2 + … + (7-10)2}/19 = (.999x232)/19 = 12.20

hg;ª\Vofsf] cf};tsf] cg'dfgsf] (% k|ltzt lglZrt cGt/fn o;k|sf/ x'G5

10 ± 1.96 √(12.20) = 10 ± 6.85 = (3.15, 16.85)

kl/jf/sf] hDdfhDdL dfl;s vr{sf] cg'dfg o;k|sf/ ul/G5

Ŷ = N Yˆ = 20,000 x 10 = 200,000

kl/jf/sf] s'n vr{sf] k|;/0f jf ljr/tf cg'dfg o;k|sf/ ul/G5

v (Yˆ ) = N2 v (Yˆ ) = (20,000)2 x 12.20 = 4,880,000,000

s'n vr{sf] ljZj:tfsf] cGt/fn o;k|sf/ x'G5

200,000 ± 1.96 (4,880,000,000)1/2 = 200,000 ± 136920 = (63080, 336920)

( n3' If]q cfsng jf ;fgf] If]q cg'dfg (Small Area Estimation)

clxn] :yfgLo lgsfo, :yfgLo If]q, ljz]if ;d"x h:tf “;fgf If]q” sf tYofª\sx?sf] dfu a9L /x]sf] 5 . o:tf ;fgf
If]qdf cj:yfcg';f/ lhNnf, Onfsf, uflj;, gu/kflnsf, a:tL h:tf ef}uf]lns If]q tyf hg;ª\Vofleqsf hfthflt jf cGo
;d"x / pk;d"x kg{ ;S5g\ . cyf{t\, ;fgf] If]qn] rf;f]sf laifocGt{ut hg;ª\Vofsf ljleGg ;d"xnfO{ klg a'emfpF5 . pd]/,
lnª\u, hft cyjf cGo u'0fsf cfwf/df klg hg;ª\Vofsf] ;d"x lgdf{0f x'g;S5 . o:tf ;d"x jf If]qsf] nflu cg'dfg lgsfNg
;lsg] lsl;dn] gd'gf lng ljleGg sf/0fn] ;w}+ ;Dej gx'g;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf csf]{ s'g} ljlw ckgfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;fgf] If]q
cg'dfg (Small Area Estimation) ljlw o:t} Pp6f ljlw xf] .

oxfF “;fgf]” zJbn] hg;ª\Vof jf If]qkmnsf] ;fgf] cfsf/nfO{ eGbf gd'gfdf k/]sf PsfOx?sf] ;fgf] jf yf]/} ;ª\Vof /
o;af6 l;w} cg'dfg ubf{ x'gcfpg] ljr/tf jf k|;/0fsf] 7"nf] jf pRr dfqfnfO{ a'emfpF5 . To:t} “If]q” zJb klg oxfF ljz]if
cy{df k|of]u ePsf] 5 . dfly eg] h:t} oxfF If]qn] ef}uf]lns ;Ldfgfdfq ga'emfP/ cGo h'g;'s} ;d"x h:t} hg;ª\Vofsf] lnª\u,
pd]/, j0f{, hfthflt h:tf ;d"x / pk;d"xx?nfO{ klg hgfpF5 .

olb gd'gf 5gf}6 ubf{ s'g} 7"nf] hg;ª\Vof jf /fli6«o:t/sf] dfq cg'dfg lgsfNg k'Ug] lsl;dsf] gd'gf 5gf}6 ePsf] 5
eg] o:tf] gd'gfaf6 pkIf]q jf :yfgLo:t/sf] cg'dfg lgsfNg ldNb}g / o;jf6 ;f]em} lgsfn]sf] cg'dfg e/kbf]{ klg x'Fb}g .
o:tf] cj:yfdf ;fgf] If]q cg'dfg ljlw ckgfP/ lhNnf jf ;f]eGbf tNnf] txsf] cg'dfg lgsfNg] k|rng a9\b} cfPsf] 5 .

41
 pbfx/0fsf nflu ul/aLsf] tYofª\ssf] s'/f u/f}+ . of]hgfsf/nfO{ ul/aL;DaGwL ;"rgfx? b'O{ ;|f]tx?af6 pknJw
x'g;S5g\ . klxnf] ;|f]tdf hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f h:tf kfl/jfl/s ;j]{If0fx? k5{g\ eg] bf];|f]df hgu0fgfx? kb{5g\ . hLjg:t/
;j]{If0faf6 kl/jf/sf] cfDbfgL—vr{;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0fx? pknJw x'G5g\ . ul/aL dfkgsf nflu o:tf] kfl/jfl/s ;j]{If0f g}
pko'St x'G5 t/ o;sf] ;fgf] cfsf/n] ubf{ o;n] ;du| b]zsf] / zx/L Pj+ u|fdL0f If]q tyf ljsf; If]q h:tf t'ngfTds
lx;fan] 7"nf If]q (Broad Regions) sf] dfq cg'dfg lbg;S5 .

csf]{tkm{, hgu0fgfdf k|To]s kl/jf/sf] ljj/0f ;ª\sng ul/g] x'Fbf o;af6 ;fgf]eGbf ;fgf] PsfO -h:t} M
gu/kflnsf, Onfsf, uflj;, j8f tyf a:tL;Dd_ sf] klg gtLhf lgsfNg ;lsG5 . t/ hgu0fgfaf6 kl/jf/sf] hLjg:t/;DaGwL
s]xL ;"rsx? pknJw ePtfklg o;df kl/jf/sf] cfdbfgL—vr{;DaGwL ul/aL dfkgsf nflu cfjZos ljj/0fx? ;ª\sng
ul/Psf x'Fb}gg\ . o;sf/0f, ;fgf] If]q cfsng ljlwdf oL b'j} k|sf/sf ;|f]tx?sf -;j]{If0f tyf hgu0fgfsf_ ;sf/fTds an
(Strength) pkof]u u/]/ cg'dfg lgsflnG5 . cyf{t\, ;fgf] If]q cg'dfg ljlwdf ;j]{If0f / hgu0fgfaf6 k|fKt ;"rgfx?nfO{
;dfof]hg u/]/ cg'dfgx? lgsflnG5 . ;fgf] If]q cg'dfg ljlwaf6 lgsflnPsf o:tf tYofª\sx?nfO{ gS;fdf ;d]t k|:t't ug{
;lsg] ePsf]n] o; ljlwnfO{ ul/aL gS;fª\sg (Poverty Mapping) klg eGg] ul/G5 .

;fgf] If]q cfsngsf ljlw cGtu{t ljleGg cfsnsx? ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ / ljsf; x'g] qmddf 5g\ . ljsf;
ePsf s]xL cfsnsx? o; k|sf/ 5g\ — k|ToIf cfsns (Direct Estimator), kZr—:t/Ls[t cg'kft cfsns (Post-stratified
Ratio Estimator), ;+Zn]lift cfsns (Synthetic Estimator), ;+o'St cfsns (Combined Estimator), ldl>t cfsns
(Composite Estimator), / k|ltkfog cfsns (Regression Estimator) .

pbfx/0f — ul/aLsf] :t/ kQfnufpg g]kfndf ;g\ @))#÷)$ df hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f ul/of] . o;df b]ze/af6 s'n
#(!@ kl/jf/;Fu k|ZgfjnL e/]/ tYofª\s ;ª\sng ul/Psf] lyof] . of] cfsf/sf] gd'gf ;j]{If0faf6 ;Dk"0f{ g]kfn (All Nepal),
zx/L Pj+ u|fdL0f If]q, tLg ef}uf]lns If]q tyf s]xL pkIf]qsf ;fy} kfFr ljsf; If]qsf nflu dfq ul/aLsf cg'dfgx? lgsfNg
;Dej eof] . gd'gfsf] cfsf/ ;fgf] -#(!@ kl/jf/_ ePsf]n] of] ;j]{If0faf6 &% lhNnf jf tLeGbf tNnf] txsf] 5'§f 5'§} cg'dfg
lgsfNg ;Dej ePg . b]zdf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf k|of;sf nflu :yfgLo:t/sf ;"rgfx?sf] cfjZostf a9\b} uPsf] x'Fbf oL cg'dfgx?
ck'u b]lvP . :yfgLo txsf lg0f{o / of]hgf th'{dfsf nflu :yfgLo:t/df ul/aLsf tYofª\sx?sf] cfjZostf o;n] k"/f ug{
;s]g .

g]kfndf :yfgLo:t/df ul/aLsf tYofª\sx? cGo s'g} ;|f]taf6 klg pknJw gePsf] t/ o;sf] cfjZostf ePsf]n]
ljsNksf] vf]h eof] . kmn:j?k, :yfgLo:t/sf oL tYofª\ssf] dfunfO{ s]xL xb;Dd k"/f ug{ k|rlnt “;fgf] If]q cg'dfg”
ljlwaf6 lhNnf tyf Onfsf:t/sf cg'dfg lgsflnof] . oL cg'dfgx? lgsfNgsf nflu d'Vo?kdf ;g\ @))! sf] hgu0fgfnfO{
cfwf/ agfP/ To;af6 ljj/0fsf nflu zlSt (Strength) lnP/ cg'dfg lgsflnPsf] xf] .

;fgf If]q cg'dfg ljlwdf cfwfl/t /x]/ g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0faf6 :yfgLo:t/sf cg'dfg lgsfNgsf nflu ;a}eGbf
klxn] ;j]{If0f / hgu0fgfdf ePsf cg'dfgsf nflu ;xfos x'g] ;femf rnx? kQf nufOof] . To;kl5 tL rnx?sf] cjwf/0ff,
kl/efiff, dfkg ljlw cflbaf/] ;"Id cWoog u/]/ ;dfgtf sfod ul/of] . csf]{ r/0fdf, Osf]gf]d]l6«S;\ jf tYofª\s cfsng ljlw
ckgfP/ df]8]n tof/ kfl/of] . cGTodf ;fgf If]q cyf{t\ lhNnf tyf Onfsfsf] nflu cg'dfgx? lgsflnof] / s]xL gS;fx? klg
agfOof] .

dfly elgPadf]lhd g]kfnsf lhNnf tyf Onfsf tx;Ddsf ul/aL, Sofnf]/L pkef]u Pj+ s'kf]if0fsf tYofª\sx? lgsfNg
lgDg u0fgf, ;j]{If0f tyf ;|f]tx? pkof]u ePsf lyP — g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f, @))#÷)$, g]kfn hg;fª\lVos Pj+ :jf:Yo
;j]{If0f @))!, g]kfnsf] hgu0fgf, @))! tyf ljZj vfB sfo{qmdn] tof/ kf/]sf] g]kfnsf ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf ljleGg
tYofª\sx? .

42
 ^M u0fgf tyf ;j]{If0fdf gS;f°g sfo{
z}n]Gb| l3ld/∗]
!= kl/ro
dfgjLo lqmofsnfkx?df ef}uf]lns If]qsf] 1fg / hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ p2]Zon] k|frLg sfnb]lv gS;fsf] k|of]u x'+b} cfO/x]sf] 5 .
ljutdf gS;fsf] k|of]u ljz]ifu/L ;fdl/s / kmf}hL lqmofsnfksf] nflu k|of]u x'+b} cfPsf] ePklg cfw'lgs ;dfhsf] :yfkgf;+u}
ljleGg lqmofsnfkx?df o;nfO{ cleGg cËsf] ?kdf lnOg] ul/Psf] 5 . o:t} ljleGg lqmofsnfkx?dWo] tYofÍLo If]qdf ;d]t
ljut s]xL bzsb]lv o;sf] k|of]u / pkof]lutf j9\b} uO/x]sf] kfOG5 . u0fgf / ;j]{If0fsf] of]hgf th'{dfb]lv glthf k|sfzg /
ljt/0f;Dd gS;fsf] e"ldsf j9\b} uO/x]sf] / ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnL / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; Pj+ j9\bf] k|of]un] klg gS;fsf]
k|of]unfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpb} nu]sf] 5 . ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx? ef}uf]lns If]q;+u ;DalGwt x'g] ePsf] / ljsf; of]hgf
th'{dfb]lv clGtd k|efj d"NofÍg;Dd ;"rgf / tYofÍsf] ;jf{lws dxTj ePsf]n] o:tf ;"rgf / tYofÍx?nfO{ ef}uf]lns If]q;+u
cfj4 u/fO{ ;lhnf];+u a'lemg] u/L k|:t't ul/Pdf o;sf] dxTj / pkof]lutf j9\g uO{ ;"rgf / tYofÍsf] ;d]t d"Noj[l4 x'G5 .
tYofÍLo lqmofsnfkx?df gS;fsf] k|of]u ljutdf x'b} cfPsf] ePklg Go"g k|efjsfl/tf kfOPsf] ;Gbe{df cfpbf lbgx?df
cfw'lgs k|ljlwx?sf] k|of]u u/L u0fgf / ;j]{If0fsf] ljleGg r/0fdf ;xof]uL x'g] gS;f pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{ cl3 j9fOPsf] 5 .

u0fgf / ;j]{If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu b]zsf] ef}uf]lns tyf k|zf;lgs ljefhgnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL u0fgf sfo{sf] ;~rfng ul/G5 .
o:tf If]qx?nfO{ u0fgfdf vl6g] sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{ef/, sfo{ljefhg, gd"gf 5gf}6 nufot cGo Joj:yfksLo ;xhtfsf nflu
k'gM ljefhg jf ;+of]hg u/L u0fgf If]qsf] lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] u0fgf If]qsf] lgdf{0f sfo{df vl6g] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{
gS;fsf] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L, o;sf] k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf, u0fgf If]qsf] ljlzi6 gS;fsf] hfgsf/L, :ynut sfo{df ul/g]
lqmofsnfkx?sf] 1fg Pj+ pTkflbt u0fgf If]qsf] gS;fsf] pkof]lutf nufot ljljw ljifox?sf] hfgsf/L x'g cfjZos 5 .

@= gS;f;DaGwL ;fdfGo hfgsf/L / k|of]u x'g] zAbfjnL

@=! gS;f kl/ro
;fgf] cfsf/df lgsflnPsf] k[YjLsf] s'g} klg If]qsf] e"–cfs[ltnfO{ gS;f elgG5 . csf]{ zAbdf gS;f eg]sf] hldgnfO{ s'g}
lglZrt dfg gfkdf ptfl/Psf] lrq xf] . hldgdf ePsf gbL gfnf ,af6f], h+un, j:tL cflb lj:t[t laj/0fx? gS;fdf b]vfOPsf]
x'G5 . gS;fnfO{ tnsf jfSox?jf6 klg j'em\g ;lsG5 .
æef}uf]lns jf:tljstfsf] Ps k|ltlglwTj jf ;f/Æ
æef}uf]lns ;"rgfsf] b[ZofTds (Visual) / ;lhn} u|x0fof]Uo (Tactile) tl/sfaf6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;fwgÆ
æk[YjLsf] ;txsf] Ps txsf] ;fgf] tyf ;/n k|ltlglwTjÆ

@=@ gS;fsf k|sf/x?

gS;f pTkfbg / k|of]usf] b[li6sf]0fjf6 x]bf{ ljleGg k|sf/ / ju{sf gS;fx? kfOG5g\ . gS;f pTkfbg ug]{ dfkb08,

o;df b]vfOg] ljifoj:t' / k|of]u tyf pkof]usf p2]Zox?sf cfwf/df gS;fnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/df tn pNn]v ePjdf]lhd
juL{s/0f ul/Psf] kfO{G5 .
• :yn?k / ljifout gS;f (Topographical and Thematic Map)
• j[xt\ gfkdfg / n3' gfkdfgo'Qm gS;f ( Large Scale and Small Scale Maps)
• Pgfnu gS;f / ;f+lvsLo gS;f ( Analog Map and Digital Map)
• cfwf/ gS;f / lj:tfl/t gS;f ( Base Map and Derived Map)
• /f:6/ gS;f / e]S6/ gS;f (Raster Map and Vector Map)

∗
tYofÍ clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
43
@=# gS;fdf k|of]u x'g] s]xL zJb / ljifox?

@=#=! gS;fsf] :s]n

gS;fdf b]vfOPsf b"/L hldgdf To;sf] jf:tljs gfkeGbf slt u'0ff 36fOPsf] 5 egL b]vfpg] gfknfO{ gS:ffsf] :s]n eGb5g\ .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu s'g} gS;fdf To;sf] gfkdfg !M!)) n]v]sf] /x]5 eg] Tof] gS;fdf b]lvg] b"/L e";txdf x'g] jf:tljs gfkeGbf
;o u'0ff 36fP/ agfOPsf] eGg] a'em\g'k5{ . gS;f k|of]ustf{nfO{ ;lhnf]sf] lglDt gS;fsf] b"/L hldgdf slt 5 eGg] yfxf kfpg
:s]n jf/ lbOPsf] x'G5 .

gS;fsf] s'g} b'O{ laGb'aLrsf] b"/L cg'dfg ug{ af/ :s]nsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . gS;fdf gfkLg] b"/L j/fj/ hldgdf s] slt b"/L
x'G5 yfxf kfpg gS;fsf] gfkdfg k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . h:t}M s'g} gS;fsf] gfkdfg !M !)) 5 eg] To; gS;fdf % ;]=dL= b"/L a/fa/
hldgdf %)) ;]G6LdL6/ cyf{t % ld6/ x'G5 . af/:s]ndf b]vfOPsf] b"/L bfFh]/ Ps 7fpFb]lv csf]{ 7fpF;Ddsf] b"/L cg'dfg ug{
;lsG5 . gS;fdf b]lvg] gfk / hdLgdf jf:tljs x'g] gfksf] cg'kftnfO{ Representative Factor (RF) elgG5 .

gS;fdf gfkLg] b"/L lIflthLo (Horizontal) b"/L x'g\ . To;sf/0f kxf8L If]qdf o;/L cg'dfg ul/Psf] lIflthLo b"/L hldgsf] tn
dfly ePsf] le/fnf] b"/LeGbf sd x'ghfG5 . To;}n] kxf8L e]udf lxF8\bf nfUg] b"/L gfk]sf] b"/LeGbf s]xL a9L x'G5 .

@=#=@ ;+s]t lrGx (Legend)

ljleGg j:t' / lkmr/x?nfO{ lglZrt dfkb08jdf]lhdsf ;+s]tsf] k|of]u u/L b]vfOPsf x'G5g\ . o:tf] ;+s]tx?sf] cy{ ;+s]t
lrGxsf] k|of]u u/L gS;fdf b]vfOPsf] x'G5 . ;txdf ePsf ljleGg lj:t[t laj/0fx? h:t}M gbLgfnf, hËn, af6f], j:tL, :s"n,
c:ktfn, dlGb/ cflb gS;fdf b]vfpg ;+s]t lrGxx?sf] ;xfotf lnOG5 . gS;fdf ;a} lj:t[t laj/0fx? b]vfOPsf] x'Fb}g .

@=#=# gS;f cled'vLs/0f (Map Orientation)

gS;fnfO{ cWoog ug{ ;xL lbzftkm{ kmsf{pg' g} gS;f cled'vLs/0f xf] . gS;fsf] l;/fgtkm{ pQ/ x'G5 eg] bfofF, tn tyf
afofFtkm{ qmdzM k"j{, blIf0f tyf klZrd lbzf kb{5 . s'g} klg gS;f k|of]u ubf{ To;nfO{ ;'N6f] lbzfdf -zLif{sdf n]lvPsf
cIf/x? pQ/ lbzfjf6 cfk"mtkm{ kms{g] u/L_ kmsf{P/ /fVg'kb{5 . gS;f cled'v eO;s]kl5 gS;fdf b]vfOPsf lkmr/ / j:t'x?
/ hldgdf ePsf pQm lkmr/ jf j:t' / tL cjl:yt /x]sf lbzfsf] klxrfg u/L gS;fsf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . w]/}h;f] gS;fx?df
pQ/ lbzf b]vfpg] u/L tL/sf] jf cGo s'g} lrGx lbOPsf] x'G5 eg] s'g}df rf/} lbzf b]lvg] ;+s]t lrGx k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 .

@=#=$ cIff+z (Latitude)

e"dWo/]vfsf] pQ/ jf blIf0fdWo] s'g} 7fp+sf] sf]l0fs cyf{t sf]0fdf gflkPsf] b"/LnfO{ cIff+z elgG5 . s'g} 7fp+sf] cIff+z eGgfn]
e"dWo/]vf / ;f] 7fp+jf6 lvr]sf] /]vf ldn]/ k[YjLsf] s]Gb|df jg]sf] sf]0fnfO{ a'emfp‘5 .

@=#=% b]zfGt/ (Longitude)

k|wfg dWofGx/]vfsf] k"j{ jf klZrdsf] s'g} 7fp+sf] sf]l0fs b"/LnfO{ b]zfGt/ elgG5 . k|wfg dWofGx/]vfsf] b]zfGt/ )) x'G5 . oxL
k|wfg dWofGx/]vf / To;sf] k"j{ jf klZrdsf] s'g} 7fp+jf6 lvlrPsf] /]vf ldn]/ jGg] sf]0f g} To; 7fp+sf] b]zfGt/ x'G5 .

@=#=^ ;df]Rr /]vf

hldgsf] cUnf] xf]rf] b]vfpg gS;fdf j`m/]vfsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . Pp6} prfO ePsf ljleGg :yfgx?nfO{ hf]8\g] aqm/]vfnfO{
;df]Rr /]vf (Contour Line) eGb5g=\ . ;df]Rr /]vf glhs eP a9L le/fnf] / 6f9f eP a9L ;dy/ a'emfpFb5 . cUnf]xf]rf]sf
cnfjf ;dfg dfg ePsf :yfgx?nfO{ b]vfpg klg o:tf ;ddfk /]vfx? k|of]u ul/G5g\ . h:tM} ;dfg tfkqmd ePsf
:yfgx?nfO{ hf]8\g] /]vf, ;dfg jiff{ x'g] :yfg b]vfpg] /]vf cflb .

@=#=& l:ylt lgwf{/0f

gS;f x]/]/ cfkm" tTsfn /x]sf] :yfg jf s'g} lrg]sf] j:t'sf] :yfg lgwf{/0f ug'{ g} l:ylt lgwf{/0f ug'{ xf] . gS;f x]/]/ cfkm\gf]
l:ylt lgwf{/0f ug{ / uGtJo:yfg klxrfg ug{ lgDg s'/fx? cjnDag ug'{kb{5 .
¾ gS;fnfO{ pQ/ lbzftkm{ kmsf{P/ ;xL cled'v ug]{ .
¾ hldgdf lrlgPsf s]xL :ki6 7fpFx? x]/L glhssf] lj:t[t laj/0fx? klxrfg ug]{ .
¾ tL 7fpFx?sf] cfwf/df hldgsf] b"/L / lbzf x]/L glhssf] lj:t[t laj/0fx? klxrfg ug]{ .

44
¾ cfkm" glhssf] hldgsf] lj:t[t laj/0fx? gS:ffdf klxrfg eO;s]kl5 tL lj:t[t 7fpF jf laj/0fsf cfwf/df cfkm\gf] :yfg
gS;fdf dfs{ u/L lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
¾ cfkm\gf] l:ylt lgwf{/0f eO;s]kl5 gS;fdf b]vfOPsf] uGtJo:yfg;Dd k'Ug s'g af6f] / s'g 7fpF eP/ hfg'k5{ cWoog u/L
;f]xL cg';f/ e|d0f u/]df gcNdlnO{ cfkm\gf] uGtJo:yfg k'Ug ;lsG5 .

@=#=* e"pku|x lrq (Satellite Image)

e"pku|x lrq jf Od]h eGgfn] k[YaLsf] ;txb]lv lglZrt prfOdf /x]sf e"pku|xaf6 k[YaLsf] ;txsf] nuftf/ ?kdf lvrL
k7fOPsf tl:j/x? eGg] j'lemG5 . o:tf tl:j/x?n] hldgsf] w]/} If]q cf]u6]sf] x'G5 . o:tf Od]hx?sf] u'0f / z'4tf
(Accuracy) dfkg Od]hsf] Resolution n] ul/G5 . Resolution eGgfn] tl:j/df ePsf] Pixel sf] cfsf/ eGg] a'lemG5 .
Od]hnfO{ Georectification u/]/ cfcfkm\gf] If]qsf] yk sfo{sf] nflu tof/ ul/G5 . Geo-rectification eg]sf] sf]cl8{g]6 /fvL
Od]hnfO{ s'g} :yfg ljz]if;+u ;DjlGwt u/fpg' xf] . h:t}M g]kfnsf] Od]h k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 g]kfnsf ljleGg :yfgsf 1ft
sf]cl8{g]6x? Od]hdf /flvG5g h;n] ubf{ ;f] Od]h g]kfnsf] egL lrlgG5 .

@=#=( xjfO{ lrq (Aerial Photo)

k[YaLsf] ;txaf6 s]xL dflyaf6 xjfO{hxfh p8fP/ cfjZos gfkdfgdf cfjZos :yfgsf] kmf]6f] lvlrG5 . o:tf kmf]6f]x?df
k[YaLsf] ;txdf ePsf ;Dk"0f{ lkmr/x? :ki6?kdf b]Vg ;lsG5 . xfd|f] b]zdf klg gfkL ljefun] ;g !((* lt/ ;Dk"0f{
b]zel/sf] !M%))) / !M!)))) :s]nsf] xjfO{ lrq tof/ kf/]sf] lyof] .

@=#=!) e"cjl:ylthfgsf/L k|0ffnL (Global Positioning System, GPS)

k[YjLsf] ;txsf] s'g} :yfgdf /x]sf] j:t'sf] cjl:yltsf] hfgsf/L lbg] k|ljlwo'Qm k|0ffnLnfO{ GPS elgG5 . cGo k|ljlwut
k|0ffnLdf h:t} o;df klg Hardware, Software, Method, People / Data sf] k|of]u ePsf] x'G5 . of] k|ljlw e"pku|xdf
cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] Aofks k|of]u kfgLhxfh, xjfO{hxfh tyf uf8Lx?df jf6f] klxNofpg (Navigation) sf] nflu ul/G5 .
of] k|ljlw ;+rfngsf] nflu ;+o'Qm clw/fHosf] /Iff ljefun] @$ j6f e"pku|xx? cGtl/Ifdf 5f]8]sf] 5 . ;'?df ;}lgs k|of]hgsf]
nflu of] k|ljlwsf] yfngL ul/Psf] lyof] t/ ;g !(*) sf] bzsdf cGo ;fwf/0f gful/sx?nfO{ klg of] k|ljlw k|of]u ug{ lbO{of]
. of] k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ljZjel/ h'g;'s} df};ddf klg rf}lj;} 306f h;n] klg lgMz'Ns ug{;S5 . of] k|ljlw k|of]u u/]/ k[YaLdf
ePsf] Feature x? /x]sf] :yfg kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . o;n] s'g} klg Feature sf] X, Y, Z coordinate lbG5 . of] k|lalw
cfhef]ln lgs} g} ;:tf] kg]{ ePsf]n] hgu0fgf gS;f+sgsf] sfo{df w]/} g} rlr{t ePsf] 5 . dfly pNn]v ePcg'?k xftn] sf]/]sf]
gS;f agfpg] qmddf of] k|ljlwsf] /fd|f] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . of] k|ljlw k|of]u ug{sf] nflu GPS Receiver sf] cfjZostf kb{5
.

@=#=!! ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnL (Geographical Information System, GIS)

ef}uf]lns ;"rgfx?nfO{ sDKo'6/sf] k|ljlw k|of]u u/L ;+sng, ;~ro, ljZn]if0f, vf]hL / k|:t't ug]{ PsLs[t k|0ffnL g} df]6fdf]6L
?kdf ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnL xf] .
ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnL tLgj6f tTjx?sf] PsLs[t :j?k xf] .
ef}uf]lns M jf:tljs w/tL, w/ftnLo oyfy{, e"uf]n;DaGwL
;"rgf M tYofÍ / ;"rgf, tLgsf cy{ / k|of]u
k|0ffnL M sDKo'6/ k|ljlw / ;xof]uL k"jf{wf/

@=#=!@ u0fgf If]q

;fwf/0ftof u0fgf If]q eGgfn] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] ef}uf]lns OsfO h;nfO{ Go"gtd :ynut If]q dfgL u0fgf jf ;j]{If0fdf TfYof+s
;+sng ul/G5 tyf ;+sng ul/Psf tYofÍx? k|zf]wg u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ b[Zof+sg ul/G5 . csf]{ zAbdf u0fgf If]q eGgfn]
Ps lglZrt ;Ldfgf ePsf] / ef}uf]lns lj:tf/ tyf 3/w'/L ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df agfOPsf] ;fgf] ef}uf]lns OsfO h;df u0fgfsf]
nflu tf]lsPsf] ;dodf Ps u0fsn] u0fgf ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 . x/]s u0fgf If]qdf 3/w'/L / 3/kl/jf/sf] u0fgfsf nflu z'?cftL
sfo{ x'G5 cyf{t Pp6f u0fgf If]qsf] sfo{ ;DkGg eO;s]kl5 csf]{df k'gM z'?b]lv sfd ul/Psf] h:tf] dflgG5 . ef}uf]lns If]qsf]
/ j;f]jf;sf] ljz]iftfcg';f/ -h:t}M lxdfn,kxf8, t/fO{, zx/L / u|fdL0f If]q cflb_ ;dfg k|sf/sf If]qx?df o:tf u0fgf If]qx?
;dfg 3/kl/jf/ ;+Vof x'g]u/L jgfpg] k|of; ul/G5 . 7"nf j8fx?nfO{ ljefhg u/L w]/} u0fgf If]q jf l;+uf] j8fsf] u0fgf If]q jf
PseGbf j9L j8f ld;fO{ Pp6f u0fgf If]q jgfOG5 .

45
@=#=!# j8fv08 / Ans (Sub-Ward and Block)
7"nf j8fx?nfO{ ;dfg ?ksf u0fgf If]q jgfpgsf nflu j8fv08sf] ?kdf ljefhg u/L u0fgf If]qsf] ?k lbOG5 . o;}u/L
gu/kflnsf jf j9L hg3gTj ePsf uf=lj=;=df j8f leq lglZrt ;Ldfgf 5'6\ofO{ agfOPsf ;fgf ;fgf If]qx?nfO{ Ans elgG5
. o:tf Ansx? l;+u} jf b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf j9L Ans hf]8L u0fgf If]qsf] :j?k lbOG5 . o:tf u0fgf If]q jf Ans jgfpbf To;sf]
:ki6 ;Ldfgf, ;f] If]q klxrfg ug{ cfjZos lkmr/ ;+sng / ;f] If]qleq j;f]jf; ug]{ 3/kl/jf/sf] ;+Vofsf] cg'dfg h:tf sfo{
ug'{kb{5 .

#= u0fgf / ;j]{If0fdf gS;fsf] e"ldsf

u0fgf / ;j]{If0fdf gS;fsf] e"ldsfnfO{ # r/0fdf ljeflht u/]/ x]l/G5 .

#=! u0fgfk"j{sf] sfo{x? (Pre-Census/Survey Activities)

hgu0fgf cufl8 ug{'kg]{ sfo{sf] ?kdf ljz]iftM u0fgf If]q gS;fÍsgsf] sfo{nfO{ lng] ul/Psf] 5 . u0fgf If]q gS;fsf] d2tn]
lkmN8df uO{ sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ cfkmgf] efudf k/]sf] u0fgf If]q klxrfg ug{ 7"nf] d2t k'Ub5 . olb u0fsx?nfO{ ;xL
u0fgf If]q gS;f pknAw u/fpg ;lsPdf hgu0fgfsf] gf/f æsf]xL g5'6'g, sf]xL gbf]xf]l/pgÆ nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] ;fFrf] agfpg
;lsG5 . o;n] u0fgfdf u0fssf] sfo{jf]em, u0fgf If]qdf kx'+r, ;f] If]qsf] ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt / ;+/rgf tyf cGo k"jf{wf/sf]
cWoog / ljZn]if0f ug{ ;xof]u k'/\ofO{ :ynut sfo{df ;xhtf Nofp+5 . o;sf] ;fy;fy} u0fgf If]q gS;fsf] ;xof]un] hgu0fgf
Aoj:yfkg ;d"xnfO{ klg hgu0fgfdf vl6O{ hfg] lkmN8sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] Aoj:yfkg ug{ klg ;lhnf] x'G5 .

#=@ u0fgfsf] :ynut sfo{x? (Census/Survey Field Activities)

u0fgfsf] :ynut sfo{df gS;fsf] cTolws k|of]u x'G5 . o;sf] dfWodn] u0fs / ;'kl/j]Ifsx?n] cfkm\gf] sfo{If]q klxNofO{
To;sf] jf/]df cGo cfjZos ljj/0fsf] cWoog ug{ ;Sb5g\ . u0fsx?n] cfkm\gf] sfo{ z'? ug]{ / ;DkGg ug]{ of]hgfj4
Joj:yfkg u/L lglZrt ;doleq sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ / 5'6k'5 ePsf 3/kl/jf/ klxNofpg klg gS;fsf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
u0fgf If]q gS;fsf] k|of]un] hgu0fgfsf] lkmN8 sfo{ ;+rfng e}/x]sf] a]nfdf lg/LIf0f ug{ hfg] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ klg ;xof]u ub{5
. o; sfo{jf6 u0fs / ;'kl/j]Ifsx?sf] sfdsf] cg'udg ug{ ;xof]u x'G5 . lkmN8df vl6Psf sd{rf/Lx?n] cfkm";Fu ePsf]
gS;fdf pNn]v ePjfx]s gofF j:t' km]nfkf/]df ;f]xL gS;fdf l6k]/ NofPdf gS;f cBfjlws ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .

#=# u0fgf kZrftsf sfo{x? (Post-Census/Survey Activities)

u0fgfsf] lkmN8 sfo{ ;lsPkl5 ;+sng ePsf tYofÍx?nfO{ k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0f u/L k|of]ustf{x?sf] cfjZostfcg'?ksf] tYofÍ
tyf tflnsfx? pknAw u/fpg' g} u0fgf kZrftsf lqmofsnfkx? x'g\ . tYofÍ k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0fsf] qmddf gS;fsf] d2tn]
ljleGg lsl;dsf lgoGq0f / hf+r ug{ d2t k'/\ofp5 . h:t}MgS;fdf kmf6k'm6 j;f]jf; ePsf] If]q b]lvof] t/ lkmN8jf6 cfPsf]
kmf/fdsf] cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{ hg3gTj j9L b]lvPdf k'gM hf+r ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

tYofÍsf] k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0f kZrft ;f] glthf / k|ltj]bgnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ qmddf k/Dk/fut tflnsfdf dfq k|:t't ug'{eGbf
gS;fdf ;d]t lbO{ ef}uf]lns If]q;+u :ki6 b]lvg] u/L cfj4 u/fO{ k|:t't ul/Pdf j9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 . lxhf]cfh ef}uf]lns
;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ePkl5 k|of]ustf{x?n] tflnsfsf] ?kdf eGbf gS;fsf] ?kdf ;"rgfx? dg k/fpg yfn]sf 5g . o;
k|0ffnLsf] ;xof]un] k|of]ustf{x?sf] rfxgfcg'?ksf] tYofÍ gS;fsf] ?kdf pknAw u/fpg ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . To;sf/0fn] ubf{
hgu0fgfsf] t];|f] r/0fsf] sfo{df klg gS;fsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

$= u0fgf If]q gS;f°g;DjGwL sfo{x?

$=! u0fgf If]q gS;f (Enumeration Area Map or EA Map)
lglZrt ef}uf]lns ;Ldfgf b]vfO{ ;f] If]qleq kg]{ dxTjk"0f{ j:t' / lkmr/x? b]lvg] u/L u0fgfsf] sfdnfO{ ;3fpg] p2]Zon] tof/
kfl/Psf] u0fgf If]qsf] ljlzi6 gS;fnfO{ u0fgf If]q gS;f elgG5 . u0fgf k|of]hgsf] nflu k|To]s g=kf= jf uf=lj=;= If]q /
l5d]sL g=kf= jf uf=lj=;= sf s]xL efu ;d]t gS;fdf b]vfOPsf x'G5g\ .

gS;fsf] dflyNnf] efudf s'g g=kf= jf uf=lj=;= sf] gS;f xf] ;f]sf] gfd tyf lhNnfsf] gfd / gS;f gDa/ b]vfOPsf] x'G5 .
gS;fdf ;+s]t ;"rL, nf]s];g gS;f, af/ :s]n cflb klg b]vfOPsf] x'G5 . nf]s];g gS;f x]/]/ ;f] g=kf= jf uf=lj=;= lhNnfsf]
s'g efult/ kb{5 eGg] s'/f yfxf x'G5 . ;+s]t ;"rLdf gS;fdf k|of]u ul/Psf ;+s]tx?sf] cy{ lbOPsf] x'G5 . gS;fdf ;DalGwt
g=kf= jf uf=lj=;=sf] dfq j8f ;Ldfgf b]vfOPsf] x'G5 . j8fx?sf] aLr efudf j8fsf] gDa/ klg n]lvPsf] x'G5 .
46
$=@ u0fgf If]q gS;f+sgdf ul/g] sfo{x?
cfufdL hgu0fgf @)^* sf] nflu xfd|f] b]zdf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ uf=lj=;= tyf g=kf=x?sf] u0fgf If]q gS;f agfpg] of]hgf /x]sf] 5
. u0fgf If]q gS;f agfpgsf] nflu gfkL ljefun] pknAw u/fPsf] 6f]kf]u|flkms gS;fnfO{ cfwf/ dflgG5 eg] pknJw x'g]
:of6]nfO6 O{d]h gfkL ljefun] pknAw u/fPsf] cyf]{kmf]6f] / lhkLP;sf] ;xfotfn] b]z el/sf] ;Dk"0f{ If]qx?sf] u0fgf If]q gS;f
agfOG5 . u0fgf If]q gS;f+sgdf hgu0fgf cufj} ul/g] sfo{x? lgDgadf]lhdsf x'g]5g .

;Ldfgf hf+r tYofÍ ;+sng ;+slnt ljifoj:t' tYofÍ Joj:yfkg

gS;fdf /fVg]

gS;f k|of]u gS;f ljt/0f gS;f pTkfbg

$=@=! j8fsf] ;Ldfgf cWofalws ug]{ sfo{

g=kf=, uf=lj=;= / j8fsf] ;Ldfgf cBfalws ug]{ sfd s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] gePsf]n] hgu0fgf k|of]hgsf] nflu dfq
cfGtl/s k|of]hgsf] nflu j8fsf] ;Ldfgf cBfalws ug]{ sfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . k|d'v zx/L If]qx?df 6f]kf]u|flkms gS;fnfO{ cfwf/
dfgL cyf]{kmf]6f] / vl/b ul/Psf :of6fnfO6 Od]hsf] ;xfotfn] :yfgLo afl;Gbf tyf gu/kflnsfsf] j8f sfof{nosf]
kbflwsf/Lsf] ;dGjodf j8fsf] ;Ldfgf cWofalws ug]{ sfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . cGo zx/L If]qx? tyf u|fdL0f If]qx?sf] xsdf
6f]kf]u|flkms gS;fnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ gfkL ljefun] pknAw u/fPsf] cyf]{kmf]6f] / lhkLP;sf] ;xfotfn] :yfgLo afl;Gbf tyf
gu/kflnsfsf] j8f sfof{nosf] kbflwsf/L tyf uf=lj=;=sf] kbflwsf/Lx?sf] ;dGjodf j8fsf] ;Ldfgf cWofalws ug]{ sfd
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o; sfo{df ;DjlGwt If]qd} uO{ pknJw gS;fnfO{ If]qdf le8fO{ ;f] 7Ls eP gePsf] olsg ul/G5 . olb o:tf]
;Ldfgfdf x]/km]/ ePsf] kfOPdf pknJw gS;f jf Od]hdf ;f] ;Ldfgf sxf+ x'g'kg]{ xf] b]vfO{ k'/fgf]nfO{ sf6\g'k5{ .

$=@=@ Ans 5'6\ofpg] sfo{

cfufdL hgu0fgfsf] nflu u0fgf If]qsf] cfsf/ olsg geO;s]sf] xF'bf xfnnfO{ lkmN8df uO{ ;–;fgf] Ans agfpg'kg]{ x'G5 .
o;/L agfOPsf Ansx?nfO{ kl5 ;dfof]hg u/L cfjZostfcg';f/sf] u0fgf If]q agfpg ;lsG5 . o;/L Ans agfpFbf xfnnfO{
#) b]lv &) 3/ ;+Vof kg]{ u/L agfpg'kg]{ x'G5 .

k|d'v zx/L If]qx?df pknAw u/fOPsf :of6]nfO6 O{d]h jf cyf]{kmf]6f]sf] ;xfotfn]] Od]hdf cfkm" /x]sf] :yfg klxrfg u/L #)
b]lv &) 3/ kg]{ u/]/ Od]hdf Ans sf]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L Ans sf]bf{ ;s];Dd ToxFf ePsf ljleGg ;Ldf sf]g{ pkof]uL :ki6
lkmr/x?nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ sf]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . lkmr/ eGgfn] ;8s, gbL gfnf cflbnfO{ a'emfpF5 . o;/L Ans sf]l/;s]kl5 To;
AnsnfO{ ;lhn} klxrfg ug{ ;lsof]; eGgfsf] nflu To; Anssf] rf/}tkm{sf] ;Ldfgf pknAw u/fOPsf] kmf/fddf n]Vg'kb{5 .
rf/}tkm{sf] ;Ldfgf eGgfn] k"j{df sxFfb]lv s] xF'b} sxFf;Dd / To;}u/L ;a} lbzfsf] ;Ldfgf :ki6 a'lemg] u/L n]Vg'kb{5 .

o;/L agfOPsf] Ansx?nfO{ kl5 ;dfof]hg u/L cfjZostfcg';f/sf] u0fgf If]q agfpg ;lsG5 .

$=@=# 3/ u0fgf ug]{ sfo{

pknAw u/fOPsf] Od]hdf Ans 5'6\ofP/ sf]l/;s]kl5 To; Ansleq /x]sf] 3/ u0fgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L 3/ u0fgf ubf{ To;
Ansleq /x]sf] s'g} klg 3/ g5'6\g] u/L u0fgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . k|To]s Anssf] 3/ u0fgf ul/;s]kl5 pknAw u/fOPsf] 3/ u0fgf
ug]{ kmf/fddf 3/ ;+Vof l6kf]6 ug'{kb{5 . 3/u0fgf sfo{ ubf{ j;f]jf; ePsf 3/x?sf] dfq u0fgf ug]{ / sfof{no, sf/vfgf,
uf]bfd, k;n cflb h:tf j;f]jf; gePsf 3/x? u0fgf ug'{kb}{g . t/ sfof{no, uf]bfd 3/ cflb h] ePklg Toxf+ sf]xL j;f]jf;
u/L j;]sf 5g\ eg] u0fgf ug'{kb{5 . 3/kl/jf/ gj:g] t/ ;fd"lxs ?kn] j;f]jf; u/L j:g] ;+:yfut 3/x?sf] 5'§} u0fgf u/L
l6kf]6 ul/G5 .

47
$=@=$ ;+:yfut j;f]jf; ePsf ejgx?sf] ljj/0f ;+sng ug]{ sfo{
Ansleq e]l6Psf ;+:yfut?kn] j;f]jf; eO/x]sf ejgx? o;cGtu{t kb{5g\ . ljBfyL{x? j:g] 5fqfjf;, o'jf xf]:6]n,
sf/vfgfsf sd{rf/L j:g] ;+o'Qm cfjf; u[x, ;]gf / k|x/Lsf] Jof/]s h:tf ejgx? o;cGtu{t kb{5g\ . Ansx?dWo]af6 l;+uf]
Ans jf Ansx?sf] ;d"x 5gf}6 u/L u0fgf If]q jgfOg] / o:tf u0fgf If]qleq j;f]jf; ug]{ 3/kl/jf/sf] ;+Vofsf] cg'dfg ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu o:tf ejgx?sf] 5'§} ;"rL tof/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . u0fgf If]qdf gS;fÍg ubf{sf] ;dodf j;f]jf; ug]{ kl/jf/
;+Vofsf] u0fgf ubf{ ut hgu0fgfdf sfod /x]sf] 3/ ;+Vof / kl/jf/ ;+Vofsf] cg'kftnfO{ cfwf/ agfOPsf] x'G5 . ut
hgu0fgfdf ;+:yfut 3/kl/jf/sf] 5'§} tYofÍ lgsflnPsf] x'+bf gS;fÍg sfo{df klg o;nfO{ 5'§} ;"rLs[t ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

$=@=% ;8s tyf gbL gfnfx?sf] gfd ;+sng ug]{ sfo{

u0fgf If]qdf kg]{ ;8s tyf gbL gfnfx?sf] ljj/0f klg gS;fdf pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . Anssf] / u0fgf If]qsf] ;Ldfgf
5'6\ofpg] cfwf/df d'Votof ;8s / gbL gfnfnfO{ g} lnOPsf] 5 . k|d'v zx/L If]qx?df :of6fnfO6 Od]hsf] ;xfotfn] pknAw
u/fOPsf] Od]hdf ljleGg ;8s tyf gbL gfnfx? klxrfg u/L lrGx nufpg'kb{5 / pknAw u/fOPsf] kmf/fddf gfd, k|sf/ tyf
ju{x?sf] af/]df n]vL Nofpg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;}u/L cGo zx/L If]qx? tyf u|fdL0f If]qx?sf] xsdf pknAw u/fOPsf] cyf]{kmf]6f] /
lhkLP;sf] ;xfotfn] ljleGg ;8s tyf gbL gfnfx? klxrfg u/L l6kf]6 u/L Nofpg'kb{5 .

$=@=^ cGo lkmr/x? ;+sng ug]{ sfo{

lkmN8df vl6O{ uPsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ cfk"mn] u0fgf ug]{ If]q ;lhn} klxrfg ug{ ;lsof]; eGgfsf] nflu To; u0fgf If]qdf kg]{
cGo lkmr/x? ;d]t gS;fdf /fv]/ pNn]v ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ljleGg lkmr/ eGgfn] To; If]qdf ePsf ljBfnox?, d7 dlGb/x?,
;/sf/L ejgx?, ;fj{hlgs wf/fx?, :df/s / lrgf/L lbg] :yfoL k|s[ltsf lkmr/ egL j'lemG5 . o:tf lkmr/x? klxrfg ePkl5
pknJw Od]h jf cyf]{kmf]6f]df lrGx nufO{ pknAWf u/fOPsf] kmf/fddf tL lkmr/x?sf] sf]8;lxt ljj/0f n]v]/ Nofpg'kb{5 .
Od]hdf ePsf t/ lkmN8df s'g} sf/0fn] dfl;O{ x/fPsf lkmr/nfO{ s6fO{ Od]hdf gb]lvPsf t/ lkmN8df kfOPsf goFf lkmr/x?
lhkLP;sf] ;xfotfn] :yfg klxrfg u/L l6kf]6 u/L Nofpg'kb{5 .

$=@=& u0fgf If]q 5'6\ofpg] sfo{

u0fgf If]q gS;f agfpgsf] nflu s'g cfsf/sf] u0fgf If]q agfpg] eGg] s'/f lglZrt x'g'kb{5 . ;fwf/0ftof u0fgf If]qsf] cfsf/
b'O{ tl/sfaf6 kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5Ù If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df / hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df . hgu0fgfsf] u0fgf If]q agfpgsf] nflu
hg;+VofnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ agfpg' g} pko'Qm x'G5 t/ pQm If]qsf] If]qkmn tyf If]qdf kx'Fr s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/f klg ljrf/
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . lsgeg] hg;+VofnfO{ dfq cfwf/ dfg]/ u0fgf If]q 5'6\ofpbf To; If]qsf] If]qkmn w]/} x'g uof] eg] tf]lsPsf]
;dodf Ps u0fsn] u0fgf ug{ g;Sg] klg x'g;S5 . cf};t hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/ lnbf klg zx/L If]q / Uf|fdL0f If]qx?df km/s
kg{hfG5 .

$=@=* gS;f pTkfbg ug]{ sfd

;j{k|yd hgu0fgfsf] nflu u0fgf If]q gS;f agfpg' cufj} s'g cfsf/sf] / slt 3/w'/L /xg]u/L u0fgf If]q agfpg] xf] eGg]
s'/fx? lgSof}{n ul/;Sg'kb{5 . zx/L If]qsf] nflu agfOg] u0fgf If]qsf] cfsf/ / u|fdL0f If]qsf] nflu agfOg] u0fgf If]qsf] cfsf/
km/s km/s x'g;Sb5 . o;/L u0fgf If]q gS;f tof/ kfg{sf] nflu lkmN8df tYofÍ ;+sng e};s]kl5 ;+slnt tYofÍx?nfO{
sDKo'6/df k|lji6 u/fOG5 . sDKo'6/df k|lji6 ubf{ GIS sf] k|of]u u/]/ :yn?k gS;fnfO cfwf/ dfgL To;dfyL :of6]nfO6
Od]hnfO{ /flvG5 . To;kl5 lkmN8af6 ;+sng eP/ cfPsf] tYofÍ / ljj/0fx?nfO{ l8lh6fOh u/L tYofÍ cfwf/ (Database)df
/flvG5 . lhlkP;sf] ;xfotfn] ;+sng ul/Psf] 8f6fx?nfO{ GIS sf] ;xfotfn] gS;fdf ptf/ ul/G5 . o;/L ;a} lsl;dsf
tYofÍx? OG6«L tyf l8hL6fOh u/L;s]kl5 8]6fa]; tof/ ul/G5 . 8]6fa]; tof/ e};s]kl5 l8hfOg u/L cfjZostfcg';f/sf]
u0fgf If]q gS;f pTkfbg ul/G5 .

$=# gS;f+sg sfo{sf] nflu ;"rgf / tYof° ;+sng ug]{ tl/sf

gS;f agfpg] sfo{sf] nflu cfjZos ;"rgf / tYofÍ k|fylds (Primary) / låtLos (Secondary) u/L b'O{j6f ;|f]tx?jf6 k|fKt
ul/G5 .

48
$=#=! k|fylds ;|f]tjf6 ;"rgf ;+sng
:ynut e|d0f u/L gS;fdf /fVg'kg]{ ljleGg j:t' / lkmr/sf] cjl:ylt ;+sng u/L gS;fdf b]vfOG5 . cfjZos lkmr/ -h:t}M
;8s, gbL, dlGb/, ljBfno, u0fgf If]q jf Anssf] ;Ldfgf cflb_ sf] cjl:ylt k|fKt ug{ GPS Receiver jf cGo ljlw /
k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L /]s8{ ul/;s]kl5 ;f] /]s8{sf] d2tn] gS;f jgfOG5 . lgDglnlvt cj:yfdf o:tf] ;|f]t k|of]u u/L ;"rgf
;+sng ul/G5 .
• cfwf/ gS;f pknJw gePsf]
• cfwf/ gS;f k'/fgf] ePsf]
• cfwf/ gS;fn] ;d]6]sf eGbf j9L ljj/0f cfjZos ePsf]
• cfwf/ gS;fdf q'6L ePsf]

$=#=@ låtLos ;|f]t (Secondary Source) jf6 ;"rgf ;+sng

:ynut e|d0f gu/Lsg cGo ;|f]tx?jf6 ;"rgf ;+sng u/L jf cfwf/ gS;f jf cGo ;|f]tx?jf6 k|fKt gS;fx?sf] k|of]u u/L
cfkm"nfO{ rflxPjdf]lhdsf] gS;f lgdf{0f ug'{ g} låtLos ;|f]tsf] k|of]u ug'{ xf] . cfwf/ gS;f cBfjlws /x]sf] / cfjZos yk
ljj/0fx? klg ljleGg ;|f]tjf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsPdf gS;f lgdf{0f sfo{ ;xh / ;/n x'g] ePsf]n] ;s];Dd o:tf ;|f]tsf] k|of]u ug'{
pQd x'G5 . gS;f;DaGwL sfd ug]{ s]Gb|Lo lgsfon] :yn?k gS;f / cyf]{kmf]6f]df b]vfOPsf] lkmr/ / j:t'x?sf] sf]cl8{g]6 lbPsf]
x'G5 . ;f] sf]cl8{g]6 / cGo hfgsf/Lsf] k|of]u u/L cfjZostfcg';f/sf] lj:tfl/t gS;f jgfpg ;lsG5 .

$=#=# u0fgfIf]q gS;fsf nflu ;"rgf / tYof°sf ;|f]tx?

Uf0fgf If]qsf gS;fsf] d'Vo k|of]u eg]sf] Uf0fsn] u0fgfsf] ;dodf cfkm"nfO{ lbOPsf] If]qdf u0fgf OsfOx?nfO{ g5'6fO{ /
gcndlnO{ u0fgf sfo{ ;DkGg ug'{ xf] . o;sf nflu ;f] gS;fdf b]vfOPsf ;Ldfgf, d'Vo :yfgx?, j:tL, ;8s nufot ;j}
ljj/0fx? :ki6 / cBfjlws x'g'kb{5 . o;sf cnfjf ;f] If]qleq kg]{ u0fgf OsfO -h:t}M 3/kl/jf/_ sf] ;+Vofsf] klg 1fg
x'g'kb{5 . o:tf] gS;f lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu cfjZos ;j} ljj/0fx? cfwf/ gS;f jf cGo lgsfojf6 k|fKt x'gg;Sg] ePsf]n]
u0fgf If]q gS;f jgfpg b'j} ;|f]tx?sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . cBfjlws e"pku|x lrq k|fKt ePsf] v08df g]kfnsf] :yn?k gS;f /
cyf]{kmf]6f]sf] ;xfotfn] ;f] lrqnfO{ Geo-Referenceing u/L sf]cl8{g]6 xfn]kl5 ;f] e"pku|x lrq sfo{of]Uo x'G5 . tTkZrft ;f]
lrqdf b]lvPsf j:t' / lkmr/nfO{ :ynut klxrfg u/L ;f]sf] gfd, lsl;d nufot cGo ljj/0fx? ;+sng ul/G5 / u0fgf If]q
gS;fdf /flvG5 . o:tf] lrq k|fKt gePsf] cj:yfdf cyf]{kmf]6f] lnP/ :ynut e|d0f u/L cyf]{kmf]6f]df ePsf t/ lkmN8df gePsf
/ cyf]{kmf]6f]df gePsf t/ lkmN8df gofF jg]sf lkmr/sf] osLg u/L gS;fdf yk36 ul/G5 . xfn u0fgf If]q gS;f jgfpbf j8f
;Ldfgfleq k/]sf :yfgx?nfO{ tf]lsPjdf]lhdsf] 3/ ;+Vof kg]{u/L ;8s, uNnL jf gbL gfnfn] :ki6 5'6|\ofPsf Ans sf]l/;s]kl5
;f]leq / ;f]sf] ;Ldfgfdf kg]{ ljleGg j:t' / lkmr/x? ;f]xL gS;fdf sf]l/G5g\ . cyf]{kmf]6f]df gePsf lkmr/x?sf] sf]cl8{g]6
hLkLP; oGqsf] ;xfotfn] ;+sng u/L ;f]xL oGqdf ;'/Iff u/L kmf/fddf ;d]t l6lkG5 . :ynut ?kdf x]bf{ s'g} gofF ;8s
e]l6Pdf ;f] ;8s Ansleq s'g :yfgb]lv s'g :yfg;Dd uPsf] xf] ;f]sf] ljj/0f hLkLP; oGq rfn" u/L nuftf/?kn] lnO{ ;f]xL
oGqdf ;'/Iff ug'{kb{5 .

% g]kfndf hgu0fgf gS;f°gsf] ljsf;

lj=;+= !(^* -;g !(!!_ df ;DkGg hgu0fgfnfO{ g]kfnsf] k|yd hgu0fgfsf] ?kdf lnOPtfklg lj=;+= @))(÷!! -;g
!(%@÷%$_ sf] hgu0fgfdf ;+slnt laifoj:t' / o;sf] ;fGble{stf, sfo{k4lt, tTsfnLg k|ljlw / s]xL xb;Dd gS;fsf] ;d]t
k|of]u ul/Psf] x'+bf cfw'lgs hgu0fgfsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . hgu0fgfsf] sfo{df gS;fsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf]n] hgu0fgfsf]
lqmofsnfkx?df o;sf] k|of]u / ljsf;n] qmdzM ult lnb} uPsf] kfOG5 .

ljutdf ePsf hgu0fgfx?sf] cg'ejaf6 hgu0fgfdfkm{t ;+sng ul/Psf tYofÍx?sf] z'4tf, ;fd~h:otf tyf ;xL k|zf]wgsf]
nflu lal:t[t ;"rgfx? ePsf] hgu0fgf gS;fsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . ljleGg ;dodf ePsf g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs
OsfOx?sf] ;Ldfgf tyf ;+Vofdf kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;g\ !(&! eGbf cufl8sf] hgu0fgfx?af6 cfPsf lhNnf:t/sf
glthfx? tyf ;g\ !(&! eGbf k5fl8sf] hgu0fgfaf6 cfPsf lhNnf:t/sf glthfx? t'ngf ug{ of]Uo 5}gg\ . To;sf/0fn]
;kmntfk"j{s hgu0fgf ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu jf hgu0fgfdf u0fgfsf] ;dodf sf]xL g5'6'g, sf]xL gbf]xf]l/pg eGgsf] nflu
u0fgf If]q gS;fsf] w]/} g} cfjZostf ePsf] kfOG5 .

49
%=! ;g !(%@÷ %$ sf] hgu0fgf
g]kfnsf] hgu0fgfsf] Oltxf;df ;g\ !(%@÷%$ sf] hgu0fgfnfO{ cfw'lgs hgu0fgfsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . hgu0fgfsf] u0fgf
sfo{df gS;fsf] k|of]u oxL hgu0fgfb]lv g} ;'? ePsf] lyof] . To;a]nf g]kfn ## j6f k|zf;lgs lhNnfdf laeflht lyof] .
hgu0fgf sfof{non] cfkm\gf] k|of]hgsf] nflu g]kfn /fHonfO{ !) j6f ef}uf]lns ljefhg / *!^ j6f y'd -kxf8L lhNNffdf ePsf]
ufpFx?sf] ;d"x_ / k|uGgf -t/fO{ lhNnfdf ePsf] ufpFx?sf] ;d"x_ nfO{ u0fgf OsfOsf] ?kdf k|of]u u/]sf] lyof] . oxL y'd /
k|uGgfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ u0fgf sfo{ ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . ef/tsf] gfkL ljefun] tof/ kf/]sf] ! OGr a/fa/ $ dfOnsf]
gS;fnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ To;a]nfsf] ;+Vof ljefun] g]kfn /fHoel/sf] y'dcg';f/sf] gS;f tof/ kf/]sf] lyof] . gS;f pTkfbg ug]{
sfo{df To;a]nfsf] jg ljefun] ;xof]u k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . oL gS;fx?df k|fs[lts ;Ldfgfafx]s c? s'g} lj:t[t ;"rgfx?
lyPgg\ . oxL k|fs[lts ;Ldfgfsf] cfwf/df g} u0fgf If]q agfOPsf] lyof] . o;/L ;+Vof ljefun] tof/ kf/]sf] gS;fx? cGo
;+:yfx?n] klg cfkm\gf] k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]udf NofPsf lyP .

%=@ ;g !(^! sf] hgu0fgf

o; hgu0fgfsf] u0fgf sfo{df ;g !(%@÷%$ df agfOPsf] u0fgf If]q gS;fsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] lyPg . ;g !(%@÷%$ df
ePsf] ## j6f k|zf;lgs lhNnfx? lj:tf/ u/L %% j6f lhNnf agfOPsf] lyof] . s]xL lhNnf tyf y'd / k|uGgfsf k|fs[lts
;Ldfgfx? ;d]t kl/jt{g u/L ldnfOPsf] lyof] . hgu0fgf k|of]hgsf] nflu %% lhNnfx?nfO{ !* j6f hgu0fgf hf]g / !)@ j6f
hgu0fgf ;a hf]g agfOPsf] lyof] . pQm If]qleq $%^ j6f hgu0fgf If]q / @*$)) ufpFx? ;dfa]z ul/Psf] lyof] . To;
k6ssf] hgu0fgfdf ufpFx?nfO{ g} u0fgf OsfOsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . To; hgu0fgfdf u0fgfk"j{ ug'{kg]{ gS;f+sgsf]
sfo{ gePsf] sf/0fn] u0fgf ug{ 5'6g] / u0fgf ug]{ sfo{ bf]xf]l/g] ;Defjgf /x]sf] lyof] .

%=# ;g !(&! sf] hgu0fgf

;g !(^@ df %% lhNnfx?nfO{ lj:tf/ u/L &% lhNnf agfOof] . :yfgLo k|zf;lgs k|of]hgsf] nflu lhNnfleq ufpF k~rfot /
To;leq jf8{sf] cjwf/0ff NofOof] . o; k6ssf] hgu0fgfdf gofF ag]sf lhNnfx?nfO{ g} cfwf/ dfg]/ u0fgf sfo{ ;+rfng ul/of]
/ hgu0fgfsf] glthf klg ;f]xL gofF lhNnfx?cg';f/ g} k|sflzt ul/of] . gofF agfOPsf lhNnf tyf ufpF k~rfotx?sf] gS;f
tof/ gePsf] sf/0fn] hgu0fgfdf gS;fsf] k|of]u x'g kfPg . o; hgu0fgfdf gS;fsf] k|of]u gePsf] sf/0fn] u0fgf If]qsf]
pko'Qm cfsf/ / u0fsx?nfO{ lbOg] sfo{af]em /fd|f];Fu Aoj:yfkg ug{ ;lsPsf] lyPg .

%=$ ;g !(*! sf] hgu0fgf

o; k6ssf] hgu0fgfsf] nflu la:t[t hfgsf/L ePsf] gS;fx?sf] cfjZostf dx;'; ePsf] sf/0fn] UNFPA sf] ;xof]uaf6
#(!@ ufpF k~rfot tyf @# j6f gu/ k~rfotx?sf] qmdzM !M@%)), !M!)))) / !M@%)))) :s]nsf gS;fx? tof/ kfl/Psf]
lyo.] . ;g !(*! df klxnf] k6s hgu0fgfsf] nflu olt la:t[t gS;f tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .

%=% ;g !((! sf] hgu0fgf

o; k6ssf] hgu0fgfdf uf=lj=;= :t/;Ddsf] gS;f tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] t/ gS;fdf j8fsf] ;Ldfgf eg] 5'6\ofOPsf] lyPg .
o; k|sf/sf] uflj=;=x?sf] gS;fdf s]xL la:t[t ljj/0fx? /flvPsf] lyof] . h:t}M ufpF tyf ltgsf gfd, gbLx? tyf ;8sx?
cflb .

%=^ ;g @))! sf] hgu0fgf

k|lalwsf] ljsf; tyf hgu0fgfdf gS;fsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ePsf] sf/0fn] o; k6ssf] hgu0fgfdf gS;f+sg sfo{df s]xL
k|ult ePsf] kfOG5 . hgu0fgfsf] nflu ;g !((* df hgu0fgf gS;f+sg kl/of]hgf z'? eof] / To; kl/of]hgfn] g]kfn
/fHoel/sf] cfwf/ gS;f agfpg z'? u/\of] . o; kl/of]hgfn] g]kfn /fHoel/sf] ;a} uf=lj=;= tyf gu/kflnsfx?sf] j8f
;Ldfgf;lxtsf] gS;f tof/ kf/]sf] lyof] . o; kl/of]hgfn] gfkL ljefu;Fu ePsf] 6f]kf]u|flkms gS;fx?nfO{ l8lh6fOh];g u/]/
8]6fa];df /fVg] sfo{ u/\of] . pQm kl/of]hgfn] hgu0fgfsf] nflu gS;fx? tof/ ug'{sf] ;fy} gfkL ljefucGt/ut /x]/ g]kfnsf]
6f]kf]u|flkms 8f6fa]; ;d]t tof/ kf/]sf] lyof] . o;/L tof/ kfl/Psf 8f6fa]; af6 g} !M!)))) b]lv !M^)))) :s]nsf #%^!
j6f uf=lj=;= tyf gu/kflnsfx?sf] gS;f hgu0fgf k|of]hgsf] nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] . o;sf] ;fy;fy} !M%))) /
!M!)))) :s]nsf zx/L tyf s]xL 3gf uf=lj=;=x?sf] cyf]{kmf]6f] ;d]t tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] . t/ o;/L tof/ kfl/Psf] cyf]{kmf]6f]
eg] hgu0fgfdf k|of]u ul/Pg .

50
;g @))! sf] hgu0fgfdf u0fgfkZrft ul/g] sfo{x?df klg ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u u/]/ gS;fÍg sfo{ ul/Psf] lyof]
. s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] / Ol;df]8;Fu ;xsfo{ u/]/ Mapping 2001 and Trends gfdsf] k|sfzg g]kfnL tyf c+u|]hLdf k|sflzt
u/]sf] lyof] . o; k|sfzgsf] l;8L ;d]t tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] . h:df hgu0fgf @))! af6 cfPsf glthfx?nfO{ gS;fsf]
;xfotfn] k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . o;}u/L NGII kl/of]hgfcGt/ut o"/f]lkog sldzgsf] ;xof]udf gfkL ljefu;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L
Population and Socio-economic Atlas tyf Web Atlas x? klg tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] . pQm P6n;df klg hgu0fgf @))!,
s[lif u0fgf @))! cf}Bf]lus u0fgf @))$ tyf cGo ;+:yfx?x?af6 k|sflzt ;"rsx?nfO{ gS;fsf] dfWodaf6 k|:t't ul/Psf]
lyof] . o;/L u0fgfkZrft ul/g] sfo{df gS;fsf] Aofks k|of]u o;} hgu0fgfdf ul/Psf] lyof] .

%=& cfufdL hgu0fgf -;g @)!!_ sf] tof/L sfo{

o;} ;Gbe{df cfpFbf] lj=;+= @)^* df x'g] /fli6«o hgu0fgf / tTkZrft ljleGg ;j]{If0fx?df ;d]t k|of]u x'g;Sg] u/L s]Gb|Lo
tYofÍ ljefun] ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf ;'ljwfx?sf] k|of]u ub}{ gS;fÍgsf] sfo{ z'? u/]sf] 5 . pQm sfo{sf] nflu gfkL
ljefun] tof/ kf/]sf] 6f]kf]l;6nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ cyf]{kmf]6f] tyf O{G6/g]6dfkm{t k|fKt x'g] u"un cy{ Od]hsf] ;xof]uaf6 ljleGg
gu/kflnsf tyf uf=lj=;x?sf] gS;fÍgsf] sfo{ z'?ePsf] 5 . gS;fÍg sfo{sf] nflu ljleGg zfvf tYofÍ sfo{nox?sf
sd{rf/Lx? kl/rfng u/]/ lkmN8 sfo{ z'? e};s]sf] 5 . o; sfo{df lhlkP;sf] ;d]t k|of]u u/]/ tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ sfo{ e}/x]sf]
5.

^ pk;+xf/

ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnL / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; Pj+ j9\bf] k|of]un] ubf{ gS;fsf] k|of]unfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpFb} nu]sf] 5 . o;
n]vdf hgu0fgfsf] tLgj6} r/0fdf gS;fsf] dxTjsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg vf]lhPsf] 5 . hgu0fgfsf] :ynut sfo{sf] nflu
u0fgf If]q gS;fÍg sfo{sf] cfjZostfsf] af/]df ljz]if rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy} of] n]v u0fgf If]q gS;fÍgsf] :ynut
sfo{df vl6O{ hfg] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ sfd ug]{ tl/sf l;sfpg] u/L tof/ ul/Psf] ePtfklg s]xL xb;Dd gS;f;DaGwL hfgsf/L /
gS;f / tYofÍaLrsf] ;DjGwnfO{ x]g]{ / j'em\g] sfo{df ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] ?kdf ;d]t k|of]u x'g;Sg] u/L tof/ kfg]{ k|of; ul/Psf]
5 . u0fgf tyf ;j]{If0fdf gS;fsf] e"ldsf, gS;f agfpg] tl/sfx? tyf gS;f k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] ;|f]tx?sf] af/]df ;d]t rrf{
ul/Psf] 5 . xfn;Ddsf g]kfnsf] hgu0fgfx?df ePsf gS;fsf] k|of]usf] af/]df klg rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 eg] cfufdL hgu0fgfsf]
nflu s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] ;+rfng ul//x]sf] gS;fÍgsf] sfo{sf] af/]df klg rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

References:
MJ Kraak & Ormeling, 2003, Cartography: Visualization of Geospatial Data.
R.de.(ed.) 2004, Principle of Geographic Information System, 3rd Edition, ITC Education Text Book Series.
Wietske Bijker (ed.) 2004, Principle of Remote Sensing, 3rd Edition, ITC Education Text Book Series.
CBS, 2003, Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume I
CBS, 1995, Population Monograph of Nepal
UN, Department of Economics and Social walefare Statistics Division: Hand Book for Census Management for
Population and Housing Census, New York, 2001
UN, Department of Economics and Social walefare Statistics Division: Hand Book on geographic information
system and digital mapping, New York, 2000
Sankhya Bivag, 2015 BS, Nepal Ko Naksha ( Thum / Praganna ma Bivajit Janagana Jillaharu)
SD and CBS Nepal, The Population and Socio-Economic Atlas of Nepal, 2004
http://www.kartoweb.itc.nl
Stan Openshaw, 1995, Census User's Hand Book.
http://www.cbs.gov.np

51
 &M k|ZgfjnL th'{df
(Questionnaires Design)

9'08L /fh nfld5fg]1

!= k|f/De
k|ZgfjnL s'g} klg cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] dxTjk"0f{ ljlw xf] . lglZrt p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfsf
cledt ;+sng ug{ k|ZgfjnL tof/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . cWoog ug]{ ljifox?;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} s'/fsf] ;d;dflos ultljlw, k|j[lt,
cj:yf nufot cGo cfjZos ;"rgf tyf tYo ;+sngsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L k|Zg jf lh1f;fx?sf]
;d"xnfO{ k|ZgfjnLsf] ?kdf a'lemG5 . log} k|Zg Pj+d\ lh1f;fx?sf] th'{df k|ZgfjnL th'{df xf] . Dictionary of Statistical
Terms df k|ZgjnLnfO{ o;/L kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 M– ‘It as a ‘group or sequence of questions designed to elicit
information upon a subject, or sequence of subject from an informant.’ cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] clt dxTjk"0f{ kf6f]sf]
?kdf k|ZgfjnL th'{dfnfO{ lnOG5 . s'g} klg u0fgf tyf ;j]{If0f ;+rfng ug{ k|ZgfjnLsf] th'{df ug'{kb{5 .

@= k|ZgfjnL th'{dfsf cfwf/x?

k|Zgx?sf] lgdf{0f Ps} k6sdf ul/g] ljifo xf]Og . ;j]{If0f tyf cWoog cg';Gwfg;Fu ;DalGwt lj1x?;Fu k6s k6s
5nkmn tyf cGtls{|ofaf6 of] tof/ ul/G5 . k|ZgfjnL th'{df ug{ ljz]if 1fg Pjd\ cg'ej k|fKt JolQmsf] cfjZos kb{5 .
k|ZgfjnL th'{dfs} r/0fdf k|sflzt x'g] tflnsfx? ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fVg'kb{5 . To;}n] tYof+s k|zf]wg sfo{df ;+nUg x'g]
JolQmnfO{ k|ZgfjnL th'{dfsf] r/0fdf ;+nUg u/fpg' cfjZos x'G5 . k|ZgfjnL th'{df ubf{ lgDg ljifox?df s]lGb|t /x]/ tof/
ul/G5 .
s= ;j]{ tyf u0fgf ug'{sf] d'Vo p2]Zo s] xf] <
v= s:tf] k|sf/sf k|ZgfjnLx? cyf{t ljlwx? k|of]u ug{] <
u= ;j]{ u0fgfjf6 k|fKt kl/0ffdsf cfwf/df s] s:tf sfo{snfk ul/g] <
;j]{If0fsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ pQ/bftf;dIf s:tf ljifoj:t'x? ;dfj]z ePsf] k|Zg /fVg] eGg] dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . u0fgf tyf
;j]{If0f ;~rfngfy{ /flvPsf] p2]Zo / ;f] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ /flvPsf ;"rsx?sf] k|flKtsf nflu pko'Qm k|Zgx? ;dfj]z
ul/g'kb{5 . cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{ vf]lhPsf ljifo jf p2]Zo :ki6 ls6fg ePsf] x'gkb{5 . d'Vo p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ s]xL ljz]if
k|sf/sf p2]Zox? ;d]t klxrfg u/L /flvPsf x'G5g\ . cWoog cg';Gwfg ubf{ d'Vo?kn] tLg ljifodf s]lGb|t /x]/ k|ZgfjnL
lgdf{0f ul/G5 . klxnf], cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ s:tf k|Zgx? /fVbf pko'Qm x'G5, ;f]xLcg'?k k|Zgx?
/fVg'kb{5 . bf];|f], d'Vo p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ jf yk JofVof ljZn]if0f ug{ cfjZos kg]{ k|Zgx? /flvG5 . t];|f], oL b'O{ k|Zgx?nfO{
;xof]u k'¥ofpg] jf kl/0ffdnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{;Sg] k|Zg /fVg'kb{5 .
pbfx/0fM Pr=cfO{= eL= P8\;k|lt dflg;sf] 1fg, wf/0ff / Jojxf/ / o;n] ;dfhdf c;/ kg{;Sg] ljifodf cWoog cg';Gwfgdf
dflg;x?n] Pr=cfO{= eL= P8\; nfu]sf JolQmx?k|lt ug]{ Jojxf/, 1fg / wf/0ff s:tf] /x]sf] 5 To;nfO{ d'Vo tTjsf] ?kdf
dflgG5 eg] To;nfO{ c;/ jf yk JofVof ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu /flvg] k|Zgx? h:t}M dflg;sf] lZfIff, k]zf, /xg;xg, pd]/,
hfthflt cflb ;xfos tTjsf] ?kdf cfpg ;S5g\ . To:t} t];|f] k|Zgsf] ?kdf pQ/bftfsf] k|sf/ cyf{t pQ/bftf s'g :t/sf] 5
;f]xL cfwf/df pQ/ lge{/ x'G5 . h:t}M l/S;f rnfpg] JolQm, ljBfyL{, lzIfs, j; rfns, 6«s rfns, 6]Dkf] rfns, 6\ofS;L
rfns, cf}Bf]lus sfdbf/, vnf;L cflb .
To;}u/L ;"rgf / tYof+s ;+sng ug{ ljleGg ljlwx? k|of]u ul/G5g\ . tL ;"rgfx? k|flKtsf nflu ljleGg JolQm Pj+
;+u7gx?af6 lh1f;f jf cledt ;+sng ul/G5 . k|ZgfjnL th'{df ubf{ tYof+s ;+sng ljlw s'g x'g] :ki6 x'g'kb{5 . k|foM
k|of]udf /x]sf ljlwx?df clen]v ;+sng -k"j{ k|sflzt ;fdu|L_, dflg;x?;+usf] s'/fsfgL, ;d"x 5nkmn, JolQmut cGtjf{tf{,
6]lnkmf]g ;j]{If0f, x'nfs k|ZgfjnL ;j]{If0f, Od]n ;j]{If0f, OG6/g]6 ;j]{If0f cflb /x]sf 5g\ . tYof+s ;+sng ljlwx?sf cf–cfkm\g}
dfWod, k4lt / kl/efiffx? x'G5g\ . To;}n] k||ZgfjnL th'{df r/0fdf pko'Qm tYof+s ;+sng ljlwsf] rog x'g cfjZos x'G5 .

1
lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
52
#= k|ZgfjnL th'{dfsf p2]Zox?
k|ZgfjnL th'{dfsf] d"n ;f/ eg]sf] ;/n / :ki6 k|Zgn] e/kbf]{ / ljZj;gLo tYof+s pknAw x'G5 eGg] xf] . k|ZgfjnL
th'{df d'Vo?kn] b'O{ p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf nflu ul/G5 . klxnf], ;s];Dd k|Zgx?sf] hjfkm pko'Qm / ;xL cfpF5 eGg] ljZjf;sf
cfwf/df k|ZgfjnL th'{df ul/Psf] x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ k|To'Q/ b/ (Response Rate) pRr x'g] ;f]r /x]sf] x'G5 . bf];|f], e/kbf]{ /
;fdlos ;"rgf tyf tYof+s pknAw x'G5 eGg] clek|fon] k|+ZgfjnL lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'G5 .

$= k|ZgfjnL th'{dfsf d"ne"t l;4fGtx?

k|ZgfjnL th'{dfsf tLg l;4fGtx? 5g\ . klxnf] l;4fGtdf k|Zgx?df efiff / zAbsf] rognfO{ dxTjk"0f{ dflgPsf] 5 . bf];|f]
l;4fGtdf k|Zgx? s:tf] k|sf/n] pQ/bftf;dIf k:sg], h:t}M pQ/x?sf] juL{s/0f cyf{t ljsNkx? -b'O{ pQ/ jf ax'pQ/ k|Zg_
/ k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ k|fKt ePkZrft sf]l8+u ug]{ ljifox?nfO{ Wofgk"j{s x]l/G5 . To:t}u/L t];|f] l;4fGtdf k|ZgfjnLdf ;j]{If0f tyf
u0fgfsf] kl/ro, p2]Zo, k|Zgsf] z'?jft, k|ZgfjnLsf] cfwf/ cflbnfO{ dxTjsf] ;fy ckgfOG5 . ;fdlos / pko'Qm k|ZgfjnL
th'{dfsf d"ne"t tLg l;4fGtx?nfO{ lgDg lrqdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . 2

Principles of
Content & Wording & Types & forms Sequencing
1 Wording purpose of language of questions
question

Classification of
Questionnaire data or
Questionnaire administration personal
information
Categorization
Testing goodness
of data
Coding
Principles of
2 Measurement
Scales & Scaling

Appearance of questionnaire
Reliability & Validity
Length of questionnaire
General “Getup”
3
Introduction of respondents

Instructions for completion

%= k|ZgfjnL tof/ ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ ljifo

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf k|ZgfjnL th'{dfsf l;4fGtx? cyf{t k|ZgfjnL tof/ ubf{ ;dfj]z x'g'kg]{ ljifo tyf k|Zg tof/ ubf{
Wofg k¥ofpg'kg]{ sDtLdf lgDg a'Fbfx?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L x'g' cfjZos 5 .
!= k|Zgx?sf] lsl;d
d'Vo?kdf aGb ;+/lrt k|Zg (Closed Formats Question) / v'nf ;+/lrt k|Zg (Open Formats Question) u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf
k|Zgx?nfO{ k|ZgfjnL th'{dfdf dxTjsf ;fy x]l/G5 .

2
k|ZgfjnL th'{dfsf d"ne"t tLg l;4fGt Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach, JOHN WILEY &
SONS
53
aGb ;+/lrt k|ZgM o:tf] k|Zgdf pQ/bftfnfO{ b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L pQ/x?sf] ljsNk jf k"j{lgwf{l/t pQ/x? lbOG5 / ;f]xL
ljsNkx?dWo] cfkm"nfO{ ;xL nfu]sf] pQ/ 5fG5g\ . pQ/bftfnfO{ lbOPsf] pQ/ 5fGg afWofTds x'G5 . o:tf] k|Zgaf6 pQ/ 5fGg
l56f] / ;lhnf] x'g], pQ/ 5fGg lzlIft / clzlIft pQ/bftf b'a}nfO{ vf;} km/s gkg]{, sf]l8+u, /]s8{ / ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lhnf] x'g],
;do / nfut sd nfUg], sDKo'6/ k|ljli6 ;lhnf] x'g] cflb kmfObf x'G5 . o;sf a]kmfObfx?df lglZrt ul/Psf] ljsNkx?af6
dfq pQ/ 5fGg'kg]{ x'gfn] lgisif{ ;f]r]h:tf] gx'g;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . aGb ;+/lrt k|Zgx?nfO{ d'Votof rf/ k|sf/n] x]g{
;lsG5 .
s= ljsNkx?sf] ;"rL (Choice of Categories)
k|Zgdf b'O{j6f dfq ljsNkx?dWo] jf ;f]eGbf a9L ljsNkx?dWo] Pp6f 5gf]6 ug{ lbOPsf] x'G5 . cyf{t PseGbf a9L ljsNkx?
;d]t 5gf]6 ug{ ;lsg] k|Zgx? u/L tLg k|sf/n] k|Zgx? th'{df ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t}MM k|Zg …cÚ / …cfÚ df b'O{ pQ/ jf ;f]eGbf
a9L pQ/dWo] Psdf ;xdlt nufpg'kb{5 eg] k|Zg …OÚ df Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L pQ/df ;xdlt hgfpFg ;lsG5 .
v= nfOs6{ dfkg (Likert Style Scale): k|Zgsf] pQ/ ;xdltsf] dfkgsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] 9fFrfnfO{ nfOs6{ dfkg tl/sf
elgG5 . s|d}a4;Fu ;xdltsf] :t/ lbPsf] x'G5 pQm ;xdltdWo] Psdf pQ/bftfn] ;xdlt hgpg'kb{5 . h:t}M

c_ tkfO{sf] 3/df zf}rfnosf] Joj:yf 5 < != 5 @= 5}g

cf_ tkfO{sf] j}jflxs cj:yf s] xf] < != cljjflxt @= ljjflxt #= kf/kfr's] $= ljw'/ljw'jf
O_ tkfO{sf] 3/df lgDgdWo] s] s] ;'ljwf 5 < != /]l8of] @= 6]lnlehg #= 6]lnkmf]g
$= df]6/;fOsn %= df]6/ ^= /]km\l/h/]6/

u= km/skgf dfkg (Differential Scale) : b'O{ ljkl/t zAbjLrdf pQ/bftfn] cfkm"nfO{ ;fGble{s nfu]sf] Ps ljGb'df ;xdlt
hgfpF5 . o;n] zAbsf] lbzf / ;3gtfsf] af]w u/fpF5 .

tYof+s laifoeGbf ul0ft ljifo ;lhnf] x'G5 <

k"0f{?kdf ;xdt, ;xdt, t6:y, ;xdt 5}g k"0f{?kdf c;xdt

3= >]0fLs|d dfkg (Ranking Scale)

pQ/bftfnfO{ b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L pQ/x? lbOPsf] x'G5 . tL lbOPsf pQ/x?nfO{ >]0fLs|d ug{ elgG5 .

tYof+s laifosf] k|lzIf0f tkfO{nfO{ s:tf] nfU5 <

;lhnf] ====== =========== ============= =========== ========== ======== ufx|f]
7Ls ====== =========== ============= =========== ========== ======== a]7Ls

pQ/bftfaf6 pknAw pQ/x?df OR5f tyf pko'Qmtfsf] cfwf/df k|yd, låtLo / t[tLonfO{ s|dzM !, @ / # u/L >]0fLs|d ul/G5
. o; ljlwdf a9Ldf !) j6feGbf a9L pQ/x? /fVg' pko'Qm dflgb}g . h:t}M

tkfO{sf] ufpFdf cfjZos kg]{ clt cfjZos ;'ljwfx?nfO{ k|fyldstfs|ddf lbg'xf];\ .

-! ;a}eGbf a9L cfjZos====================@ cfjZos gePsf]_

;8s ljh'nL pBf]uwGbf :s"n gx/

xl:k6n a}s x'nfs vfg]kfgL]

54
v'nf ;+/lrt k|Zg
o:tf] k|Zgdf k|foM s] jf lsg jf s:tf] eGg] zAbsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . v'nf k|Zgdf pQ/bftfnfO{ cfkm\g} df}lns pQ/ lbg
k|f]T;fxg ul/G5 . pQ/ n]Vgsf nflu k|z:t :yfg 5'6\ofOPsf] x'G5 . aGb ;+/lrt k|Zgdf h:tf] k"j{lgwf{l/t pQ/x? jf
pQ/x?sf] ljsNk lbOPsf] x'b}g . o:tf] k|Zgdf pQ/bftfnfO{ cfkm\gf] OR5f /fVg aGb]h nufOb}g t/ pQ/ k|ZgeGbf aflx/ hfg
yfNof] eg] cGtjf{tfsf/n] lgoGq0f ug{;Sb5 . o:tf] k|Zgsf] dxTjk"0f{ kmfObf eg]sf] cWoogstf{n] g;f]r]sf] jf cg'dfg ug{
g;s]sf] / ;"Id pQ/ cfFpg] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . v'nf k|Zgsf klg cfkm\g} ;Ldfx? 5g\ . pQ/ ;lhn};+u tflnsfdf k|:t't /
tYof+sLo ljZn]if0f ;lhn} ug{ ;lsb}g . k|fKt pQ/x? cWoog u/L k'gM sf]l8+u ug'{kg]{ x'g'sf] ;fy} ;do / vr{ a9L nfUg] x'G5 .
sd ah]6 5'6\ofOsf] cj:yfdf o:tf] k|Zg :jLsfo{ x'b}g . v'nf k|Zgdf ljZn]if0f / JofVof JolQmlkR5} km/s x'g] ePsf]n] o;nfO{
Tolt w]/} k|of]udf NofOb}g .
pbfx/0f, tkfO{sf] pd]/ slt eof] < ============aif{
v'nf k|Zgsf th'{df ug]{ ljleGg tl/sfx? 5g\ . tLdWo] d'Vo?kdf k|of]u x'g] tl/sfx? lgDg /x]sf 5g\ .
s= v'nf k|Zg c;+/lrt tl/sfn] ljleGg lsl;daf6 pQ/ cfpg]+ x'G5 . h:t}M ætkfO{n] u|fdL0f ljsf; eGg] ljifodf lsg l8u|L
xfl;n ug{ nfUg' ePsf]<Æ eGg] k|Zgdf ljleGg lsl;daf6 clgolGqt pQ/ cfpg;S5 eg] 5f]6f] Ps zAbdf klg cfpg;S5 .
v= pQ/bftfnfO{ ck"0f{ jfSo k|:t't ul/G5 / k"0f{ jfSo agfpg cfu|x ul/G5 . h:t}M ætkfO{ ljut aif{df tnjdf ePsf] j[l4n]
lgs} v';L / xlif{t x'g'x'GYof] slxn] <<<<<Æ
@= k|Zgx?sf] ;Gbe{ ;do
k|Zgx?sf ;Gbe{ ;donfO{ Ps cy{df cfwf/ ;do (Base Period) klg elgG5 . ;Gbe{ ;don] ;dosf] cjlwnfO{ hgfpF5 h:t}M
lbg, xKtf, dlxgf, aif{, h'g cjlwsf] tYof+s ;+sng ul/G5 . k|ZgfjnL th'{df ubf{ ;do ;Ldf cToGt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;Gbe{
;do;DaGwL uNtLx?n] tYof+ssf] cfwf/e"t tYof+s Pj+ ;"rgfdf km/s kl/df0f NofOlbG5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd ;+em]/ lbOPsf
pQ/x? c;fGble{s ;d]t x'g;Sg] x'G5g\ . ;fGble{s ;dodf b'O{ ;dojLr ;Lldt ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 . cyf{t z'? / cGt
;doljGb' tf]lsPsf] x'g'kb{5 . tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] hDdf aflif{s cfDbfgL slt 5 < oxfF ;Gbe{ ;do eg]sf] ljut Ps aif{leqdf
kl/jf/n] hDdf slt cfDbfgL ub{5 eGg] x'G5 . o;af6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] x/]s k|Zgsf] ;Gbe{ ;do tf]lsPsf] x'g'kb{5 . s'g
cjlwsf] tYof+s ;sng ug]{ eGg] laifo :ki6 x'g'kb{5 . gqeg] k|Zgdf Ps aif{sf] cfDbfgL ;f]Wg] ;f]r agfPsf] ePtfklg
pQ/bftfn] Ps lbgsf] jf xKtfsf] jf dfl;s cfDbfgL atfpg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
#= k|ZgfjnLdf zAb ;+/rgf
k|Zg tof/ ubf{ efiff / zAbsf] rog cToGt dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . ;/n / :ki6;+u a'em\g] u/L ul/Psf] k|Zgn] pQ/bftfnfO{
hafkm lbg k|]l/t / k|f]T;flxt ub{5 . k|Zgdf zAb rog tyf k|ZgfjnL lgdf{0fdf Ps k"0f{ / ;fdlos k|Zg th'{dfsf nflu s]xL
lgodx? tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
!= 5f]6f] / ;/n jfSo M k|Zgx? cfb/k"j{s -dw'/ efiffdf_ ;f]lwPsf] x'g'kb{5 . ;/n, :ki6 / 5f]6f] x'[g'kb{5 . 5f]6f] / ;/n
jfSon] k|ZgnfO{ ;lhnf] kfb{5 . nfdf] jf hl6n jfSon] pQ/bftfnfO{ låljwfdf kfb{5 . ;j{dfGo l;4fGt of] 5 ls b'O{ jf
;f]eGbf a9L jfSox? hf]8]/ k|Zgx? agfpg' x'b}g . To:tf k|Zg jf jfSox?nfO{ ;s];Dd b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L k|Zg jf jfSodf
kl/jt{g ug'{kb{5 . hl6n -nfdf] / eb\bf_ k|Zg ePdf pQ/x? unt 7fFpdf /]s8{ x'g;Sb5g\ . h;n] ubf{ pQ/bftfsf] pQ/ lbg]
?lr ;d]t x/fO;s]sf] x'g;S5 . k|Zgx? :ki6 / ;/n ePdf ;+slnt tYof+s klg z'4 x'g] / logLx?sf] ljZn]if0faf6 plrt
lgisif{df k'Ug / plrt lg0f{o lng ;lsG5 . k|Zg 3'dfp/f] / nfdf] ePdf pQ/bftf cn\dlng uO{ unt pQ/ cfpg;Sg]
;Defjgf x'G5 . log} cfwf/df ul/Psf] tYof+sLo ljZn]if0fn] unt lg0f{onfO{ :jLsfb{5 .
k|Zgsf] ;xL hafkm lngsf nflu xfd|f] h:tf] ax'eflifs b]zdf ljleGg efiffdf k|ZgfjnL tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . pQm
sfo{sf] nflu If]qLo efiffx? af]Ng / n]Vg ;Sg] JolQmsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
@= Ps k|Zg ;f]Wg] M k|Zg lgdf{0f ubf{ Pp6f k|Zgdf b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L pQ/ cfpg] k|sf/n] agfpg'x+'b}g . h:t}M tkfO{sf]
3/df ufO{j:t' / s'v'/fx? 5g< o:tf] k|ZgnfO{ b'Oj6f h:t}M klxnf] k|Zg, tkfO{sf] 3/df ufO{j:t' 5 < bf];|f] k|Zg, tkfO{sf] 3/df
s'v'/f 5 < kl/0ft ug'{kb{5 . s] tkfO{sf] sDkgLdf k]G;g / :jf:Yo jLdf ;'ljwf pknAw 5 < olb sDkgLdf Pp6f dfq ;'ljwf
/x]5 eg] pQ/bftfnfO{ 5 jf 5}g eGg] ;Sg] cj:yf /x+b}g . To;}n] o:tf ljifodf b'O{j6f k|Zg agfO{ k|ZgfjnLdf /fVg'kb{5 .

55
#= gsf/fTds k|ZgM ;s];Dd k|Zg lgdf{0f ubf{ gsf/fTds tl/sfn] ug'{x'+b}g . h:t}M ;fgf] ;d"xdf cWofkg u/fpg'
lgod;+ut 5}g < eGg] k|Zgsf] ;6\6fdf ;fgf] ;d"xdf cWofkg ul/g' plrt x'G5 < egL k|Zg tof/ ug'{ plrt x'G5 . To;}u/L
bf]xf]/f] gsf/fTds k|Zg ;d]t th'{df ug'{x+'b}g . h:t}M tkfO{sf] ljrf/df of] /fd|f] ljrf/ xf]Og ls ljBfyL{x?n] u[xsfo{ ;dod}
;dfKt ug'{x'+b}g . o:tf] k|Zgsf] hafkm ug{ ;lhnf] 5}g o;n] unt pQ/nfO{ lgDTofpF5 .
$= :ki6 / k"0f{M k|Zg lgdf{0f ubf{ jfSo k"0f{ / :ki6 x'g'kb{5 . cy{ gnfUg] jf bf]xf]/f] cy{ nfUg] k|Zg ;f]Wg'x+'b}g . h:t}M
tkfO{ hflu/ vfg'x'G5< oxfF s:tf] hflu/ eGg] :ki6 5}g . ;/sf/L hflu/ xf] ls lghL ;+:yfx?df jf pBf]udf xf] :ki6 x'g'kb{5 .
To;}u/L k|Zg k"0f{ x'g'kb{5 . h:t}M tkfO{ k|foMh;f] lj/f6gu/ hfg'x'G5 < sf] ;6\6fdf tkfO{ dlxgfdf slt k6s lj/f6gu/
hfg'x'G5 eGg] k|Zg ug'{kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ 7f]; pQ/ k|fKt x'g'sf ;fy} tYof+sLo ljZn]if0f ug{ ;d]t ;lhnf] x'G5 . To:t}M tkfO{sf]
cfDbfgL slt 5 < eGg] k|Zgdf pQ/bftfn] xKtf jf dlxgf jf aflif{s cfDbfgL s] ;f]w]sf] eGg] cGof]n x'G5 . To:t} JolQmsf]
cfDbfgL xf] ls kl/jf/sf] cfDbfgL xf] :ki6 x'b}g .
%= 1fgsf] ;'lglZrttfM k|Zg tof/ ubf{ s'g:t/sf] pQ/bftf xf] klxn] g} Plsg x'g'kb{5 . ;f]Wg nfluPsf] k|Zgsf] af/]df
pQ/bftfnfO{ hfgsf/L 5 eGg] ;'lglZrt x'g'kb{5 . h:t}M æs]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefun] /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf] sfo{ ;+rfng ub{5 <
k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]un] l;kmfl/; u/]sf ljifox? tkfO{nfO{ s:tf] nfU5 < oL k|Zgx?sf] af/]df pQ/ lbg;Sg] JolQmn] pQm
ljifodf s]xL hfgsf/L 5 eGg] s'/fdf :ki6 x'g' cfjZos 5 . pQ/bftfsf] IfdtfeGbf aflx/ uP/ k|Zgx? tof/ ug'{x'b}g .
^= lj:t[t >+[vnfM k|ZgfjnL >[vnfa4 x'g'kb{5 . cgfjZos k|Zgx? g/fvL l;nl;n]af/ tl/sfn] kl5Nnf] k|Zgsf] ;DaGw
;se/ cufl8sf] k|Zg;+u ;DalGwt x'g'kb{5 . k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ s|; r]s ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf] k|Zgx?sf] klg lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
k|Zgx?nfO{ ljleGg ;DalGwt If]qdf ljefhg u/L ;f]sf] ;d]t s|da4 / l;nl;n]af/;Fun] ldnfpg'kb{5 . l;nl;n]af/ tl/sfn]
k|Zgx? lgdf{0f gePdf pQ/bftfnfO{ pQ/ lbg c;lhnf] x'g'sf] ;fy} ;do ;d]t a9L nfUg] x'G5 .
&= ;+j]bgzLn tyf cfklthgsM cfklQhgs / ;+j]bgzLn k|Zgx? ug'{x'+b}g . h;n] pQ/bftfsf] dfgl;s, wfld{s,
;fDk|bflos tyf cGo ;fdflhs efjgfdf 7]; k'Ug;Sb5 . ;+j]bgzLn laifodf ;To tYo hjfkm lng' lgs} sl7g sfo{ xf] .
o;sf nflu k"0f{?kdf ;Lw} k|Zg g;f]wL ck|ToIf pkfosf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . o:tf ljlwx? Rff/ k|sf/af6 ;DkGg ug{ ;lsG5 . tL
casual approach, numbered card approach, everybody approach / other people approach x'g\ . h:t}M æafnaRrfnfO{
;'/lIft /fVg 8fFsf tyf ljb|f]xLx?nfO{ s] u/L tx nufpg ;lsG5 <Æ eGg] k|Zg /fVg Tolt pko'Qm x'+b}g . o:tf] k|ZgnfO{
ck|ToIf?kdf s'g} Ps ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L /fVg ;lsG5 . Casual approach df dflysf] k|ZgnfO{ ;/n efiffdf ck|ToIf?kdf k|Zg
ul/G5 . Numbered card approach df Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L sf8{df pQ/x? lbOG5 . tL pQ/x?dWo] pko'Qm pQ/ 5fGg
nufOG5 . Everybody approach df xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfxf ePsf] ljifo g} xf], s] tkfO{ o;df ;xdt x'g'x'G5 eGg] ljrf/ /flvG5 .
Other people approach df c? JolQmx?sf] xjfnf lbP/ pQ/bftfnfO{ k|Zg ul/G5 . h:t}M o; j8fsf cWoIfn] eg]sf]
æafnaRrfnfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg 8fFsf tyf ljb|f]xLx?nfO{ tx nufpg'k5{ < s] pQm egfO 7Ls xf] <
*= lgb]{zgfTds tyf k"jf{u|fxLM k|ZgfjnL th'{df ubf{ jfSonfO{ lgb]{zgfTds tyf k"jf{u|fxL?kdf k|:t't ug'{x'b}g . o:tf]
k|Zgn] pQ/ s] cfpg] eGg] s'/fnfO{ clu|d ;dy{g ub{5 . h;n] ubf{ jf:tljs / ;To tYo pQ/ cfpgaf6 xtf]T;flxt ub{5 .
h:t}M lgb]{zgfTds k|ZgM æ8fS6/x?sf] egfOdf r'/f]6 vfg]sf] glhs a:of] eg] p;nfO{ klg kmf]S;f]sf] /f]u nfUg] ;Defjgf a9L
x'G5 <Æ o:tf] k|Zgdf 8fS6/n] eg]sf] tYonfO{ ;a} ljZjf; ug{] x'gfn] …xf]Ú eGg] pQ/ a9L cfpg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . To;}u/L
k"jf{u|fxL k|ZgdfM ætkfO{n] r'/f]6 lng] ug'{ePsf] 5}g, xf]Og <Æ eGg] k|Zgdf g} k"jf{u|fxL eP/ ;f]lwPsf] x'bfF r'/f]6 glng] u/]sf]
s'/fnfO{ pQ/bftfn] ;dy{g ub{5g\ . To;}u/L ætkfO{sf] 3/df % j6f s'v'/f 5g\ xf]Og / <Æ eg]/ ;f]Wbf olb s'v'/f % eGbf a9L
ePtfklg Tolt g} xf] eGg] pQ/ cfpg;S5 .
$= k|Zgx?sf] k|jfx
k|Zgx? s|da4 tl/sfn] /rgf ug'{kb{5 . cl3Nnf] k|Zg;Fu kl5Nnf] k|Zgsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . k|Zgx?
ljleGg ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . h:t}M hg;f+lVos, JolQmut, kfl/jfl/s . o;cGtu{t klg lzIff, :jf:Yo, s[lif, pBf]u,
ckf+utf, jftfj/0f, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff cflb x'G5g\ . o;sf/0fn] k|ZgfjnL th'{df ubf{ k|Zgx?sf] ljleGg ;d"xx? agfO{ tof/ ug'{
plrt x'G5 . Ps} lsl;dsf k|Zgx? Ps} ;d"xdf kg]{u/L th'{df ul/Psf] k|ZgfjnLn] pQ/bftfnfO{ hafkm lbg ;lhnf] x'g'sf ;fy}
k|To'Q/ b/ ;d]t pRr x'G5 . Ps} vfnsf k|Zgx?nfO{ Ps} :yfgdf s|d};Fu /fv]df k|ZgfjnLsf] cfsf/ /fd|f] b]lvG5 / pQ/bftf
;d]t pQ/ lbg cfslif{t x'G5g\ .

56
 k|Zgx?sf] >[+vnf tof/ ug{sf nflu tLg d'Vo ljifodf Wofg lbg cfjZos b]lvG5 . tL x'g\ k|Zgsf] z'?jft, k|Zgsf] k|jfx
/ k|Zgsf] ljljwtf . k|Zgx?sf] s|da4tf jf l;nl;n]af/sf] klg k|ZgfjnL th'{dfdf dxTj x'G5 . s'g k|Zg cl3 jf kl5 /fVg]
eGg] ljifo k|ZgfjnL th'{df ubf{ cToGt Wofg lbg'kg]{ ljifo xf] . hl6n, gldNbf tyf k|ltzf]wk"0f{ k|Zg eP k|ZgfjnLsf] cGtdf
/fVg' plrt x'G5 . o;sf s]xL ;fdfGo lgodx? 5g\ .
s= k|Zgx? ;fwf/0faf6 ljlzi6tkm{ pGd'v x'b} uPsf] x'g'kb{5 .
v= k|Zgx? ;lhnf] k|sf/af6 hl6n / dxTjk"0f{tkm{ a9\g'kb{5 .
u= k|Zgx? tYodf cfwfl/t x'b} cg'dflgt t/ jf:tljstftkm{ pGd'v x'b} uPsf] x'g'kb{5 .
3= k|Zgx? aGb ;+/lrtaf6 z'? x'g'kb{5 .
ª= k|Zgx? d'Vo ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt k|Zgx?af6 z'? ug'{kb{5 .
r= k|Zgx? hg;f+lVos / JolQmut ljifox?af6 z'? ug'{x'b}g .
%= k|ZgfjnLsf] cfsf/
k|ZgfjnL slt ;+Vofdf slt nfdf] x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt 5}g . o;nfO{ pQ/bftfsf] :t/ tyf k|sf/;+u e/kg]{ ljifosf]
?kdf ;d]t lnOG5 . h:t}M u0fgf tyf ;j]{If0fsf] vfsf tof/ ubf{ g} s:tf pQ/bftfx? ;dfj]z x'G5g eGg] Plsg ul/Psf]
x'G5 . ;fwf/0ftof 5f]6f / ;/n k|ZgfjnLx?n] k|To'Q/ b/ pRr lbG5 eg] nfdf / hl6n k|ZgfjnLx?n] k|To'Q/ b/ sd lbG5 .
kSs} klg !) j6f / %) j6f k|Zgx? ePsf] b'O{ cnu k|ZgfjnLaf6 tYof+s ;+sng ul/Pdf !) j6f k|Zgx? /flvPsf] cWoog
cg';Gwfgdf k|Zgx? k"0f{?kdf el/g] b/ / k|To'Q/ b/ pRr x'G5 . tyflk ;a} cWoog cg';Gwfg tyf ;j]{If0fx?df nfdf]
k|ZgfjnLn] k|To'Q/ b/df c;/ kfb]{g eGg] s'/fdf s]xL cWoog cg';Gwfg tyf ;j]{If0fx?n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . lsgls k|ZgfjnLsf]
cfsf/eGbf o;df k|of]u ul/Psf] ;"rL / laifodf e/kg]{ x'G5 . pQ/bftfsf] nflu rf;f] / dgkg]{ laifo /x]5 eg] k|To'Q/ b/
pRr x'G5 eg] o;sf] km/s ePdf k|To'Q/ b/ Go"g x'g' :jfefljs x'ghfG5 .
^= k"j{k/LIf0f
k|ZgfjnL th'{df eO;s]kl5 To;nfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L Pjd\ k|of]ufTds jgfpgsf nflu k|Zgx? lkmN8:t/df hfFr ul/G5 .
k|ZgfjnL hfFrdf k|ZgfjnL;Fu ;DalGwt ;Lldt JolQmnfO{ ;f]lwG5 . o; hfFrdf zAb jf jfSox?sf] rog, k|Zgx?sf]
l;nl;n]af/ cyf{t k|jfx, km8\sf] dfg]{ lgb{]zg nufot k|ZgfjnLdf ePsf sl7gfOx?sf] af/]df cWoog ul/G5 . v'nf tyf aGb
k|Zgx?af6 pQ/bftfnfO{ x'g;Sg] sl7gfO jf c:ki6tf ;d]t hfgsf/L lnOG5 . k|ZgfjnLdf x'g;Sg] uNtLx?nfO{ jf klxrfg
ul/Psf uNtLx?nfO{ l6kf]6 ul/G5 . ;f]xL k[i7kf]if0fsf cfwf/df k|ZgfjnLnfO{ clGtd ?k lbOG5 . o; r/0fnfO{ k|ZgfjnLsf]
u'0f:t/ hfFrsf] r/0fsf] ?kdf ;d]t lnOG5 . k"j{k/LIf0f lgDg r/0fdf ;DkGg ul/G5 M
s= k|To]s k|Zgsf] u'0f:t/ Plsg ug'{kb{5 .
v= e/kbf]{ / u'0f:t/Lo hafkm pQ/bftfjf6 gcfPdf k|ZgfjnL kl/:s[t ug'{kb{5 .
u= pQm kl/:s[t k|ZgfjnLnfO{ k'gMk/LIf0f u/L ljutdf ul/Psf] k/LIf0f / o;jf6 pknlJw eP gePsf] Plsg u/L k|ZgfjnLnfO{
clGtd ?k lbg'kb{5 .
&= kfOn6 ;j]{If0f
;j]{If0f cyf{t u0fgf ;~rfng ug{'cufj} kfOn6 u0fgf ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 . lsgeg] u0fgf cyf{t ;j]{If0f z'? u/]kl5
k|efasf/L?kdf ;~rfng x'G5 ls x'b}g eGg] lglZrt ug'{kb{5 . kfOn6 hfFraf6 k|ZgfjnL lnP/ lkmN8df jf JolQmnfO{ ;f]Wbf
slt ;do lnG5, k|Zgx? :ki6 eP gePsf], lgb]{zgx? :ki6 eP gePsf], pQ/bftfnfO{ pQ/ lbg c;lhnf] eP gePsf],
pQ/bftfn] lbOPsf] dxTjk"0f{ pQ/ ;dfj]z eP gePsf], k|ZgfjnLsf] cfsf/ / ;+/rgf 7Ls eP gePsf] tyf cGo dxTjk"0f{
;'emfj k|fKt ePdf ;f]nfO{ lgb]{lzsfdf pNn]v ug'{kb{5 .
kfOn6 u0fgfdf u0fgf jf ;j]{If0f ug{ nfluPsf] If]q jf JolQm jf ;d"xsf] ;fgf] lx:;f lnP/ ul/G5 . o;df s] slt gd"gf lng]
eGg] s'g} lgod gePtfklg u0fgf jf ;j]{If0f ug{ nfluPsf] gd"gfsf] % b]lv !) k|ltzt;Dd gd"gf lnO{ k|Zgx? ;f]lwG5 . tyflk
o;af6 k|fKt glthfx? clGtd kl/0ffddf ;dfj]z eg] ul/b}g .

57
*= k|Zg /]s8{
k|ZgfjnL th'{df ubf{ b'O{ k|Zgx?sf] jLrdf vfnL :yfg kof{Kt 5f]8\g'kb{5 tfls tYof+s ;+snsn] :ki6;Fu pQ/ /]s8{ ug{ ;sf];\
. tYof+s ;+snsn] :ki6;Fu xtf/ gu/L pQ/bftfn] lbPsf] hafkm x'jx' k|ZgfjnLdf ptf/ ug'{kb{5 . pQ/bftfn] lbPsf] pQ/nfO{
tf]8df]8 ug'{x'b}g . tYof+s ;+snsn] k|ZgfjnL lgb]{lzsfnfO{ /fd|f];Fu cWoog u/L ;f]df lbOPsf] lgb]{zgadf]lhd x/]s k|Zgsf]
pQ/ ptf/ ug'{kb{5 . lgb]{lzsfdf ax'pQ/ lbg ;lsg] k|Zg elgPsf]df PseGbf a9L pQ/df uf]nf] lrGx jf 7Ls lrGx lbg] jf
lbOPsf sf]7fx?df lrGx lbg] s] xf] :ki6;Fu k|Zgdf v'Ng'kb{5 . gqeg] Pp6f dfq pQ/ n]Vg'kg]{ :yfgdf b'O{ :yfgdf lrGx
nufpg] / b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L :yfgdf lrGx nufpg'kg]{df Pp6f :yfgdf lrGx nufpg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
Pp6f k|Zgjf6 csf]{ k|Zgdf k|j]z ubf{ km8\sf] df/L jLrsf] k|Zg g;f]wL ;f]eGbf kl5sf] k|Zg ;f]Wg'kg]{ eP jf jLrsf] k|Zg
c;fGble{s eP km8\sf] dfg]{ :ki6 lgb]{zg k|Zgdf g} lbg'kb{5 .
(= k|ZgfjnLsf] clGtd ?k
k|ZgfjnLsf] aflx/L :j?kn] klg ;j]{If0fdf dxTj /fVb5 . k|Zgstf{nfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wg c;lhnf] x'g] k|sf/n] km/d]6 tof/ ug'{x'+b}g .
k|ZgfjnLnfO{ lstfjsf] cfsf/df cyjf v'nf kfgfsf] ?kdf ;d]t /fVg ;lsG5 . tYof+s ;+sns tyf tYof+s k|ljli6sf] lx;fjn]
;d]t ;lhnf] / :ki6 kmf/fd agfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . kmf/fdsf] vfnL :yfgnfO{ ;d]t ;b'kof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t}M k|ZgfjnLsf]
5]p5]p cyf{t dfly / tnsf] efudf lgb]{zgx? /fVg ;lsG5 . cIf/sf] cfsf/, k|sf/ / /+u s:tf] k|sf/sf] /fVbf cfsif{0fo'Qm
x'G5 ;f] ;d]tnfO{ Wofg lbg ;lsG5 .
!)= k|ZgfjnLsf] 5kfO{
k|ZgfjnLnfO{ clGtd?k lbO;s]kl5 5kfO{sf] nflu tof/ x'G5 . slt k|ZgfjnL 5kfO{ ug]{ eGg] ljifo u0fgf cyf{t ;j]{If0fdf slt
OsfOdf u0fgf jf ;j]{If0f ul/g] xf] ;f] ;+Vofdf v]/ hfg] / yk x'g;Sg] cg'dfg u/L s]xL k|ltzt yk kmf/fdx? 5kfO{ ug'{kb{5 .
k|ZgfjnLsf] clGtd ?k tof/ eO;s]kl5 lstfjsf] cfsf/ jf v'nf kfgfsf] ?kdf k|ZgfjnL 5fKg] xf] ;f]nfO{ klg 5kfO{sf] cfwf/
agfpg'kb{5 . To:t} kfOn6 u0fgfdf ;d]t k|of]u x'g] k|ZgfjnLnfO{ ;f]df ;dfj]z u/fpg'kb{5 .

lgisif{
/fd|f];Fu Wofg lbP/ tof/ ul/Psf] k|Zgn] ;j]{If0f tyf u0fgfnfO{ ;kmn t'NofpF5 . k|ZgfjnL th'{dfsf ;j{dfGo l;4fGt
5}gg\ tyflk cWoog cg';Gwfgstf{n] ;j]{If0f tyf u0fgfx?df k|ZgfjnL th'{df ubf{ k|Zgsf lsl;d / 9fFrf, k|Zgx?sf] ;Gbe{
;do, zAbfjnL rog, cy{;lxtsf] s|da4tf, k|ZgfjnLsf] cfsf/, k|ZgfjnLsf] k"j{k/LIf0f, k|ZgfjnLsf] kfOn6 ;j]{If0f, k|Zg
/]s8{, k|ZgfjnLsf] clGtd ?k / k|ZgfjnLsf] 5kfO{ cflb ljifodf Wofg k'¥ofpg'kb{5 . oL ;Dk"0f{ ljifodf Wofg lbO{ tof/
ul/Psf] k|ZgfjnLn] dfq} cWoog cg';Gwfg, u0fgf tyf ;j]{If0fsf p2]Zox? xfl;n ug{;Sb5 . k|ZgfjnL tof/ ubf{ k|Zgstf{,
pQ/bftf, tYof+s k|ljli6, kl/0ffdsf] tflnsLs/0f, ljZn]if0f cflb sfo{df ;+nUg JolQmnfO{ ;xh x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf ljZj:t x'g'
kb{5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
1. John Wiley & Sons, Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach, New York Chichester
Brisbane Toronto Singapore.
2. Crawford, I. M. (1990) Marketing Research Centre for Agricultural Marketing Training in Eastern and
Southern Africa. Harare Zimbabwe.
3. Sudman, S. and Bradburn, N. M. (1973), Asking Questions, PP. 208 – 28.
4. Wai-Ching Leung, How to design a questionnaire.
5. D. J. Casley & D. A. Lury (1987) : Data Collection in Developing Countries, Clarendon Press. Oxford.

58
 *M tYof+s ;+sng (DATA COLLECTION)
∗
1fg]Gb| jh|frfo{

tYof+s ;+sng sfo{ tYof+sLo ;j]{If0f tyf u0fgfsf] ;jf{lws dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] h:fsf] dfWodaf6 ;j]{If0f tyf
u0fgfsf] p2]Zocg'?k rflxPsf tYof+s tyf ;"rgfx? ;+sng ul/G5 . cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] of]hgf tyf sfof{Gjogdf
tYof+s ;+sng sfo{ Ps dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . tYof+s ;+sng ;txL, ck"/f] jf c:ki6 ePdf o;n] tYof+s k|zf]wgnfO{ cToGt
hl6n agfpg'sf ;fy} cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgx? u'0f:t/xLg x'ghfG5 . To;}n], x/]s ;j]{If0f jf u0fgfdf pko'Qm tYof+s ;+sngsf
pkfox? tyf ;f]xLcg'?k ;fdu|Lx?sf] ljsf; Pj+ To;sf] k6s k6s k/LIf0f klg cTofjZos x'G5 .

tYof+s ;+sng ug'{k"j{ lkmN8 ;+u7g tyf lkmN8 sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu tflndsf] Joj:yf, tYof+s ;+sng ug]{ ljlwx?sf] 5gf}6
ug'kg]{ x'G5 h;sf] jf/]df lj:t[t?kdf tn 5nkmn ul/g]5 .

*=! lkmN8 ;+u7g tyf kb:yfkg (Field Organization & Recruitment)

lkmN8 ;+u7g (Field Organization) ljgf s'g} klg tYof+s ;+sng sfo{ ;Dej 5}g . tYof+sLo lqmofsnfk ljz]ifu/L u0fgfx?df
ljifoj:t'jfx]s sfo{k|0ffnLcg';f/ Joj:yfkgsf] b[li6sf]0fdf ;aeGbf j9L kmfObf lkmN8 ;+u7gjf6 x'G5 . lkmN8 ;+u7gn]
pQ/bftf;+u cGtlqm{ofdfkm{t rflxPsf] ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ / ;DalGwt ;"rgfx? pko'Qm 9fFrfdf ;dodf g} k|fKt ug'{sf ;fy}
pQ/bftfdf ;xof]uL efjgf tyf ljZjf; a9fpg cx+ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . ;fy} ;"rgf pknJw gu/fpFbf x'g;Sg] k|lts"n
kl/0ffdjf/]df klg pQ/bftfnfO{ cjut u/fpF5 .

s'g} lglZrt cjlwsf] nflu tYof+s ;+sng k|of]hgfy{ tby{?kdf klg lkmN8 ;+u7g v8f ug{ ;lsG5 . a[xt tyf cfjlws
lsl;dsf] sfo{ k|s[ltsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ u0fgfx? tby{?kdf To;/L v8f ul/Psf] lkmN8 ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgfcGtu{t ;+rfng ul/g]
ul/G5 . h:t}M x/]s !)÷!) jif{df ;+rfng ul/g] hgu0fgf tyf s[lif u0fgf h:tf sfo{x?df k|To]s lhNnfdf u0fgf cjlwe/sf]
nflu lhNnf hg÷+s[lif u0fgf sfof{no, Onfsf sfof{nox? u7g u/L cfjZos dfqfdf hgzlQmx? h:t} – hgu0fgf
clws[t, ;'kl/j]Ifsx?, u0fsx? tyf cGo sd{rf/Lx? lgo'lQm u/L tL sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu pko'Qm tflnd;d]t ;+rfng u/L
lkmN8 sfo{x? ;+rfng ul/g] ul/G5 . To:t}, s'g} lglZrt ;j]{If0f ;+rfngsf] nflu ljz]if lsl;dsf] lkmN8 ;+/rgf klg :yfkgf
ug{ ;lsG5 . s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefuaf6 ;+rfng ul/g] hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fdf sDKo'6/ ck/]6/, u0fsx?, ;'kl/j]Ifs;lxtsf] Ps
lkmN8 ;d"x agfO{ cfjZos ;j]{If0f pks/0fx? h:t} Nofk6k, tf}ndfks oGq tyf k|ZgfjnLx?;lxt tYof+s ;+sng sfo{sf]
nlfu lkmN8df v6fpg] sfo{ ul/G5 .

Ps k6s ul/g] ;j]{If0fdf g} k"0f{ ;+t'i6 x'g] lsl;dsf] lkmN8 ;+u7gdfkm{t tYof+s ;+sng ug{ Psbd d'lZsn x'G5 .
tYof+s ;+sng;DjGwL of]hgfjWb?kdf lbOg] pko'Qm tflnddfkm{t tof/ ul/Psf bIf tyf s'zn sd{rf/Lx? / ltgLx?sf]
tYof+s ;+sng ;DjGwL nfdf] cg'ejaf6 dfq ljZj;gLo tYof+s ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 .

lkmN8 ;+u7gdf b'O{ yl/sf sd{rf/Lx? – :yfoL tyf c:yfoL÷s/f/nfO{ kl/rfng ug{;S5g\ . 7"nf] ;+Vofdf /xg] t/
5f]6f] ;dosf] nflu sfd ug]{ c:yfoL sd{rf/Lx?n] lkmN8 ;+u7gdf sfd ;DkGg ug{sf] nflu 7"nf] of]ubfg k'–ofO/x]sf] x'G5 eg]
sd ;+Vofdf x'g] :yfoL sd{rf/Lx?n] ;j]{If0fdf g]t[Tj, ;+u7g tyf lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] x'G5 .

To;}n] x/]s tYof+s;+u ;DjWb sfof{nox?n] :yfoL?kdf lkmN8 ;+u7g;DjGwL s]xL Joj:yf ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ljljw
ljwfsf] ;j]{If0fdf jf lg/Gt/?kdf ;+rfng ug'{kg]{ tYof+sLo cfof]hgfx? /x]sf] cj:yfdf pQm cfjZostf cem a9L x'g] b]lvG5 .
tYof+ssf] clwstd k|of]u gx'g] sfof{nox?df klg ;'kl/j]Ifsx? tyf kof{Kt dfqfdf cg'ejL u0fsx? -
h;nfO{ cfjZostfg';f/ ;Dks{ u/L lkmN8df kl/rfng ug{ ;lsG5_ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L sDtLdf Pp6f ;fgf] lkmN8 ;d"xsf]
cfjZostf /xg] lj1x?sf] syg klg 5 . ;j]{If0fdf k|of]u x'g] lkmN8 ;+u7gsf] Pp6f gd"gf tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

∗
tYofÍ clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
59
 Steering Committee

Project Coordinator

Central Level Supervisors

Field Level Officers

Team Supervisors

Enumerators

Respondents

*=@ tflnd (Training)

lkmN8df vl6g] sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu slt tflnd lbg'k5{ eGg] k|Zg ;Fw} p7\g] u5{, t/ o;sf] s'g} lglZrt hjfkm 5}g . tflndsf]
dfqf lglZrt?kdf lkmN8df vl6g] sd{rf/Lx?sf] of]Uotf tyf cg'eadf e/kg]{ s'/f xf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, cg'eaL
u0fsx?nfO{ ;j]{If0fsf] gofF ljifoj:t'jfx]s ;j]{If0f;DjGwL cfwf/e"t k|lqmofx?sf] jf/]df atfO/xg cfjZos kb}{g .
To:t}, ;j]{If0f jf u0fgfsf] k|sf/, cfsf/ tyf hl6ntf csf]{ sf/s tTj x'g;S5 h;n] tflndsf] kl/df0fnfO{ lgwf{/0f u5{ .
csf]{ s'/f, u0fsx?nfO{ cfjZostfeGbf a9L tflnd lbg' emGeml6nf] tyf vlr{nf] dfq geO{ k|To'Tkfbs klg x'g] x'gfn] of]Uo
u0fssf] 5gf}6 / ;f]xLcg';f/ cfjZos dfqfdf tflnd k|bfg ug'{ g} k|rlnt ;jf]{Qd cEof; xf] .

k|Zgf]Q/, cGtjf{tf{ cEof; -tn aS;df x]g'{;\_hfFr cflb lqmofsnfkdfkm{t k|lzIffyL{x?sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf ;+rflnt tflnd
a9L k|efasf/L x'G5 . k|jrg ljlw (Lecture Method) dfq k|of]u u/L k|bfg ul/Psf] tflnd t'ngfTds?kdf sd k|efasf/L
x'G5 . k|lzIffyL{x?df tflndsf] cjlwdf x'g;Sg] Psf]xf]/f] jftfj/0fnfO{ x6fpg /]sl8{Ë, :nfO8, km\nLkrf6{, tyf rnlrq h:tf
>Job[Zox?sf] k|of]u a9L k|efasf/L x'g] dfq geO{ o;n] k|lzIffyL{x?df ;j]{If0fk|lt yk pT;'stf klg hufpF5 .
tflnd ;fdu|Lx?nfO{ of]hgfaWb tl/sfn] tof/ kfl/Pg eg] tflnd xNnfdf kl/0ft eO{ lgik|efjL x'g;S5 .

;j]{If0f tyf u0fgfdf tYof+s ;+sngfy{ ljleGg r/0fx?df tflndsf] ;+rfng ul/G5 . ;j]{If0f tyf u0fgfsf] cfsf/ tyf
hl6ntfcg'?k klxnf clws[tx?sf] tflnd, To;kl5 lkmN8 ;'kl/j]Ifsx?sf] tflnd / cGTodf u0fsx?sf] tflnd ;+rfng
ug]{ k|rng 5 . klxnf] r/0fsf] tflnddf ;xefuL clws[tx?nfO{ bf];|f] r/0fsf] lkmN8 ;'kl/j]Ifssf] tflnddf k|lzIfssf] ?kdf /
bf];|f] r/0fdf ;xefuL ;'kl/j]Ifsx?nfO{ t];|f] r/0fsf] u0fs tflnddf k|lzIfssf] ?kdf kl/rfng ubf{ clws[t
tyf ;'kl/j]Ifsx?n] tflnddfkm{t ;j]{If0fdf k|of]u x'g] k|ZgfjnL;DjGwL ljljw kIfx?;+u kl/lrt x'g] cj;/ k|fKt
ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . ;fy}, k|lzIfssf] ?kdf sfd ubf{ ;j]{If0fdf hfg] u0fsx?sf] bIftf jf/]df k"jf{g'dfg ug{ / kl5
lkmN8sfo{df ;'kl/j]If0f ug{ klg ;lhnf] x'G5 . t/ ;fgf] cfsf/sf] ;j]{If0fdf k6s k6s tflnd
gu/fO{ ;+o'Qm?kdf ;j]{If0f;DjGwL hfgsf/Ld"ns sIff (Orientation Class) dfq ;+rfng ug]{ k|rng klg 5 .

k|ZgfjnL eg]{;DjGwL cem a9L 7f];, Jojxfl/s 1fg lbnfpg] p2]Zon] ljleGg If]qx?df uO{ k|of]ufTds 1fg lbnfpg]
sIffx?sf] ;+rfng ug'{ tflndsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . k|of]ufTds cEof;sf] nflu 5flgg] To:tf If]qx? oyf;Dej ;j]{If0f
tyf u0fgf ;"rLdf gk/]sf x'g'k5{ . o;/L If]qdf g} uO{ u0fgfsf] k"jf{Eof; ubf{ If]qsf] kl/l:yltsf] oyfy{ 1fg x'g'sf] ;fy} u0fgf
sfo{df cfOkg]{ Jojxfl/s ;d:ofx?sf] k"j{;"rgf k|fKt x'G5Ù h;n] u0fgf sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ lkmN8 sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ lgs} d2t
k'U5 . tYof+s ;+sngfy{ lkmN8 sfo{sf] nflu lbOg] tflnd ljleGg lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . h:t}M ;d"x sIff, cGtjf{tf{ cEof;, cWoog
-lgb]{lzsf, k|ZgfjnL tyf cGo sfuhftx?_, k'gtf{huL tflnd, k|lt:yfkg tflnd cflb .

60
 cEof;M cGtjf{tf{ tflnd
lnlvt cEof; (Written Test)M tkfO{sf] ;d"xnfO{ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] Pp6f ;j]{If0fsf] tYof+s ;+sng sfo{ yfngL ug'{k"j{ cfkm"n]
pQ/bftfnfO{ lbg] cfkm\gf] / ;j]{If0fsf] kl/ro n]Vg';\ . Pp6f ;fgf] ;d"x e]nf u/fO{ pk/f]Qmfg';f/sf] kl/ro lbg';\ / To;df
c? ;'wf/sf] nflu cGo JolQmx?sf] ;'emfj ;+sng ug{'xf];\ . tL ;'emfjx?sf] cfwf/df csf]{ kl/ro tof/ ug'{xf];\ .

df]s cGtjf{tf{ (Mock Interview)M 5 hgf ;xefuLx?nfO{ df]s cGtjf{tf{sf] nflu 5gf}6 ug'{xf];\ . tLghgfn] :jf:Yo rf}sLsf
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ?kdf cGtjf{tf lng] JolQmsf] e"ldsf lgefpg] / tLghgfn] ljut 5 dlxgfleqdf ;'Ts]/L ePsf dlxnfx?sf] e"ldsf
lgefpg] lhDdf lbg'xf];\ . cGtjf{tf{stf{nfO{ ljBdfg a9\bf] c;'/lIft k|;'lt cEof;sf] sf/0f kQf nufpg eGg'xf];\ . ;xhstf{n] k|To]s
cfdfnfO{ pgLx?n] lgefpg'kg]{ km/s km/s e"ldsfjf/]df eGg'xf];\ . tLghgf cGtjf{tf{stf{jfx]s ;j} ;xefuLx?n] tL e"ldsfx?sf]
jf/]df klxnf g} yfxf kfpg]5 t/ cGtjf{tf{stf{x?n] cGtjf{tf{dfkm{t tL e"ldsfx? kQf nufpg'kg]{5 .
tLgj6f cGtjf{tf{x?df ePsf] cGtlqm{ofnfO{ glhsaf6 lgofNg'xf];\ . cGtjf{tf{ ;lsgf;fy cGtjf{tf{ lng] JolQmsf] ;f]rfO / Ifdtfsf]
jf/]df 5f]6s/Ldf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . k|To]s cGtjf{tfsf] /fd|f] kIfnfO{ s]nfpg] k|of; ug'{xf];\ / ;fy} ;xL / k"0f{ ;"rgf k|flKtsf] nflu
s;/L cGtjf{tf{nfO{ ;'wf/ ug{;lsG5 eGg] ;DjGwL cfjZos ;'emfjx? lbg'xf];\ .

;fFRr}sf] cGtjf{tf{ (Real Interview)M dflysf] df]s cGtjf{tf{df h:t} cj k|lzIffyL{x?;+u ;DjlGwt ljifodf ;fFRr}
cGtjf{tf{ cfof]hgf ug'{xf];\ -h:t}M lsg ltgLx?n] o; ;j]{If0fdf u0fs eP/ sfd ug{ tof/ eP_ .

*=# lkmN8 sfo{ (Field Work)

tYof+s ;+sng sfo{sf] nflu ;DjlGwt If]qdf g} uO{ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lkmN8 sfo{ elgG5 . ;fwf/0ftof, lkmN8 sfo{ lkmN8df vl6g]
sd{rf/Lx?sf] tflndkZrft ;+rfng ul/g] ul/G5 . ;j]{If0f jf u0fgfsf] d]?b08 eg]s} lkmN8 sfo{ ePsf] x'gfn] o;sf] nlfu
ljz]if tof/L ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . lkmN8 sfo{sf] nflu sd{rf/Lx? ;DjlGwt If]qdf g} k'Ug'kg]{ / ;j]{If0fsf] qmddf nfdf] ofqf ug]{,
cfjZos k/] lkmN8 If]qdf g} vfg] / jf;sf] ;d]t Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n] lkmN8 sfo{sf] nflu k"j{tof/L tyf of]hgfsf]
cfjZostf x'G5 . lkmN8 sfo{df v6\g'cl3 u0fsn] lgDg a'Fbfx?df Wofg lbg' cfjZos x'G5 .

• tYof+s ;+sng ug'{k"j{ ;j]{If0f jf u0fgf ug]{ If]q / pQ/bftf;DaGwL k"j{hfgsf/L /fVg] oyf;Dej k|oTg ug'{k5{ .
To;}n], tYof+s ;+sng;DjGwL lkmN8 sfo{ z'? ug'{k"j{ ;DjlGwt 7fFpsf] e|d0f u/L :yfgLo k|ltli7t
JolQmx?;Fu ;Dks{ /fvL cfjZos hfgsf/L lng'k5{ . ;j]{If0fsf sfo{df vl6g] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u
ug]{ cg'/f]w;lxtsf] ;DjlGwt sfof{nosf] cflwsfl/s kq klg ;fydf lnP/ hfFbf lgs} ;xof]u x'G5 . ;fy}, u0fsx?n]
cfkm\gf] kl/ro kq klg ;fydf af]s]/ nUg'k5{ .
• cfkm" sfd ug]{ If]qsf] gS;f pknJw u/fPsf] ePdf To;sf] ;d"xut cWoog / gS;f pknJw gePdf
To;sf] ;;{tL{ v];|f tof/ ug'{sf ;fy} lkmN8 e|d0fsf] cfwf/df k'/fgf] gS;fnfO{ cBfjlws ug'{k5{ . ;fy},
tYof+s ;+sng sfo{sf] z'?jft sxfFaf6 ubf{ lkmN8sfo{nfO{ ;xh?kdf ;DkGg ug{ ;lsG5 To;sf] lgSof}{n ug{ klg
gS;fsf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g} pQ/bftf g5'6'g / gbf]xf]l/pg eGg] p2]Zosf ;fy gS;fdfkm{t cf–cfkm\gf] sfo{If]q
5'6ofpg' cfjZos x'G5 .
• tf]lsPsf] ;do;Ldfleq} tYof+s ;+sng sfo{ ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n] cGtjf{tf{sf] nflu lglZrt b}lgs nIo;lxtsf]
sfo{ tflnsf agfpg'k5{ .
• lkmN8 sfo{df s'g} lsl;dsf] ;d:ofx? cfPdf ;DjlGwt ;'kl/j]IfsnfO{ s;/L e]6\g] ;f]sf] lgSof}{n lkmN8df
hfg'k"j{ g} ;'kl/j]Ifs / clws[tnfO{ e]6L lgwf{/0f ug'{ >]o:s/ x'G5 . ;DjlGwt ;j} ;'kl/j]Ifs tyf
clws[tx?nfO{ ;Dks{ ug]{ dfWod ljz]ifu/L kmf]g÷df]afOn g+j/ l6k]/ ;'/lIft;fy cfkm";+u nUg'k5{ .
• pQ/bftfsf] 3/ b}nf]df uP/ tYof+s ;+sng ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n] pgLx? e]6 x'g] ;do ljrf/ u/]/ k'Ug'k5{ . o;sf] nflu
ljxfg jf a]n'sf jf ljbfsf] lbgdf klg lkmN8df v6\g tof/ x'g'k5{ .

61
 • lkmN8df hfg'k"j{ k|ZgfjnLdf plNnlvt zAbfjnLx? / k|Zgx? /fd|f];+u cfkm}n] a'em]/ dfq hfg'k5{ . cGoyf cGtjf{tfsf]
qmddf w]/} sl7gfOx? em]Ng'kg]{ x'G5 .
• cGtjf{tf{sf] nflu lkmN8df hfg'k"j{ tYof+s ;+sngsf] nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx? -k|ZgfjnLx?, snd tyf
cGo ;DjlGwt cf}hf/x?_ sf] oyf]lrt Joj:yf ug'{sf] ;fy} tL ;fdu|Lx? b'?:t ePsf] gePsf] hfFRg'k5{ h;n]
ubf{ lkmN8 sfo{df ;fdu|Lsf] sf/0fn] s'g} lsl;dsf] cj/f]w gxf];\ .
• lkmN8 sfo{sf] nflu 5gf}6 If]q w]/} 6f9f eO{ cfkm\gf] jf;:yfgaf6 b}lgs cfjthfjt ug{ ;Dej gePdf ofqf, vfgf
tyf jf;sf] nflu cfjZos /sdsf] Joj:yf u/]/ dfq lkmN8df hfg'k5{ . To;sf cltl/Qm, lkmN8 sfo{ ug]{ If]q /
j:g'kg]{ ;Defljt cjlwnfO{ ljrf/ u/L emf]nf, Hofs]6, l:nlkª Jofu, 6r{nfO6 tyf cTofjZos cf}ifwLx? af]s]/
hfg'k5{ .

*=$ tYof+s ;+sng ljlw

;j]{If0fsf] p2]Zo cg'?k cfjZos ;"rgfx?sf] ;+sng ug{ lkmN8 sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ v6fOPsf] x'G5 . lkmN8 sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ lkmN8df
v6fpg'k"j{ g} s'g ljlwaf6 tYof+s ;+sng ug]{ xf] To;sf] jf/]df lgSof}{n u/L lj:t[t tflnd lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . tYof+s d"Vo?kdf
lgDg ljlwx? dfkm{t ;+sng ug]{ ul/G5 .

♦ k|zf;lgs clen]vx? dfkm{t

♦ k|ZgfjnLx? dfkm{t
♦ cjnf]sg ljlw
♦ ldl>t tl/sf
♦ cGtjf{tf{ ljlw
– a9L nrstfsf] cGtjf{tf{
– sd nrstfsf] cGtjf{tf

*=$=! k|zf;lgs clen]vaf6 tYof+s ;+sng (Data Collection from Administrative Records)
x/]s ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L sfof{nox?df b}lgs k|zf;lgs sfo{sf] l;nl;nfdf jf lgoldt gLlt, sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgfx?
nfu" ug]{ l;nl;nfdf pTkfbg x'g] tYof+sx? g} k|zf;lgs tYof+s xf] . To:tf k|zf;lgs clen]vx?af6 ;lhnf] / ;:tf] tl/sfn]
e/kbf]{ tYof+s ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 . o; ljlwaf6 tYof+s ;+sng ubf{ k|zf;lgs clen]vdf pknJw ePsf] tYof+sx?
dfq ;+sng ug]{ ePsf]n] tYof+s ;+sng sfo{ l56f], 5l/tf] / ;:tf] dfq geO{ sfof{nox?df x/]s jif{sf] tYof+s pknJw x'g]
ePsf]n] ultljlwx?sf] k|s[lt (Trend) cWoog ug{ klg ;lhnf] x'G5 . h:t}M gu/kflnsfsf] gS;f kf; u/]sf] nutaf6 pQm
gu/kflnsfdf s] s:tf k|s[ltsf 3/x? lgdf{0f eO/x]sf 5g\ / lgdf{0f If]qdf nufgL s:tf] b]lvG5 ;f]sf] cWoog ;lhn}
ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t}, k|x/L k|efu sfof{nox?af6 pknJw x'g] ck/fw, b'\3{6gf / b'Jo{;gLsf tYof+sn] To; If]qdf nfu"
cf}ifwsf] ;du| k|of]u l:ylt, b'3{6gfsf] ;+Vof tyf ;du| ;'/Iff Joj:yfsf] cWoog ug{ ;xh x'G5 .

t/ k|zf;lgs clen]vaf6 tYof+s ;+sng ubf{ cfkm"n] vf]h]sf tYof+sx? pknJw gx'g;S5 . ;DalGwt sfof{nosf] cfjZostf
adf]lhd clen]v /flvg] x'Fbf cWoog cg';Gwfgn] dfu] hlt tYof+s pknAw gx'g] dfq geO{ pknAw tYof+sx? ck"/f]
/ ;j]{If0fsf] ;DjGwdf c;fGble{s klg x'g;S5 . ;fy}, sfof{nosf sltko clen]vx? uf]Ko /xg] x'gfn] ;a} k|zf;lgs
clen]vx? ;lhn} ;a}nfO{ pknAw x'G5 eGg] klg x'Fb}g . t}klg k|zf;lgs clen]vaf6 k|foM b}lgs?kdf pTkfbg x'g] k|zf;lgs
tYof+sx?sf] ;xL tyf PsLs[t?kdf pkof]u u/L ljsf;sf ;"rsx? pTkfbg ug{;s]df w]/} sd nufgLdf l56f] / ljZj;gLo
tYof+s ;+sng ug{;lsg] s'/fdf b"O{dt xF'b}g .

*=$=@ :jo+ eg'{kg]{ k|ZgfjnLdfkm{t tYof+s ;+sng (Data Collection from Self Administered Questionnaire)
:jo+ eg'{kg]{ cyf{t lnlvt k|ZgfjnLdfkm{t tYof+s ;+sng ubf{ pQ/bftfn] cfkm'nfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] k|ZgfjnLsf] lnlvt hjfkm
lbOG5 . of] ljlw ljz]iftM lzlIft tyf Jo:t ;dfhdf ;j]{If0f ug'{kbf{ a9L nfebfos x'G5 . ;fy}, s'g} sfo{qmd jf tflndsf]

62
d"Nof+sg jf k|efjsfl/tf dfkg ug{ klg of] ljlw pkof]uL 5 . ljleGg tl/sf ckgfO{ of] ljlwaf6 tYof+s ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 .
h:t}M

• k|ZgfjnL s;/L eg]{ eGg] ;DaGwL :ki6 lgb]{zg;lxt x'nfsdfkm{t k|ZgfjnL k7fO{ x'nfsdfkm{t g} el/Psf] k|ZgfjnL
lkmtf{ k7fpg cg'/f]w ug]{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;fwf/0ftof k|ZgfjnL lkmtf{ k7fpg yk x'nfs l6s6 gnfUff];\ eg]/ x'nfs
l6s6;lxtsf] Pp6f vfnL vfd klg k|ZgfjnL;+u} k7fPsf] x'G5 .
• ;+k"0f{ jf s]xL pQ/bftfx?nfO{ e]nf u/fO{ df}lvs jf lnlvt lgb]{zgx? lbO{ k|ZgfjnLx? eg{ nufpg] .
• x/]s pQ/bftfnfO{ k|ZgfjnLx? 3/}df k'–ofpg] / k|ZgfjnL el/;s]kl5 lng hfg] .

pQ/bftfx? ;a} lzlIft ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq of] ljlwaf6 tYof+s ;+sng ug{ ;Dej x'G5 . cGoyf of] ljlwaf6
tYof+s ;+sng ubf{ cg'Q/ x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 .

*=$=# k|ToIf cjnf]sg / dfkg (Direct Observation and Measurement)

cjnf]sgdf hLj, j:t' tyf k|lqmofnfO{ ;xL tl/sfn] 5gf}6 / lg/LIf0f u/L ltgLx?sf Jojxf/ tyf u'0fx?nfO{ ;+sng ul/G5 .
dfgj :jefjsf] cjnf]sg w]/} g} k|of]u ul/g] Pp6f tYof+s ;+sng ljlw xf] h'g ljleGg lsl;dn] ug{ ;lsG5 .

;xeflutfTds cjnf]sg (Participatory Observation)M o;df cjnf]sgstf{ :jo+n] cjnf]sg ug]{ kl/l:ylt ldnfO{ ;xefuL
ePsf] x'G5 . h:t}M cfkm\gf] xft efFlrP/ c:ktfndf egf{ ul/Psf] 8fS6/n] pQm c:ktfnsf] lj/fdL hfFr ug]{ tyf cGo
k|zf;lgs k|lqmofx?nfO{ cjnf]sg ubf{sf] l:ylt .

u}/–;xeflutfTds cjnf]sg (Non-Participatory Observation)M cjnf]sgstf{ cfkm} ;xefuL geO{ v'nf jf n's]/ s'g}
l:yltnfO{ cjnf]sg ug]{ .

cjnf]sg ljlwn] dfgj :jefj;DaGwL tYof+s ;+sng ubf{ k|ZgfjnL tyf cGtjf{tf{ ljlwaf6 eGbf a9L / ;xL tYof+s lbg;S5 .
cGtjf{tf{ tyf k|ZgfjnL ljlwdfkm{t ;+sng ul/Psf ljz]ifu/L ;+j]bgzLn ljifox? h:t}M b'Jo{;gL tyf nfu" cf}iflw;DaGwL
tYof+ssf] bf]xf]/f] hfFr ug{ klg cjnf]sg ljlw w]/} pko'Qm dflgG5 . h:t}M ;?jf /f]ux? -n]k|f];L, 6L=jL=, P8\;\_ nfu]sf
JolQmx?n] cfkm\gf ;fyLx?;+u Pp6} ;'O{ k|of]u u/]sf] jf gu/]sf] jf/]df cjnf]sg ljlwjf6 dfkg ug{;lsG5 .

dfgj :jefj cjnf]sg ljlw cWoog cg';Gwfgdf Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kf6f] xf] t/ of] ljlw cToGt ;do nfUg] ePsf]n]
k|foh;f] ;fgf] ;j]{If0fdf dfq k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . j:t'x?df klg cjnf]sg ljlw k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t}M s'g} 3/kl/jf/df
rkL{ ePsf] jf gePsf], rkL{nfO{ ;kmf /fv]sf]÷g/fv]sf] tYof+s ;+sng ubf{ cjnf]sg ljlw g} tYof+s ;+sng ug{] d'Vo ljlw
x'g;S5 .

olb sg} lglZrt kl/eflift :s]n k|of]u u/L cjnf]sg u/]df To;nfO{ dfkg (Measurement) elgG5 . dfkgdf k|foh;f]
cltl/Qm cf}hf/ jf ;fdu|Lsf] cfjZos x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefuaf6 ;+rfng ul/g] g]kfn
hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fdf jRrfsf] tf}n gfKg tf}n dfks oGqsf] k|of]u ul/G5 eg] jfnL s6fg ;j]{If0fdf cfb|{tfsf] dfkgsf] nflu
DjfO:r/fOh/sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . To:t}, d]l8sn 8fS6/n] z/L/sf] tfkdfg -Hj/f]_] gfKg ydf]{ld6/ k|of]u ug]{u5{ .

*=$=$ ldl>t tl/sf (Combination of Techniques)

ljleGg lsl;dsf tYof+s ;+sng ug]{ tl/sfx? / ltgsf kmfObf j]kmfObfx?sf] jf/]df 5nkmn ubf{ Ps tl/sfn]
csf]{ tl/sfnfO{ ;xof]u ul//x]sf] tYo :ki6 x'G5 . s'zntfk"j{s ul/Psf ljleGg tl/sfx?sf] ldl>t k|of]un] tYof+s ;+sng
sfo{ cem a9L u'0ffTds x'g;S5 / o;n] cWoogsf] laifonfO{ cem a9L lj:t[t?kdf a'em\g ;xof]u u5{ .

cg';Gwfgstf{n] k|foh;f] a9L nrsbf/ (High Degree of Flexibility) / sd nrsbf/ (Low Degree of Flexibility)
cg';Gwfg ljlwx?sf] ldl>t k|of]u ug]{ u5{ . a9L nrstf ePsf ljlwx? h:t}M v'nf k|Zgx? k|of]u u/L lnOg]
cGtjf{tf{x?, ;d"x s]lGb|t 5nkmnx? (Focus Group Discussions) / ;xeflutfTds cjnf]sg ljlw (Participatory
63
Observation Method), h;nfO{ u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg ljlw -Qualitative Research Techniques_ klg elgG5, tL ljlwx?sf]
k|of]u u/L k|foh;f] u'0ffTds tYof+sx?sf] ;+sng ul/G5 . lsg, s] / s;/L h:tf k|Zgx?af6 ;f]lwg] of] ljlwn] Ps
cfk;df ;DjlGwt ljifox?sf] klxrfg tyf vf]h u/L dfgj Jojxf/ -pTk|]/0ff, ljrf/, ;f]r_ jf/]df s'g} ;d:ofsf] k|s[lt, sf/0f
tyf o;sf] k|efjx?sf] uxgtd tYo jflx/ Nofpg ;xof]u u5{ .

kl/df0ffTds cg';Gwfg ljlw -Quantitative Research Technques_ df Jojl:yt k|ZgfjnLdfkm{t cg';Gwfgstf{n] k|Zgsf]
hjfkmnfO{ ljleGg ljwfdf ljeflht ug{ ;dy{ agfpF5 . k|Zgsf] hjfkmnfO{ ug]/ c+sdf JoQm ug{ ;lsG5 . slt, sltk6s
h:tf k|Zgdfkm{t ;f]lwg] of] ljlwdf k|foh;f] cWoog ug{ vf]h]sf] ljifosf] cfsf/, ljt/0f / s]xL
kIfx?aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ kl/df0fdf JoQm ul/G5 .

Pp6f l;+uf] ;j]{If0fdf k|foh;f] b'j} u'0ffTds / kl/df0ffTds cg';Gwfg ljlwx?sf] k|of]u ul/g] k|rng 5 .

*=$=% cGtjf{tf{ ljlw (Interview Techniques)

pQ/bftf rfx] Tof] JolQmnfO{ xf];\ jf ;d"xnfO{ df}lvs?kdf k|Zgx? u/]/ tYof+s ;+sng
ug]{ ljlwnfO{ cGtjf{tf{ elgG5 . ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx?sf] hjfkm lnlvt?kdf l6Kg] -cGtjf{tf{sf] qmddf jf cGtjf{tf{ ;Sgf;fy_ jf
6]kdf /]sl8{ª ug]{ jf b'j}sf] ldl>t?k klg x'g;S5 . cGtjf{tf{df ;f]lwg] k|Zgx?sf] agf]6sf] cfwf/df
cGtjf{tf{nfO{ b'O{ lsl;dn] ;+rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .

*=$=%=! a9L nrstf ePsf] cGtjf{tf{ (Interview with High Degree of Flexibility)

cWoog ug{ vf]h]sf] laifoj:t'jf/]df cg';Gwfgstf{;+u w]/} sd k"j{hfgsf/L ePdf jf ljifoj:t' ;+j]bgzLn ePdf a9L nrstf
ePsf] cGtjf{tf{ ljlw pkof]uL x'G5 . ;fy}, cToGt ;+j]bgzLn ljifox? h:t}M nfu" cf}ifwsf] k|of]u, ljjfxcl3sf] of}g ;Dks{,
ue{lg/f]w;DaGwL lg0f{o cflb h:tfsf] cWoogsf] qmddf tYof+s ;+sng ug'{kbf{ ;fwf/0ftof cg';Gwfgstf{n] lglZrt
k|Zgx?eGbf klg ;+sng ug'{kg]{ ljifox?sf] ;"rL tof/ u/]sf] x'G5 . olb pQ/bftfn] hjfkm glbPsf] cj:yfdf ;f]Wg] yk
laifox?sf] ;"rL klg tof/ u/]sf] x'G5 . 5nkmnsf] axfjn] g} 5nkmnsf laifonfO{ lgwf{/0f u5{{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf cufl8 g}
5nkmn ul/;s]sf ljifox?df k'gM 5nkmn x'g] ;Defjgf klg x'G5 .

o; lsl;dsf] cGtjf{tf{sf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] k|ZgfjnLsf] lglZrt agf]6 gx'g] / k|Zgx? klg v'nf lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . o:tf
k|Zgx? JolQmnfO{ cyjf ;d"xdf ;f]Wg ;lsG5 . ;d"xdf o:tf k|Zgx? ;f]w]/ tYof+s ;+sng ug]{ ljlwnfO{ ;d"xs]lGb|t 5nkmn -
Focus Group Discussion_ elgG5 . o; ljlwdf k|of]u ug]{ k|ZgfjnLsf] ;fdu|LnfO{ cGtjf{tf{ ufO8 jf cGtjf{tf{ tflnsf
eGg ;lsG5 .

*=$=%=@ sd nrstfsf] cGtjf{tf{ (Interview with Low Degree of Flexibility)

;j]{If0f jf u0fgfdf ;f]lwg] k|Zgsf] ;+efljt hjfkm t'ngfTds?kdf k"jf{g'dfg ug{;lsg] jf pQ/bftfx?sf] ;+Vof a9L ePsf]
cj:yfdf sd nrstfsf] cGtjf{tf{ k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . o; ljlwdf k|of]u ug]{ k|ZgfjnLdf lglZrt k|Zgx? / To;sf ;+efljt
hjfkmx?nfO{ qmdjWb?kdf klxn] g} ljeflht ul/;s]sf] x'G5 cyf{t k|ZgfjnLdf k|foh;f] j:t'ut k|Zgx?sf] jfx'Notf x'G5 .

*=% cGtjf{tf{sf] qmddf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx? (Key Points to Consider during Interview)

cGtjf{tf{dfkm{t tYof+s ;+sng ug'{k"j{ pQ/bftfnfO{ gd|tfk"j{s cfkm\gf] kl/ro lbg'sf ;fy} ;j]{If0fsf] jf/]df 5f]6s/Ldf
hfgsf/L lbO{ cGtjf{tf{df nfUg] ;Defljt ;dosf] jf/]df hfgsf/L lbO{ pQm cjlwel/ ;j]{If0f;+u ;DjlGwt k|Zgx?sf] pQ/
lbO{ ;xof]u ug{ cg'/f]w ug'{k5{ . olb pQ/bftf;+u ljz]if sf/0fjz cfjZos ;do gePsf] oyfy{tf JoQm u/]df cGtjf{tf{sf]
nflu s'g lbg jf ;do pko'Qm x'g] xf] ;f]wL ;f]xL lbg jf ;do e]6\g] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ . pQ/bftfsf] k"0f{ ;xof]u tyf
ljZjf;ljgf ;xL ;"rgf cyf{t tYof+s ;+sng ;Dej gx'g] oyfy{tfnfO{ dgg u/L pQ/bftfsf] dgf]efjcg'?k sfo{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
pQ/bftfn] hjfkm lbg cfgfsfgL ug]{ k|d'v sf/0fx?dWo] ;j]{If0fsf] qmddf lbPsf] hjfkmsf] sf/0fn] eljiodf x'g;Sg] ;Defljt

64
vt/fsf] 8/ klg xf] . To;}n], ;+slnt tYof+sx?sf] uf]Kotf;DaGwL k|fjwfgjf/]df klg :ki6;fy hfgsf/L lbO{ pQm
eonfO{ x6fpg] k|of; ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . o;jfx]s u0fsn] cGtjf{tf{sf] qmddf lgDg a'Fbfx?nfO{ Wofg lbg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

s_ u0fssf] Jojxf/ gd|, ldqjt tyf ;fdfGo x'g' cfjZos 5 h;n] ubf{ cGtjf{tf{el/ pQ/bftfn] cGtjf{tf{eGbf klg cfkm"n]
hfg]sf] s'/f Ps hgf kl/lrt JolQmnfO{ elg/x]sf] h:tf] dx;'; u/f];\ .

-v_ pQ/bftfn] lbPsf] ljj/0fx? cfkm"n] ;f]r] ljkl/t ePklg ;f]sf] tTsfn} k|ltjfb gu/L s'zntfk"j{s To:tf ljj/0fx?sf]
jf/]df k'gM bf]xf]¥ofP/ ;f]wL olsg ug'{k5{ .

-u_ tYof+s ;+sng sfo{df pQ/bftfn] cfkm\gf] Jo:ttfsf] jfjh't klg tkfO{nfO{ lbPsf] cd"No ;dosf] ;Ddfg u/L
5nkmnnfO{ ;DjlGwt ljifodf dfq s]lGb|t u/L cGtjf{tf{nfO{ pko'Qmfg';f/ ;DkGg ug'{k5{ . tfklg tkfO+{n] slxn]sfxLF dfgjLo
Jojxf/nfO{ Vofn u/L c;DalGwt ljifodf klg 5nkmn ug'{kg]{ x'g;Sb5 . t/ u0fsn]+ u0fgf sfo{sf] l;nl;nfdf
tYofÍ ;ª\sng ug{ vl6g' ePsf] s'/fnfO{ ;wF} x]Ssf /fvL s'zntfk"j{s jftf{nfknfO{ ;j]{If0fcg'?k k|ZgfjnLsf] qmddf
lg/Gt/tf lbg] k|of; ug'{k5{ .

-3_ k|Zgx? ;f]Wbf JolQmut k|efjaf6 k|Zgx?nfO{ hf]ufpgsf] nflu k|ZgfjnLdf n]lvPsf zAbx?nfO{ k9]/ ;f]Wg'k5{ . olb
pQ/bftfn] k|Zg ga'em]df yk k|Zgx? ;f]w]/ jf efj :ki6 x'g]u/L k|Zg a'emfpg'k5{ .

-8=_ s'g}klg k|Zgsf] pQ/ cfk"mnfO{ yfxf 5 eGg] k"jf{u|x g/fvL ;fdfGo lsl;d -t6:y efj_ n] pQ/bftfnfO{ g} k|Zg ;f]wL
k|ZgfjnL eg'{k5{ . To:t}, pQ/bftfn] lbPsf] hjfkmdf s'g} ;xdlt jf c;xdlt efjsf k|ltlqmofx? hgfpg x'Fb}g h;n]
ubf{ pQ/bftfnfO{ u0fsn] o:tf] lsl;dsf] hjfkm vf]lhPsf] eGg] efg xf];\ . To:t}, pQ/bftf;Fu slxNo} klg lgb]{zfTds k|Zgx?
(Leading Questions) ;f]Wg' x'Fb}g . h:t}M ætkfO{+x? lxGb' wd{ dfGg' x'G5 xf]Og /<Æ eGbf c? wd{ dfGg] kl/jf/n] klg æxf]Æ
eGg] ;+efjgf x'G5 . To:t} æof] 3/df tkfO{sf] kl/jf/ dfq a:5g\ xf]Og / <Æ eg]/ ;f]Wbf olb pgLx?sf cltl/Qm cGo kl/jf/
klg jl;/x]sf /x]5g\ eg] klg æxf]Æ eGg] ;+efjgf x'G5 .

-r_ u0fsdf Wofgk"j{s / w}o{k"j{s ;'Gg] / ;f]xLcg'?k k|ZgfjnL eg{] Ifdtf x'g' cTofjZos 5 . pQ/bftfn] cGtjf{tf{sf]
qmddf ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgsf] dfq hjfkm lbG5 eGg] xF'b}g . Ps} k6s w]/} k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ lbPsf] klg x'g;Sb5 .

-5_ s'g} k|Zgsf] ljz]if sf/0fjz pQ/bftf ;+lIfKt pQ/ lbg c;dy{ x'g ;Sb5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf pQ/ kfpg s'/f vf]tNg'
cfjZos x'G5 . o;/L pQ/nfO{ vf]tNbf -cGj]if0f ubf{_ pQ/bftfn] pQ/sf] k'li6 ug]{ / lbPsf pQ/ k5fl8 /x]sf dd{nfO{ k|i6
kfg]{ df}sf klg kfpF5g\ . k|Zg bf]xf]¥ofP/ k9\bf jf yk k|Zgx? h:t}M cGo s]xL 5'6]sf] 5 ls <, o;sf cGo sf/0f 5g\ ls <, o;
ljifodf cem k|i6 kfl/lbg' x'G5 ls <, c? klg s]xL 5 ls < ;f]Wbf cGj]if0f ug{ ;xfos x'g] u5{ .

-h_ k|ZgfjnLdf ;Dk"0f{ pQ/x? cGtjf{tf{s} qmddf eg'{xf];\ . s'g} k|Zg kl5 eg{sf nflu 5f8\g'eof] eg] tkfO{+n] lj;{g
klg ;Sg'x'g]5 .

-em_ cGtjf{tf{ ;dfKt ug'{cufl8 ;a} k|Zgx?sf] hjfkm 7Ls eP gePsf] hfFr ug'{xf];\ . cS;/, cGtjf{tf{ l;WofP/ l56f] lx8\g]
xtf/df tkfO{+n] k|Zg 5'6fP/ jf cw'/f] pQ/ lnP/ uNtL ug{;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . o:tf uNtLnfO{ x6fpg tkfO{+n] pQ/ lnFbf
plrt ;do lbg'kb{5 / el/Psf k|ZgfjnL cGtjf{tf{ ;Sg'cufl8 Psk6s bf]xf]¥ofpg' klg clt h?/L x'G5 .

-`_ ;+j]bgzLn k|Zgx? ;fdflhs?kdf :jLs[t tl/sfn] ;f]Wg'k5{ .

6_ k|Zgx? ;f]Wbf bf]xf]/f] cy{ nfUg] jf sl7g zJbx?sf] k|of]u ug'{x'Fb}g .

-7_ g]kfn jx'eflifs b]z ePsf] x'gfn] slxn]sfFxL k|Zgx?nfO{ :yfgLo efiffdf ;f]Wg'kg]{ x'G5 .

65
*=^ lkmN8 sfo{sf] u'0f lgoGq0f (Quality Control of the Field Work)

lkmN8 sfo{sf] u'0fnfO{ sfod ug{ tYof+s ;+sngsf] qmddf x'g;Sg] q'6Lx?nfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;fwf/0ftof ;j]{If0fdf
b'O{ lsl;dsf] q'l6 x'g;S5 h;nfO{ rngrNtLsf] efiffdf e|df+z klg elgg] ul/G5 .

s_ 5gf}6 e|df+z (Sampling Error)

v_ u}/–5gf}6 e|df+z (Non-Sampling Error)

lkmN8 sfo{sf] u'0ffTdstf sfodsf] nflu u}/–5gf}6 e|df+z lgoGq0f ug{'kg]{ x'G5 h;sf] nflu lgDg a'Fbfx? Wofgdf /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 .

• u0fsx?n] tYof+s ;+sng ug'{k"j{ k|ZgfjnLdf plNnlvt k|Zgx? / tL k|Zgsf pkfb]otfnfO{ :ki6;+u a'em\g'k5{ .
To;sf] nflu u0fsn] tflnddf ;lqmo ;xefuL eO{ pknJw lgb]{lzsfdf n]lvPsf kl/efiff tyf cGo
aF'bfx?nfO{ /fd|f];+u a'em]sf] x'g'k5{ .
• k|ZgfjnL ;s];Dd d'Vo pQ/bftf÷3/d"nLaf6 g} e/fOg'kb{5 .
• u0fgf jf ;j]{If0f If]qsf] k"0f{ hfgsf/L lnP/ dfq tYof+s ;+sng ug'{k5{ h;n] ubf{ 5'6\g] jf bf]xf]l/g] ;d:ofaf6 d'Qm
x'g;S5 .
• k|Zgx? ;f]Wbf k|ZgfjnLdf pNn]v ePadf]lhd b'?:t ;f]Wg'k5{ . olb k|ZgfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf zJbfjnLx? /
rngrNtLdf tL zJbfjnLsf] cy{ km/s ePdf tL zAbsf] cy{ pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof ug'{k5{ . h:t}M hgu0fgfdf
k|of]ux'g] kl/jf/ zAb, g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0fdf k|of]u x'g] /f]huf/ zAb, s[lif u0fgfdf k|of]u x'g] lsQf zAb ;fwf/0f
af]nrfndf k|of]u x'g] zJbeGbf km/s 5g\ .
• k|ZgfjnLx? xtf/ xtf/df eg'{ x'Fb}g h;n] ubf{ uNtL x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 .
• k|ZgfjnLx? el/;s]kl5 ;j} k|Zgx?sf] hjfkm b'?:t 5 5}g bf]xf]/f] hfFr ug'{k5{ . olb s'g} k|Zgsf] pQ/ gl6k]sf] eP
jf ga'em\g] eP km]l/ ;f]w]/ l6Kg'kg]{ x'G5 .
• cg'Q/nfO{ ;s];Dd sd ug]{ k|of; ug'{k5{ . -lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflusf] nflu tn k9\g'xf]nf_ .

oLjfx]s lkmN8 sfo{df tYof+s ;+sngsf] u'0fnfO{ kIfkft -Bias_ n] 7"nf] c;/ kfg{;S5 . kIfkftsf ;+efljt ;|f]tx? lgDgfg';f/
5g\ .

• pQ/bftf;Fu lgb]{zfTds k|Zgx? (Leading Questions) ;f]w]df tYo hjfkmsf] bfFhf]df csf]{ hjfkm vf]h]sf] efg x'g
uO{ ;+slnt tYof+s oyfy{eGbf k/ df]l8g;S5 . h:t}M tFkfO{sf] 3/df l6=eL= 5 lg xf]Og /< eg]/ ;f]Wbf hjfkm 5
egfpg vf]h] h:tf] x'g] / ;f]xLcg';f/ pQ/bftfx?n] hjfkm lbg;S5g\ .
• :t/Lo tf}nsf] PsfO jf oGqsf] k|of]u gu/L :yfgLo rng rNtLsf] PsfO jf oGq k|of]u ePdf tYof+s k|zf]wgsf]
qmddf låljwf eO{ tYof+ssf] u'0f x|f; x'g;S5 . h:t}M s[lif pTkfbgsf] tYof+s ;+sngsf] qmddf pTkfbgsf] PsfO
dfgf, kfyL eGbf lsnf] a9L pko'Qm x'g;S5 .
• pQ/bftfn] cGtjf{tf{sf] pkfb]otf ga'em]sf] v08df ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx?sf] ;xL hjfkm glbg;S5 . h:t}M dfbs
kbfy{;DaGwL ;j]{If0fsf] qmddf s'g} aRrfnfO{ tkfO{sf] a'jf slxn]sfFxL /S;L nfUg] u/L vfg'x'G5< egL k|Zg ubf{ xf]
eGg] hjfkm lbPdf cfkm\gf] a'jfsf] a]OHht x'g] 8/n] 9fF6]/ ævfg'x'GgÆ eGg] hjfkm lbg;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf pQm
k|Zg ;f]Wg'sf] d'Vo tfTko{ s] xf] eGg] oyfy{tf /fd|f];+u pQ/bftfnfO{ a'emfpg ;s]df ;TotYo aflx/
cfpg;Sg] ;+efjgf a9L x'G5 .
• pQ/bftfn] ;f]w]sf] k|Zgsf] hjfkm lj;]{/ cGbfhdf lbg] jf k|Zgsf] pQ/ glbg] cj:yf klg cfpg;S5
h;nfO{ :d/0fzlQm kIfkft (Memory Bias) klg elgG5 . h:tf]M sltko a'9fa'9LnfO{ pd]/ ;f]Wof] eg] cfkm\gf] pd]/
7\ofSs} olt jif{ eg]/ eGg ufx|f] x'g;S5 . o:tf] a]nfdf /fli6«o dxTjsf 7"nf 7"nf 36gf jf b'3{6gf
h:t}M !(() ;fnsf] e"sDk, @))& ;fnsf] k|hftGqsf] pbo ePsf] ldltsf] ;xof]udf ltgLx?sf] pd]/ cg'dfg
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

66
dflysf a'Fbfx?nfO{ /fd|/L Vofn u/L tYof+s ;+sng u/]df lkmN8 sfo{sf] u'0fdf a[lWb eO{ ;+slnt tYof+s cem a9L u'0f:t/Lo,
tYok/s tyf ljZj;gLo x'g;S5 .

*=& cg'Q/ lgoGq0f (Controlling Non-Response)

s'g} lkmN8 sd{rf/Ln] tYof+s ;+sngsf] qmddf ljljw sf/0fjz lgwf{l/t k|ZgfjnL k"0f{ jf cf+lzs?kdf eg{ ;Sb}g eg] To;nfO{
cg'Q/ -Non Response_ elgG5 . Pp6f k|ZgfjnLn] Ps PsfO cyf{t w]/} JolQm jf 3/w'l/sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ x'gfn] ljz]ifu/L
;j]{If0fdf k|To]s k|ZgfjnLsf] 7"nf] dxTj x'G5 . To;}n] x/]s ;j]{If0f jf u0fgfdf ;se/ lglb{i6 ;+Vofsf ;j} kmf/fdx? k"0f{?kdf
e/L cg'Q/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ k|of; ul/G5 . cg'Q/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ cg'Q/sf sf/sx?nfO{ lgofNbf nfebfos x'G5 .

cg'Q/ d'Votof tLg sf/0fn] x'G5 . cg'Q/ x'g] klxnf] d'Vo sf/0f u0fs :jo+ xf] . u0fsn] ;DjlGwt JolQmsf] 3/ vf]Hg g;Sg',
u0fssf] ?vf] :jefjsf sf/0f pQ/bftfn] ;xof]u gug'{, u0fsn] ;j]{If0f / k|ZgfjnLsf] jf/]df pQ/bftfnfO{ /fd|f];+u a'emfpg
g;Sg', ;xL tl/sfn] k|Zgx? g;f]Wg', d'Vo JolQm;+u g;f]wL cs}{ JolQm;+u ;f]Wg', lbOPsf] pQ/ u0fsn] ga'em\g', cGtjf{tf{
;lsPkl5 el/Psf] k|ZgfjnLx? bf]xf]–ofP/ hfFr gug'{ cflb ljljw sf/0fn] ;j]{If0f jf u0fgfsf] qmddf k"0f{ jf cf+lzs cg'Q/
x'g;S5 . t;y{ dflysf sf/0fx?nfO{ s]nfP/ ;fjwfgL ckgfO{ tYof+s ;+sng u/]/ cg'Q/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

cg'Q/ x'g] bf];|f] d'Vo sf/0f pQ/bftf xf] . pQ/bftfn] ljljw sf/0fjz pQ/ lbg grfx]df cg'Q/ x'g;S5 . u0fgf jf ;j]{If0fdf
;f]lwg] k|ZgfjnLx? cToGt nfdf] tyf hl6n x'g], u0fsn] cGtjf{tf{ lng rfx]sf] ;do pQ/bftfnfO{ c;'ljwfhgs x'g], uf]klgotf
e+u x'g] 8/n] jf hjfkm lbO;s]kl5 x'g;Sg] ;+efljt ;/sf/L tyf sfg"gL k|lqmofx?sf] 8/n] cflb h:tf sf/0fx?n] pQ/bftfn]
;j]{If0fsf ;j} jf s]xL k|ZgfjnLx?sf] hjfkm lbg c:jLsf/ ug{;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf u0fsn] pQ/bftfn] hjfkm lbg grfx]sf]
d'Vo sf/0f a'emL To;nfO{ pko'Qm tl/sfn] lg/fs/0f u/]/ cg'Q/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{;lsG5 . h:t}M cGtjf{tf{sf] ;do pQ/bftfnfO{
ckfos ePdf lghnfO{ kfos kg]{ ;do / lbgdf cGtjf{tf{ ug]{, hl6n k|Zgx?nfO{ ;/n 9+un] JofVof u/L pQm k|Zgsf]
dxTjnfO{ a'emfpg], ;+slnt tYof+sx? ;fd"lxs?kdf k|zf]lwt ePkl5 dfq k|sfzg x'g] tYonfO{ k|sfz kfl/lbg] u/]df
pQ/bftfsf] sf/0faf6 x'g;Sg] cg'Q/nfO{ w]/} xb;Dd lgoGq0f ug{;lsG5 .

cg'Q/ x'g] t];|f] sf/0f ;+of]ujz xf] . d'Vo pQ/bftf s'g} sf/0fjz lghsf] jf;:yfgdf ge]6\g] / ;+of]ujz ;j]{If0f cjlwel/ g}
e]6\g g;lsPdf cg'Q/ x'g;S5 . u0fgf cjlwe/ d'Vo pQ/bftf ;kl/jf/ st} uPdf o:tf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g;S5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf lgh jf lghsf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? e]6\g ;Dej gePdf lghsf] jf/]df pQ/ lbg;Sg] sf]xL pko'Qm 5/l5d]sLaf6
k|ZgfjnLx? e/]/ cg'Q/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ To;sf] jf/]df s'g} klg lg0f{o lng u0fsn] cfkm\gf] ;'kl/j]Ifs jf
clws[t;+u ;/;Nnfx ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .

*=* lkmN8 sd{rf/Lx?df x'g'kg]{ u'0fx? (Qualities of Field Staff)

lkmN8df vl6g] sd{rf/Lx?df ;j]{If0f sfo{sf] nflu ;+rfng u/]sf] tflnddf ;kmntfk"j{s ;xefuL eO{ pknJw u/fPsf] nfdf]
tyf hl6n lgb]{lzsfx? cWoog u/L a'em\g] Ifdtf x'g'k5{ . To:t}, lkmN8 sd{rf/Lx?df /fd|f];+u k9\g / n]Vg;Sg] Ifdtfjfx]s
gS;f x]g]{ / s]xL ul0ftLo Ifdtfx?sf] u'0f klg cTofjZos x'G5 . cGo cTofjZos u'0fx? o;k|sf/ 5g\ .

• cfsif{s Pj+ ldqjt JolQmTj tyf gd|tf, cfb/efj, w}o{tf, nugzLntf / ldng;fl/tf h:tf u'0fx?sf ;fy x/]s
If]qsf JolQmx?;+u 3'nldn ug{;Sg] .
• ljz]ifu/L ;j]{If0f;+u ;DjlGwt ljifox? jf cGo s'g} ljrf/, dt jf l;WbfGtk|lt clt nufj jf 3[0ff gePsf] .
• lbOPsf lgb]{zgx? ;xhtfk"j{s kfngf ug{ / u/fpg;Sg] .
• uf]Kotf sfod ug{;Sg] .
• :yfgLo efiff, ;+:s[lt / If]qsf] pko'Qm 1fg ePsf] .
• gS;f cWoog ug{;Sg] .
• cltl/Qm ;do / cfjZos k/] ljbfsf] lbgdf klg sfd ug{;Sg] .
• ofqf ug{;Sg] .

67
dflysf u'0fx? ljBdfg /x]sf] jf g/x]sf] jf/] a'em\g lkmN8 sd{rf/Lx?sf] 5gf}6sf] nflu pko'Qm lnlvt k/LIff Pj+ cGtjf{tfsf]
Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx? (References)

1. United Nations, Handbook of Statistical Organization, Third Edition, The Operation and Organization of
Statistical Agency, United Nations, 2003
2. Central Bureau of Statistics, Manual for Supervisors of Population Census, Central Bureau of Statistics,
2001
3. Central Bureau of Statistics , Manual for Enumerators of Population Census, Central Bureau of Statistics,
2001
4. Centra Bureau of statistics, Manual for Enumerators of Agriculture Census, Centra Bureau of Statistics,
2001
5. Corlien M. Varkevisser, Indra Pathmanathan, and Ann Brownlee, Designing and Conducting Health
System Research Projects Volume 1, Proposal Development and Fieldwork, International Development
Research Center, Canada, 2003

68
 (M tYof°df e|df+zx¿
(Errors in Statistics)

e/t /fh zdf{ •{

!= kl/ro (Introduction)

tYofÍ ;Íng, ;fl/0fLs/0f / ljZn]if0fdf cfpg] e|df+zx¿nfO{ d'Vo u/]/ b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . ltgLx¿ lgDg
5g\ —
!= gd"gf 5gf]6sf e|df+zx¿ (Sampling Errors) /
@= gd"gf 5gf]6 afx]ssf e|df+zx¿ (Non-sampling Errors)
gd"gf 5gf]6sf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fdf gd"gf 5gf]6sf e|df+zx¿ (Sampling Errors) / gd"gf 5gf]6 afx]ssf
e|df+zx¿ (Non-sampling Errors) b'j} cfp5g\ eg] k"0f{ u0fgfsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fdf gd"gf 5gf]6 afx]ssf e|df+zx¿
(Non-sampling Errors) dfq cfp5 .

@= gd"gf 5gf]6sf e|df+zx¿ (Sampling Errors)

gd"gf 5gf]6sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;du| (Population) af6 s]xL PsfO jf c+zsf] 5gf]6 u/L ltgLx¿sf] k/LIf0f u/L
tYofÍzf:qLo ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df u'0ffTds jf ;+VofTds JofVof ug{' xf] . o;/L gd"gf 5gf]6sf] cfwf/df ;du|sf] af/]df lg0f{o
ubf{ e|df+z x'g;S5 oxL e|df+znfO{ gd"gf 5gf]6 e|df+z (Sampling Error) elgG5 . csf]{ cy{df ;du|sf] ;"rgf jf lgisif{
cg'dfg ug{sf nflu gd"gf k|of]u u/]s} sf/0fn] cfpg] e|df+znfO{ gd"gf 5gf]6sf e|df+zx¿ (Sampling Errors) elgG5 . gd"gf
5gf]6sf e|df+zx¿ (Sampling Errors) h'g;'s} cj:yfdf 5Ng ;lsb}g cyf{t s]xL g s]xL dfqfdf b]lvG5 . hlt;'s}
;fjwflgk"j{s / /fd|f] 5gf]6ljlwaf6 gd"gf 5fg]/ tYofÍzf:qLo cg';Gwfg u/]klg To;af6 k|fKt u/]sf] glthf ;du|sf] d"No
(Population Parameter) eGbf s]xL km/s x'ghfG5 . o;sf/0f h:tf];'s} 5gf]6ljlw k|of]u u/]/ gd"gf 5gf]6 u/L tYofÍ ;Íng
u/]klg gd"gf 5gf]6sf e|df+zx¿ (Sampling Errors) x6fpg ;lsb}g, s]jn sd ug{ ;lsG5 . o;y{ cg';Gwfgstf{sf] p2]Zo
hlxn] klg gd"gf 5gf]6sf e|df+zx¿nfO{ lgoGq0f u/]/ s;/L sd ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] x'g'kb{5 . lsgeg] oL e|df+zx¿ sd ePdf
dfq ;+slnt gd"gfn] ;du|sf] /fd|f];Fu k|ltlglwTj ug{;Sb5 . o:tf e|df+zx¿ gd"gfsf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 u/]/ klg sd ug{
;lsG5 . lsgeg] gd"gfut e|df+z gd"gf cfsf/sf] ju{d"n;Fu Jo'tqmdfg'kflts x'G5 cyf{t gd"gfut e|df+z gd"gf cfsf/sf]
ljkl/t ;dfg'kftdf x'G5 . k"0f{ u0fgf (Census i.e. Complete Enumeration) u/]/ cg';Gwfg sfo{ u/]df dfq of] e|df+z z"Go
x'G5 . gd"gfut e|df+z oyf]lrt z'4tf (Reasonable Accuracy) cg';f/ ;+VofTds kl/df0fdf kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . cyf{t
gd"gfsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] cg'dfg ;du| (Population) af6 slt 6f9f 5 egL kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .

@=! gd"gf 5gf]6 e|df+zsf ;|f]tx¿ (Sources of Sampling Error)

@=!=! e|df+zut cfs[lt (Frame Error)
gd"gf 5gf]6sf] nflu k"0f{ / cBfjlws cfs[lt x'g' h?/L x'G5 . k"0f{ / cBfjlws cfs[ltljgf ;du|sf] k"0f{ k|ltlglwTj
x'g;Sb}g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu 6]lnkmf]g 8fO{/]S6«Laf6 gd"gf 5gf]6 u/L s'g} zx/sf] s'g} ljifodf cg';Gwfg ubf{ 6]lnkmf]g
8fO{/]S6«Ldf ;dfj]z gePsf JolQmx¿sf] 5gf]6 x'g] ;Defjgf x'Fb}g / e|df+z cfpg;S5 . gd"gf 5fGg] a]nfdf ;du|sf] unt If]q
lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;d]t of] e|df+z b]lvG5 . h:tf]M ;Ldfgfdf /x]sf] PsfOM of] PsfO ;dfj]z ug]{ jf gug]{ h'g eGg] s'/f k"0f{tof
cg';Gwfgstf{df lge{/ ub{5 .

@=!=@ gd"gfsf] unt 5gf]6 (Faulty Selection of Sample)

gd"gf 5fGbf e|df+zk"0f{ 5gf]6 ljlw ckgfP/ gd"gf 5gf]6 u/]df 5gf]6ljlwaf6 e|df+z pTkGg x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu
:jljj]ssf] gd"gf 5gf]6ljlw (Judgement Sampling) df cg';Gwfgstf{n] cfˆgf] OR5fcg';f/ gd"gfsf] 5gf]6 ug]{ x'gfn]
p;n] kIfkftk"0f{ tl/sfn] ck]Iffs[t glthfsf] nflu ;f]xLcg';f/sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g]u/L gd"gf 5fGg;S5 h;af6 kl/0ffd /fd|f]

•
tYofÍ clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu . -xfn dlxnf, afn aflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f d+qfnodf sfo{/t_
69
gcfO{ kIfkftk"0f{ x'G5 . ;fFof]lus gd"gf 5gf]6ljlw (Random Sampling) ckgfO{ gd"gf 5gf]6 u/]df of] e|df+z x6fpg
;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu kl/jf/d"nL;Fu ;f]Wg] egL lg0f{o ul/Psf] k|ZgfjnLdf ck]Iffs[t glthfsf] nflu kl/jf/sf] cGo
JolQm;Fu ;f]4f 5gf]6ut e|df+z b]lvg;S5 .

@=!==# gd"gfsf] k|lt:yfkg

;fFof]lus gd"gf 5gf]6ljlw (Random Sampling) ckgfO{ gd"gf 5gf]6 u/]tfklg s'g} gd"gfsf] u0fgf ubf{ sl7gfO{ pTkGg
x'g;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf cg';Gwfgstf{n] ;lhnf]sf] nflu csf]{ gd"gfn] k|lt:yfkg ug]{ ub{5g\ . h;n] ubf{ of] e|df+z pTkGg
x'G5, lsgeg] 5flgPsf] gd"gfsf] rf/Llqs :jefj lj:yflkt ul/Psf];Fu km/s x'g;Sb5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu w'd|kfgsf] af/]df
cWoog ul/Fbf klxnf 5gf]6 ePsf] JolQm w'd|kfg ug]{ /x]5 / kl5 k|lt:yfkg ubf{ w'd|kfg gug]{ kbf{ lgisif{ cs}{ cfpg;S5 .

@=!==# ;du|sf] cg'dfgsf] nflu plrt tYof+szf:qLo ljlwsf] rogdf sdL

gd"gf 5gf]6 ;j]{If0fdf gd"gfsf] cfwf/df ;du|sf] (Population) cg'dfgsf] nflu tYof+szf:qLo ljlwsf] rog u/L ;f]xL
ljlwsf] cfwf/df ug'{kb{5 . tYof+szf:qLo ljlwsf] rog plrt gePdf e|df+z x'g;S5 . t;y{ ;du|sf] cg'dfgsf] nflu ;xL
tYof+szf:qLo ljlwsf] rog ug'{kb{5 .

#= gd"gf 5gf]6 afx]ssf e|df+zx¿ (Non-sampling Error)

5gf]6ljlweGbf afx]ssf ;a} sf/0faf6 pTkGg x'g] e|df+zx¿nfO{ gd"gf 5gf]6 afx]ssf e|df+zx¿ (Non-sampling
Error) elgG5 . of] e|df+z kl/of]hgfsf] tof/L, tYofÍ ;Íngb]lv lnP/ glthf k|sfzg ug]{ a]nf;Dd pTkGg x'g]ub{5 . of]
e|df+z k"0f{ u0fgf (Census) tyf gd"gf ;j]{If0f (Sample Survey) b'j}df x'g]ub{5 . o;sf/0f k"0f{ u0fgfdf gd"gf 5gf]6sf
e|df+zx¿ g/x]tfklg gd"gf 5gf]6 afx]ssf e|df+zx¿af6 c5'tf] /xg ;Sb}g . o;/L gd"gf ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt glthfdf b'j}
k|sf/sf e|df+zx¿ (Sampling & Non-sampling Errors) /xG5g\ .

gd"gf 5gf]6 afx]ssf e|df+zx¿sf] c;/ gd"gf ;e]{If0feGbf k"0f{ u0fgfljlw (Census Survey) df a9L lrGtfhgs x'G5,
lsgeg] gd"gf ;j]{If0fdf of]Uo, k|lzlIft / cg'ejL JolQmx¿sf] lgo'lQm, /fd|f] ;'kl/j]If0f, kof{Kt ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 . o;sf ;fy} k"0f{ ;j]{If0fdf eGbf sd dfqfdf cfFs8fx¿sf] k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0f ug{'kg]{ ePsf]n] klg gd"gf ;j]{If0fdf
gd"gf 5gf]6 afx]ssf e|df+zx¿ sd ug{;lsG5 .

dfly eg] h:t} gd"gf 5gf]6 e|df+z gd"gf ;+Vof j[l4 u/]/ 36fpg ;lsG5, t/ gd"gf ;+Vof j[l4 ubf{ gd"gf 5gf]6
afx]ssf e|df+zx¿ a9\b} hfG5g\ . elgG5, k"0f{ u0fgfdf /x]sf gd"gf 5gf]6 afx]ssf e|df+zx¿ gd"gf ;j]{If0fdf /x]sf gd"gf
5gf]6 e|df+z / gd"gf 5gf]6 afx]ssf e|df+zsf] hf]8eGbf a9L x'G5 . cfhef]ln gofF gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] gd"gf 5gf]6sf
e|df+zx¿ sd ug{ ;lsg] / glthfdf vf;} km/s gkg]{ ePsf]n] klg gd"gf ;j]{If0f ljlw a9L nf]slk|o x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .

#=! gd"gf 5gf]6 afx]ssf e|df+zsf ;|f]tx¿

#=!=! unt of]hgf / kl/efiff (Faulty Planning and Definition)

;j]{If0f ubf{ s'g p2]Zon] cfFs8f ;Íng ug{ nfluPsf] xf] ;f] p2]Zosf nflu s:tf] cfs[lt (Frame) rflxG5 . s:tf
k|ZgfjnLx¿ ;f]Wg] cflb ljifodf klxn] g} of]hgf agfO{ ;f]xLcg'¿k If]qLo sfo{sf] tflnsf, sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf / tflnd cflb
ljifodf Wofg lbg'kb{5 . o;sf ;fy} cfof]hgfsf] z'?b]lv g} lg/LIf0f, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ;d]tdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 . o:tf]
ljifodf Wofg gk'Ubf o:tf e|df+zx¿ b]lvg;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu hGdb/ kQf nufpg' 5eg] ;f]xLcg'¿k hGdb/;+u ldNbf
k|Zgx¿ ;dfj]z x'g'kb{5 / ;f]xL pd]/ ;d"xsf JolQm;Fu k|ZgfjnLx¿ ;f]Wg'kb{5 .

#=!=@ k|ltjrg e|df+z (Response Error)

k|ltjrg e|df+z ljleGg sf/0fn] x'g;Sb5g\ . d'Vou/]/ pQ/bftfn] k|ZgfjnL eg]{ a]nfdf lbPsf] k|ltlqmofn] of] e|df+z
x'ghfG5 . pQ/bftfn] cfsl:ds ?kdf pQ/ lb+bf k|Zg ga'e]m/ lbOPsf] pQ/, k|lti7f;DaGwL sf/0f, pQ/bftfsf] cfˆgf] ?lr,
cGtjf{tf{sf/sf] PskIfLo ljrf/ (Bias due to Interviewer) / pQ/bftfsf] ;Demgf zlQmsf] c;kmntf (Memory Failure of
70
Respondent) cflbn] k|ltjrg e|df+z pTkGg x'g]ub{5 . o:tf] e|df+z sd ug{ cGtjf{tf{sf/nfO{ /fd|f] k|lzIf0f lbg' h?/L
x'G5 eg] pQ/bftfnfO{ k|rf/ k|;f/ tyf pQ/bftf hfu?s sfo{qmddfkm{t cfkm"n] lbPsf pQ/x? cfk'm :jo+ / ;du| b]zs} nflu
kmnbfoL x'G5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L u/fpg'kb{5 .

cfsl:ds k|ltjrg e|df+z (Accidental Bias/Error) M d'Vou/]/ pQ/bftfn] cfsl:ds?kdf pQ/ lbbf k|Zg /fd|/L
ga'em]/ k|Zgsf] dd{ ljkl/tsf] pQ/ cfpg;S5 . o;df pQ/bftfsf] s'g} bf]if x'b}g . pQ/bftf ;j]{If0f / k|ZgfjnLk|lt
;sf/fTds x'bfFx'b} klg cfsl:ds?kdf pQ/ lb+bf e|df+z x'g;Sb5, o;}nfO{ cfsl:ds k|ltjrg e|df+z elgG5 .

k|lti7f ;DaGwL sf/0f (Prestige Issues) M pQ/bftf ;j]{If0f / k|ZgfjnLk|lt ;sf/fTds eP/, k|Zg /fd|/L a'em]/ klg
k|ZgnfO{ cfˆgf] k|lti7fsf] laifo 7fg]/ k|Zgsf] dd{ ljkl/tsf] pQ/ cyf{t ;fdflhs kl/j]zcg';f/ ;'xfpFbf] pQ/ lbg;S5 /
e|df+z x'ghfG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwgsf] k|of]u, of}ghGo lqmofsnfk h:tf k|Zgx?sf] pQ/df pQ/bftfn]
k|lti7fsf] laifo 7fg]/ jf:tljs pQ/ glbg;S5 . o:t} cfDbfgL, vr{ / pkef]usf] k|Zgdf klg k|lti7fsf] laifo 7fg]/ jf:tljs
pQ/ glbg;S5 .

pQ/bftfsf] ?lr jf rfxgf (Self Interest) : pQ/bftf ;j]{If0f / k|ZgfjnLk|lt ;sf/fTds 5, k|Zg /fd|/L a'em]sf] 5 /
k|ZgnfO{ cfˆgf] k|lti7fsf] ljifo 7fg]sf] 5}g tyflk pQ/bftfsf] PskIfLo ;f]r / rfxgfsf sf/0fn] jf:tljs pQ/ glbg;S5 .
h:t}M tkfO{sf] kl/jf/df s] s] ;'ljwf 5g\, cfDbfgL, vr{ s:tf] 5, s[lif k|of]hgsf nflu rng u/]sf] hUuf hldg cflb h:tf
k|Zgdf pQ/bftfn] sd b]vfPdf ;'ljwf kfpg] ;f]r / a9L b]vfPdf s/ cflb nfUg] 8/n] jf:tljs pQ/ glbg;S5 .

cGtjf{tf{sf/sf] PskIfLo ljrf/ (Bias due to Interviewer) M cGtjf{tf{sf/n] slxn]sfxL k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ cfkm} elglbg]
jf cfk}mn] s'g} klg k|Zgsf] pQ/ cg'dfg u/L cfˆg} tl/sfn] n]Vg] ug{;Sb5 . cGtjf{tf{sf/n] pQ/bftfnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ u/L
cyf{t rfx]sf] hjfkm Nofpg] u/L k|Zg (Leading Questions) ubf{ pQ/bftfn] cGtjf{tf{sf/sf] ;f]rcg';f/sf] pQ/ lbg] x'G5 /
e|df+z x'ghfG5 . pQ/bftfnfO{ k|Zgjf/] yk k|i6 kfg{ cg'/f]w ubf{ pQ/bftfnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ u/L jf cGof]n x'g] u/L pbfx/0fx?
lbbf ;d]t e|df+z x'g;S5 .

pQ/bftfsf] ;Demgf zlQmsf] c;kmntf (Memory Failure of Respondents) : ;Gbe{ cjlw w]/} nfdf] /fv]/ k|Zg ubf{
jf ;Demgfaf6 x/fO;s]sf laifodf nfdf] cGt/fnkl5 k|Zg ;f]Wbf pQ/ ;Demg g;Sg] x'g;Sb5 . o:tf k|Zgx?df ;Demgfsf]
e/df cg'dfg u/L pQ/ lb+bf slxn]sfFxL oyfy{eGbf km/s k/L e|df+z x'g;S5 .

#=!=# cg'Ql/t e|df+z (Non-Response Error)

;j]{If0fdf Pp6f lglZrt ;+Vofdf gd"gf PsfOx¿af6 tYofÍ lng] k"0f{ of]hgf agfOPsf] x'G5 . cg';Gwfgsf] u'0f:t/
gd"gf PsfOsf] ;+Vofdf lge{/ ub{5 . 5gf]6 ul/Psf gd"gf PsfOx¿dWo] s]xLaf6 tYofÍ lng ;lsPg eg] tYofÍdf e|df+z
b]vfkb{5 . o:tf] e|df+znfO{ cg'Ql/t e|df+z (Non-Response Error) elgG5 . cg'Ql/t e|df+z pQ/bftf;Fu ;Dks{ :yflkt x'g
g;Sg' (Non-Contact), pQ/ lbgg;Sg' (Unable to Answer) / pQ/ lbg c:jLsf/ ug{' (Refuses) cflbaf6 pTkGg x'G5 .
s]xL k|Zgsf] pQ/ k"0f{ gx'g' klg cg'Ql/t e|df+z g} xf] . cg'Ql/t e|df+z b]lvg] k|ToIf ck|ToIf sf/0fx¿df pQ/bftfsf]
/f]huf/Ldf Jo:ttf, eflifs ;d:of, uf]Kotf;DaGwL sf/0fx¿, z}lIfs l:ylt cflb x'g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf
;fwgsf] k|of]u, cfDbfgL h:tf ljifosf] af/]df s;}n] pQ/ lbg c:jLsf/ ug{;S5 .

#=!=$ bfo/f e|df+z (Coverage Error)

;j]{If0f k4ltdf pNn]v ul/Psf p2]Zox¿ pko'Qm 9Fudf JofVof gul/Psf] cj:yfdf ;j]{If0fsf] nflu cfjZos PsfOsf]
;dfj]z gx'g] / cgfjZos PsfOsf] ;dfj]zn] e|df+z pTkGg x'g ;Sb5 . o:tf] e|df+znfO{ se/]h e|df+z elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf]
nflu hfohGdsf] jf/]df cWoog ug'{kg]{5 eg] k|hgg\ pd]/ ;d"xsf -!% bl]v $( jif{_ xfn ljjflxt ;Dk"0f{ dlxnfx? ;dfj]z
x'g'kb{5 . s;nfO{ / s'g If]qsf AolQm ;dfj]z ug]{ eGg] hfgsf/L gkfpbf o:tf] e|df+z x'G5 .

71
#=!==% ;+u|x e|df+z (Compiling Error)
cfFs8f (Data) k|zf]wgsf r/0fx¿ h:t} sf]l8Ë (Coding), ;Dkfbg (Editing), cfFs8f k|ljli6 (Data Entry),
tflnsLs/0f (Tabulation) cflbdf b]lvg] e|df+z ;Fu|x e|df+z x'g\ . pQ/ n]Vg'kg]{ k|Zgx? (Open Questions) df cfFs8f k|ljli6
ug{sf] nflu ;+s]tLs/0f ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . o;/L ;+s]tLs/0f ubf{ unt ;+s]t kg{uPdf e|df+z eO{ tYofÍdf km/s kg{hfG5 .
To;/L g} k|ljli6 ug]{ ;dodf klg unt ;+s]t k|ljli6 eO{ e|df+z x'g;Sb5 . o:tf e|df+zx? ;+u|x e|df+z x'g\ . o:tf
e|df+zx¿nfO{ k|dfl0fstf k/LIf0f (Verification), ;dfgtf hfFr (Consistency Check) cflbaf6 Go"g ug{ ;lsG5 .

#=!==^ ;Ldf jflx/sf jf dof{bf pNn+3g ug]{ tYof+s (Outliers)

;j]{If0fdf slxn]sfFxL cfFs8fx? c;fdfGo vfnsf ;d]t k|fKt x'g cfpb5g\ h;nfO{ ;Ldf jflx/sf jf dof{bf pNn+3g
ug]{ tYof+s (Outliers) elgG5 . oL tYof+sx? ;xL pQ/af6 cfPsf tYof+s x'g\;Sb5g\ tyflk oL tYof+sx? olt c;fdfGo
x'G5g\ ls h;n] ;j]{If0fsf] glthfnfO{ g} k|efj kfb{5g\ . To;}n] glthf k|sfzg x'g'cufl8 g} o:tf tYof+sx?nfO{ 5'§} ;fl/0Lfs/0f
u/L glthfdf k/]sf] k|efj cWoog ug'{kb{5 . glthfdf k/]sf] k|efjsf] uxgtf x]/L ljifoj:t'sf lj1x?sf] ;xfotfdf
cfjZostfcg';f/ slxn]sfFxL o:tf pQ/x?nfO{ ;dfof]hg ;d]t ug'{kb{5 . ;Ldf jflx/sf jf dof{bf pNn+3g ug]{ tYof+s
(Outliers) x? sd ug{ k|ZgfjnL lgdf{0fsf] ;dob]lv g} Wofg lbg'kb{5 .

#=!=+& k|sfzgsf e|df+zx¿ (Publication Error)

k|sfzg e|df+zx¿ k|:t'tLs/0f / tflnsfj4 tYosf] 5kfO{df u/L d'Vo b'O{j6f sf/0fn] x'G5 . klxnf] sf/0fdf plrt
dfqfdf z'¢fz'¢L gx]/L 5kfO{ ubf{ x'G5 h;nfO{ k|dfl0fs e|df+z (Verification Error) elgG5 . 5kfO{ ubf{ s'g} kfgf 5'6\g],
s'g} k|i6 ?kdf k9\g;Sg] u/L k|sflzt gx'g], s'g} c+s jf cIf/ 5'6\g] cflbjf6 ;d]t e|df+z cfpg;Sb5 . bf];|f] rflx ;j]{If0f
ug]{ ;+:yfn] ;j]{If0fdf tYofÍsf] ;Ldf aGwg (Limitations) / k|of]u ul/Psf cjwf/0ff / kl/efiff pNn]v gubf{ x'ghfG5 .
cfjlws (Periodic) ?kdf ul/g] ;j]{If0fx?df olb k|ZgfjnL, gd"gf 5gf]6, tYofÍ k|zf]wg, ;fl/0fLs/0f h:tf dxTjk"0f{
tYofÍLo sfo{df ljz]if kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 eg] ;f]klg k|sfzgdf 5'6fpg' x'b}g . o;jf6 cl3Nnf] ;j]{If0f / gofF ;j]{If0fsf]
glthfdf leGgtf e]l6Pdf k|of]ustf{x?n] t'ngfTds cWoog ug{ kfpg] x'G5 .

$= pk;+xf/ (Conclusion)
tYof+sdf e|df+zx? sd ug{ ;j]{If0fdf ;xefuL x'g] k|To]s txsf AolQmn] k|To]s txdf ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'kg]{ x'G5 .
;j]{If0fdf k|of]u ul/g] k|ZgfjnL, If]qLo sfo{, tYof+s k|zf]wg nufot ;Dk"0f{ tof/Lsf] jf/]df /fd|/L k/LIf0f ug'{ klg TolQs}
h?/L x'G5 . ;j]{If0fsf] ;kmntfdf u0fs / pQ/bftfsf] e"ldsf cToGt dxTjk"0f{ x'g] x'gfn] u0fssf] tflndn] klg e|df+zx?
sd ug]{ sfo{df ljz]if dxTj /fVb5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿
!= hf]zL, k'ik/fh, @)%( M cg';Gwfg k4lt, a'4 Ps]8]lds klAn;;{ P08 l8l:6«Ao"6;{ k|f=ln=, sf7df08f} .
@= Gupta, S.C. V.K. Kapoor, 1987, Fundamentals of Applied Statistics, Sultan Chand & Sons, New Delhi
#= URL: http://www.giant.lakeheadu.ca/~wmontelp/survey methods/sursmpl_pz.html.

72
 !) M tYof°Lo nut k|zf]wg
∗
kjg l3ld/]

nut k|zf]wg
df]6fdf]6L?kdf eGg'kbf{ tYofÍLo cGj]if0fsf] s|ddf ;+u|x ul/Psf cf“s8fx? (Data) nfO{ auL{s/0f (Classification),
qmdLs/0f (Sorting), ;+u|x (Compilation), sfF65f6 (Clearing) ub}{ ljleGg tYof+sLo / ul0ftLo lqmof (Operation) åf/f
cy{k"0f{ ;"rgfdf ?kfGtl/t ug]{ dWojtL{ k|ls|of g} nut k|zf]wg xf] .

h;/L snsf/vfgfsf] oGqx?df sRrf kbfy{ xfn]kl5 cg]s dWojtL{ k|lqmofaf6 kf/ ub}{ ;f] kbfy{ pkof]uL a:t'sf]
?kdf kl/jt{g x'G5 To;}u/L :ynut ;+sng jf ljleGg k|of]u / cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt sRrf cf““s8fx? (Raw Data,
Observations), h;nfO{ 5'6\6} x]bf{ cy{xLg / k|of]hgxLg h:tf b]lvG5g\, tYof+sLo ljlw / u0fgfoGqx?sf] k|of]u u/L cy{k"0f{
;"rgfsf] ?kdf kl/0ft x'G5g\ .

k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ;Fu;Fu} nut k|zf]wgsf] cy{ / kl/efiffdf klg kl/jt{g x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . ljutdf
s'g}klg 36gf jf k|of]udf dfk (Measurement) sf] ?kdf k|fKt ;+Vofx?nfO{ ljleGg tYof+sLo / ul0ftLo ljlwaf6 ;"rgfdf
kl/jt{g ug]{ k|ls|ofnfO{ nut k|zf]wgsf] d'Vo c+usf] ?kdf lnOGYof] eg] xfn cfP/ o;nfO{ ;+Vof kl/jt{g (Data Conversion)
sf] ?kdf ;d]t lnOG5 h;df ;+VofnfO{ ;"rgfdf / ;"rgfnfO{ ;+Vofdf ;d]t kl/jt{g ul/G5 . h:t} sDKo'6/n] s'g} cIf/df
n]lvPsf c+u|]hL / g]kfnL efiffsf zAbx?nfO{ nut k|zf]wgsf] s|ddf x]bf{ cy{xLg h:tf] nfUg] ;+Vof (Encoded Data) df
kl/jt{g ub{5 eg] To:tf ;+VofnfO{ k'gM cy{k"0f{ ;"rgfsf] ?kdf ;d]t kl/jt{g ub{5 .

xfnsf lbgx?df nut k|zf]wg eGg] ljlQs} sDKo'6/df cfwfl/t k|0ffnLsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . o:tf] k|zf]wg k|ls|ofdf
;j{k|yd ;+u|x ul/Psf ;+Vof (Data) x?nfO{ oGqn] k9\g;Sg] 9fFrf (Machine Readable Format) df kl/jt{g u/L k|zf]wgsf]
k|ls|of cl3 a9fOG5 . o; cy{df eGg] xf] eg] nut k|zf]wg lqmofdf ;+u|x ul/Psf cf““s8f (Data) x?nfO{ ;fdfGo ;Dkfbg
ul/;s]kl5 sDKo'6/df k|ljli6s/0f (Data Entry) ug]{b]lv pTkfbg eO{ e08f/0f ul/Psf ;"rgfsf e08f/af6 cfjZos ;"rgf
5gf}6 ug]{ ljlw (Data Mining) ;Ddsf dWojtL{ ls|ofsnfkx?nfO{ lnOG5 . o; cy{df x]bf{ nut k|zf]wgsf cjojx? lgDg x'g\
eGg ;lsG5 .

¾ sDKo'6/df k|ljli6s/0f (Data Entry)

¾ z'4Ls/0f (Data Cleaning)
¾ ;+s]t cg'aGw (Coding)
¾ ;+Vof cg'jfb (Data Translation)
¾ juL{s/0f / of]uLs/0f (Classification and Aggregation)
¾ ;fl/0fLs/0f (Tabulation)
¾ k|of]u of]Uotf jf pko'Qmtf (Validation)
¾ ljZn]if0f (Analysis)
¾ e08f/0f (Warehousing)
¾ pTvgg\ (Mining)

nut k|zf]wgsf] d"n sfo{ eGg' g} tYofÍLo cg';Gwfgsf] s|ddf k|fKt ;"rgfx?nfO{ ;+ul7t ug'{ xf] eg] o; k|ls|ofsf] d"n p2]Zo
tflnsfsf] ?kdf tYofÍsf] pTkfbg u/L To:tf cg';Gwfgsf] kl/0ffd:j?k k|fKt glthfx?sf] d"NofÍg, ljZn]if0f / k|:t'tLs/0f
ug{ ;xh kfg'{ xf] .

∗
lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
73
 Data Process Information

@= nut k|zf]wgsf k|ls|ofsf d"ne"t kIfx?

;/;tL{ x]bf{ of] k|ls|of sf]7fdf (In-house) a;]/ ul/g] sfo{ ePklg o;sf] ;Dkfbg ubf{ ljleGg kIfx?sf] q'6L/lxt
Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . nut k|zf]wg k|ls|ofdf ePsf ;fdfGo q'6Ln] klg tYofÍLo u0fgf, ;j]{If0f jf cg';Gwfgsf] nflu to
ul/Psf ck]lIft glthf lju|g;S5 . ct tYofÍLo ls|ofsnfksf] cToGt dxTjk"0f{ dWojtL{ k|ls|ofsf] ?kdf /xg] nut k|zf]wg
sfo{sf lgDg kIfx?nfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbO{ Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
@=! nut k|zf]wgsf] ;dli6ut of]hgf
k|zf]wg sfo{sf] s|ddf x'g] ljleGg ls|ofsnfk, ;do, ;|f]t, ;fwg, pks/0f / cGo ;DalGwt tTjx?sf] ;Gt'lnt
pkof]u, ;+of]hg / k|of]usf nflu k|f/Ded} of]hgf tof/ u/L ;f]xLadf]lhd lg0f{o lnOG5 . o:tf] lg0f{on] pTkfbg x'g] ;"rgfsf]
:t/, ;fdlostf, z'4tf, u'0f cflbdf k|efj kfg]{ x'Fbf cToGt b'/blz{tfsf ;fy ljifout 1fgsf] pkof]u ug'{kb{5 . nut k|zf]wg
of]hgf ubf{ ;fdfGotof lgDg ljifox?nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug'{kb{5 .

@=!=! nut k|zf]wg tl/sf (Method of Data Processing)

nut k|zf]wg ubf{ pknJw ;|f]t, ;fwg, ;do cflbsf] pknJwtfsf] cj:yfcg';f/ x:t (Manual), oflGqs (Machine Based)
jf ldl>t (Mixed) k|zf]wg ljlw ckgfOG5 . sDKo'6/ jf cGo u0fgf ug]{ oGq pknJw gePsf] jf ;f] rnfpg] jftfj/0f -
ljB't, rnfpg] dflg;, ;km\6j]o/ cflb_ pknJw gePsf] cj:yfdf ;+sng ul/Psf k|ZgfjnL jf kmf/fdx?df xft] ?kn] g}
k|zf]wg u/L glthf lgsfNg'kg]{ x'G5 . oBlk of] ljlw cToGt sl7g, j9L ;do vlr{g] / uNtL j9L x'g] ;+efjgf x'g] vfnsf] x'G5
tfklg ljz]if cj:yfx?df ckgfpg jfWotf kg{;S5 .

oflGqs ljlwjf6 nut k|zf]wg ug]{ sfo{df ;fdfGotof sDKo'6/sf] k|of]u eGg] g} j'lemG5 . o:tf] ljlwnfO{ ljB'tLo nut k|zf]wg
(Electronic Data Processing, EDP) elgG5 . ;+sng ePsf ljj/0fx?nfO{ sDKo'6/n] k9\g;Sg] 9f+rf (Machine Readable
Format) df kl/jt{g ul/;s]kl5 o:tf] k|zf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 .

o;sf cnfjf sltko cj:yfdf x:t / oflGqs u/L b'j} ljlw ckgfOG5 . k|ZgfjnLdf el/Psf /]s8{x?nfO{ sDKo'6/df k|lji6
ug'{cl3 ;j} /]s8{x?sf] ;Dk"0f{tf (Completeness) hf“r ug{sf nflu :ynut (Field) sfo{df ;+nUg sd{rf/L / ;DjlGwt
ljz]if1 ;l/s x'G5g\ . o;sf cnfjf klxn] g} sf]8 lbOPsf (Pre Coded) jfx]s cGo sltko /]s8{x?df sf]8 xfNgsf nflu klg
xft] ?kd} sfo{ ;DkGg ul/G5g\ . o;/L k|fKt /]s8{x?nfO{ xft] ?kn] ;Dkfbg (Manual Edit) ul/;s]kl5 sDKo'6/df k|zf]wgof]Uo
dflgG5 .

@=!=@ nut k|zf]wg sfo{sf] If]qut jf“8k“mf8 (Regional Distribution of Data Processing) M
tYofÍ ;+sngsf nflu tf]lsPsf ljleGg :yfgx?jf6 nut k|zf]wg sfo{sf nflu Ps} 7fp“df k|ZgfjnL / kmf/fdx? ;+sng eO{
cfp+bf o;sf] kl/df0f 7"nf] x'g]ub{5 . k"0f{ u0fgf (Census) df o:tf] kl/df0f cToGt 7"nf] x'g]ub{5 eg] gd"gf ;j]{If0fdf kl/df0f
j9L jf 36L klg x'g;S5 . sltko cj:yfdf nut k|zf]wg sfo{nfO{ s]Gb|Ls/0f (Centralized) u/L ;DkGg ul/G5 eg] ;|f]t,
;fwg, pks/0f / bIf hgzlQm If]qut ?kd} pknJw ePdf ljs]lGb|t (Decentralized) nut k|zf]wg klg ul/G5 . sltko
;j]{If0fx?df k|ZgfjnL kmf/dnfO{ g} jf]s]/ lx8\g ldNg] (Portable) sDKo'6/df /fvL pQ/bftfjf6 k|fKt hjfkmx?nfO{ lkmN8d}
/]s8{ ul/G5 h;nfO{ Computer Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI) elgG5 . o;/L k|fKt /]s8{x?df nut k|zf]wg sfo{
cToGt l56f] eO{ glthf klg 5f]6f] ;do cGt/fndf kfpg ;lsG5 .

oGq, pks/0f, ;km\6j]o/ nufot ;|f]t ;fwg Pj+ bIf hgzlQmsf] pknJwtf tyf sfo{rfk, jfl~5t z'4tfsf] :t/ cflbsf]
cfwf/df nut k|zf]wgsf ;j} sfo{x? s]Gb|Ls[t ug]{ jf ljs]lGb|t ug]{ cyjf nut k|zf]wgsf k|f/lDes sfo{x? ljs]lGb|t u/L
;fl/0fLs/0f / ljZn]if0f ug{ s]Gb|df hDdf (Compile) ug]{ ;f]sf] of]hgf z'?d} jgfpg'kb{5 .

74
@=!=# nut k|zf]wgsf] ;do;Ldf (Time Limit for Data Processing) :
nut k|zf]wgsf] d"n p2]Zo eGg' g} cTolws ;+Vofdf /x]sf ljj/0fx?nfO{ q'6L/lxt tj/n] Ps} :yfgdf hDdf (Compile) u/L
5f]6f] ;dodf tf]lsPsf] 9f+rfdf glthf k|fKt ug'{ ePsf] x'+bf o;df ;dosf] kfjGbL (Restriction) /x]sf] x'G5 . u0fgf÷;j]{If0fsf]
of]hgf jgfpbf lkmN8 sfo{sf] ;do tflnsf;+u} ;f] sfo{ z'? ePkl5 glthf k|fKt x'g] j]nf;Ddsf] ;do cGt/fn (Time Lag)
sf] cg'dfg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu nut k|zf]wg sfo{df vr{ x'g] ;do cToGt dxTjk"0f{ (Critical) dflgG5 . ctM
u0fgf÷;j]{If0fsf] cfsf/cg';f/ ;f]sf] nut k|zf]wgdf pknJw x'g] / k|of]u x'g] hgzlQm, k|ljlw / ;fwg;|f]tsf] cfwf/df nut
k|zf]wgsf] ;dofjlw lglZrt u/L ;f] ;doleq s]lGb|s[t jf ljs]lGb|t?kdf s;/L nut k|zf]wg ug]{ eGg]jf/] olsg u/L o;
sfo{sf] ljleGg r/0fdf ;DkGg x'g] xft] ;Dkfbg, r]shf“r, ;+s]tLs/0f, k|lji6Ls/0f (Entry), z'4Ls/0f nufot
;fl/0fLs/0f;Ddsf sfo{x? ug{ nfUg] ;dosf] k"j{cg'dfg ul/;Sg'kb{5 . nut k|zf]wgdf x'g] l9nfOn] ;du| u0fgf÷;j]{If0fsf]
p2]ZonfO{ g} lg/y{s jgfpg;Sg] x'gfn] ;doj4 sfo{of]hgf jgfO{ ;f]sf] cg'z/0f ug'{kb{5 .

@=!=$ u'0f / z'4tf k|j4{g (Enhancing Quality and Accuracy) M

ljleGg lsl;dsf tYofÍLo cg';Gwfgx?df u0fgf OsfOx?sf] lsl;d, ljifosf] uxgtf / uDeL/tf tyf ;do / ;|f]t ;fwgsf]
nufgL cj:yf jdf]lhd nut k|zf]wg k|lqmofdf ljleGg ljlw / ;fjwfgL ckgfOG5g\ . ;j}h;f] u0fgf ÷ ;j]{If0fx?df u'0f /
z'4tfnfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbg] ul/Pklg ljifosf] uxgtfsf] cfwf/df o;sf] dfqf (Magnitude) cg'dfg ul/G5 . h:t} s'g}
ljikmf]6s kbfy{ jf hgwgsf] xfgL x'g;Sg] h:tf ljifox?df u'0f / z'4tfdf ;Demf}tf ul/b}g eg] cfly{s ;fdflhs nufotsf
ljifox?sf] cfd cg';Gwfg, u0fgf÷;j]{If0f cflbdf k"0f{ z'4tfsf] ck]Iff ul/b}g tyflk ljleGg k|sf/sf pks/0f, ;km\6j]o/
cflbsf] pknJwtf, ljlwljsf;df eO/x]sf] k|ult tyf k|of]ustf{x?sf] j9\bf] cfsf+Iffjdf]lhd nut k|zf]wg sfo{df u'0f /
z'4tfdf k|j4{g ub}{ hfg'kg]{ x'G5 . pRr:t/sf] ;'kl/j]If0f / lg/LIf0f tyf ljleGg lgoGq0f ljlw / ;km\6j]o/sf] d2tjf6 nut
k|zf]wg sfo{df u'0f:t/ j9fpg ;lsg] ePsf]n] ;j]{If0fsf] cfsf/, ljifosf] uxgtf / If]q, pknJw ;|f]t ;fwg, pks/0f,
hgzlQm, ;do;Ldf cflbsf] cfwf/df slQsf] u'0f:t/Lotf / z'4tf sfod /fVg] xf] ;f]sf] lgSof}{n u/L sfod /fVg] k|oTg
ug'{kb{5 .

@=!=% hgzlQm / ;fwg ;|f]tsf] cg'dfg (Projection of Human and other Resources)M
nut k|zf]wg sfo{sf nflu hgzlQm, oGq, pks/0f, oftfoft / 9'jfgL, phf{ nufot ljleGg ;fwg ;|f]tsf] cfjZostf kg]{ x'+bf
ltgsf] dfqf, k|sf/, k|of]u cjlw cflbsf] lgSof}{n u/L ltgsf] plrt k|of]u / Joj:yfkgsf] nflu sfo{of]hgf jgfpg'kb{5 .

@=!=^ jh]6sf] cg'dfg (Projection of Budget) M

nut k|zf]wgsf] ljleGg r/0fdf /sd vr{ ug'{kg]{ ePsf] x'+bf cfjZos ;j} ;]jf / ;fdu|Lsf] ;"rL tof/ u/L vr{ cg'dfg /
;f]sf] ;|f]t ;d]t lgSof}{n ug'{kb{5 .

@=@ hgzlQm / ;+u7g (Manpower and Organization)

nut k|zf]wgsf] sfd Psn sfo{ geO{ ;d"xn] ug]{ ePsf] x'+bf Jojl:yt ;d"xut ultlzntf (Group Dynamism) sf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . o;sf nflu bIf hgzlQm, lj1 k/fdz{bftf / ldn]sf] ;+u7g ;+/rgfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . k"j{lgwf{l/t
sfo{of]hgfjdf]lhd tf]lsPsf] ;do, u'0f / z'4tfsf] :t/ ldNg]u/L nut k|zf]wg sfo{df cg'ejL, tflndk|fKt / ;Ifd hgzlQmsf]
Joj:yf ug'{ hlt h?/L 5 ;fwg ;|f]t ;DkGg ;f+u7lgs cfwf/sf] klg plQs} dxTj x'G5 . ljs]lGb|t nut k|zf]wg k|lqmof
ePklg Pp6} :t/, u'0f, z'4tf / sfo{ k|ultdf noj4tf (Synchroncity) sfod u/L nut k|zf]wg sfo{ ;DkGg x'g'kb{5 . o;
sfo{df pRr Joj:yfkssf cltl/Qm lg/LIfs, ;'kl/j]Ifs, sDKo'6/ ;~rfns (Operator), k|f]u|fd/ / ;xfos sd{rf/Lx?sf]
lgo'lQm, ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . tYofÍLo sfo{sf] kl/df0f, k|s[lt, sfo{jf]em, / ;do;Ldfcg';f/ hgzlQmsf] ;+Vof,
bIftf / of]Uotf lgwf{/0f u/L k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 ljleGg JolQmx?nfO{ sfo{ljj/0f lbO{ sfddf nufpg'kb{5 . ;fy} ;+u7g
;+/rgfnfO{ klg sfdsf] dfqf, k|s[lt / cGo ;|f]t;fwg cflbsf] Joj:yfkgof]Uo jgfpg dflyb]lv tn;Dd pko'Qm ;+/rgf tof/
ug'{kb{5 . Pp6f ;fdfGo:t/sf] u0fgf jf ;j]{If0fdf k|of]u x'g] hgzlQm / To;sf] ;+u7g ;+/rgfnfO{ lgDgjdf]lhd x]g{ ;lsG5 .

75
 k|ZgfjnL÷kmf/d x:t ;Dkfbg k|lji6Ls/0f lgoGq0f / ;Dkfbg (Control,

Edit, Cleaning and Adjustment)

;+sng (Manual Edit) (Data Entry)

:ynut sfo{df ;'kl/j]Ifs sDKo'6/ ;'kl/j]Ifs÷ljz]if1

;+nUg sd{rf/L ;~rfns

k'i6Ls/0f / ljZn]if0f ;fl/0fLs/0f (Tabulation) tYof+s cfwf/ lgdf{0f

(Validation and Analysis) (Database Creation)

tYof+slj1 / ljifoutlj1 tYof+s lj1 tYof+s cfwf/ k|zf;s

(Statistician / Subject (Database Administrator)
Specialist)

@=# cfjZos pks/0f / ;k\m6j]o/sf] Joj:yfkg (Management of Machine, Equipment, Utilities and Software):
nut k|zf]wgsf] ljlwdf ePsf] ljsf;qmd;+u} ;"rgf k|ljlw / ;k\m6j]o/df ePsf] ljsf; tyf k|of]u / pknJwtfsf] cg's"ntfn]
ubf{ b}lgs gof k|ljlw / tf}/tl/sfx? k|fKt eO/x]sf 5g\ h;n] o; sfo{nfO{ yk ;/n, ldtJooL / l56f] jgfOlbPsf 5g\ .
tYofÍLo u0fgf jf ;j]{If0fsf] lkmN8 sfo{d} Computer Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI) ljlw ckgfO{ cGtjf{tf{df k|fKt
/]s8{x?nfO{ ;Lw} sDKo'6/df k|lji6 u/fpg] / Od]n ÷ OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u u/L tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ k|rng ;d]t cfO;s]sf] x'+bf
nut k|zf]wg cem ;/n x'b} uPsf] 5 . o:tf] ljlw ckgfpg ;lsPdf nut k|zf]wg sfo{ l56f] 5l/tf] eO{ pRr u'0f:t/ ;d]t
xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . h'g;'s} ljlw ckgfPklg cfjZos pks/0f -sDKo'6/, lk|G6/, :Sofg/ cflb_, oGq, ljB'tLo ;fdu|L,
;k\m6j]o/ cflbsf] hf]xf] u/L phf{sf] nflu ljB't, ;f}o{ phf{, j}6«L cflbsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 . tYofÍLo sfo{sf] nflu jg]sf
ljz]if ;k\m6j]o/sf] rog u/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsPdf nut k|zf]wg sfo{nfO{ ;/n jgfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu s]xL k|rlnt
;k\m6j]o/x? lgDg jdf]lhd 5g\ .

-s_ k|lji6Ls/0f (Data Entry) M o; sfo{sf nflu ;xof]uL ;k\m6j]o/ k|of]u u/L u0fgf÷;j]{If0fsf] k|ZgfjnLsf] 9fFrf jdf]lhd
k|lji6Ls/0f kmf/fd (Entry Form) lgdf{0f (Design) u/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg ul/G5 . o; sfo{sf nflu j9L k|rlnt ;k\m6j]o/x?df
Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access, CS Pro, EP Info, IMPS cflb 5g\ .

-v_ tYof° cfwf/ lgdf{0f / Joj:yfkg (Database Creation and Management) tyf ljZn]if0f M :ynut sfo{jf6 ;+sng
ul/Psf k|ZgfjnL ÷ kmf/fdx?nfO{ sDKo'6/df k|lji6 u/fO;s]kl5 of] ;f+lvsLo 9f+rf (Digital / Machine Readable Format)
df kl/0ft x'G5 . ;j} r/ (Variables) / ltgsf dfg (Record/Value) nfO{ dxn (Column) / nx/ (Row) df ldnfP/
/flv;s]kl5 o;sf] Joj:yfkg, e08f/0f, cf];f/k;f/, ;Dkfbg, hf+r nufotsf ;j} sfo{x? ;xh x'G5g\ . pko'Qm tYofÍ cfwf/
jgfO{ e08f/0f ul/;s]kl5 ;k\m6j]o/sf] d2tn] ;fl/0fLs/0f tyf ljZn]if0f u/L k|fKt glthfsf] z'4tf, u'0f:t/, t'ngfTds cj:yf
cflb ;j}sf] hf+r u/L k|sfzg / ljt/0fof]Uo jgfOG5 . o; sfo{sf nflu j9L k|rlnt ;k\m6j]o/x? Microsoft Office
cGtu{tsf Excel, Access, Project / Stata, SPSS, IMPS cflb 5g\ . o;sf cnfjf ljleGg ;k\m6j]o/x?nfO{ cf–cfk\mg}
cfjZostfcg';f/ kl/dfh{g (Customize) u/L PASS, Spectrum, Prototype GIS nufot ljleGg PlKns]zgx? tof/ ul/Psf]
kfOG5 .

-u_ glthf k|sfzg / ljt/0f (Result Publication and Dissemination) M tYofÍLo lqmofsnfksf] kmn:j?k k|fKt
glthfx?sf] k|sfzg / ljt/0f s'g dfWodjf6 s:tf] ?kn] ul/g] xf] ;f]sf] df]6fdf]6L cg'dfg klg nut k|zf]wgsf] of]hgf
jgfpbf tof/ ul/Pdf ;f]sf] nflu of]Uo (Compatible) x'g] u/L tYofÍ cfwf/ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t}M tflnsf, gS;f,
n]v cflbnfO{ k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ug]{ / ljt/0fsf] dfWoddf uf]i7L, ;Dd]ng, Od]n, j]e;fO6, l;8LnfO{ pko'Qm x'g] u/L nut
k|zf]wgs} qmddf tof/L ug{ ;lsG5 . o; sfo{sf nflu Powerpoint, GIS, SPSS, Visual Basic, STATA nufot ljleGg
Web based application ;d]tsf] k|of]u u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ / ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{ ul/G5 .

76
@=$ nut k|zf]wgsf ljleGg r/0fx? (Stages of Data Processing):
nut k|zf]wg sfo{ :jo+ Pp6f k|0ffnL ePsf] x'gfn] o;df qmdj4 r/0fx?df sfo{ ;Dkfbg ul/g'sf ;fy} o;sf] 5'§} sfo{
jftfj/0f (Work Environment) ;d]t x'G5 .

nut k|zf]wgsf] oxL sfo{ jftfj/0fleq /x]/ tYofÍ ;+sng eO{ cfPkl5 k|zf]wgsf] k|0ffnLleq k|j]z u5{ h;sf r/0fx?nfO{
lgDgjdf]lhd x]g{ ;lsG5 .

@=$=! k|ZgfjnL / kmf/fdx?sf] k|f/lDes hf“r / ;+u|xLs/0f (Check and Compilation) M

:ynut?kn] cGtjf{tf{ lnO{ el/Psf jf cGo ;|f]tjf6 ;+sng ul/Psf k|ZgfjnL jf kmf/fdx?nfO{ ;j{k|yd ef}uf]lns If]q, ju{,
k|sf/ jf cGo ldNbf] cfwf/df Aofr kmfOn jgfO{ hDdf kfl/G5 / lgoGq0f kmf/fd jf r]s lni6sf] k|of]u u/L b'?:t eP gePsf]
olsg ul/G5 . o;/L ;+sng ePsf ;fdu|Lx?nfO{ nut k|zf]wgsf] sfo{of]hgfjdf]lhd s]Gb|Ls[t jf ljs]lGb|t s'g?kdf ug{
nfluPsf] xf] ;f]jdf]lhd 5'§f5'§} Koflsª u/L k|zf]wg :yn;Dd k'/\ofOG5 .

@=$=@ k|ZgfjnL / kmf/fdx?sf ;Dkfbg sfo{ (Editing) M

tYofÍLo lqmofsnfkx?df ;Dkfbg ug'{sf vf; cy{ k|ZgfjnL kmf/fdx?df b]lvg] e"n, 5'6k'6, e|df+z (Error) cflb kQf nufO{
;dod} ;'wf/ u/]/ cufl8sf] k|zf]wg sfo{nfO{ q'6L/lxt / ;xh jgfpg' xf] o:tf] ;Dkfbg sfo{ kmf/fdx? ;+sng u/L
cfO;s]kl5 xft]?kdf ul/G5 eg] sDKo'6/df k|lji6 u/fO;s]kl5 sDKo'6/s} d2tn] klg ul/G5 h;nfO{ oflGqs ;Dkfbg -
Machine Editing_ elgG5 . ;Dkfbg sfo{ ;fdfGotof @ lsl;dsf] x'G5 .

-s_ ;"Id ;Dkfbg (Micro Edit) M Pp6} k|ZgfjnL jf kmf/fddf ePsf /]s8{x?jLrsf] cfk;L / cfGtl/s ;DjGw hfFr u/L Ps
csf{;+u ldn]sf] (Consistent) jf gldn]sf] (Inconsistent) x]/]/ s'g} tfnd]n gldn]sf] /]s8{ e]l6Pdf ;Rofpg] jf x6fpg] sfd
ul/G5 . o:tf] ;Dkfbgdf ljz]ifu/L /]s8{ 5'6]sf (Omission), unt hjfkm (Defective Response), cjfl~5t /]s8{ (Illegal
Entries), cldNbf /]s8{ (Inconsistent Records), hjfkm gkfOPsf (Non-response) cflb klxNofO{ ;'wf/sf nflu ;+ej
eP;Dd pQ/bftf;+u k'gM ;f]wk'5 ug]{, cg'dflgt dfg lbg] (Imputation), /]s8{ x6fpg] h:tf sfd u/L ;Dkfbg ul/G5 .
-v_ ;dli6ut ;Dkfbg (Macro Edit) M o:tf] ;Dkfbgdf vf;u/L el/Psf k|ZgfjnLsf /]s8{x? ;DjlGwt ljifo;+u ;DjlGwt
/x] g/x]sf], k|ZgfjnLdf el/Psf ljj/0fx? o:t} k|sf/sf cGo tYofÍ;+u d]nvf“bf] eP gePsf] cflb x]l/G5 h;nfO{ External
Consistency Check ;d]t elgG5 .

;Dkfbg ubf{ ;fdfGo?kn] e]l6g] q'6L / gldNbf cÍx?nfO{ oGqsf] k|of]u gul/sg ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ x:t ;Dkfbg (Manual
Edit) elgG5 eg] sDKo'6/df k|lji6 u/fO;s]kl5 c;fdfGo?kn] 36L jf j9L ePsf /]s8{x? (Outliers) nfO{ 5gf}6 u/L lglZrt
ljlwaf6 lj:yfkg, k|lt:yfkg jf cg'dflgt dfg (Imputed or Estimated Value) /fvL sDKo'6/s} k|of]uaf6 ;Dkfbg ug{
;lsG5 .

77
@=$=# ;°]tLs/0f (Coding) M k|ZgfjnLdf plNnlvt c;f+lvsLo (Non-numeric) pQ/x?nfO{ cÍLo ;Í]tdf kl/jt{g ug'{ g}
;Í]tLs/0f xf] . h:t}M pQ/bftfjf6 k|fKt x'g] k'?if jf dlxnf pQ/nfO{ ! jf @ egL n]Vg] sfo{ . of] sfo{ ;fdfGotof tn
plNnlvt p2]Zon] ul/G5 .
-s_ k|fKt /]s8{x?nfO{ cy{k"0f{ / pkof]uL ju{df /fVg .
-v_ ;fl/0fLs/0f k|lqmofnfO{ ;xh jgfpg .
-u_ k|ZgfjnLdf ;fgf] :yfgdf pQ/ n]Vg / n]vfO{ 5f]6\ofpg .
-3_ nut k|zf]wgnfO{ ul0ftLo / ;xh agfpg .

k|ZgfjnLdf /flvPsf k|Zgx?sf] lsl;d, cfpg;Sg] ;Defljt pQ/sf] dfqf, k|Zgx?sf] cfk;L ;DaGw / nut k|zf]wgdf k|of]u
x'g] pks/0f / ;k\m6j]o/sf] lsl;d cflb ;j}df ;Í]tLs/0fsf] kl/df0f lge{/ ub{5 . h:t}M ædlxnfÖ!Æ / æk'?ifÖ@Æ egL sf]8
lbO;s]kl5 pgLx?sf] j}jflxs l:yltnfO{ klg sf]8 lbg'kg]{ x'G5 cGoyf nut k|zf]wg sfo{ s7Lg x'G5 . To;}u/L ;Í]t k|of]u ubf{
To:tf ;Í]tx? cfkm} agfpg] xf] jf lglZrt ;Í]t ;"rLjf6 lng] xf] eGg] s'/f klg u0fgf÷;j]{If0fsf] dxTj, cfsf/, lsl;d
cflbdf lge{/ ub{5 . olb s'g} ;fdfGo ljifodf ljrf/ ;j]{If0f (Opinion Poll) h:tf ;j]{If0f ul/Psf 5g\ eg] ;Í]t jgfp“bf
;fdfGo 1fg k|of]u u/L k|zf]wg ug]{ sDKo'6/ / ;k\m6j]o/sf] cfjZostfadf]lhd dfq u/]k'U5 . t/ 7"nf / b"/ufdL dxTjsf
u0fgf / ;j]{If0fsf ;Gbe{df ;Dej eP;Dd ;Í]t ;"rL (Code List) tof/ u/L jf klxn] k|of]u ePsf ;"rLaf6 sf]8 lnO{ :t/
sfod ug'{kb{5 . o;/L sf]8 k|of]u ul/Pdf ljleGg ;do cGt/fndf ePsf sfo{x?sf] t'ngf u/L nut k|zf]wg sfo{df ;d]t
d2t k'U5 . ljleGg /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx?n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ef}uf]lns tyf tYofÍLo ljifox?sf nflu :t/Lo ;Í]t
;"rL agfO{ k|rngdf ;d]t NofPsf 5g\ . hgu0fgf, s[lif u0fgf, cf}Bf]lus u0fgf, >dzlQm ;j]{If0f nufot cGo ljleGg u0fgf
/ ;j]{If0f / /fli6«o n]vfsf] k|of]hgsf nflu ;d]t pkof]u x'g] u/L k]zf, cfly{s lqmofsnfk cflbnfO{ ;d]6L ;Í]t ;"rL tof/
ePsf 5g\ .

o;}u/L k|ZgfjnLdf k|Zgx?nfO{ Pre-coding jf Post-coding b'j} ul/G5 . ;Í]t ;"rL pknJw ePsf] jf klxn] g} ;Í]t tof/
ug{ ;lsg] lgwf{l/t hjfkm ePsf] v08df k|ZgfjnLdf pQ/ n]Vbf g} ;Í]tsf] ?kdf n]lvG5 . t/ sltko cj:yfdf pQ/ cg'dfg
ug{ g;lsg], v'Nnf k|Zgx? / clglZrt pQ/ cfpg] ePdf nut k|zf]wgsf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu ;Dkfbg ubf{sf] jvt ;Í]t /flvG5 .

@=$=$ ;+Vof k|lji6Ls/0f (Data Entry/Keying) M ;+sng u/L NofOPsf k|ZgfjnLdf ePsf /]s8{x?nfO{ k|lji6Ls/0f pks/0f
(Input Device) sf] d2tn] sDKo'6/n] j'e\mg] 9f“rf (Format) df k|lji6 u/fpg' g} ;+Vof k|lji6Ls/0f xf] . sDKo'6/sf] sLaf]8{,
dfp; / :Sofg/, GPS nufotsf ljleGg pks/0fsf] dfWodn] o:tf] k|lji6Ls/0f ul/G5 . k|lji6Ls/0fsf nflu ljleGg
pks/0fx? k|of]u ul/Pklg sLaf]8{df lyr]/ cÍ, cIf/ / lrGxx?nfO{ k|lji6 u/fpg] ljlw (Keying) k|rngdf 5 . t/ xfn
k|ljlwsf] ljsf; eO{ Optical Mark Reader (OMR), Intelligent Character Reader (ICR) h:tf d]l;gx? jg]sf 5g\ h;df
k|ZgfjnLnfO{ d]l;gdf xfn]/ /]s8{x?nfO{ ljB'tLo 9f“rfdf kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 .

sDKo'6/df /]s8{x?nfO{ k|lji6 u/fp“bf ;s];Dd uNtL sd xf];\ eGgfsf nflu k|f]u|fdstf{n] lgoGq0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfPsf x'G5g\ .
h:t} dlxnf / k'?ifsf] lnË hgfpg] ;Í]tdf ! / @ x'g'kg]{df uNtLn] # xflnof] eg] sDKo'6/n] c:jLsf/ ub{5 . nut k|zf]wg
sfo{df Data Entry / Keying ;j}eGbf dxTjk"0f{, vlr{nf] / a9L ;do lng] sfo{ ePsf]n] o;sf] Joj:yfkgdf j9L Wofg
lbg'kb{5 .

@=$=% /]s8{ sf“65f“6 / dfg ;dfof]hg (Cleaning and Adjustment) M sDKo'6/df k|lji6 u/fpg' cl3 / kl5 /]s8{x?df
b]lvPsf gldNbf jf gel/Psf /]s8{x?nfO{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ qmddf x6fpg], goFf dfg cg'dfg (Imputation, Estimate, Intra-
polation, Extra-polation) u/L sfF65fF6 / dfg ;dfof]hg ul/G5 .

@=$=^ tYof° cfwf/ lgdf{0f / Joj:yfkg (Database Creation and Management) M sDKo'6/df xflnPsf cf+s8fx?df
gldNbf /]s8{x?nfO{ x6fO{ jf ;'wf/ u/]/ ;kmf u/]/ ;Dkfbg ePsf] osLg ePkl5 tYofÍ cfwf/ lgdf{0f ul/G5 h;sf] tn rrf{
ul/Psf] 5 .

@=$=& glthfsf] tof/L / ;fl/0fLs/0f (Preparation of Output and Tabulation) M tYofÍLo u0fgf÷;j]{If0fx?sf] p2]]Zo
eGg' g} cWoog ug{ rfx]sf] ljifo;+u ;DalGwt tYofÍsf] ljj/0f tflnsf (Descriptive Tables) / lgrf]8 lbg] tYofÍ
(Inferential Statistics) k|fKt ug'{ xf] . ;+sng ePsf k|ZgfjnLsf /]s8{x?nfO{ sDKo'6/df xfln;s]kl5 tYofÍLo ljlw /

78
;k\m6j]o/sf] d2tn] tflnsfsf] ?kdf ;+If]kLs/0f u/L t'ngf / cWoogof]Uo jgfOG5 . dxn (Column) / nx/ (Row) df
ljleGg r/ (Variables) / ltgsf dfg (Values) nfO{ ldnfP/ /fv]kl5 tflnsf tof/ x'G5 . o:tf] tflnsfdf c+sx?nfO{
;+If]kLs/0f ul/;s]kl5 To;nfO{ ljleGg ljlw / cf}hf/x? (Methods and Tools) k|of]u u/L cWoog / ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .
sDKo'6/df pknJw s]xL dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/x? lgDgjdf]lhd 5g\ .

-s_ qmd ldnfP/ /fVg] (Sorting) M dxn / nx/df ldnfP/ /flvPsf cÍ|x?nfO{ ;fgf]b]lv 7"nf];Dd (Ascending) jf 7"nf]b]lv
;fgf];Dd (Descending) qmdj4 u/L /fVg ;lsG5 . o; cf}hf/n] tflnsfsf] cWoog / ljZn]if0fdf ;'ljwf k'/\ofpg'sf ;fy}
cufl8sf] nut k|zf]wg sfo{df ;d]t d2t ub{5 .
-v_ ;+If]kLs/0f (Summarization) M 7"nf] kl/df0fdf cfPsf /]s8{x?nfO{ k|ZgfjnLdf /flvPsf jf kl5 agfOPsf ljifout k“mf6
(Section) x?sf cfwf/df hDdf u/L ;/nLs[t ul/g] ljlw g} ;+If]kLs/0f xf] . h:t}M s[lif;DjGwL ;j]{If0fdf hUufsf] If]qkmn,
ljleGg jfnLcg';f/sf] pTkfbg nufot cGo ljj/0fx?nfO{ tt\ tt\ zLif{scGtu{t hDdf kf/L k|:t't ul/g] sfo{ . o; sfo{n]
nut k|zf]wgdf 58\s] hf“r (Cross Check) ug{, glthfsf] k|f/lDes cg'dfg ug{, t'ngf ug{, ;Dkfbg ug{ nufot nut
k|zf]wgsf cfufdL sfo{x?nfO{ ;xh jgfpg'sf ;fy} glthf k|sfzgsf] tof/Ldf ;xof]u k'/\ofp“b5 .
;+If]kLs/0f ug]{ qmddf ljleGg r/ (Variable) x?sf] cfj[lQ ljt/0f (Frequency Distribution) lgsfNg'sf ;fy} ljleGg
dfgx?sf] u0fgf ul/G5 h;df lgDgjdf]lhdsf d'Vo 5g\ .
Mean, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation, Variance, Rate, Ratio cflb .

-u_ ;fl/0fLs/0f (Tabulation) M tYofÍLo ljj/0fx?nfO{ ljleGg zLif{sx?df juL{s/0f (Classification Headings) u/L dxn /
nx/df k|:t't ug'{ g} ;fl/0fLs/0f xf] . o; sfo{df ljifocg';f/sf r/x? lgdf{0f u/L ;f];+u ;DjlGwt /]s8{x?nfO{ hDdf ug]{
(Compilation), ;+If]kLs/0f (Summarization), qmdj4tf (Sorting), 58\s] ;fl/0fLs/0f (Cross Tabulation), u0fgf
(Computation) cflb h:tf sfo{x? ;DkGg eO;s]kl5 ;fl/0fLs/0f ul/G5 . o:tf tflnsfaf6 ;DalGwt laifosf] ;/;tL{
cWoog ug{ ;lsg] eO{ cGbfh / cg'dfg ug{, t'ngf ug{ nufot ;fdfGo glthf ;d]t lgsfnL ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
tflnsfsf s]xL k|sf/x? tn pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ .
(i) cfj[lQ tflnsf (Frequency Table) M ljleGg r/x?sf] cfj[lQ (Frequency) jf dfg b]lvg] u/L jgfOPsf] tflnsf . h:t}
ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qx?df j;f]jf; ug]{ 3/kl/jf/sf] ;+Vof, ljBfnosf] s'g} sIffdf ljleGg ljifodf plQ0f{ jf cg'lQ0f{ x'g]
ljBfyL{x?sf] ;+Vof cflb .
(ii) PstkmL{ tflnsf (One-Way Table) M juL{s/0f ul/Psf ljifo (Item) x?nfO{ t];f]{ nx/df jf 7f8f] dxndf dfq ldnfP/
/flvPsf] / Item x?sf] cfk;L ;DaGw gb]vfOPsf tflnsfx? o;df kb{5g\ . h:t}M ;fIf/x?sf] u0fgfsf] nflu lnOPsf] tnsf]
tflnsf .
tflnsf ! M g]kfnsf ljsf; If]qx?df ^ jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflysfx?sf] hg;+Vof -lj=;+=@)%*_
g]kfn !,(@,%%,*)%
k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]q $%,!!,)#(
dWodf~rn ljsf; If]q ^*,)@,&(^
klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]q #*,*@,#$*
dWo klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]q @@,%!,)@!
;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]q !*,)*,^)!

(iii) låtkmL{ tflnsf (Two Way Table) M b"O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L r/x?sf] cfk;L ;DaGw b]vfpg] u/L agfOPsf] tflnsfnfO{
låtkmL{ tflnsf elgG5 . h:t} ljsf;If]q cg';f/ dlxnf / k'?ifsf] hg;+VofnfO{ Pp6} tflnsfdf b]lvg] u/L jgfOPsf] tflnsf .
tflnsf @ M ljleGg ljsf;If]qdf j:g] ^ jif{ eGbf dflysf hg;+Vof, lnËcg';f/ -lj=;+=@)%*_
hDdf k'?if dlxnf
g]kfn !,(@,%%,*)% (%,(@,%^( (^,^#,@#^
k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]q $%,!!,)#( @@,$*,^(( @@,^@,#$)
dWodf~rn ljsf; If]q ^*,)@,&(^ #$,*%,&@@ ##,!&,)&$
klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]q #*,*@,#$* !*,$&,&%# @),#$,%(%
dWo klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]q @@,%!,)@! !!,!(,^$) !!,#!,#*!
;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]q !*,)*,^)! *,(),&%% (,!&,*$^

79
(iv) ax'juL{s[t tflnsf (Multiclassified Table) M låtkmL{ tflnsfsf] dxn (Caption) jf nx/ (Stub) df ePsf r/x?nfO{
cem j9L hfgsf/L lbg] u/L pksIff (Sub-Class) df ljefhg ul/Psf tflnsfx? o;df kb{5g\ . h:t}M ljsf; If]qx?df dlxnf
/ k'?ifsf] z}lIfs l:ylt b]lvg] u/L jgfOPsf] låtkmL{ tflnsfsf] dxn jf nx/ jf b'j}nfO{ pksIffdf jf“8L Pp6} tflnsfdf
b]vfOg] u/L tof/ ul/Psf] k|:t'lt .
tflnsf # M ljleGg ljsf;If]qut j;f]jf; ug]{ ^ jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf hg;+Vofsf ;fIf/tf cj:yf -lj=;+=@)%*_
g]kfn k"jf{~rn dWodf~rn klZrdf~rn dWo ;'b"/
ljsf; If]q ljsf; If]q ljsf; If]q klZrdf~rn klZrdf~rn
ljsf; If]q ljsf; If]q
hDdf !,(@,%%,*)% $%,!!,)#( ^*,)@,&(^ #*,*@,#$* @@,%!,)@! !*,)*,^)!
hDdf

k'?if (%,(@,%^( @@,$*,^(( #$,*%,&@@ !*,$&,&%# !!,!(,^$) *,(),&%%

dlxnf (^,^#,@#^ @@,^@,#$) ##,!&,)&$ @),#$,%(% !!,#!,#*! (,!&,*$^
hDdf !&,@!,##) @*,)&,$$( !#,$^,@%% (,(),!(% &,*(,)!#
n]Vg / k9\g k9\g dfq k9\g / n]Vg

&^,%$,@$!
g;Sg]

k'?if @&,@),@## ^,!#,$&( !),^@,&)) $,#&,%%! #,%(,#%( @,$&,!$%

dlxnf $(,#$,))* !!,)&,*%! !&,$$,&$( (,)*,&)$ ^,#),*#^ %,$!,*^*
hDdf !!,##,!&@ @,^$,@*# #,&%,)&$ @,@#,**# !,$!,!%^ !,@*,&&^
;Sg]

k'?if %,&$,#@$ !,#%,&&! !,($,)#( !,)&,^*! &@,&!( ^$,!!$

dlxnf %,%*,*$* !,@*,%!@ !,*!,)#% !,!^,@)@ ^*,$#& ^$,^^@
hDdf !,)#,$*,$@& @%,)),$*$ #%,*),&(( @@,(!,($# !!,)#,)@$ *,&@,!&&
;Sg]

k'?if ^@,$@,(%& !$,**,%&% @@,)(,))! !@,($,^!( ^,&(,^%( %,&!,!)#

dlxnf $!,)%,$&) !),!!,()( !#,&!,&(* (&,#@$ $,@#,#^% #,)!,)&$
hDdf !,!(,(^# @$,($@ #(,$&# @),@^& !^,^$^ !*,^#%
yfxf gePsf]

k'?if %%,)%$ !),*&$ !(,(*@ &,()@ &,()# *,#(#

dlxnf ^$,()( !$,)^* !(,$(! !@,#^% *,&$# !),@$@

tflnsfsf] :j?ksf] rrf{ ubf{ o;sf] agf}6 lgDgjdf]lhdsf] /x]sf] kfOG5 .

• tflnsf ;+Vof (Table Number)
• tflnsf zLif{s (Title)
• dxnut zLif{s (Caption)
• nx/ut zLif{s (Row Designation or Stub)
• tflnsfsf] d'Vo efu (Body)
• ;|f]t ljj/0f (Source Note)

;fdfGo tflnsfsf] gd"gf

tflnsf ;+Vof M !
-tflnsfsf] zLif{s_
dxnut zLif{s (Caption)
nx/ut zLif{s
(Stub)

;|f]t M

80
@=$=* tYof° cfwf/sf] lgdf{0f / Joj:yf (Developing and Maintaining Database) :
Pp6} OsfOdf ;+/lIft / Jojl:yt u/L /flvPsf cf“s8fx? (Data) sf] Ps jf PseGbf j9L 9f“rfut ;d"x (Structured Sets)
nfO{ ;fdfGotof tYofÍ cfwf/ (Database) elgG5 . ;fdfGo ?kdf eGg'kbf{ tYofÍ cfwf/ eg]sf] Pp6f kmfOn xf] h;df ljleGg
ljifout lkmN8 -;fdfGotof r/, Variable_ / ltgsf dfgx?nfO{ qmdzM dxn (Column) / nx/ (Row) df Jojl:yt u/L
/flvPsf] x'G5 h;nfO{ sDKo'6/df pknAw cf}hf/x? / ;k\m6j]o/sf] d2tn] vf]hL (Query) / ul0ftLo lqmof (Operation) ug{
;lsG5 . olb tYofÍ cfwf/df /x]sf /]s8{x?sf jLr cfk;L ul0ftLo, u}/ ul0ftLo jf ztL{o (Conditional) ;DjGw /x]sf] 5 eg]
To;nfO{ cGt;{DjlGwt tYofÍ cfwf/ (Relational Database) elgG5 . h:t} lnËdf dlxnf 5 eg] dfq k|hgg\ ;DjGwL /]s8{
/xg] h:tf Conditional / k;ndf s'g} ;fdfg ljqmL ePkl5 :6sdf ;f] ;fdfgsf] dfqf :jtM sd x'g] h:tf ul0ftLo ;DjGwx?
. o:tf tYofÍ cfwf/sf] d'Vo pkof]lutf eGg' g} rflxPsf] /]s8{nfO{ ;lhn} vf]hL ug{ ;lsg', ;"rLj4 ug{ ;lsg', r/x?n] lnPsf]
dfgx?nfO{ cwf] jf pWj{ qmddf cfjZostf jdf]lhd x]g{ ;lsg' / ltgdf ljleGg lqmof (Operation) ug{ ;lsg] x'g' g} xf] .
cfhsn sDKo'6/df sfd ubf{ o:tf tYofÍ cfwf/ jgfO{ sfd ug]{ ;'ljwf ;xh ?kn] pknJw 5 . Excel, Access, SPSS,
STATA, GIS cflb ;k\m6j]o/x?df dxn -jf lkmN8_ / nx/df /]s8{x?nfO{ Jojl:yt u/L jgfOPsf tflnsf (Table) jf
tflnsfx?sf] ;d"x g} tYofÍ cfwf/ x'g\ . ;'/lIft e08f/0f ul/Psf o:tf tYofÍ cfwf/ (Database), ltgdf k|of]u x'g] lqmofTds
cf}hf/ (Operational Tools) x?sf] ;]6, xf8{j]o/ -oGq / pks/0fx?_ / ;k\m6j]o/ tyf PKnLs]zg ldnL ag]sf] ;dli6ut
k|0ffnLnfO{ tYofÍ cfwf/ Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL (Database Management System, DBMS) elgG5 . o:tf] DBMS df ;DalGwt
tYofÍ cfwf/sf[ jgf}6, pTklQ, pknJwtf nufot ;+lIfKt lrgf/L lbg] ljj/0f ePsf] Metadata ;d]t tof/ u/L ;+nUg ul/Psf]
x'G5 .

nut k|zf]wgsf] sfo{df ;j}eGbf j9L k|fljlws / uDeL/ sfo{sf] ?kdf tYofÍ cfwf/sf] lgdf{0f / o;sf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ lnOG5 .
o:tf] tYofÍ cfwf/ tof/ u/L Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLdf cfj4 ul/;s]kl5 ;f] tYofÍ cfwf/df cfjZostfcg';f/sf] ljZn]if0f,
JofVof, k|sfzg / ljt/0f u/L pkof]u ul/g'sf ;fy} cgGtsfn;Dd k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] u/L e08f/0f, pTkfbg / k'gp{Tkfbg
ul/G5 .

81
 !!M tYof+ssf] k|:t'tLs/0f, k|sfzg tyf ljt/0f
∗
s]zj uf}td
kl/ro
k|foM ;a} k|sf/sf cg';GwfgfTds ls|ofsnfkdf ljleGg lsl;dsf tYof+sx? ;+sng ul/G5g\ . cg';Gwfgsf] k|sf/,
pb\b]Zo, If]q, pknAw cfly{s ;|f]t, hgzlQm tyf ;do, cflbdf :ki6 eO{ k|yd r/0fdf k|fylds jf l4tLo÷dfWolds
tYof+sx? ;+sng ul/G5g\ . oL s'/fx?sf] Vofn gu/L tyf j}1flgs tl/sf gckgfO{ ul/Psf] tYof+s ;+sngjf6 jf:tljs
tYof+sx? k|fKt x'b}gg\ / o:tf tYof+sdf cfwfl/t ljZn]if0fjf6 k|fKt glthf ;d]t unt x'G5 . t;y{, k|fKt tYof+sx?sf]
ljZj;lgotf k/LIf0f u/]kl5 dfq ltgLx?sf] k|of]u s'g ?kdf ug]{ eGg] 7x/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
tYof+s ;+sngkZrft\ ltgLx?sf] juL{s/0f ul/G5 . ;+slnt k|fylds tYof+sx?sf] juL{s/0f cfkm\gf] cfjZostf tyf
ltgLx?sf] lsl;dsf] cfwf/df ul/G5 . l4tLos tYof+sx? k|foM ;d"lxs/0f ul/Ps} cj:yfdf x'G5g\ tfklg ltgLx?sf]
cfjZostfcg';f/ k'gM juL{s/0f ug]{ ul/G5 .

tYof+s ljZn]if0f
s'g} klg cg';Gwfgdf To;sf] If]q, p2]]Zo, k|s[lt, k|fKt ;do, ah]6, cflb h:tf k|d'v s'/fx?df cfwfl/t eO{ pko'Qm
lsl;dsf] ljlw ckgfO{ cfjZos tYof+sx?sf] ;+sng ul/G5 . o;/L ;+slnt tYof+sx? z'?df cAojl:yt ?kdf (Raw or
Unorganized) x'G5g\ / ltgLx?sf] ToxL ?kjf6 dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgf (Information) ;lhn} k|fKt ug{ ;lsb}g .

;+slnt sf]/f tYof+sx?nfO{ ;"rgfdf abNg] sfo{nfO{ g} tYof+s ljZn]if0f (Statistical Analysis) elgG5 . tYof+sx?sf]
ljZn]if0f k|ls|ofnfO{ d"ntM tYof+s Aoa:yfkg (Data Management) / ljZn]if0f (Analysis) u/L b'O{ efudf afF8\g ;lsG5 .
k|fKt sf]/f tYof+sx?sf] k"0f{tf (Completeness), Ps?ktf (Consistency) / z'¢tf (Accuracy) sf] cfwf/df ;Dkfbg
(Editing) u/L ;s]kl5 pko'Qm lsl;dsf] sf]l8ª (Coding) ljlw ckgfO{ ldNbf] sDKo'6/ Kofs]hdf 8f6f O{G6L u/L Pslqt
(Aggregated) ul/Psf] tYof+sx?sf] juL{s/0f (Classification) tyf tflnsLs/0f (Tabulation) ul/g] k|ls|ofnfO{ nut
k|zf]wg (Data Processing) elgG5 / of] k|ls|of tYof+s Aoa:yfkgcGtu{t kb{5 . To:t} cWoogsf] p2]]Zo / uxgtf x]/L
tYof+s ljZn]if0fsf ;fwf/0fb]lv hl6n ljlwx? k|rlnt ;km\6j]o/x? SPSS, SAS, STATA, EXCEL, cflbdf k|of]u
ul/G5g\ .

tYof+ssf] k|:t'tLs/0f
tYof+s ljZn]if0fsf] k|yd r/0fdf logLx?sf] k|:t'tLs/0f ul/G5 . tYof+snfO{ l56f] / ;lhnf]?kdf a'em\g / t'ngf
ug{ logLx?nfO{ ljleGg rf6{, u|fkm tyf 6]anx?df k|:t't u/L hfFr ul/G5 . u|fkm tyf rf6{x?n] ljleGg r/x? (Variables)
aLrsf] ;DaGw cg'dfg ug{ tyf pko'Qm lsl;dsf] tYof+s ljZn]if0fsf] ljlw 5gf}6 ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . tYof++ssf] k|sf/ x]/L
lgDg lsl;dsf k|:t'tLs/0fsf tl/sfx? ckgfOG5g\ .
tflnsLs/0f (Tabulation)
tflnsfn] sf]/f tYof+sx?nfO{ ;+lIfKt?kdf k|:t't ub{5 h;n] tYof+s ljZn]if0fsf] nflu dfu{ k|z:t ub{5 . o;df
tYof+s ;+sngsf ;fwgx? h:t}M k|ZgfjnL, cGtjf{tf{, cflbjf6 k|fKt ePsf juL{s[t tYof+sx?nfO{ tflnsfdf /flvG5 hxfF
ltgLx?sf] lglZrt ljlwk"j{s cWoog ul/G5 .
tflnsfx?nfO{ ;fwf/0f tflnsf jf Psu'0fL tflnsf (Simple or One-way Table) / 58\s] tflnsf (Cross Table)
u/L b'O{ efudf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
;fwf/0f tflnsf jf Psu'0fL tflnsf (Simple or One-way Table)
o; k|sf/sf] tflnsfdf k|To]s tYof+s ;d"x (Data Category) df k|fKt ePsf pQ/x?sf] ;+Vof (Number of
Response Category) ug]/ j]Unfj]Un} tflnsfdf /flvG5 . tYof+s ljZn]if0fsf] z'?sf] cj:yfdf o:tf] tflnsf agfOG5 . o:tf]

∗
tYofÍ clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
82
tflnsfjf6 s'g} r/ /fzLsf] r/d dfgx? (Extreme Values) kQf nufpg ;lhnf] x'g'sf ;fy} ltgLx?sf] ljt/0f
(Distribution) ;d]t yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . Psu'0fL tflnsfsf] Ps pbfx/0f lgDgadf]lhd lbOPsf] 5 .

ljleGg c:ktfnx?df Pr=cfO=eL= /f]uLx?sf] ;+Vof, ;g\ @)))

c:ktfn g+= /f]uLx?sf] ;+Vof
! #@*
@ !)(
# $#@
$ @@)
58\s] tflnsf jf ax'u'0fL tflnsf (Cross Table)
o;k|sf/sf] tflnsfdf b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L r/ /fzLx?sf] ;Fu;Fu} pkl:ylt (Simultaneous Counting) uGtL u/L
/flvG5 . 58\s] tflnsfsf s]xL pbfx/0fx? lgDgadf]lhd 5g\ .
Two-way Table
cWoog ul/Psf] hg;+Vofsf] ljt/0f
pd]/ ;d"x hg;+Vof
-jif{_ k'?if dlxnf hDdf
)–!$ !,%$) !,$%) @,(()
!%–%( @,%%% #,!!! %,^^^
^)± !,!@% (%) @,)&%
hDdf %,@@) %,%!! !,)&#!
Three-way Table
k9fOcg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f
pd]/ ;d"x k'?if dlxnf hDdf
-jif{_
;fIf/ lg/If/ hDdf ;fIf/ lg/If/ hDdf ;fIf/ lg/If/ hDdf
)–!$ ((( %$! !,%$) !,))) $%) !,$%) !,((( ((! @,(()
!%–%( @,))) %%% @,%%% #,))) !!! #!!! %,))) ^^^ %,^^^
^)± !,))) !@% !,!@% *%) !)) (%) !,*%) @@% @,)&%
hDdf #,((( !,@@! %,@@) $,*%) ^^! %,%!! *,*$( !,**@ !,)&#!
rf6{ Pj+ u|fkm
s'g} klg cg';Gwfgsf] lgisif{x? (Findings) kf7s;dIf k'¥ofpg] ;j{Aofks tl/sf rf6{ Pj+ u|flkmsn k|:t'lt xf] .
æt:jL/ cfkm} af]N5Æ eg] h:t} u|flkmsn k|:t'tLs/0fjf6 yf]/} zAbdf AoQm ug{ g;lsg] w]/} s'/fx? Pp6} lrqjf6
a'em\g ;lsG5 . s'g} cg';Gwfgsf] l/kf]6{ a'em\g / o;sf ;'emfjx?nfO{ ;xh} cjnDag ug{ kf7sx?nfO{ u|flkmsn k|:t'ltn]
k|]l/t ub{5 . u|flkmsn k|:t'tLs/0fsf tl/sfx? lgDgadf]lhd 5g\ .
Ps cfoflds (One Dimensional) lrqx?M oL lrqx? t''ngfTds b[li6n] cGo lrqeGbf a9L pkof]uL dflgG5g\ . Ps
cfoflds lrqx?df :tDe lrqx? (Bar Diagrams) kb{5g\ . o:tf lrqx?df :tDesf] nDafOn] s'g} r/ /fzLsf] dfg
b]vfpb5 t/ o;sf] rf}8fOn] s'g} dxTj /fVb}g . ;a} :tDex?sf] rf}8fO a/fa/L lnP/ tyf Ps csf{aLrsf] b"/L ;dfg kf/L
7f8f] jf t];f]{?kdf logLx? lvlrG5g\ .
;/n :tDe lrqx? (Simple Bar Diagrams): o:tf lrqx?nfO{ 7f8f] tyf t];f]{ (Vertical and Horizontal Bar
Diagrams) :tDe lrq klg elgG5 . Pp6f dfq r/ /fzLsf] dfg h:t}M hg;+Vof, pTkfbg, ljqmL, cflbsf] dfg k|:t't
ug{ logLx? k|rlnt 5g\ . logLx? a'em\g tyf lvRg ;lhnf 5g\ . ;/n :tDe lrqsf s]xL pbfx/0fx? lgDgadf]lhd 5g\ .

ljleGg c:ktfndf Pr=cfO=eL=/f]u Lx?sf] ;+V of ljleGg c:ktfndf Pr=cfO=eL=/f]u Lx?sf] ;+V of

500 4
400
/f]u Lsf] ;+V of

c:ktfn g+=

3
300

200 2

100
1
0

! @ # $ 0 100 200 300 400 500

c:ktfn g+= /f]u Lsf] ;+V of

83
 ljleGg jif{d f lrgLsf] pTkfbg

20

15

10
pTkfbg, d]= 6=

0
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
-5

-10

v08] :tDe lrqx? (Sub-divided/Component Bar Diagrams):

ljleGg c:ktfndf pd]/ cg'; f/ Pr=cfO=eL=/f]u Lx?sf] ;+V of
s'g} tYosf] s'n c+snfO{ ljleGg v08df
500
ljefhg u/L k|:t't ug'{kbf{ o:tf lrqx?sf] /f]u Ls f] ;+V of
400
300
k|of]u ul/G5 . 200
100
0
1 2 3 4

c:ktfn g+=

0-10 11-49 50+

ax'u'0fL :tDe lrqx? (Multiple Bar
Diagrams):
ljleGg c:ktfndf pd]/ ;d"x cg'; f/ Pr=cfO=eL=/f]u Lx?sf] ;+V of
b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L k/:k/ ;DaGw ePsf
300
tYof+sx? k|blz{t ug{ of] lrqsf] lgdf{0f
250
/f]u Lx ?sf] ;+V o f

ul/G5 . o;df ;/n :tDe lrq h:t}M :tDex? 200

agfOG5 t/ tL :tDex? k/:k/ hf]l8Psf 150

100
x'G5g\ . 50
0
1 2 3 4
k|ltzt :tDe lrqx? (Percentage Bar
c: ktfn g +=
Diagrams):
0-10 11-49 50+
oL lrqx? v08] :tDe lrqx? h:t} x'g\ h;df
k|To]s :tDesf] s'n nDafOnfO{ !)) a/fa/ dfg]/ k|To]s v08x?sf] k|ltzt 5'6\ofOG5 . lbPsf] pbfx/0fdf t];|f]
c:ktfndf %) jif{eGbf dflysf /f]uLx?sf]
ljleGg c:ktfndf pd]/ ;d"x cg'; f/ Pr=cfO=eL=/f]u Lx?sf] ;+V of
k|ltzt ;a}eGbf a9L cyf{t\ sl/j ^) k|ltzt
/x]sf] a'em\g ;lsG5 . 100%

80%
/f]u Lx?sf] k|l tzt

60%
b'O{ cfoflds lrqx? (Two Dimensional
40%
Diagrams): 20%
o:tf cfotlrqx?df
lrqx? 0%

(Rectangular Diagrams), ju{ lrqx? (Square 1 2 3 4

c:ktfn g+=
Diagrams), ju{ lrqx? (Circle Diagrams) ,
0-10 11-49 50+
cflb kb{5g\ . b'O{ cfoflds lrqx?df :tDesf]
nDafO{ / rf}8fO b'a}sf] u0fgf ul/g] ePsf]n] logLx?nfO{ ;tx lrq (Surface or Area Diagrams) klg elgG5 .
cfot lrqx? (Rectangular Diagrams): Ps cfoflds lrqx?df ;a} :tDex?sf] rf}8fO ;dfg lnOG5 t/ cfot
lrqdf k|:t't ug'{kg]{ tYox?sf] s'nsf] cg'kftsf] cfwf/df cfotx?sf] rf}8fO lnOG5 .

84
 ju{ lrqx? (Square Diagrams): 7"nf] ;+Vofdf x'g] tYof+sx?sf] cg'kft 7"nf] g} ePdf cfot lrqx?sf] k|of]u
ul/b}g . o; cj:yfdf ju{ lrqx?sf k|of]u poo'Qm dflgG5 . h:t} ljleGg d'n'ssf] hg;+Vof, cfot, lgof{t, cflb b]vfpg
ju{ lrqsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . o;sf nflu s'n vr{sf] ju{d"n (Square Root) lgsfn]/ plrt cg'kftdf kl/jt{g ug''{ kb{5 /
ToxL cg'kftsf] cfwf/df ju{x?sf] e'hf (Side) sf] nDafO lgwf{/0f ul/G5 .
tLg cfoflds lrqx? (Three Dimensional Diagrams): ha tYof+sx?sf] aLr w]/} 7"nf] cGt/ b]lvG5, ta tLg cfoflds
lrqx?sf] k|of]u pko'Qm dflgG5 . o; k|sf/sf lrqx?df k|d'v u/]/ 3glrqx? (Cubes), lk/fld8x? (Pyramids),
l;lnG8/x? (Cylinders), t:jL/ lrqx? (Pictograms), gS;flrqx? (Cartograms or Maps), cflb kb{5g\ .

j[t–v08 lrqx? (Pie Charts or Diagrams): s'n kl/jf/sf] dfl;s vr{s f] ljj/0f

/fzLnfO{ ljleGg v08x?df ljefhg u/L b]vfpg'

kbf{ j[t–v08 lrqsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . o;df j[tsf] s'n ljljw
17%
If]qkmnn] s'n /fzLnfO{ b]vfpF5 eg] ljleGg vfgf
34%
OGwg
j[tv08x?n] s'n /fzLsf] ljleGg c+zx?nfO{ b]vfpF5g\ . 15%

ef8f
sk8f
Pp6f dfq j[t v08sf] /rgf ug'{k/]df 13%
21%

cfkm"v';L ;'xfpFbf] lqHof lnP/ j[t lvlrG5 eg]

PseGbf a9L j[t v08x?sf] lgdf{0f ug'{k/]df t'ngf
ug{sf nflu s'n /fzLx?sf] ju{d"n lnOG5 / ;f]xL ju{d"nx?sf] cg'kftsf] cfwf/df lqHofx? lgwf{/0f u/L j[tx? lvlrG5g\ .
tYof+sx?sf] gS;f+sg k|:t'tLs/0f (Presentation of
Data in Maps): o;cGtu{t ljleGg lsl;dsf
gS;flrqx? (Cartograms or Maps) kb{5g\ .
gS;f+sg k|:t'ltdf ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnL
(Geographical Information System) ckgfO
lbOPsf tYox?sf] ef}uf]lns ljt/0fcg';f/ ljleGg
lsl;dsf gS;fx?df b]vfOG5 . o:tf] k|:t'tLs/0fn]
ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qx?sf] t'ngfTds cj:yf
cWoog ug{ tyf ;fwf/0f dfq 1fg ePsf
kf7sx?sf] ;d]t tYof+sdf ?rL a9fpg d2t
ldNb5 .

/]vf lrqx? (Line or Time-Series

ljleGg jif{x ?df wfg tyf ds}s f] pTkfbg
Graphs):
s'g} ;+VofTds r/ /fzLsf] ;docg';f/ ePsf] 20

kl/jt{g b]vfpg tyf To;sf] eljZosf] dfg 15

pTkfbg d]= 6] df

k"jf{g'dfg ug{ o; k|sf/sf] lå–cfoflds lrqsf] 10

5
k|of]u ul/G5 . o;k|sf/sf] u|fkm X-
0
cIfdf ;do / Y-cIfdf r/ /fzLsf] dfg /fvL 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
-5
tof/ ul/G5 . Y-cIfdf PseGbf a9L r/ -10
/fzLx? /fv]/ ;d]t ltgLx?aLr t'ngf jif{
ug{ ;lsG5 . pTkfbg, /f]huf/L b/, d"No, wfgsf] pTkfbg ds}sf] pTkfbg
nfut, ljqmL, cflbx?df ;docg';f/sf]
kl/jt{g b]vfpg of] u|fkm k|of]u ul/G5 .

85
;x;DaGw lrqx? (Scatter Disgrams):
16
b'O{j6f r/ /fzLx?aLrsf] ;x;DaGw 14
u|fkmdf b]vfpg'kbf{ o;sf] ;xof]u lnOG5 . 12

o;k|sf/sf] u|fkm X-cIfdf :jtGq r/ /fzL 10

gfkmf
8
(Independent Variable) / Y-cIfdf
6
cfl>t r/ /fzL (Dependent Variable) 4
sf] dfg /fvL tof/ ul/G5 . 2

0
0 50 100 150 200 250

ljqmL

tYof+sx?sf] k|sfzg tyf lat/0f (Publication and Dissemination of Data):

s'g} klg ;d'bfosf k|To]s AolQmx?sf] ;lqmo Pj+ ;sf/fTds ;xeflutfdf To; ;d'bfosf] lg/Gt/ ljsf; w]/} xb;Dd
lge{/ /xG5 / o;k|sf/sf] ;lqmotf pgLx?nfO{ pknAw u/fOg] ;fdflhs–cfly{s cj:yfsf ljleGg If]qx?sf] ;"rgf tyf
tYof+sdf e/kb{5 . cyf{t ;"rgf / tYof+sn] ;';lHht AolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ dfq efjL ljsf; of]hgf th'{df tyf
sfof{Gjogdf ;kmntf ldNg ;S5 . To;n] s'g} klg /fHon] cfkm\gf] tYof+s tyf ;"rgfsf] e08f/nfO{ la:tf/ u/L dha't
agfpg] tyf o;df ;a}sf] kx'Fr ;/n t'Nofpg] p2]Zon] cfkm\gf] ;+ljwfgd} ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf ;dfj]z
u/]sf x'G5g\ . To;}u/L ;dfhsf] ljsf; ;Fu;Fu} gofF gofF If]qsf ;"rgf tyf tYof+sx?sf] cfjZostf dx;'; eO{ vf]h x'g] /
To;;Fu} k|of]ustf{x?sf] bfo/f klg km/flsnf] x'b} hfg] ePsf]n] ;Dk"0f{ k|of]ustf{;dIf cfjZos tYof+s k'/\ofpg' Ps
r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ x'ghfG5 .
tYof+ssf] ljt/0f (Data Dissemination) eg]sf] pknAw tYof+sx? o;sf k|of]ustf{x?;dIf ;xh?kdf k'/\ofpg' xf] .
csf]{ cy{df, ljt/0f eGgfn] s'g} klg ;j]{If0fsf] clGtd kl/0ffd (Final Output) o;sf k|of]ustf{x?nfO{ pknAw u/fpg] eGg]
a'lemG5 . tYof+ssf] e+8f/ dfq Ps o:tf] a:t' xf] h;nfO{ hlt k|of]u u/]klg ;lsb}g / o;nfO{ hlt k|of]u u/\of] TotL g}
o;sf] dxTj a9\b} hfG5 (Use of statistics never exhausts its store rather its value multiplies as much as it is used ) .
tYof+ssf k|of]ustf{x? :jo+ pQ/bftfb]lv lnP\/ /fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf hf] sf]xL klg x'g ;Sb5g\, To;}n] ljt/0fsf
tl/sfx? klg km/s km/s kfOG5g\ . xfn ljZjdf tYof+s pTkfbsx?n] k|d'v?kdf b'O{ lsl;dsf tYof+s ljt/0fsf k|0ffnLx?
qmdzM ljz]if tYof+s ljt/0f dfkb08 (Special Data Dissemination Standard) / ;fdfGo tYof+s ljt/0f k|0ffnL (General
Data Dissemination System) ckgfPsf 5g\ . cGt/f{li6|o d'b|f sf]if (International Monetary Fund) n] tof/ u/]sf
oLdWo] SDDS, tYof+ssf] :t/Lo k|0ffnL ljsl;t eO;s]sf b]zx?n] ckgfO{ cfPsf 5g\ eg] GDDS, sdhf]/ / cljsl;t
tYof+s k|0ffnL ePsf ljsf;zLn b]zx?n] ckgfO{ cfPsf 5g\ .

k|efjsf/L tYof+s ljt/0f k|0ffnL (Effective Data Dissemination System):

;d'bfosf] ;"rgfsf] cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug]{ tyf pknAw tYof+ssf] k|of]unfO{ clwstd agfpg tYof+s pTkfbg
ug]{ ljz]if u/L ;/sf/L lgsfon] Ps bx|f], ljZjfl;nf] tyf pbfx/0fLo ljt/0f gLlt (Dissemination Policy) sf] klxrfg /
k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . k|of]ustf{ k|]dL (Users Friendly) pko'Qm lsl;dsf] ljt/0f gLltsf] k|of]ujf6 k|of]ustf{x?sf] ljZjf;
lhltG5 h;n] cGo lsl;dsf tYof+s ;+sngx?df pgLx?jf6 kfOg] ;xof]u j[l¢ eO{ ;xL tYof+ssf] lg/Gt/ cfk"lt{ lgoldt
x'ghfG5 . k|efasf/L tYof+s ljt/0f k|0ffnL lgdf{0f ubf{ lgDgnlvt k|d'v s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of; ul/G5 .
-s_ k|of]ustf{–s]lGb|t tYof+s ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; (Development of User Oriented Data Dissemination
System) M tYof+ssf] k|of]u clwstd (Maximizing Data Utility) u/fpg s'g} ;d'bfosf] ljlzi6 kl/l:ylt;Fu ldNbf] ljt/0f
k|0ffnL lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 / of] lgdf{0f k|ls|ofdf cGt/f{li6«o?kdf tof/ ul/Psf :t/ tyf ;'emfjx? (International Standards
and Recommendations) n] cfwf/e"t 9fFrf k|bfg ub{5g\ . ltg} 9fFrfx?df cfwfl/t eO{ ljt/0f gLlt (Dissemination
Policy) agfpg' kb{5, h;n] tYof+ssf] k|of]u a9fpg k|of]ustf{–d}qL tYof+sx?sf] pTkfbg (User Friendly Data
Production) tyf pkef]Qmf–lge{/ ;]jf k|0ffnL (Client-based Service System) h:tf s'/fx?df ljz]if hf]8 lbG5 . To:t}
k|of]ustf{x?;Fu lg/Gt/ ;Dks{, ;dGjo / cGt/ls|of ug]{ :yfoL ;+oGq (Mechanism for regular contact, coordination
86
and interactionn with user groups) tof/ u/L df}h'bf ;]jf tyf k|ls|ofdf k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ug{ k|of]ustf{–s]lGb|t ljt/0f
k|0ffnLn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, æ;j]}sf] p2]Zo k"/f ug]{Æ df]6f–df]6f k|sfzgx? 5fKg'sf] ;6\6f pkef]Qmf
nlIft k|sfzg tyf ljt/0f gLlt ckgfO ljljw ju{ / If]qsf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 / k|sfzg tyf ljt/0fdf
ljljwLs/0f (Diversification) ug{ ;lsG5 .
-v_ tYof+sLo r]tgf clej[l¢ u/fpg] (Enhancing Statistical Literacy) : tYof+s pTkfbg ug]{ ljz]ifu/L ;/sf/L
lgsfon] tYof+sLo r]tgf clej[l4sf] nflu u'0f:t/Lo tYof+s;DaGwL cjwf/0ff ;fj{hlgs ug{ sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lx? cfof]hgf
ug]{ tyf tYof+ssf] b'?kof]u ePsf] cj:yfdf t'?Gt k|ltls|ofx? hf/L u/]/ (Issuing prompt responses to misuses of data)
cfkm\gf] lgoGq0fsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kb{5 .
-u_ pbfx/0fLo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ (Playing Exemplary Role): tYof+s pTkfbg ug]{ ljz]ifu/]/ ;/sf/L lgsfon]
tYof+s ljt/0fsf kf/bzL{ gLltx? cjnDag ug]{ tyf u'0f:t/Lo tYof+s (Quality Data) ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff k"0f{?kn] ckgfO
pbfx/0fLo e"ldsf v]Ng'kb{5 . o;n] ubf{ hfgLhfgL jf ghfgLsg unt jf sd;n (Wrong or Sub-standard) lsl;dsf
tYof+sx? pTkfbg ug]{ cGo lgsfox?;Fu ;d]t k|of]ustf{x?n] :t/Lo tYof+ssf] dfu ug]{ cj:yf l;h{gf x'G5 / pgLx?df
dgf]j}1flgs bjfj kg{ uO{ u'0f:t/Lo tYof+ssf] cfk"lt{sf] qmd z'? x'G5 . To:t} Metadata ;lxtsf] tYof+s k|sfzg, sfg"gL
cfwf/;lxtsf] tYof+s ;+sngsf] k|rng, clu|d tYof+s ljt/0f tflnsf (Advance Release Calendar) sf] Aoa:yf, cflbsf]
k|of]ujf6 u'0f:t/Lo tYof+ssf] pTkfbgdf ;DalGwt ;a}nfO{ cled'v u/fpg ;lsG5 .

tYof+s ljt/0fsf tl/sfx? (Modes of Data Dissemination)

tYof+s ljt/0fsf] s'g tl/sf pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] s'/f pknAw ;|f]t ;fwg, k|of]ustf{x?sf] tYof+sLo r]tgf, pknAw
k|ljlw tyf k|of]ustf{x?sf] To;df kx'Fr cflb h:tf s'/fx?df e/kb{5 . tYof+s ljt/0fsf s]xL k|d'v tl/sfx? lgDgadf]lhd
5g\ .
-s_ kqsf/ ;Dd]ng jf k|]; l/lnh (Press Conference or Press Release):
;d'bfosf ljleGg ju{dWo] kqsf/ hut (Mass Media) Ps k|d'v dxTjk"0f{ k|of]ustf{ x'g\ . tYof+sLo ;"rgfx?
k|;f/0f ug]{ tyf k|of]ustf{ ;r]tg (User Sensitization) ug]{ sfo{df ldl8ofsf] k|d'v e"ldsf x'G5 . kqsf/ ;Dd]ng jf k|];
l/lnh tYof+s ljt/0f ug]{ Ps ljZjAofkL tl/sf xf] . ljz]if sfo{zfnf uf]i7L tyf hfgsf/L ;qx? (Briefing Sessions)
cfof]hgf u/]/ kqsf/x?aLr k|sflzt tYof+ssf] a'emfO{ a9fpg ;lsG5 tyf kqsf/x?n] l/kf]l6{ª ug]{ k|sf/sf] (Journalistic
Style) k|]; l/lnhx? tof/ u/]/ ;"rgfsf] k'gMk|;f/0f ubf{ x'g] uNtLx? sd ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} gldNbf] t'ngf (Incorrect
Comparisons) tyf a+UofOPsf kl/efiffx? (Ill-used or Distorted Definitions) k|of]u u/L n]v /rgfx?nfO{ pQ]hs
(Sensational) agfpg] vt/fsf] af/]df ;fjwfg u/fpg kqsf/ ;Dd]ngnfO{ Ps cj;/sf] ?kdf klg lng ;lsG5 .

-v_ ljt/0f uf]i7L jf ;]ldgf/ (Dissemination Workshop or Seminar):

tYof+ssf] k|s[lt x]/L o;sf k|of]ustf{x? cnu cnu x'G5g . tYof+ssf ;xL k|of]ustf{x? klxrfg u/L
ltgLx?nfO{ k|sflzt tYof+s;DaGwL ;j{kIfLo hfgsf/L lbg ljt/0f uf]i7L jf ;]ldgf/ cfof]hgf ul/G5 . o:tf sfo{qmdaf6
pQm tYof+s pTkfbgdf ckgfOPsf ljlwx?, k|sflzt tYof+ssf c;n / v/fj kIfx? Pj+ ;Ldfx? tyf k|of]u ubf{ Wofg
lbg'kg]{ s'/fx?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] / k|sfzg tyf ljt/0f gLlt kl/dfh{g ug{ k[i7kf]if0f (Feedback) klg k|fKt
ug{ ;lsG5 .
-u_ ljB'tLo ljt/0f (Electronic Dissemination):
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/sf] cfhsf] o'udf tYof+ssf] ljB'tLo ljt/0f Ps Hofb} ;zSt / k|efjsf/L ljlw xf] . o;
ljlwjf6 ;"rgfnfO{ If0fe/d} ;+;f/e/L k'/\ofpg ;lsG5 . tYof+snfO{ j]j ;fO6 (World Wide Web/Internet) df /fv]/
jf :jrflnt O–d]n (Automated E-mail) dfkm{t cfkm\gf k|of]ustf{ ;fd" k'/\ofpg ;lsG5 .
-3_ AolQmut tj/af6 ljt/0f (Dissemination through Personal Basis):
k|of]ustf{x?sf] x'nfs ;"rL (Mailing List) tof/ u/L k|sflzt tYof+sx? ;DalGwt k|of]ustf{ ;dIf
k'/\ofpg ;lsG5 . AolQmut tj/jf6 cfkm"sxfF cfpg] k|of]ustf{x?nfO{ pgLx?n] rfx]sf] k|sfzg lgMz'Ns jf ;Mz'Ns pknAw
u/fpg ;lsG5 .

87
g]kfndf tYof+ssf] k|sfzg tyf ljt/0f (Publication and Dissemination of Data in Nepal):

g]kfndf ljs]lGb|t k|0ffnL (Decentralized System) cGtu{t ljleGg ;+:yf tyf txjf6 tYof+sx?sf] pTkfbg, k|sfzg
/ ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . To;dWo] tYof+sx?sf] k|d'v pTkfbs s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu -s]=t=lj=_, tYof+s P]g, @)!%
jf6 lgb]{lzt 5 eg] cGo pTkfbsx? h:t}M g]kfn /fi6« a}+s / :yfgLo lgsfox?n] klg cf–cfkm\g} P]gcg';f/ tYof+ssf]
pTkfbg tyf k|sfzg ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . oLafx]s cGo ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfox?n] klg cfkm\g} k|of]usf] nflu egL
tYof+s ;+sng / k|sfzg ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ t/ To;df s]=t=lj= ;Fu ;dGjo ug'{kg]{ P]gsf] Aoj:yf kfngf ul/Psf] kfOb}g .
To;}n] ;dGjosf] cefjdf pTkflbt tyf ljtl/t tYof+sx?df bf]xf]/f]kg eO{ Psflt/ ;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] b'?kof]u eO/x]sf]
5 eg] csf]{lt/ cTofjZos tYof+ssf] If]qdf ;fwgsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . To:t}u/L pTkflbt tYof+sdf kl/efiffut tyf
cjwf/0ffut a]d]n Pj+ c:ki6tf (Inconsistencies in Concept and Definitions) h:tf sf/0fx?n] Pp6} k|s[ltsf
tYof+sx?df klg k/:k/ aflemg] kl/0ffdx? AofKt ePsf]n] k|of]ustf{x? cGof}ndf k/L pgLx?n] ;xL / oyfy{k/s tYof+s /
unt tYof+saLr lje]b ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf 5 .
o:tf sdhf]/Lx? sd ub}{ n}hfg] tyf b]zs} ;du| tYof+sLo If]qnfO{ lgoGq0f (Control) tyf lgodg (Regulate)
ug]{ Pj+ o; If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ lhDd]jf/L tYof+s P]g @)!%, adf]lhd s]Gb|Lo tYof+s
ljefusf] ePtfklg s]=t=lj= Psflt/ k/Dk/fut cfGtl/s sfo{x?df dfq ;Lldt /x]sf] / csf]{lt/ o;n] o; If]qsf] ljsf;sf]
nflu tof/ u/]sf] Consolidated National Statistical Plan (CNSP) sf] ;d]t k"0f{ sfof{Gjogsf] nflu /fhg}lts g]t[Tj tyf
pRr k|zf;s ju{x?nfO{ ;xdtLdf Nofpg g;lsPsf] tyf s]=t=lj= n] o;sf] nflu b]zAofkL?kdf kl/0ffdd'vL ax;, jsfnt
/ kIfkf]if0f (Advocacy and Lobbying) ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . kf/bzL{ tYof+s Pj+ ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;jf6 b]zleq ul/g] x/]s
ls|ofsnfk klg kf/bzL{ x'G5g\ . csf]{ cy{df b]z ljsf;sf] klxnf] r/0fdf tYof+s If]qsf] ljsf; ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . t/ b]vfj6L
cfbz{ af]s]sf / kf/bzL{ lsl;dn] b]zsf] zf;g;Qf ;+rfng ug]{ leqL dgzfo Pj+ 9+u gePsf clwsf+z /fhg}lts g]t[Tj
tyf :jfyL{, s'l6n pRr k|zf;s ;d"xx? -h;sf ;Gtlt÷efjL lk9Lx? ljb]z knfog e};s]sf 5g\_ o; If]qsf] cyf{t egf}
b]zs} plrt kb\bltut Pj+ ;dli6ut ljsf; /f]Sg rfxG5g\ . To;}n] tYof+ssf] k|sfzg tyf ljt/0fdf jf ;"rgfsf] xsdf
dfq ;Lldt g/xL ;dli6ut tYof+sLo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;+a}wflgs Aoj:yf x'g'kg]{ s'/fsf] kIfdf ax; k}/jL cfjZos
ePsf] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx? M
!= Bordens, K.S. & Abbott, B.B. (2002). Research Design and Methods: A Process Approach. Singapore:
McGraw-Hill.
@= Wolf, H.K. & Pant, P.R. (2007). Social Science Research and Thesis Writing . Nepal: Buddha Academic
Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
#= I.P. Fellegi (1991). Maintaining Public Confidence in Official Statistics, Journal of Royal Statistical Society
(1991) 154, Part 1
$= Office for National Statistics, United Kingdom (1997). Policy for the Release of Statistical Data to the Press
and Public . Version 2.
%= International Monetary Fund (1996). Guide to the Data Dissemination Standards.
^= B.P. Niraula (2003). Data Dissemination in Central Bureau of Statistics and User Friendly Data
Dissemination, Handbook of Regional Training/Workshop. Nepal: C.B.S. & UNFPA (2003)

88
 !@M hg;+Vof cWoog
♣
dx]z rGb k|wfg

!= ;fdfGo kl/ro
k[YjLdf dfgj hg;+Vofsf] ;dfg ljt/0f ePsf] kfOb}g . k[YjLdf dfgj ;Eotfsf] yfngL ePb]lv g} hg;+Vofdf kl/jt{gx?
ePsf] kfOG5 . hg;+Vof cWoogsf] ljsf; dfgj ;d'bfosf] ljsf; ;+u;+u} ePsf] xf] . ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;d:ofx?
;dfwfg ug{ tyf k|Zff;gnfO{ ;'rf??kn] ;+rfng ug{sf nflu dfgj hg;+Vofsf] plrt clen]v /fVg yflnPsf] kfOG5 .
cfw'lgs kl/k|]Iodf ljZjdf hg;+Vofsf] l:ylt s:tf] 5 < s'n hg;+Vof slt 5 < hGd b/, d[To'b/ s] 5 < a;fOF ;/fOsf]
cj:yf s:tf] 5 < hg;+Vofdf lzIffsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < lqmofzLn hg;+Vof slt 5g\ < afnaflnsfsf] hg;+Vof, aof]j[4x?sf]
;+Vof / ltgLx?sf] ljt/0f k|0ffnL s:tf] 5 < h:tf ljleGg kIfx?sf] cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f g} hg;+Vof cWoog xf] .

@= hg;+Vof cWoogsf] cfw'lgs ljsf;

a]nfotdf ;qf}+ ztfAbLsf] dWolt/ hg;+Vofsf] cWoogsf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . a]nfotsf hf]xg u|fF6nfO{ hg;+Vof cWoogsf
lktf elgG5 h;n] ;a{k|yd hg;+Vofsf] If]qdf cWoog, cg';Gwfg z'?jft u/]sf lyP . pgn] ;g\ !^^* df n]v]sf] “Natural
and Political Observations made upon the Bills of Mortality k':tsdf d'Vo?kn] d[To', k|hgg\ / a;fOF ;/fO;DaGwL
;+VofTds ljZn]if0f k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . u|fF6n] k':ts k|sflzt u/]sf] sl/a #) aif{kl5 P8d08 x]nLn] ;g\ !^(# df hGd /
d[To';DaGwL k':ts n]v] . o:t} hf]xfg lk6f/ / k|mfG; lgjf;L a]Ghfldg k|mf+slngn] klg hg;+Vof cWoogdf s]xL of]ubfgx?
u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !&(* df yf]d; cf/ dfNy;n] hg;+Vofsf] cWoog;DaGwL “Principle of Population” gfds k':ts k|sflzt
u/] . pGgfO;f} / aL;f} ztfAbLb]lv o'/f]k / cd]l/sfdf hg;+Vof cWoogsf] qm|lds ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 .

;g\ !&() df ;++o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf klxnf] hgu0fgf ePsf] lyof] eg] a]nfot / k|mfG;df ;g\ !*)! df klxnf] hgu0fgf
ePsf] lyof] . o:t} ef/tdf ;g\ !*&@ df hgu0fgfsf] z'?jft ePsf] lyof] . clk|msL /fHox?df bf];|f] ljZj o'4kl5 dfq
hgu0fgf lng] sfo{sf] ;'?jft ePsf] kfOG5 . o:t} rLgdf cfw'lgs k|sf/sf] hgu0fgf lng] sfo{ ;g\ !(%# b]lv ;'?ePsf]
b]lvG5 . g]kfndf ;g\ !(!! df k|yd hgu0fgf sfo{ z'?ePklg ;g\ !(%@ / !(%$ df b'O{ r/0fdf ;DkGg ul/Psf]
hgu0fgfnfO{ cfw'lgs hgu0fgfsf] ?kdf lnOG5 .

#= hg;+Vof cWoogsf] dxTj

jt{dfg o'udf hg;+Vof cWoogsf] dxTj a9\b} uPsf] 5 . hg;+Vof a[l4af6 ljsl;t tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b'j} /fi6«x?df ljleGg
k|sf/sf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx? b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . ljsl;t b]zx?df hg;+Vof a[l4b/ k|lt:yfkg txeGbf tn k'Ug nfu]sf]n] oL
b]zx?df dfgj hgzlQm cyf{t ;|f]tsf] sdL ePsf] 5 eg] cNkljsl;t b]zx?df hg;+Vof a[l4b/ pRr eO{ hg;+Vofsf] a9\bf]
rfk b]lvG5 .

xfn ljZjsf] hg;+Vof ^&)% ldlnog cyf{t ^=& c/a k'u]sf] 5 . To;dWo] !@@& ldlnog hg;+Vof ljsl;t b]zx?df j;f]jf;
ub{5g\ eg] %$&( ldlnog hg;+Vof cNk ljsl;t b]zx?df j;f]jf; ub{5g (2008, World Population Data Sheet ) .
hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ljsl;t /fi6«x?df ljZjsf] !*=# k|ltzt hg;+Vof /x]sf 5g\ eg] cNkljsl;t b]zx?df
*!=& k|ltzt hg;+Vof a;f]jf; ub{5g\ .

s'g} b]z jf If]qsf] hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/, pd]/ / ln+ucg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] agf]6, pTkfbgzLn hg;+Vof / pTkfbgdf gnfu]sf
hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft, cNkljsl;t b]zx?df tLa| hg;+Vof a[l4 b/ x'gfsf sf/0f, hGdb/ pRr /xg'sf] sf/0f h:tf k|Zgx?nfO{
Wofgdf /fv]/ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf of]hgfx? to ug]{ ul/G5 . b]zsf] of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog kIfdf
hg;+Vofljb, e"uf]nljb, cy{zf:qL, ;dfhzf:qL, s[liflj1, pRr k|Zff;sx?, /fhg}lts AolQm tyf cGo ljifout lj1x?sf]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 / o; sfo{df hg;+flVos tYofÍsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

♣
tYof+s clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
89
$= hg;+Vofzf:q (Demography)
hg;+Vofzf:qnfO{ c+u|]hLdf Demography klg elgG5 . of] zAb u|Ls efiffsf] b'O{ zAb "Demos" / "Graphy" ldn]/
ag]sf] 5 . "Demos" sf] cy{ hgtf / "Graphy" sf] cy{ a0f{g x'G5 . jf:tjdf hg;+Vofzf:q dfgj hg;+Vofsf] ;f+lVosLo
cWoog xf] . o;cGtu{t s'g} If]qsf] hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/, a[l4 / x|f;, hGdb/, d[To'b/, a;fOF ;/fO tyf ljjfx;DaGwL sfo{x?
cyf{t 36gfx?sf] cWoog ul/G5 . ;+lIfKtdf hg;+Vofzf:q eGgfn] s'g} If]qsf] hg;+Vofsf] hGdb/, d[To'b/ / a;fOF ;/fOsf]
cWoog sfo{ xf] . hg;+Vof zf:q dfgj hg;+Vofsf] j}1flgs cWoog xf] . olb hg;+Vofzf:qnfO{ h}ljs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf
ef}uf]lns kIfx?;+u ;DalGwt u/fP/ cWoog ul/G5 eg] To;k|sf/sf] cWoognfO{ hg;+Vof cWoog (Population Studies)
elgG5 . o;}n] hg;+Vof cWoogsf] If]q a9L Aofks / ax'cfoflds 5 .

%= hg;fl+Vos tYof°sf ;|f]tx? (Sources of Population Data)

hGd, d[To' / a;fOF ;/fO h:tf k|lqmofx? g} hg;+Vof kl/jt{gsf d'Vo k|lqmofx? x'g\ . s'g} If]qsf] hg;+Vof a[l4b/sf] l:ylt
cf+sng ug{ ;f] If]qsf] hGdb/, d[To'b/, a;fOF ;/fOsf] l:yltnfO{ cWoog ug'{kb{5 . s'g} If]qsf] hg;+Vofsf] cWoog ug{ hGd,
d[To' / a;fOF ;/fO ;fy} hg;+Vofsf] ljt/0f / agf]6 h:tf tYofÍsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . oL hg;+Vof;+u ;DalGwt tYofÍnfO{ g}
hg;fl+Vos tYofÍ elgG5 .

s'g} klg b]zsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu pko'Qm gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjogdf cfwf/e"t hg;+flVos
tYofÍsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . t;y{, hg;+Vof kl/jt{gsf sf/s tTjx? hGd, d[To', a;fO ;/fO, ljjfx, kf/kfr's] cflb
h:tf b}jL 36gfx?sf] cWoog x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . hg;f+lVos tYofÍsf ljleGg ;|f]tx? x'G5g\ h'g lgDg k|sf/sf 5g\ .

!= hgu0fgf
@= JolQmut 36gf btf{ jf k+hLs/0f k|0ffnL
#= gd"gf ;j]{If0f
$= k|zf;sLo nutx?
%= hg;+Vof nutx?
^= cGt/f{li6«o k|sfzgx?

%=! hgu0fgf (Population Census)

w]/}h;f] d'n'sx?df hg;+Vof tYofÍsf] k|d'v ;|f]tsf] ?kdf hgu0fgfnfO{ lng] ul/G5 . s'g} b]z jf b]zsf] s'g} lglZrt e"efuleq
j;f]jf; ug]{ k|To]s JolQmsf] s'g} ljlzi6 ;dodf ul/g] tYofÍ ;+sng tyf ;+u|x, k|zf]wg, d"Nof+sg, ljZn]if0f / tL JolQmx?sf]
;dli6ut hg;f+lVos, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s tYofÍ k|sfzg tyf ljt/0f ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofnfO{ hgu0fgf elgG5 . clwsf+z
b]zx?df k|To]s !) – !) aif{sf] cGt/fndf hgu0fgf ul/g] k|rng 5eg] hfkfg / a]nfotn] k|To]s % – % aif{sf] cGt/fndf
hgu0fgf ;+rfng ug]{ ub{5g\ . g]kfndf k|To]s !) – !) aif{sf] cGt/fndf hgu0fgf ;+rfng ug]{ ul/G5 . g]kfndf xfn;Dd !)
j6f hgu0fgfx? ;DkGg eO;s]sf 5g\ eg] P3f/f} hgu0fgf lj=;=@)^* df ;+rfng ug]{ of]hgf /x]sf] 5 .

hgu0fgf sfo{cGtu{t b]zsf ;a} 3/kl/jf/df Ps} ;dodf k'uL kl/jf/ tyf kl/jf/df j;f]jf; ug]{ k|To]s JolQmsf ;DaGwdf
ljleGg laj/0fx? ;+sng ug]]{ ul/G5 . o;af6 ;+slnt tYofÍ b]zsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu clt g} cfjZos
ePsf]n] w]/}h;f b]zx?df hgu0fgfnfO{ k|d'v cfof]hgfsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . hgu0fgfaf6 ;+sng ul/Psf laj/0fx?af6
hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/, agf]6, ljt/0f, hfltotf, ;fIf/tf, cfly{s lqmofsnfk, efiff, wd{, hGd:yn, a;fOF ;/fO cflbaf/] e/kbf]{
tYofÍ k|fKt x'G5 . o;af6 k|fKt x'g] tYofÍ cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf of]hgfx? tof/ ug{ / sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu lgs}
pkof]uL x'G5g\ . o:t} hgu0fgfaf6 ;+slnt tYofÍx?af6 ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s laz]iftfx?, hg;+Vofsf] k]zfut tyf
Jofj;flos agf]6sf] :j?k (Occupation and Industrial Composition), ;fIf/tfsf] :t/ / z}lIfs tYofÍ, hfltotf, efiffut
tyf wfld{s / gful/stfsf cfwf/df hg;+Vofsf] ;+/rgfaf/] hfgsf/L xfl;n x'G5 .

90
o:t} hgu0fgfaf6 k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/df ljleGg k|sf/sf gd"gf ;j]{If0f (Sample Survey) ;+rfngsf nflu cfjZos kg]{
hg;+Vofsf] k|m]djs{ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 h;sf cfwf/df gd"gf ;j]{If0f ug]{ sfo{df ;xhtf x'G5 . 36gf btf{ k|0ffnL
k|efjsf/L?kdf nfu" x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf hgu0fgfaf6 k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/df ljleGg Vital Statistics x? h:t}M hLjg
tflnsf lgdf{0f ug]{ ul/G5 . hgu0fgfaf6 k|fKt x'g] hg;+Vofsf] tYofÍsf cfwf/df :yfgLo:t/b]lv /fli6«o:t/;Ddsf of]hgfx?
th{'df tyf ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x? ;+rfng ul/G5g\ . pd]/ / ln+ucg';f/sf] hg;+Vofsf] agf]6af6
lqmofzLn hgzlQmsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf ;fy} eljiodf ljBfno hfg] pd]/sf afnaflnsfx?sf] ;+Vof cg'dfg ug{
;lsG5 . pd]/ / ln+ucg';f/sf] hg;+Vofsf] agf]6 / hg;+Vof a[l4sf] cg'kftsf cfwf/df s'g} If]qsf nflu vfB ;fdu|L,
vfg]kfgL, ljB't, ;+rf/, cfjf;, :jf:Yo, lzIff h:tf of]hgfx? lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . hgu0fgfaf6 k|fKt x'g] hg;+Vofs} cfwf/df
ljleGg d'n'sx?df lgjf{rg If]q / hgk|ltlglw ;+Vof sfod ug]{ sfo{ ul/G5 . o;af6 jt{dfg / eljiodf a[l4 x'g] dtbftf
;+Vof klg cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfndf hgu0fgfaf6 k|fKt ePsf] hg;+VofnfO{ k|ltlglw ;ef ;b:o ;+Vof tyf lgjf{rg If]q
lgwf{/0f ug]{ h:tf ;+j}wflgs sfo{sf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 .

hgu0fgf b'O{ k|sf/af6 ;+rfng ug]{ ul/G5 M 8] ˆofS6f] (De facto) / 8] h'/] (De jure) . JolQmsf] jf:tljs pkl:yltsf]
cfwf/df ;+rfng ul/g] hgu0fgf k|lqmofnfO{ De facto census elgG5 . o;cg';f/ hgu0fgf lng] ;dodf s'g} If]qdf e]l6g]
;a} JolQmx?sf] u0fgf ul/G5 . AolQmsf] cS;/ a;f]af;sf] cfwf/df ;+rfng ul/g] hgu0fgf k|lqmofnfO{ De jure census
elgG5 . De jure method nfO{ j}1flgs k4lt dflgG5 . g]kfndf Modified de jure ljlwaf6 hgu0fgf ;+rfng ul/G5 .
%=@ JolQmut 36gf btf{ jf k+hLs/0f k|0ffnL (Vital Registration)
hg;+Vof tYofÍsf] csf]{ k|d'v ;|f]t JolQmut 36gf btf{ cyf{t k+hLs/0f k|0ffnL xf] . sfg"gL?kdf hGd, d[To', ljjfx, kf/kfr's],
a;fOF ;/fO h:tf hLjgsf k|d'v 36gfx? (Vital Events) tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq clgjfo{?kdf tf]lsPsf] kl~hsflwsf/Lsf]
sfof{nodf btf{ u/fpg] k|0ffnLnfO{ k~hLs/0f k|0ffnL (Vital Registration System) elgG5 . 36gf btf{ k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt
tl/sfaf6 ;+rfng ug{;s]df o;af6 k|fKt x'g] hGd, d[To', a;fOF ;/fO h:tf Vital Event x?sf] tYofÍ a9L e/kbf]{ x'G5 .
clwsf+z ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df of] k|0ffnL k|efasf/L x'g;s]sf] 5}g . cd]l/sf, j]nfot h:tf ljsl;t d'n'sx?df dfq of] k|0ffnL
Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L?kdf ;+rfng ePsf] kfOG5 .
%=# gd"gf ;j]{If0f (Sample Survey)
tYofÍzf:qdf s'g} rLh jf JolQmsf] ;Dk"0f{ u0fgfnfO{ k"0f{u0fgf jf hgu0fgf (Complete Count or Census) elgG5 .
hgu0fgf ;+rfngsf nflu 7"nf] hgzlQm, w]/} wg/fzL / nfdf] ;dosf] cfjZostf kg]{ x'Fbf x/]s ;do hgu0fgf ;+rfng ug{
;+ej x'+b}g . o; kl/l:yltdf hg;+Vofsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L hg;+Vofsf] ;fgf] c+z dfq 5gf}6 u/L s'g} lglZrt If]qsf]
cWoogsf nflu u0fgf sfo{ ul/G5 . o;k|sf/sf] u0fgf sfo{nfO{ :ofDkn cyf{t gd"gf ;j]{If0f elgG5 . hgu0fgf k|To]s bz
aif{df dfq ;+rfng ul/g] ePsf]n] ;do ;dodf hg;+Vofsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ hg;+Vof;DaGwL gd"gf ;j]{If0f sfo{x? ;+rfng
ul/G5g\ . o;k|sf/sf] hg;f+lVos gd"gf ;j]{If0f ;+rfng ubf{ hgu0fgfdf h:tf] 7"nf] vr{ gnfUg] / lj:t[t ?kdf hg;f+lVos
laz]iftfx? (Demographic Characteristics) sf] cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . o;k|sf/sf ;j]{If0fx?af6 dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{o / lgisif{
lgsfNg ;lsG5 . g]kfndf ul/Psf hg;+Vof;DaGwL s]xL gd"gf ;j]{If0fx? lgDg k|sf/sf 5g\ .
-s_ Nepal Health Survey, 1964
-v_ Demographic Sample Survey, 1974-1978
-u_ Nepal Fertility Survey, 1976
-3_ Demographic Sample Survey (1986-1987)
-ª_ Demographic Health Survey, 1996, 2001, 2006

%=$ hg;+Vof kl~hsf (Population Register)

hg;+Vof tYofÍsf] csf]{ dxTjk'0f{ ;|f]t eg]sf] hg;+Vof kl~hsf (Population Register ) xf] . w]/}h;f] o'/f]lkog d'n'sx?df
hg;+Vofsf] k|zf;lgs /]s8{ sfod ug{ :yfoL hg;+Vof /lh:6/ :ylkt ul/g' Psbd clgjfo{ cfjZostf 7flgPsf] x'G5 . o;n]
hgu0fgfdf ;+slnt tYofÍnfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ d2t ub{5 / o;af6 hg;+Vofsf] k|j[lQ (Population Trend) klg :ki6 x'G5 .
o; k|sf/sf] hg;+Vof kl~hsf aflif{s?kdf cBfjlws ul/G5 / o;sf cfwf/df a;f]jf;, /f]huf/L h:tf of]hgfx? lgwf{/0f

91
ul/G5 . ljsl;t d'n'sx? h:t}M a]lNhod, :jL8]g, lkmgn}+8, sf]l/of h:tf b]zx?df hg;+Vof kl~hsf sfod ul/Psf] 5 .
hg;+Vof kl~hsfdf d'n'ssf ;Dk"0f{ gful/sx?sf] laj/0fx? btf{ ul/G5 . o;sf ;fy} gofF hGd, d[To', ljjfx, a;fOF ;/fO
;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ laj/0f hg;+Vof kl~hsfdf /]s8{ ul/G5 . hg;+Vof /lhi6/ ljleGg hg;f+lVos tYofÍsf] ljZj;gLo ;|f]t xf] .
hg;+Vof kl~hsfdf hgu0fgfdf h:t} ;Dk"0f{ laj/0fx?sf] nut /fVg] ul/G5 eg] k~hLs/0f k|0ffnLdf hLjg;DaGwL k|d'v
36gfx?sf] /]s8{ ul/G5 .
%=% cGo k|zf;lgs nutx? (Other Administrative Records)
hg;+Vof ;DaGwL tYofÍ cGo k|zf;lgs /]s8{x?af6 klg k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . s]xL d'n'sx?df ljdf ;+:yfx?n] hg;+Vofsf] k|jl[Q,
hGdb/, d[To'b/ ;DaGwL nutx? /fVg] u/]sf x'G5g\ . dtbftfx?sf] gfdfjnL, ljBfno egf{sf nutx?, /f;g sf8{sf] nut,
ljB't dx;'n lt/]sf] nutx? cflb k|zf;sLo nutx?af6 cf+lzs?kdf hg;+Vof tYofÍ lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
%=^ cGt/f{li6«o k|sfzgx? (International Publications)
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf ;fy} cGo cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+u7gx?n] ljZjsf] / ljleGg b]zx?sf hg;f+lVos tYofÍx? k|sflzt ug]{ ub{5g\ .
o; cGtu{t Demographic Year Book, Statistical Year Book, World Population Data Sheet, Population Chart,
ESCAP Population Datasheet nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

^= hg;+Vofsf] agf]6 (Population Composition)

s'g} klg d'n'ssf] /fhg}lts, ef}uf]lns, If]qLo, pd]/, ln+u, hflt, wd{, efiff cflbsf] cfwf/df hg;+Vofsf] t'ngfTds l:yltnfO{
hg;+Vofsf] agf]6 elgG5 . hg;+Vofsf] agf]6nfO{ Jojl:yt / j}1flgs ?kdf cWoog ug{sf nflu s'n hg;+VofnfO{ ljleGg
k|sf/n] ljefhg u/L cWoog ul/G5 . h:t} M pd]/cg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] agf]6 (Age Composition), ln+ucg';f/ hg;+Vofsf]
agf]6 (Sex Composition), k]zfut agf]6 (Occupational Composition), hg;+Vofsf] wfld{s agf]6 (Religious
Composition), efiffut agf]6 (Language Composition), hftLo÷hghftLo agf]6 (Caste/Ethinic Composition) cflb .

^=! ln+u / pd]/cg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] agf]6 (Sex-Age Composition)

hg;+Vof cWoogdf pd]/ / ln+u cfwf/e"t cyf{t h}ljs ljz]iftfx? x'g\ . hg;f+lVos?kdf dfq geO{ ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts,
cfly{s ;+/rgfdf o;sf] k|efa /x]sf] x'G5 . hGdb/, d[To'b/, cfGtl/s / afXo a;fOF ;/fO, j}jflxs l:yltsf] agf]6, hgzlQm,
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg, z}lIfs tyf :jf:Yo, cfjf;;DaGwL of]hgf th'{df / cWoog ug{sf nflu pd]/ / ln+ucg';f/sf]
hg;+Vofsf] agf]6n]] k|efj kfb{5 . pd]/ / ln+ucg';f/ k|foM ;+u;+u} hg;+Vofsf] ljefhg ul/G5 . pd]/nfO{ hg;f+lVos cWoogsf]
;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ tTj dflgG5 . h'g b]zdf k~hLs/0f k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ;'b[9 5}g tL b]zx?df hGdb/, d[To'b/, a[l4b/ u0fgf
ug{ pd]/ut hg;+Vof cfwf/e"t tTj dflgG5 . o:t} ljleGg ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf; of]hgfx? th'{df tyf lgdf{0fsf nflu
pd]/ut tYofÍsf] lgs} dxTj /x]sf] x'G5 . pd]/s} cfwf/df lzIff, :jf:Yo ;]jf cflbsf] sfo{qmdx? to ul/G5g\ . ;fdfGotM
pd]/ut hg;+VofnfO{ lgDg tLg k|sf/sf] ljefhgsf cfwf/df cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .

-s_ Ps÷Ps aif{cg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] ljefhg (Single Year Age Distribution)

-v_ kfFr÷kfFr aif{cg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] ljefhg (Five Year Age Distribution)
-u_ 7"nf pd]/ ;d"xcg';f/sf] hg;+Vof ljefhg (Broad Age Distribution)

92
g]kfnsf] lj=;= @)%* sf] s'n hg;+VofnfO{ %–% aif{sf] pd]/ ;d"xcg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] agf]6 tflnsf ! df b]vfOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf !M %– % aif{sf] pd]/ ;d'x / ln+ucg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] agf]6

hg;+Vof
pd]/ ;d"x -aif{df_ s'nhDdf k'?if dlxnf
0-4 3,168,560 1,629,110 1,539,450

5-9 3,038,060 1,545,440 1,492,620

10-14 2,891,580 1,463,450 1,428,130

15-19 2,483,820 1,218,870 1,264,950

20-24 2,119,350 1,014,630 1,104,720

25-29s 1,806,373 860,346 946,027

30-34 1,544,853 750,970 793,883

35-39 1,309,530 648,741 660,789

40-44 1,098,296 549,778 548,518

45-49 913,668 463,030 450,638

50-54 755,015 388,062 366,953

55-59 619,807 319,610 300,197

60-64 496,652 253,824 242,828

65-69 374,473 190,162 184,311

70-74 250,738 127,864 122,874

75-79 161,578 82,007 79,571

80 aif{ / ;f] eGbf dfly 119,070 58,027 61,043

g]kfn 23,151,423 11,563,921 11,587,502

;|f]tM g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof k|If]k0f -@))! – @)@!_, s]=t=lj= .

^=!=! hg;+Vofsf] ln+u cg'kft (Sex Ratio)

ln+u cg'kftn] s'g} If]qdf k|lt Ps;o dlxnfdf k'?ifsf] ;+VofnfO{ hgfpF5 . pd]/ ljlzi6 ln+u cg'kft klg lgsflng] k|rng 5 .
o:t} hg;f+lVos cWoogsf nflu hGdFbf / d[To' x'Fbfsf] klg ln+u cg'kft lgsflnG5 . /f=h=u= @)%* cg';f/ g]kfnsf] ln+u
cg'kft k|lt Ps;o dlxnfdf ((=* lyof] . olb ln+u cg'kftsf] dfg !)) eGbf a9L 5 eg] dlxnfeGbf k'?ifsf] hg;+Vof a9L 5
eGg] a'em\g'kb{5 .

^=!=@ hg;+Vof lk/fld8 (Population Pyramid)

s'g} If]qsf] hg;+VofnfO{ pd]/ / ln+ucg';f/ lrqåf/f k|:t't ug]{ ljlwnfO{ hg;+Vof lk/fld8 elgG5 . hg;+Vof lk/fld8df % – %
aif{sf] pd]/ ;d"xdf s'g} If]qsf] hg;+VofnfO{ ljeflht u/L lrqåf/f k|:t't ul/G5 . lk/fld8sf] cfwf/ (Base) af6 dflylt/
a9\bf] pd]/cg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] agf]6 b]vfOG5 . k|To]s pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;+VofnfO{ a]Unf a]Un} :tDe (Bar) af6 afofFlt/ k'?if /
bfofFlt/ dlxnfsf] hg;+Vof b]vfOG5 . hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftsf] cfwf/df :tDesf] nDafO km/s km/s x'G5 . pd]/ ;d"xcg';f/sf]
hg;+Vof jf k|ltztnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL lk/fld8 tof/ ul/G5 . k|To]s If]q jf b]zsf] hg;+Vofsf] cf–cfkm\gf laz]iftfx? x'G5g\ .
o;}n] hg;+Vof lk/fld8sf] cfsf/ tyf k|s[lt klg leGg leGg x'G5g\ . lrq ! n] g]kfnsf] hg;+Vofsf] lk/fld8nfO{ bzf{Psf] 5 .

93
 lrq !M g]kfnsf] pd]/ ln+ucg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] lk/fld8
-s'n hg;+Vofsf] k|ltzt_

^=!=# hg;+Vofsf] cfl>t cg'kft (Dependency Ratio)

hg;+Vof ;+/rgf cWoogsf nflu hg;+Vofsf] cfl>t cg'kftsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . s'n cfl>t cg'kft eGgfn] e/v/ hGd]b]lv !$
aif{;Ddsf / ^) aif{ / ;f]eGbf dfly pd]/ ;d"xsf hDdfhDdL hg;+Vof / !% b]lv %( aif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf hDdf hg;+Vofsf]
cg'kft xf] . of] ;"rsnfO{ k|ltztdf JoQm ul/G5 . of] ;"rsn] k|lt !)) lqmofzLn hg;+Vofdf cfl>tx?sf] ;+Vof slt 5 eGg]
df]6fdf]6L lrq0f ub{5 . s]6fs]6Lx? / a[4x?sf] a]Unf a]Un} cfl>t cg'kft klg lgsflng] ul/G5 . /f=h=u= @)%* cg';f/
g]kfnsf] cfl>t cg'kft *$=& lyof] .

^=@ hft÷hflt, efiffcg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] agf]6 (Caste/ethnicity, Language Composition)

s'g} klg b]zsf] hg;+Vofdf hft÷hflt, wd{ / efiffsf] k|efj /x]sf] x'G5 . hft ÷ hflt, wd{ / Effiffut hg;+Vofsf] agf]6af6
b]zsf] hg;+Vofsf] jf:tljs l:ylt 1ft x'G5 . ljleGg k|sf/sf gLlt tyf of]hgfx? th'{df jf sfof{Gjogsf nflu s'g} klg
If]qsf] efiffut?kdf hg;+Vofsf] laz]iftfx? klxrfg ug'{ pkof]uL g} x'G5 . g]kfndf lj=;= @))(÷!! sf] hgu0fgfb]lv g} efiff
/ wd{;DaGwL tYofÍ k|sfzdf NofOPsf] kfOG5 eg] lj=;=@)$* sf] hgu0fgfb]lv dfq hft÷hfltsf] tYofÍ k|sfzg ul/Psf]
lyof] . lj=;= @)$* sf] hgu0fgfdf g]kfnsf] hft÷hfltsf] ;+Vof ^) k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] eg] lj=;= @)%* sf] hgu0fgfdf
:ki6 klxrfg ePsf !)) j6f hft÷hfltsf] ;+Vof k|sflzt ul/Psf] lyof] .

o:t} lj=;= @))(÷!! sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ g]kfndf %@ j6f dft[efiffx? klxrfg ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ lj=;= @)!*, @)@* /
@)#* sf hgu0fgfx?sf gtLhfaf6 qmdzM #^, !& / !* j6f dft[efiffx? k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . lj=;+= @)$* / @)%* sf]
hgu0fgfx?df qmdzM #! / (@ dft[efiffx?sf] tYofÍ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L ljleGg hgu0fgfx?df efiffefifLx?sf] ;+Vofdf
km/s b]lvG5 .

^=# wd{cg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] agf]6 (Religious Composition)

s'g} klg b]zsf] ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts hLjg k4ltsf] cWoogsf nflu wd{cg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] ljefhg Pp6f cfwf/ xf] .
wd{cg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] ljefhgn] b]zdf wd{cg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] j:t'l:yltsf] cjut x'G5 . lj=;+= @))(÷!! sf] hgu0fgfdf
hDdf # j6f wd{x? -lxGb', af}4 / O:nfd_ sf] tYofÍ k|sflzt lyof] eg] lj=;= @)!* sf] hgu0fgfdf lqmlZrog / h}g wd{
ylkPsf] lyof] . o:t} lj=;= @)@* sf] hgu0fgfdf lqmlZrog wd{sf] tYofÍaf/] s'g} pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g . lj=;+= @)#* sf]
hgu0fgfdf klg lj=;+= @)!* sf] hgu0fgfdf h:t} kfFrj6f wd{x? b]vfOPsf] 5 . o:t} @)$* sf] hgu0fgfdf ls/fFt / lzv
wd{x? ylkO{ & j6f wd{x?sf] tYofÍ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 eg] @)%* sf] hgu0fgfdf gofF wd{sf] ?kdf axfO wd{ yk ePsf]
b]lvG5 . o;/L hDdf * j6f :ki6 wd{x?sf] tYofÍ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
94
^=$ k]zfcg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] agf]6 ( Occupation Composition)
s'g} klg b]zsf] ljsf; of]hgfx?sf] th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ug{ tyf /f]huf/Lsf] of]hgf th'{df ug{ hg;+Vofsf] k]zfut agf]6
cWoog ul/G5 . g]kfnsf] hgu0fgfsf] gtLhfcg';f/ gf}j6f d'Vo k]zfx? h:t}M ljwfosx?, l;lgo/ clkml;onx? tyf
k|jGwsx?, Joj;flos lj1x?, k|fljlwsx? / ;Da4 lj1x?, Sns{x? tyf sfof{no ;xfosx?, ;]jf Joj;fodf nfu]sfx? /
Jofkf/Lx?, s[lif / jg If]qdf sfo{/t bIf jf cbIf JolQmx?, qmfkm\6 tyf ;DalGwt Jofkf/df ;+nUg JolQmx?, KnfG6 tyf d]l;g
rnfpg] ck/]6/x? tyf P;]Dan/x?, / ;fdfGo k]zfdf ;+nUg !) aif{ / ;f] pd]/eGbf dflysf JolQmx?sf] tYofÍ k|:t't ul/Psf]
5.

&= hg;+Vof kl/jt{gsf tTjx?

&=! k|hgg\ (Fertility)
k|hgg zAb, hGd;+u ;DalGwt ePsf]n] hg;+Vof cWoogdf o;sf] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg /x]sf] 5 . of] zAb, s'g} dlxnf jf dlxnf
;d"xåf/f s'g} pd]/ ;Ldfleq hGdfpg] lzz'x?sf] ;+Vof;+u ;DalGwt 5 . k|hgg\nfO{ hGdsf] tYofÍl;t dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g}
dlxnfsf] k|hgg\of]Uo pd]/ cjlwdf hLljt hGd]sf lzz'x?sf] ;+VofnfO{ k|hgg\ :t/ (Fertility Level) elgG5 .

&=!=! k|hgg\sf dfksx? (Measures of Fertlity)

k|hgg\:t/ dfkg ug]{ ljleGg tl/sfx? 5g\ . k|hgg\:t/sf] dfksnfO{ k|hgg\ b/ klg elgG5 . ljleGg k|hgg\ b/x? lgsfNg
hgu0fgf jf k~hLs/0f k|0ffnLaf6 ;+slnt cf+s8fx?sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . k|hgg\:t/ dfkg ug]{ s]xL k|d'v dfkx? cyf{t
k|hgg\sf s]xL ;"rsx? lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ .

-s_ sf]/f hGdb/ (Crude Birth Rate)

-v_ ;fdfGo k|hgg\ b/ (Gross Fertility Rate)
-u_ pd]/ ljlzi6 k|hgg\ b/ (Age Specific Fertility Rate)
-3_ s'n k|hgg\ b/ (Total Fertlity Rate)
-ª_ lzz' dlxnf cg'kft (Child Woman Ratio)
-r_ k'g?Tkfbg b/ (Reproduction Rate)

-s_ sf]/f hGdb/ (Crude Birth Rate)

sf]/f hGdb/ ;lhnf];+u dfkg ug{;lsg] / k|hgg\sf] :t/ ;lhn} ;+ua'em\g ;lsg] k|hgg:t/sf] dfks xf] . s'g} lglZrt If]qsf]
dWoaif{sf] k|lt Ps xhf/ hg;+Vofdf hLljt hGd]sf lzz'x?sf] ;+VofnfO{ g} sf]/f hGdb/ elgG5 .

;g\ @))* sf] tYofÍcg';f/ ljZjdf k|lt Ps xhf/ hg;+Vofdf hGdb/ @! /x]sf] 5 . ljZjdf sf]/f hGdb/ pRr /x]sf] d'n's
lugL lj;fp -%)_ / nfOa]l/of -%)_ x'g\ eg] ;a}eGbf sd /x]sf] d'n's hd{gL -*_ xf] . ;g\ @))* df g]kfnsf] sf]/f hGdb/
k|lt Ps xhf/ hg;+Vofdf @* /x]sf] 5 .

-v_ ;fdfGo k|hgg\ b/ (General Fertility Rate or GFR)

k|hgg\:t/ dfkg ug{sf nflu sf]/f hGdb/eGbf s]xL kl/:s[t dfk g} ;fdfGo k|hgg\ b/ xf] . s'g} lglZrt If]qsf] dWoaif{sf] k|lt
Ps xhf/ k|hgg\of]Uo pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfx?df hLljt hGd lnPsf lzz'x?sf] ;+VofnfO{ g} ;fdfGo k|hgg\ b/ elgG5 . of] b/
dfkg ubf{ !% b]lv $( aif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf dflxnfx?sf] ;+Vof dfq ;dfj]z ul/G5 . of] b/ lgsfNgsf nflu s'g} lglZrt If]qsf]
s'g} Ps aif{leq hLljt hGd]sf] lzz'x?sf] ;+Vof / pxL dWoaif{sf] !% b]lv $( aif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfx?sf] hg;+Vofsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . ;fdfGo k|hgg\ b/ k|hgg\:t/ dfkg ug{sf nflu s]xL /fd|f] ePklg o;sf s]xL bf]ifx? klg 5g\ . !% b]lv
$( aif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf s'n dlxnfx?df cljjflxt, ljwjf, 5'l§Psf, ;Gtfgf]Tkfbg Ifdtf gePsf dflxnfx?sf] ;+Vof klg ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] x'G5 h;n] ubf{ k|hgg\:t/sf] dfk jf:tljstfeGbf sd x'G5 . ;g\ @))^=sf] NDHS sf] tYofÍcg';f/ g]kfnsf]
;fdfGo k|hgg\ b/ k|lt Ps xhf/ dlxnfdf !!& lyof] h;dWo] zx/L ;fdfGo k|hgg\ b/sf] dfg *% / u|fdL0f ;fdfGo k|hgg\
b/sf] dfg !@# lyof] .

95
 -u_ pd]/ ljlzi6 k|hgg\ b/ (Age Specific Fertility Rate)

pd]/ ljlzi6 k|hgg\ b/nfO{ k|hgg\ :t/ dfkg ug]{ ;'wfl/Psf] ljlw dflgG5 . of] b/ lgsfNbf !% b]lv $( aif{ pd]/ ;d"xdf ;a}
dlxnfx?sf] ;Gtfgf]Tkfbg Ifdtf jf pj{/tf ;dfg x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotfnfO{ Wofg lbOG5 . ljleGg pd]/sf dlxnfx?df ljleGg
k|hgg\ b/x? x'G5g\ . ;fdfGotM !% b]lv $( aif{ pd]/ ;d"xcGtu{t k|To]s %–% aif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] pd]/ ljlzi6 k|hgg\ b/
lgsflnG5 . k|foM ljZjel/df @% b]lv @( aif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfx?n] a9L ;Gtfg hGdfpF5g\ . s'g} lglZrt If]qsf] s'g}
dWoaif{sf] Pp6f lglZrt pd]/ ;d"xsf k|lt Ps xhf/ dlxnfx?df pxL If]qsf] pxL pd]/;d"xsf dlxnfx?af6 hlGdPsf
lzz'x?sf] ;+VofnfO{ g} pd]/ ljlzi6 k|hgg\ b/ elgG5 . pd]/ ljlzi6 k|hgg\ b/sf] tYofÍaf6 ljjfxsf] pd]/;DaGwL gLlt
th'{df ug{ d2t ub{5 . o:t} of] ;"rsn] kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] ;]jf s]lGb|t ug'{kg]{ nlIft pd]/ ;d"x lgwf{/0f ug{ klg ;xof]u
ub{5 . oxL pd]/ ljlzi6 k|hgg\ b/sf] cfwf/df s'n k|hgg\ b/sf] lx;fa lgsflnG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;g\ @))^=sf] NDHS
tYofÍcg';f/ pd]/ ;d"x !%–!(, @)–@$, @%–@(, #)–#$, #%–#(, $)–$$, $%–$( sf] ASFR s|dzM k|lt Ps xhf/df (*,
@#$, !$$, *$, $*, !^, @ lyof] .

-3_ s'n k|hgg\ b/ (Total Fertility Rate)

;fdfGo cy{df Ps hgf dlxnfn] cfkm\gf] k|hgg\of]Uo pd]/ cjlwdf cyf{t !% b]lv $( aif{sf] cjlw;Dd cf};t hGdfpg]
lzz'x?sf] ;+VofnfO{ g} s'n k|hgg\ b/ (TFR) elgG5 . s'n k|hgg\ b/nfO{ k|hgg\:t/ dfkg ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ dfkssf] ?kdf
dflgG5 . Ps hgf dlxnfn] ;/b/ slt aRrf hGdfpF5g\ eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ s'n k|hgg\ b/n] g} k|bfg ub{5 . ;a} k|sf/sf hGd
b/x? h:t} CBR, GFR, CWR hg;+Vofsf] pd]/ / ln+usf] agfj6n] k|efljt u/]sf] x'G5 t/ pd]/ ljlzi6 k|hgg\ b/df pd]/ /
ln+usf] agfj6sf] k|efj /x]sf] x'Fb}g t/ o;n] k|hgg\ b/sf] pd]/cg';f/sf] k|j[lQ dfq bzf{pF5 . pd]/ ljlzi6 k|hgg\ b/sf]
cfwf/df s'n k|hgg\ b/ lgsflnG5 . s'n k|hgg\ b/nfO{ pd]/sf] agfj6n] k|efj kf/]sf] x'Fb}g . o;}n] ljleGg b]zx?sf
k|hgg\:t/ t'ngf ug{ s'n k|hgg\ b/sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . olb of] b/sf] dfg @ 5 eg] hg;+Vofdf a[l4 x'Fb}g . o:t} olb of] b/ @
eGbf a9L 5 eg] hg;+Vof a[l4 x'G5 / @ eGbf sd 5 eg] ;fljssf] hg;+Vof eGbf sd x'Fb} hfG5 .

;g\ @))* df ljZjdf s'n k|hgg\ b/ pRr /x]sf] d'ns ' x? lugL lj;fg -&=!_, gfOh/ -&=!_ x'g\ . o:t} nfOa]l/of, a'?08L,
P+uf]nf / ckmufgL:tfgsf] klg s'n k|hgg\ b/ pRr /x]sf] 5 . oL d'n'sx?sf] s'n k|hgg\ b/ ^=* /x]sf] kfOG5 . o:t} s'n
k|hgg\ b/ Go"g ePsf] d'n'sx? dsfp -!=)_, xªsª -!=)_ / tfOjfg -!=!_ /xsf] kfOG5 .

;g\ @))^ sf] g]kfn hg;+flVos tyf :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f - NDHS _ n] s'n k|hgg\ b/ ;g\ !((^ sf] t'ngfdf lgs} tn /x]sf]
b]vfPsf] 5 . ;g\ !((^ df s'n k|hgg\ b/ $=^ hGd lyof] eg] ;g\ @))^ df of] b/ k|lt Ps dlxnf #=! hGd sfod x'g
cfPsf] 5 . o;/L pQm ;j]{If0fn] ljut !) aif{leq sl/a bz dlxnfaf6 !% aRrfsf] hGd 36]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 .

- ª _ k'g?Tkfbg b/ (Reproduction Rate)

s'n k|hgg\b/ lgsfNbf k'?if / dlxnf b'j} hLljt hGdnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/G5 eg] k'g?Tkfbg b/df dlxnf hLljt hGdnfO{ dfq
;dfj]z ul/G5 . olb pd]/ ljlzi6 hGdb/ l:y/ /xG5 / s'g} klg k|hggof]Uo pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnf dlxgfjf/L /f]lsg]
(Menopause) cj:yf cufl8 d[To' x'Fb}g eg] s'n k'g?Tkfbg b/n] k|lt Ps xhf/ k|hgg\of]Uo dlxnfdf slt aflnsfx?sf]
hLljt hGd x'G5 eGg] b]vfpF5 . k'g?Tkfbg b/ b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ -!_ s'n k'g?Tkfbg b/ (Gross Reproduction Rate) / -@_
v'b k'g?Tkfbg b/ (Net Reproduction Rate) .

jf:tjdf hg;+Vof a[l4sf nflu dlxnfx? g} lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ . hlt a9L dlxnfx?sf] hGd x'G5 Tolt g} a9L dlxnf k'g?Tkfbg
;d"xdf k|j]z u5{g\ . Ps aflnsfsf] hGd eg]sf] eljiodf Ps cfdfsf] hGd xf] . o;y{ jf:tljs?kdf hg;+Vof a[l4 kQf
nufpg k|hgg\of]Uo pd]/sf dlxnfx?af6 k|hgg\ cjlwdf hlGdPsf aflnsfx?sf] ;+Vofsf] 1ft x'g'kb{5 . s'n k|hgg\ b/nfO{
aflnsfx?sf] hlGdg] cg'kftn] u'0ff ul/ s'n k'g?Tkfbg b/ (Gross Reproduction Rate) lgsflnG5 . olb of] b/ !))) eGbf
a9L 5 eg] hg;+Vof a[l4 x'G5 .

jf:tjdf hg;+Vofsf] k|lt:yfkgf v'b k'g?Tkfbg b/df lge{/ ub{5 . v'b k'g?Tkfbg b/ (Net Reproduction Rate) lgsfNbf
hGdlnPsf aflnsfx?af6 tL lzz'x?sf] ;+Vof 36fOG5 hf] aRrf pTkfbg ug]{ pd]/eGbf klxn] g} d[To' x'G5 . o:t} of] b/
lgsfNbf ljwjf / cljjflxtsf] ;+Vof klg 36fOG5 . h:t}M pbfx/0fsf nflu olb Ps xhf/ dlxnfn] Ps xhf/ aflnsfx?nfO{
hGd lbG5 / tL sGofx? k|hgg\ cjlwe/ hLljt /xG5g\ eg] v'b k'g?Tkfbg b/ ! x'G5 . o;y{ olb v'b k'g?Tkfbg b/sf] dfg

96
! 5 eg] hg;+Vof ;dfg /xG5 . olb v'b k'g?Tkfbg b/sf] dfg ! eGbf a9L 5 eg] hg;+Vof a[l4 x'G5 . olb v'b k'g?Tkfbg
b/sf] dfg ! eGbf sd 5 eg] hg;+Vofklg sd x'+b} hfG5 .

-r _ lzz' dlxnf cg'kft (Child Woman Ratio or CWR)

s'g} lglZrt If]qsf] k|lt Ps xhf/ k|hgg\ pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfsf] hg;+Vofdf e/v/ hGd]b]lv % aif{eGbf d'lgsf aRrfx?sf]
;+Vof g} lzz' dlxnf cg'kft xf] . of] cg'kftaf6 k|hgg\ pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfx?df lzz' hGdsf] bjfasf] l:ylt 1ft x'G5 .
g]kfndf lzz' dlxnf cg'kftsf] l:ylt ;g\ !(&!, !(*!, !((! / @))! df k|lt Ps xhf/ k|hgg\ pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfdf
qmdzM %*&, ^%^, ^!%, $(@ /x]sf] lyof] .

&=@ d[To' (Mortality)

hg;+Vof kl/jt{g ug]{ tLgj6f tTjx?dWo] d[To' klg Ps k|d'v tTj (Component) xf] . sd d[To'b/ / a9L d[To'b/n]
hg;+Vofsf] ljleGg kIfx?nfO{ O+lut ub{5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] kl/efiffcg';f/ s'g} klg ;dodf dflg;sf] hGd ePkl5 cfkm\gf]
hLjgsf] ;a} cl:tTj :yfoL ?kn] ljlng x'g] cj:yfnfO{ g} d[To' elgG5 .

&=@=! d[To'b/sf dfksx? (Measurement of Mortality Level)

hg;f+lVos cWoogdf ljleGg k|sf/sf d[To'b/ x? lgsflnG5g\ . tL o;k|sf/ 5g\ .

-s_ sf]/f d[To'b/ (Crude Death Rate)

-v_ pd]/ ljlzi6 d[To'b/ (Age Specific Death Rate)
-u_ lzz' d[To'b/ (Infant Mortality Rate)
-3_ kfFr aif{ d'lgsf afn d[To'b/ (Under Five Mortality Rate)
-ª_ dft[ d[To' cg'kft (Maternal Mortality Ratio)

-s_ sf]/f d[To'b/ (Crude Death Rate)

s'g} lglZrt If]qsf] s'g} dWo aif{df k|lt Ps xhf/ hg;+Vofdf d[To' x'g]x?sf] ;+VofnfO{ g} sf]/f d[To'b/ (CDR) elgG5 . cyf{t
s'g} :yfgsf] s'g} lglZrt aif{df ePsf] d[To' x'g] hg;+Vof / pxL :yfg / pxL dWoaif{sf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft g} sf]/f
d[To'b/ xf] . ljsl;t b]zx?sf] t'ngfdf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df sf]/f d[To'b/ a9L x'G5 . ;g\ @))* df ljZjsf] sf]/f d[To'b/ k|lt
Ps xhf/ hg;Vofdf * /x]sf] 5 . ljZjdf sf]/f d[Tob/ pRr /x]sf] b]zx? :jfhLNof08 -#!_, n];f]yf] -@%_, l;o/flnog -@#_,
hflDaof -@@_ /x]sf 5g\ eg] sf]/f d[To'b/ sd /x]sf d'n'sx? stf/ -@_, o'gfO6]8 c/a Old/]6\; -@_, s'j]t -@_ x'g\ . lj=;=
@)%* hgu0fgfsf] gtLhfcg';f/ ck|ToIf cg'dfg ljlwaf6 g]kfnsf] sf]/f d[To'b/ k|lt Ps xhf/ hg;+Vofdf !)=* /x]sf] lyof] .
;g\ @))& df g]kfnsf] sf]/f d[To'b/ k|lt xhf/df *=% /x]sf] 5 .

-v_ pd]/ ljlzi6 d[To'b/ (Age Specific Death Rate)

hg;+Vofdf pd]/cg';f/ d[To'b/df ljleGgtf /x]sf] kfOG5 . lzz' cj:yf, afn cj:yf, jo:s cj:yf, a[4a[4f cj:yfsf] d[To'b/
km/s km/s x'G5 . pd]/ ljlzi6 b/n] s'g pd]/ jf pd]/ ;d"xdf dflg;x? a9L db{5g\ eGg] b]vfpF5 . s'g} pd]/ jf pd]/
;d"xdf s'g} aif{df d[To' x'g]x?sf] ;+Vof / pxL pd]/ jf pd]/ ;d"xsf] dWoaif{sf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftnfO{ g} pd]/ ljlzi6
d[To'b/ elgG5 . o; b/nfO{ k|lt Ps xhf/ hg;+Vof PsfOdf JoQm ul/G5 . ljleGg cWoogx?Aff6 afNofj:yfdf jf a[4fj:yfdf
d[To'b/ pRr /x]sf] x'G5 . pd]/cg';f/ hg;+Vof ;+/rgfsf] cWoogsf nflu pd]/ ljlzi6 d[To'b/ lgsflng] ul/G5 .

-u_ lzz' d[To' b/ (Infant Mortality Rate)

s'g} If]qsf] s'g} lglZrt aif{df hLljt hGd eO{ Ps aif{ k"/f gx'Fb} d[To' x'g] lzz'x?sf] ;+Vof / e/v/ hGd]b]lv Ps aif{ pd]/ k"/f
gePsf hLljt lzz'x?sf] s'n ;+Vofsf] cg'kftnfO{ g} lzz' d[To'b/ (IMR) elgG5 . o; cg'kftnfO{ k|lt Ps xhf/ hg;+Vofdf
JoQm ul/G5 . ;fdfGo cy{df s'g} If]qsf] s'g} aif{ k|lt Ps xhf/ hLljt hGd ePsf] lzz'sf] ;+Vofdf Ps aif{ gk'Ub} d[To' x'g]
lzz'x?sf] ;+VofnfO{ g} lzz' d[To'b/ elgG5 . of] ;"rsnfO{ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIocGtu{t afn d[To'b/ sd ug]{ nIo cg'udgsf
nflu k|d'v ;"rssf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . o; b/n] Ps aif{eGbf d'gLsf] lzz'x?sf] hLljt /x]sf] cj:yf (Child Survival)

97
l:yltsf] dfkg ub{5 . o;n] lzz'x? s:tf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] cj:yfdf u'lh|/x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ lrq0f
ub{5 . of] Ps k|sf/sf] pd]/ ljlzi6 d[To'b/ klg xf] .

ljsl;t b]zx? / ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?sf] lzz' d[To'b/sf] 9fFrf (Pattern) km/s km/s /x]sf] kfOG5 . ljsl;t b]zdf of] b/ sd
/ ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df of] ;"rssf] dfg a9L /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;g\ @))* df ljZjsf] lzz' d[To'b/ k|lt Ps xhf/ hLljt
hGddf $( sfod /x]sf] 5 . clt ljsl;t d'n'sx?df of] b/ ^ /x]sf] 5 eg] sd ljsl;t b]zx?df of] b/ %$ /x]sf] 5 .
ljZjdf lzz' d[To'b/ sd /x]sf d'n'sx? cfO;Nof08 -!=#_, xªsª -!=^_, dsfp -@_ x'g\ eg] lzz' d[To'b/ pRr x'g] d'n'sx?
ckmufgL:tfg -!^#_, l;o/f lnog -!%*_, nfOa]l/of -!##_ x'g\ . ;g\ @))^ sf] hg;f+lVos tyf :jf:Yo ;j]{If]0fsf]
k|ltj]bgcg';f/ g]kfndf k|lt Ps xhf/ hLljt hGd ePsf lzz'sf] ;+Vofdf Ps aif{ gk'Ub} d[To' x'g] lzz'x?sf] ;+Vof $* lyof] .
kGw| aif{cufl8 of] b/sf] dfg *@ lyof] . of] ;r"sn] ;du| :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] l:yltnfO{ emNsfpF5 .

-3_ kfFr aif{ d'gLsf afn d[To'b/ (Under Five Mortality Rate)

of] klg Ps lsl;dsf] pd]/ ljlzi6 d[To'b/ xf] . o;n] kfFr aif{eGbf d'gLsf lzz'x?sf] d[To' x'g] ;+efljt b/nfO{ atfpF5 . cyf{t
k|lt Ps xhf/ kfFr aif{ d'gLsf afnaflnsfx?dWo] kfFr aif{ gk'Ub} d[To' x'g]x?sf] ;+VofnfO{ g} kfFr aif{ d'gLsf afnaflnsfx?sf]
d[To'b/ elgG5 . of] ;"rs klg ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIocGtu{t afn d[To'b/ sd ug]{ nIo cg'udgsf nflu k|d'v ;"rssf] ?kdf
lnOPsf] 5 . o; b/n] kfFr aif{eGbf d'gLsf] afnaflnsfx?sf] hLljt /xg] cj:yf (Child Survival) sf] dfkg ub{5 . o;n]
afnaflnsfx? s:tf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] cj:yfdf u'lh|/x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ lrq0f ub{5 . ;g\ @))^ sf]
hg;f+lVos tyf :jf:Yo ;j]{If]0fsf] k|ltj]bgcg';f/ g]kfndf k|lt Ps xhf/ kfFr aif{ d'gLsf afnaflnsfx?sf] ;+Vofdf kfFr aif{
k"/f geO{ d[To' x'g] afnaflnsfx?sf] ;+Vof ^! /x]sf] lyof] .

-ª_ dft[ d[To'b/ (Maternal Mortality ratio)

Dfly pNn]v u/]cg';f/ ljleGg pd]/ ;d"x, ln+u, k]zf, hLjg:t/cg';f/ d[To'b/sf] dfg km/s kb{5 . o;}n] dlxnfx?sf] pd]/
;d"xcg';f/ km/s km/s d[To'b/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . cem eGg] xf] eg] ljjflxt !% b]lv $( aif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfx?df uef{j:yf
jf k|;jsf] sf/0f d[To'sf] ;+efjgf a9L x'G5 . o;}n] dft[ :jf:Yosf] l:ylt dfkg ug{sf nflu dft[ d[To' cg'kft lgsflnG5 . k|lt
Ps nfv hLljt hGddf uef{j:yf jf k|;j x'Fbf jf k|;j ePsf] $@ lbgleq d[To' x'g] dlxnfx?sf] ;+VofnfO{ g} dft[ d[To' cg'kft
elgG5 . of] cg'kft klg ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIocGtu{t dft[ :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ ug]{ nIo cg'udgsf nflu k|d'v ;"rssf] ?kdf
lnOPsf] 5 . of] ;"rsn] k|ToIf?kdf uef{j:yf jf k|;jsf] sf/0fn] x'g] dft[ d[To'sf] :t/nfO{ dfkg ub{5 . o;n] dft[:jf:Yosf]
l:yltnfO{ bzf{pF5 . ljsl;teGbf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df of] cg'kft pRr /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . pRr dft[ d[To' cg'kftn] k|hgg\
:jf:Yo / ;du| :jf:Yosf] l:ylt sdhf]/ /x]sf] a'emfpF5 eg] lgDg cg'kftn] k|hgg\ :jf:Yodf ;'wf/sf] l:yltnfO{ b]vfpF5 .

;g\ @))^ sf] hg;f+lVos tyf :jf:Yo ;j]{If0fsf] k|ltj]bgcg';f/ g]kfndf k|lt Ps nfv hLljt hGddf dft[ d[To' @*! /x]sf]
kfOPsf] 5 . ;g\ !((^ df of] cg'kft %#( /x]sf] lyof] . ljutsf] t'ngfdf xfnsf] dft[ d[To'sf] cg'kftn] g]kfndf k|hgg\
:jf:Yodf ;'wf/ x'Fb} uPsf] emNsfpF5 .

-r_ hLjg k|Tofzf (Life Expectancy at Birth)

hLjg k|Tofzf s'g} If]q jf :yfgsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ ;"rs xf] . o;n] ;du| :jf:Yo l:yltnfO{ bzf{pF5 .
;fdfGo cy{df hLjg k|Tofzfn] s'g} aRrf hGdFbf p;sf] afFRg] ;+efJotf ePsf] hDdf cjlw jf aif{nfO{ hgfpF5 . olb s'g}
d'n'ssf dflg;x?sf] hLjg k|Tofzf a9L 5 eg] To; d'n'ssf] cj:yf ljsl;t 5 eGg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;g\ @))* df
ljZjsf] hLjg k|Tofzf ^* aif{ /x]sf] 5 h;dWo] k'?ifsf] ^& / dlxnfsf] &) aif{ /x]sf] 5 . o:t} ;g\ @))* df g]kfnsf]
hLjg k|Tofzf ^$ aif{ /x]sf] 5 h;dWo] k'?ifsf] ^# / dlxnfsf] ^$ aif{ /x]sf] 5 . lj=;= @)%* sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ g]kfnsf]
hLjg k|Tofzf ^)=$ aif{ /x]sf] lyof] h;dWo] k'?ifsf] ^)=! / dlxnfsf] ^)=& aif{ /x]sf] lyof] .

&=# a;fO“ ;/fO (Migration)

hg;+Vof kl/jt{g ug]{ tLg tTjx?dWo] a;fOF ;/fO klg Ps k|d'v tTj xf] . hg;f+lVos cWoogdf a;fOF ;/fO cWoogsf]
dxTjk"0f{ :yfg /x]sf] 5 . a;fOF ;/fOn] s'g} klg If]qsf] hg;+Vof a[l4 b/ / ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . ;fdfGo cy{df
cfkm\gf] jf;:yfg 5f8L ljleGg sf/0f jf p2]Zon] cGoq :yfgfGt/ x'g'nfO{ a;fOF ;/fO elgG5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]
kl/efiffcg';f/ a;fOF ;/fO eGgfn] Ps ef}uf]lns If]qaf6 csf]{ :yfgdf :yfgfGt/ x'g] k|lqmof xf] h;cg';f/ k|foM hGd]sf] 7fpF

98
jf pb\ud :yfg (Place of Residence or Birth) af6 jf;:yfg kl/jt{g u/L nlIft :yfg jf uGtJo :yfg (Place of
Destination) df a;f]af; ul/G5 . a;fOF ;/fO;DaGwL lj:t[t rrf{ o;} k':tssf] a;fOF ;/fO kf7df ul/Psf]n] o;df lj:t[t
rrf{ ul/Psf] 5}g .

*= hg;+Vof k|If]k0f (Population Projection)

hg;+Vof tYofÍsf] k"jf{g'dfgnfO{ ;fdfGo cy{df hg;+Vof k|If]k0f elgG5 . hg;f+lVos cWoogdf hg;+Vof k|If]k0fsf] dxTjk"0f{
:yfg /x]sf] 5 . s'g} If]q jf :yfgsf] eljiodf x'g] hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/ / :j?ksf] tYofÍLo ljlwaf6 cg'dfg ul/g] k|lqmofnfO{
hg;+Vof k|If]k0f elgG5 . s'g} If]qsf] k|hgg\ b/, d[To'b/, a;fOF ;/fOsf] l:yltnfO{ cf+sng u/L hg;+Vof k|If]k0f ul/G5 . ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3sf] kl/efiffcg';f/ hg;+Vof k|If]k0f Ps o:tf] ul0ftLo cg'dfg xf] h;cg';f/ eljiosf] k|hgg\, d[To', / a;fOF ;/fOsf]
:j?kaf/] emNsfpF5 . o;k|sf/sf] k|If]k0f k"j{lgwf{l/t dfGotfx?sf cfwf/df x'G5 .

*=! hg;+Vof k|If]k0fsf k|sf/x? (Types of Population Projection)

hg;+Vof k|If]k0f ug]{ ljleGg ljlwx? lgDgfg';f/ juL{s[t ug{ ;lsG5 .
-s_ ul0ftLo ljlw (Mathematical Method)
-v_ sDkf]g]G6 ljlw (Component Method)
hg;+Vof kl/jt{gdf c;/ ug]{ k|d'v tTjx? (Components) hGd, d[To' / a;fOF ;/fO h:tf hg;f+lVos tTjx?nfO{ cfwf/
dfgL ul/Psf] hg;+Vofsf] k|If]k0fnfO{ sDkf]g]G6 ljlw (Component Method) elgG5 . hg;+Vof k|If]k0f ubf{ of] ljlwsf] k|of]u
a9L ePsf] kfOG5 .

hg;f+lVos cWoogdf hg;+Vof k|If]k0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg /x]sf] x'G5 . hg;+Vofsf] hLjg tflnsf (Life Table) cljsl;t jf
cefa /x]sf] l:yltdf hg;+Vof k|If]k0f x'g cfjZos x'G5 . o:t} Ps hgu0fgfb]lv csf]{ hgu0fgf;Ddsf] cGt/fn !) aif{sf]
ePsf]n] ;f]aLrsf] cjlwsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ hg;+Vofsf] nflu klg hg;+Vof k|If]k0f ug]{ ul/G5 . o:t} b]zsf] s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo
tx;Ddsf] of]hgf tyf ljsf; sfo{qmdx? th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogsf nflu klg hg;+Vof k|If]k0f ul/g' clt cfjZos 5 .
;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx? agfpgsf nflu cBfjlws hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/, ah]6, pd]/, ln+u cflb laj/0fx?
cfjZos x'G5g\ h'g hg;+Vof k|If]k0faf6 k"lt{ ul/G5 .
*=@ g]kfndf hg;+Vof k|If]k0f
g]kfndf k|To]s bz – bz aif{sf] cGt/fndf hgu0fgf ;+rfng ul/+b} cfPsf] 5 . xfn;Dd g]kfndf bzj6f hgu0fgfx? ;DkGg
eO;s]sf 5g\ . o:tf hgu0fgfx?af6 hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/ / ;+/rgf;DaGwL tYofÍ k|fKt x'G5g\ . g]kfndf kl5Nnf] hgu0fgf ;g\
@))! Dff ePsf] lyof] . To; u0fgfaf6 k|fKt ePsf] ljleGg hg;f+lVos tYofÍsf cfwf/df eljiosf] hg;+Vofsf] a[l4 lgwf{/0f
ug{sf nflu ;g\ @))! b]lv @)@! ;Ddsf] hg;+Vof k|If]k0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

s'n k|hgg\ b/sf] ptf/ r9fjsf] cfwf/df tLg txdf hg;+Vof k|If]k0f ul/G5g\ . o;k|sf/sf] k|If]k0fnfO{ pRr, dWod / Go"g
txsf] hg;+Vof k|If]k0f elgG5 . hg;+Vof k|If]k0fsf log} tTjx?nfO{ d"n cfwf/ dfgL g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof k|If]k0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
hg;+Vofsf] pRrtd k|If]k0f (High Variant Projection) df s'n k|hgg\ b/ tLa|?kdf 36\b} hfG5 eGg] dfGotf sfod ul/Psf]
lyof] . o;cg';f/ hg;+Vof k|If]k0f ubf{ ;g\ @))! df s'n k|hgg\ b/ $ af6 ;g\ @)@! df @=! df sfod x'G5 eGg] dfGotf
lnOPsf] 5 o;nfO{ Fast Fertility Decline Variant klg elgG5 . hg;+Vofsf] dWod k|If]k0f (Medium Variant) df s'n
k|hgg\ b/ dWod b/n] 36\b} hfG5 eGg] dfGotf sfod ul/Psf] lyof] . o;cg';f/ hg;+Vof k|If]k0f ubf{ ;g\ @))! df s'n
k|hgg\ b/ $ af6 ;g\ @)@! df @=* sfod x'G5 eGg] dfGotf lnOPsf] 5 o;nfO{ Medium Fertility Decline Variant klg
elgG5 . o:t} Go"g hg;+Vofsf] k|If]k0fdf (Slow Variant) s'n k|hgg\ b/ lj:tf/} 36\b} hfG5 eGg] dfGotf sfod ul/Psf] lyof]
. o;cg';f/ hg;+Vof k|If]k0f ubf{ ;g\ @))! df s'n k|hgg\ b/ $ af6 ;g\ @)@! df # sfod x'G5 eGg] dfGotf lnOPsf] 5
o;nfO{ Slow Fertility Decline Variant klg elgG5 .

hg;+Vof k|If]k0f % aif{ pd]/ ;d"x / lnËcg';f/ /fli6«o tx, ljsf; If]q, ef}uf]lns If]q, gu/ / u|fdL0f If]q, / lhNnf:t/sf]
hg;+Vof k|If]k0f ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df dWod txsf] hg;+Vof k|If]k0fnfO{ pko'Qm dflgPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ljleGg
k|If]k0f txcg';f/ ljleGg aif{sf] hg;+Vof lgDg tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

99
 tflnsf @M g]kfnsf] ljleGg k|If]k0fcg';f/sf] k|If]lkt hg;+Vof
aif{ pRr txsf] hg;+Vof k|If]k0f dWod txsf] hg;+Vof k|If]k0f Go"g txsf] hg;+Vof k|If]k0f
(High Variant) (Medium Variant) (Low Variant)

;g\ @))! 23,151,423 23,151,423 23,151,423

;g\ @))^ 25767919 25,886,736 26,005,554
;g\ @)!! 28,177,454 28,584,975 29,060,622
;g\ @)!^ 30,174,690 31,327,341 32,218,337
;g\ @)@! 32,030,767 34,172,144 35,387,192
;|f]tM Population Projections for Nepal (2001-2021), CBS

(= hg;f+lVos ;"rsx?sf] cg'dfgdf ck|ToIf cg'dfg ljlw (Indirect Techniques for Demographic Estimation)
hg;f+lVos cg'dfg ljlwdf cfwf/e"t hg;f+lVos ;"rsx? (Basic Demographic Parameters) h:t}M hGdb/, d[To'b/,
k|hgg\sf] :t/ cflbsf] dfkg ug]{ k|of; ul/G5 . o:tf cfwf/e"t hg;f+lVos ;"rsx?n] pd]/ut agfj6 / cfsf/sf] ;Gbe{df
hg;+Vofsf] a[l4 s;/L x'g]5 eGg] s'/f O+lut ub{5 . k/Dk/fut?kdf hg;f+lVos cg'dfg hgu0fgf jf k~hLs/0f k|0ffnLaf6
k|fKt cf+s8fdf cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . ha k~hLs/0f k|0ffnL Jojl:yt, lgoldt / k"0f{ 5 / o;sf] tYofÍ hgu0fgfaf6 cfPsf tYofÍ
k"0f{ 5g\ eg] dfq k|ToIf ljlwaf6 hg;f+lVos ;"rsx? Dffkg ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ w]/}h;f] d'n'sx?df tYofÍLo k|0ffnL Jojl:yt,
lgoldt / k"0f{ ePsf] kfOb}g . jf:tadf w]/} d'n'sx? cem eGg] xf]eg] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df k~hLs/0f k|0ffnL Jojl:yt /
lgoldt ePsf kfOb}g . o:t} hgu0fgfaf6 k|fKt x'g] hGd, d[To' h:tf laj/0fx? klg k"/f u0fgf ePsf] x'Fb}gg\ cyf{t o;sf] cy{
k"0f{?kdf k|fKt ePsf] x'Fb}g . o:tf] ck"'0f{ tYofÍaf6 lgsflnPsf] hg;f+lVos ;"rsx? e/kbf{ x'Fb}gg\ / jf:tljstfaf6 6f9f /x]sf]
x'G5 .
o;/L k/Dk/fut tYofÍsf ;|f]tx?af6 k"0f{ tYofÍ k|fKt x'g] ;+efjgf sd ePsf]n] k|ToIf ljlwaf6 jf:tljs hg;f+lVos ;"rsx?
lgsfNg c;+ej ePsf]n] s]xL hg:f+Vofljbx?n] hg;f+lVos ;"rsx? lgsfNg ck|ToIf cg'dfg ljlwx?sf] ljsf; u/]sf] kfOG5 .
h:t}M ck|ToIf ljlwaf6 k|hgg\:t/ dfkg ug]{ ljlwx? Coal and Demeny Method, Brass’s P/F Ratio Method, Coale and
Trussel Method x'g\ . o:t} ck|ToIf ljlwaf6 ljleGg k|sf/sf d[To:t/ dfkg ug]{ ljlwx? klg 5g\ . ck|ToIf ljlwaf6
hg;f+lVos ;"rsx? cg'dfg ubf{ klg hgu0fgf jf k~hLs/0f k|0ffnLaf6 k|fKt cfFs8fx? g} k|of]u ul/G5g\ . xfn o:tf
;"rsx? lgdf{0f ug{ ljleGg sDKo'6/ ;km\6j]o/ k|0ffnLx? h:t}M FERT, Mortpack, PAS sf] ljsf; ul/Psf 5g\ .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?
1. Central Bureau of Statistics, 2002, “National Population Census 2001: National Report”, CBS & UNFPA,
Kathmandu.
2. Central Bureau of Statistics, 2003, “Population Monograph Vol. I & II”, CBS & UNFPA, Kathmandu.
3. Central Bureau of Statistics, ICIMOD, SNV 2003, “g]kfnsf] hgu0fgf @)%* sf ;"rsx? tyf k|jfx gSzfÍg”,
ICIMOD, Kathmandu.
4. Central Bureau of Statistics, 2003, “POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR NEPAL 2001-2021”, CBS &
UNFPA, Kathmandu.
5. Harka Gurung, 2003, “Social Demography of Nepal”, Himal Books, Kathmandu.
6. Ministry of Population and Environment, 2002, “Nepal Population Report 2002”, MoPE, Kathmandu.
7. Hans Raj, 1981 “Fundamentals of Demography”, Surjeet Publications, Delhi.
8. S.C. Gupta & V.K. Kapoor, “Fundamentals of Applied Statistics”, Sultan Chand & Sons, New Delhi.
9. Asha A. Bhende & Tara Kanitkar 1994, “Principles of Population Studies”, Himalaya Publishing House,
Bombay.
10. Mrigendra Lal Singh & Sanu Babu Sayami, 1990, “An Introduction to Mathematical Demography”,
J.M.Singh & B.D. Manandhar, Kathmandu.
11. bfdf]b/ 1jfnL, @)%!, “hg;+Vof lzIff”, ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/, sf7df08f} .
12. United Nations, Department of International Social and Economic Affairs, Population Studies No 81,
“Manual X: Indirect Techniques for Demographic Estimation” , UN 1983, NewYork.
13. :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno, @))^, “g]kfnM @))^ g]kfn hg;f+lVos tyf :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f d'Vo lgZsif{x?” o'P;P8,
Go"P/f, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno, sf7df08f} .

100
 !#M g]kfndf hgu0fgf
/fwfs[i0f lh=;L=*
!= kl/ro

b]ze/L cS;/ -;fdfGotof_ a;f]af; u/]sf ;a} kl/jf/sf] 3/b}nf]df k'uL lgwf{l/t ;doleq kl/jf/ / kl/jf/sf ;a}
JolStx¿sf] ;DaGwdf hg;fª\lVos, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljj/0fx¿ ;+sng, k|zf]wg, ;fl/0fLs/0f Pj+ k|sfzg ug]{ ;dli6ut
k|lqmofnfO{ æhgu0fgfÆ elgG5 . hgu0fgfaf6 ;+sng ePsf tYofÍ b]zsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu of]hgf th{'df,
cWoog Pj+ cg';Gwfg ug{ k|of]u ul/g] cfwf/e"t tYof+s ePsfn] /fli6«o hgu0fgfnfO{ Ps dxTjk"0f{ /fi6«JofkL sfo{sf] ¿kdf
lnOG5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# jdf]lhd of] ;+j}wflgs dxTjsf] sfo{j|md klg xf] . o:tf] /fi6«JofkL a[xt\ cfof]hgf
;~rfngsf nflu cfly{s ;|f]t, hgzlQm / ;fwg h'6fpg'kg]{ tyf tof/Lsf] nflu klg nfdf] ;do nfUg] ePsfn] klg ;a}h;f]
d'n'sx¿df hgu0fgf ;fdfGotof k|To]s !)÷!) jif{df ug]{ rng /x]sf] 5 .

@= hgu0fgfsf] ;+lIfKt Oltxf;

g]kfndf lj=;+= !(^* -;g\ !(!!_ b]lv hgu0fgf ug]{ sfd z'¿ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;kl5 nueu k|To]s !) jif{sf] cGt/df
hgu0fgf ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . tbg'¿k hgu0fgf ul/Psf jif{x¿ lj=;+= !(&& -;g\ !(@)_, lj=;+= !(** -;g\ !(#)_,
lj=;+= !((* -;g\ !($!_, lj=;+= @))(÷!! -;g\ !(%@÷%$_, lj=;+= @)!* -;g\ !(^!_, lj=;+= @)@* -;g\ !(&!_, lj=;+= @)#*
-;g\ !(*!_ / lj=;+= @)$* -;g\ !((!_ x'g\ . lj=;+= @)%* -;g\ @))!_ sf] u0fgf g]kfnsf] hgu0fgfsf] Oltxf;df !) cf}+
hgu0fgf xf] . lj= ;+= !(^* b]lv !((* ;Dd ePsf u0fgfx¿ JolQm u0fgf (Head Count) sf ¿kdf dfq ;Lldt lyP . tL
u0fgfdf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿ ;Lldt lyP / /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf] p2]Zocg'¿k u0fgfsf] lgod, k|Zgx¿sf] kl/efiff u/]sf] kfOb}g .
tL u0fgfsf ;Dk"0f{ glthf k|sfzgdf NofOPsf] klg kfOFb}g . lj=;+= @))(÷!! b]lv ;+rfng ePsf hgu0fgfx¿ j}1flgs u0fgf
dflgG5g\ lsgeg] oL u0fgfx¿df ljutsf sdL–sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ x6fO{ /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf] p2]Zo cg'¿k u0fgfsf] lgod,
k|Zgx¿sf] kl/efiff / b]ze/Lsf] u0fgfdf Ps¿ktf sfod u/L c¿ d'n'ssf] hg;f+lVos tYof+s;Fu t'ngf ug{ ;lsg] ePsf] 5 .
oL hgu0fgfaf6 df}h'bf hg;+Vof, ltgsf ljleGg ;fdflhs, hg;f+lVos l:ylt, hgzlQm / hg;+Vofdf kl/jt{gsf ;"rsx¿
;d]t pknAw x'g] u/L tYof+s ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 . u0fgfsf lgod, kl/efiffdf Ps¿ktf sfod x'g] ePsfn] u0fgfaf6 k|fKt x'g]
kl/0ffd c¿ d'n'ssf] hg;f+lVos tYof+s;Fu ;d]t t'ngf x'g;Sg] ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf !M g]kfnsf] hgu0fgf / hg;+Vof, !(^* b]lv @)%*

hg0f0fgfsf] j|md hgu0fgf aif{ hg;+Vof
klxnf] 1st 1911 A.D.(1968 B.S.) 5,638,749
bf];|f] 2nd 1920 A.D. (1977 B.S.) 5,573,788
t];|f] 3rd 1930 A.D. (1988 B.S.) 5,532,574
r}fyf] 4th 1941 A.D. (1998 B.S.) 6,283,649
kfFr}f 5th 1952/54 A.D. (2009/11 B.S.) 8,256,625
5}7}f 6th 1961 A.D. (2018 B.S.) 9,412,996
;ftf} 7th 1971 A.D. (2028 B.S.) 11,555,983
cf7f} 8th 1981 A.D. (2038 B.S.) 15,022,839
gjf} 9th 1991 A.D. (2048 B.S.) 18,491,097
bzf} 10th 2001 A.D. (2058 B.S.) 23,151,423

*
pk–dxflgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
101
#= hgu0fgfsf] ljlw tyf ltgsf] kl/efiff
hgu0fgf d'Votof b'O{ ljlwjf6 ug{ ;lsG5 . tL b'O{ ljlwx¿ x'g\ M
!= jf:tljs pkl:ylt ljlw (De-facto)
@= :yfoL a;f]jf; u0fgf ljlw (De-Jure Method)

De-facto method jf6 tYof+s ;Íng ug'{ eg]sf] lglZrt ;dodf hf] hxf+ 5 ToxLjf6 tYof+s ;+sng ug'{ xf] . of]
k4ltdf k|fo lglZrt /ftsf] ;donfO{ ;Gbe{ ;do dfgL To; /ft hf] hxf+ 5 ToxLjf6 tYof+s ;+sng ul/G5 . a;fOF ;/fOsf]
cWoog (Migration Study) ug{ nfebfoL elgPtfklg of] k4lt ljZjdf TotL ckgfOPsf] kfOFb}g . ;g\ @))! Dff o;} ljlwjf6
w]/} d'n'sx¿df hgu0fgf ul/Psf] lyof] eg] clk|msL b]z gfldljofdf klg o;} k4ltjf6 hgu0fgf lnOPsf] 5 .

De-Jure method jf6 tYof+s ;+sng ug'{ eg]sf] Legal Place of Residence cyf{t sfg"gL¿kdf j;fOF ePsf] 7fp+jf6
tYof+s ;+sng ug'{ xf] . t/ g]kfn h:tf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿df 36gf btf{ k|0ffnL Vital Registration System sf] /fd|f] k|efj
gx'g' / sfg"gL :yfO a;f]jf; ug]{ 7fp+ Legal Place of Residence kl/Tofu gu/L csf]{ 7fp+df klg :yfoL;/x j;f]]jf; ug{
kfpg] ePjf6 Legal Place of Residence sf] cfwf/df lnOPsf] tYof+s TotL kmnbfoL x'b}g . To;}n] cGo /fi6«x¿sf] tYof+s;+u
;d]t t'ngfof]Uo jgfpgsf] nflu cGo /fi6«x¿df ;d]t ckgfO{Psf] lgod kl/efiffjdf]lhd De-Jure Method nfO{ s]xL
kl/dflh{t u/L Modified De-Jure Method cg';f/ lj=;+= @))(.!! b]lv g} hgu0fgfx¿ ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . ljutsf
hgu0fgfx¿ h:t} /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)%* df klg Modified De-Jure Method cg';f/ ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 . o;
tl/sfcg';f/ JolQmsf] u0fgf cS;/ j;f]jf; u/]sf] 7fp+ (Usual Place of Residence) jf6 ul/G5 . tYof+s eg]sf] ;f+lVos
¿kdf oyfy{tf emNsfpg' xf] / o;sf] cfwf/df b]zsf] ;fdflhs cfly{s / ef}lts ljsf;sf] nflu of]hgf th'{df ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
To;}n] k"jf{wf/ tof/ kfbf{ To; 7fp+df cS;/ j;f]jf; ug]{ hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df tof/ kfg'{ kg]{ x'G5 cGoyf of]hgf c;kmnl;4
x'G5 . To;}n] klg cS;/ j;f]jf; u/]sf] 7fp+df lnOPsf] tYof+snfO{ j9L kmnbfoL dfGg ;lsG5 . cS;/ j;f]jf;sf] :ki6
kl/efiff ePsf]n] sf]xL g5'6\g] / sf]xL gbf]xf]l/g] klg o;sf] csf]{ kmfObf xf] .

$= hgu0fgfdf 5gf}6 (Sampling) sf] k|of]u

@)%* sf] hgu0fgfdf d'Vo u0fgfeGbf klxn] 3/kl/jf/ ;"rLs/0f ul/Psf] lyof], o;} ;"rLs/0fsf] cfwf/df !: * sf]
cg'kftdf systematic sampling sf] dfWodjf6 3/kl/jf/ 5gf]6 ul/Psf] lyof] . 3/kl/jf/ 5gf]6 / ;"rLs/0fsf] sfd u0fgf
;'kl/j]Ifsn] u/]sf lyP . hg3gTj / hg;+Vofsf] csf/sf] cfwf/df ^ lhNnf / %@ gu/kflnsfdf eg] k"0f{ u0fgf ul/Psf]
lyof] .

o; hgu0fgfdf cfwf/e"t tYofÍx¿sf] k"0f{ u0fgf (Full Count) / yk ljj/0fx¿sf] 5gf}6sf] cfwf/df Sample
Counting ul/Psf] lyof] . jf:tjdf cfhsf] o'udf ljleGg tYofÍ k|of]ustf{sf] nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf ljj/0fx¿ cfjZos
ePsf]n] ;j} ljj/0fx¿ (Full Count) sf] cfwf/df dfq u0fgf ug{ w]/} vlr{nf] / ufx|f] kb{5, To;sf/0f cTofjZos / Estimate
ug{ ufx|f] kg]{ ljj/0fx¿ dfq Full Count u/L c¿ yk ljj/0fx¿ Sample Count ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .

jt{dfg cj:yfdf Sampling Techniques sf] ljsf;n] ubf{ Estimate ug{;lsg] vfnsf ljj/0fx¿ Full Count ug{' jf
Sample Count ug{'df vf;} km/s kb}{g . To;sf/0f kl/0ffddf km/s gkg]{ ePsf]n] Sample Count af6 u0fgfsf] ;dodf nfUg]
7"nf] hgzlQm, kmf/fdx¿df nfUg] vr{ ;fy} nut k|zf]wg -Data Processing_ df nfUg] vr{ / ;dosf] lgs} art x'G5 .

%= hgu0fgfsf d'Vo sfo{qmd

k|fou/]/ hgu0fgf b'O{ r/0fdf ul/G5 . g]kfndf klg ToxLcg'¿k @)%* sf] hgu0fgf lgDgfg';f/ ul/Psf] lyof] . k|yd
r/0fdf 3/kl/jf/ ;"rLs/0f ug]{ sfo{ ul/Psf] lyof] eg] tTkZrft bf];|f] r/0fdf ;"rLs[t 3/kl/jf/df uO{ k|To]s JolQmsf] u0fgf
sfo{ ul/Psf] lyof] . To:t} nut ;+sngsf] sfo{ ;dfKt ePkl5 nut k|zf]wg tyf glthf k|sfzgsf] sfo{ ePsf] lyof] . o;}
l;nl;nfdf hgu0fgf ;DkGg eO{ ;s]kl5 hgu0fgfsf] d"NofÍg :j¿k u0fgf hf+r ;a]{If0f PES ul/Psf] lyof] .
102
s= 3/kl/jf/ ;"rLs/0f – @)%* sf] hgu0fgfdf h]7 ! b]lv !% ut];Dd clw/fHosf] ;Dk"0f{ 3/kl/jf/sf] gfdgfd];L n]Vg] sfo{
;DkGg eof] . oxL sfo{nfO{ 3/kl/jf/ ;"rLs/0f ug]{ sfo{ elgG5 / o;}sf] cfwf/df hgu0fgfsf] d'Vo sfd æu0fgfÆ / 5gf}6df
k/]sf 3/kl/jf/x¿ PsLg u/L tL 5flgPsf 3/kl/jf/df uO{ 5gf}6sf] k|ZgfjnL el/Psf] lyof] .

v= u0fgf sfo{ – JolQmut u0fgf @)%* ;fn h]i7 @* ut] k|f/De u/L @)%* ;fn cfiff9 !@ ut] ;dfKt ul/Psf] lyof] .
z'?df JolQmut u0fgf @)%* ;fn h]i7 @* ut] k|f/De u/L @)%* ;fn cfiff9 * ut] ;dfKt ug]{ nIo /flvPsf]df
/fhb/jf/df 36]sf] b'MvbfoL 36gfsf] sf/0f ;f] sfo{qmd sl/a Ps ;ftf nlDaPsf] lyof] . clw/fHoe/L s/Lj @),))) u0fsn]
k|To]s 3/ b}nf]df uO{ 3/kl/jf/ d"nL jf kl/jf/sf] lhDd]jf/ hfGg] a'e\mg] JolQm;Fu ;f]wL u0fgf u/]sf lyP . /fli6«o hgu0fgf
@)%* df hg;+Vof lnOPsf] ;Gbe{ lbg @)%* ;fn cfiff9 * ut] (22nd June 2001) nfO{ dflgPsf] 5 . o;/L hgu0fgfn]
cfiff9 * ut]sf] ;"of]{bosf] ;dodf g]kfnsf] hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/ b]vfpg] ePsf]n] pQm lbgnfO{ hgu0fgfsf] ;Gbe{ lbg
(Reference Day) dflgG5 . hgu0fgfsf] ;Gbe{ lbg (Reference Day) sf] cl3Nnf] lbg 3/jf/ljlxg, dfUg], 8'nGt] lkm/Gt] cflb
;a}sf] u0fgf ul/G5 eg] kl/jf/df hGd eP yk / d[To' ePsf] eP nutjf6 36fOG5 .

u= nut k|zf]wg – hgu0fgfsf] If]qLo sfo{ cyf{t tYof+s ;+sng sfo{ ;dfKt ePkl5 ;Dk"0f{ kmf/fdx¿ s]Gb|df NofO{
kmf/dx¿sf] k|zf]wg Editing, Coding u/L Data Entry ug]{ sfd ePsf] lyof] . Data Entry sf] sfd ;DkGg ePkl5 tYof+s
;fl/0fLs/0f (Tabulation) u/L k|sfzgdf NofOPsf] lyof] . of] sfo{ ;dfKt ePkl5 hgu0fgfjf6 k|fKt tYof+sx¿sf] ljleGg
r/0fdf la:t[t cWoog u/L cg';GwfgfTds k|ltj]bgx¿ ;d]t k|sfzgdf NofOPsf] lyof] .

3= glthf k|sfzg – /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)%* 7Ls ;dodf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] eg] glthf klg ljut hgu0fgfsf] t'ngfdf
l56f] k|sfflzt ePsf] 5 . o; hgu0fgfsf] If]qLo sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] % dlxgf leq} glthf k|sfzgdf cfPsf] 5 . ljut hgu0fgf
@)$* sf] glthfx¿ vf;u/L (Hard Copy) lstfj (Census Volumes) sf] ¿kdf k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . hgu0fgfsf] ;Dk"0f{
tYof+s glthf Census/Sample Results tyf hgu0fgfaf6 k|fKt ;"rsf+s Census Data Sheet klg k|sfzg ul/Psf] lyof] .
hgu0fgf @)%* df ljleGg k|sf/sf] k|of]ustf{x¿sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ hgu0fgfsf] glthf sf la:t[t k|sfzgx¿ ksflzt
ugf{sf] ;fy} cg';Gwfgstf{sf] nflu Sample Data Set ;d]t pko'Qm dfWodaf6 pknAw u/fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
/fli6«o hgu0fgfsf tYof+ssf] dfunfO{ dWogh/ /fvL s]Gb«Lo tYof+s ljefun] d'Vo tYof+sx¿sf] CD ROM klg tof/ u/]sf]
5 / o;sf] ;fy} Website klg k|of]udf NofPsf] 5 . o;jf6 Internet sf] dfWodjf6 klg ;lhn} /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf
tYof+sx¿ pknJw x'g]5g\ . o;jf6 hgu0fgfjf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf k|of]ustf{x¿nfO{ ;xh x'g] ljZjf; lnO{Psf] 5 . hgu0fgfsf
kl/0ffdx¿ s]Gb|, If]q, lhNnf / uf= la= ;=÷gu/kflnsf txdf k|sflzt 5g\ .

ª= hgu0fgf d"Nof+sg – hgu0fgfdf 5'6 eP gePsf] hfFr ug{ u0fgf hf+r ;j]{If0f Post Enumeration Survey ul/Psf]
lyof] . u0fgf hf+r ;j]{If0fsf] glthfjf6 hgu0fgfdf %=# k|ltzt 5'6 ;fdfGo gu0o ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . To;}u/L @)%* sf]
hgu0fgfaf6 k|fKt tYofÍsf] d"NofÍg ul/Psf] lyof] / d"NofÍgaf6 ljutsf] t'ngfdf @)%* sf] hgu0fgfsf] tYofÍdf w]/} ;'wf/
ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

^= hgu0fgfsf d'Vo cawf/0ff tyf ltgsf] kl/efiff (Definition of Key Terms & Census Concepts)
hgu0fgfdf laleGg laifox¿ ;d]l6Psf] x'G5 . o;} ;Gbe{df /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)%* df k|of]u ePsf s]xL d'Vo
cawf/0ff, ltgsf kl/efiff tyf laz]iftfx¿ tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

!= cS;/ a;f]af; ug]{ 7fp+ (Usual Place of Residence) – cS;/ a;f]af; ug]{ 7fp+ eGgfn] dflg;x¿ cfˆgf] 3/ ePsf] 7fp+df
jf sfd ug]{ 7fp+df jf Aofkf/ u/]/ a;]sf] 7fp+df jf cWoogsf] l;nl;nfdf cS;/ hxf+ af;f]af; u5{g To;} 7fp+nfO{ cS;/
a;f]af; ug]{ 7fp+ ePsf] dflgG5 . hgu0fgfdf kl/jf/ tyf AolQmsf] u0fgf cS;/ a;f]af; ug]{ 7fp+sf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] 5 .

@= AolQm (Individual) – dfly pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/ cS;/ a;f]af; ug]{ 7fpFsf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ToxL kl/jf/sf] JolQm
dfgL hgu0fgfdf u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 . To:tf JolQmx¿ ;f]xL u0fgf ePsf] 7fpFdf cS;/ a;f]af; ug]{ x'g'kb{5 . kl/jf/df s]xL
lbgsf] nflu cfPsf kfx'gf tyf nfdf] ;dob]lv kl/jf/af6 cg'kl:yt /x]sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ pQm kl/jf/af6 u0fgf ul/+b}g . t/
kl/jf/af6 nfdf] ;dob]lv lab]zdf uPsf ;b:ox¿sf] eg] kl/jf/af6 cg'kl:ytsf] ¿kdf lnO{ kfl/jfl/s nutdf laa/0f lnOG5 .
103
#= kl/jf/ (Household) – ;fdfGotof Pp6} cfDbfgL vr{n] 3/ Jojxf/ rnfO{ Ps} efG;fdf vfgkLg u/L a;]sf JolQm jf
JolQmx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ – a'emfpF5 . kl/jf/df Ps JolQm dfq jf w]/} JolQmx¿, gftf kg]{ jf gftf gkg]{ JolQmx¿ x'g ;Qm5g\ .
kl/jf/ / kl/jf/sf ;b:o 5'6\ofpg cfDbfgL–vr{ / efG;fsf] cjwf/0ff k|d'v /x]sf] 5 .

$= kl/jf/d"nL (Household Head) – kl/jf/df kl/cfPsf b}lgs sfdsfh, vr{ / Jojxf/ rnfpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] d'Vo
JolQm g} kl/jf/d"nL eGg] a'lemG5 . kl/jf/sf] d"nL -;fdfGotof kl/jf/df pkl:yt /xg]_ :qL jf k'?if x'G5g\ . t/ pd]/ gk'u]sf
-!) jif{ gk'u]sf_ s]6f jf s]6L kl/jf/d"nL x'g ;St}gg\ . sltko ;dfhdf kl/jf/sf ;a}eGbf h]7f] jf h]7LnfO{ jf kl/jf/sf
;b:on] cfb/ ug]{ JolQmnfO{ kl/jf/sf] d"nL n]vfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . of] rngcg';f/ w]/}h;f] pQ/bftfn] kl/jf/sf a'9f–kfsfnfO{
g} d"nL n]vfpg] u/]sf] x'g ;Qm5 . o:tf] k|rngnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL dfly kl/efiff ul/Pcg';f/ kl/cfPsf] b}lgs sfdsfh, vr{ /
Jojxf/ rnfpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] d'Vo JolQm :qL jf k'?ifnfO{ g} hgu0fgfdf kl/jf/d"nL dflgPsf] 5 .

%= 3/ (House/ Housing Unit) – 3/ eGgfn] ;fdfGotof rf/}lt/ uf/f]÷6f6L nufO{ 5fgf] xfn]/ dflg; a:gsf nflu k|of]u
ul/Psf] Ps jf PseGbf a9L sf]7f jf tnf ePsf] af;:yfgnfO{ a'emfpF5 .

3/ ljleGg cfsf/, k|sf/ jf lsl;dsf x'g ;Qm5g\ . u0fgfsf] k|of]hgsf nflu kl/jf/ a;f]af; u/]sf oL ;a} lsl;dsf
af;:yfg – e'mk|f], 3/, ejg, dxn, 3/v08 jf ˆNof6nfO{ 3/ eGg] a'emfpF5 . kl/jf/n] a;f]af;sf nflu PseGbf a9L 3/x¿
k|of]u u/]sf eP klg hgu0fgfdf cfjf;sf] b[li6n] d'Vo dflgPsf] 3/sf] ljj/0f lnOPsf] 5 . s'g} kl/jf/ u0fgfsf] ;dodf 8]/f
u/L a;]sf 5g\ / cfˆgf] 3/ c¿ s;}nfO{ ef8f÷axfndf lbPsf] eP u0fgfsf] ;dodf hxfF a;]sf 5g\, ToxL] 3/ jf 8]/faf6}
hgu0fgfsf] ljj/0f lnOPsf] x'G5 .

&= /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)%* sf k|d'v laz]iftfx¿ (Major Features of the 2001 Population Census)

hgu0fgfsf] k|d'v laz]iftfsf] ¿kdf d"9 u0fgf (Head Count) g} ePsf] x'gfn] of] g} hgu0fgfsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ laz]iftf
xf] . o;f] ePtfklg ljut tyf @)$* sf] hgu0fgfdf eGbf xfnsf] hgu0fgfsf k|ZgfanL tyf ljlwx¿df s]xL leGgtfx¿ /x]sf
5g\ / tL o;k|sf/ 5g\ .

!= n}l·s laifodf hf]8 — @)%*sf] hgu0fgfdf n}lËs laifodf a9L hf]8 lbO{ o; If]qdf tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ k|of; /x]
cg';f/ o;af6 dlxnf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f ;DaGwdf yk hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o; hgu0fgfdf dlxnf afnaflnsf
tyf a[4 a[4fsf] tYof+s ;+sngdf laz]if hf]8 lbOPsf] tyf o; laifodf hgr]tgf clea[l4sf sfo{s|dx¿ ;d]t ;+rfng
ul/Psf] lyof] .

@= 5gf}6 lalwsf] k|of]u — g]kfnsf] ljutsf hgu0fgfx¿ k"0f{ u0fgf (Complete Enumeration) df cfwfl/t lyP . @)%*
sf] hgu0fgfdf clt g} dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/e"t tYofÍsf] af/]df k"0f{ u0fgf u/L yk ljj/0fx¿sf] af/]df 5gf}6sf] cfwf/df u0fgf
(Sample Enumeration_ ul/Psf] lyof] . o;}cg'¿k o; hgu0fgfdf ;Dk"0f{ u0fgfsf] nflu nut ! 5f]6f] k|ZgfanL (Short
Form_ tyf 5gf}6sf] cfwf/df u0fgf ug{sf] nflu nfdf] k|ZgfjnL (Long Form_ tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L 5gf}6sf] cfwf/df
;d]t hgu0fgfdf u0fgf ug]{ k/Dk/fsf] z'?jft o; hgu0fgfdf klxnf] k6s ul/Psf] lyof] .

#= yk k|Zgx¿ — k|of]ustf{x¿nfO{ hg;+Vofsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, hg;f+lVos tyf cGo tYofÍ pknAw u/fpg] l;nl;nfdf
3/ tyf 3/fo;L ;'ljwf, dlxnfsf] :jfldTj tyf afnaflnsfsf] a;f]jf;sf] l:yltx¿sf] af/]df ;d]t /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)%* df
k|Zgx¿ ;dfj]z u/L hgu0fgfaf6 la:t[t laa/0f ;+sng ul/of] .

$= kl/dflh{t alu{s/0f — hgu0fgfdf ;f]lwg] ljleGg k|Zgx¿dWo] o; hgu0fgfdf hft÷hflt, dft[efiff, a}jflxs l:ylt
;DaGwdf oyfy{tf k|:t't ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . hft÷hflt / efiffsf] ;"rL ljutdf eGbf la:t[t ePsf] 5 . k]zf÷Joj;fosf]
auL{s/0fx¿df kl/dfh{g ug]{ ;Sbf] k|of; ePsf] 5 . o;}cg¿k g]kfnsf] k]zf÷Joj;fosf] auL{s/0fx¿ Nepal Standard
Classification of Occupation (NSCO) and Industry (NSIC) 2000 rf/ c+ssf] sf]8sf] ¿kdf tof/ ePsf] lyof] .

104
%= hgu0fgfdf gS;fsf] k|of]u — lautdf h:t} o; k6ssf] hgu0fgfdf klg gS;fsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] / gS;fx¿nfO{
oyf;So z'4 agfpg sDKo'6/ k|lalw (Digital Mapping System) af6 gS;f pTkfbg ul/Psf] lyof] . hgu0fgfs} k|of;df
g]kfndf klxnf] k6s j8fsf] ;Ldfgf ;d]t b]lvg] uf=la=;= tyf gu/kflnsfx¿sf] gS;f tof/ ePsf] 5 . o;/L @)%* sf]
hgu0fgfsf] nflu cTofaZos gS;f u0fgf If]q gS;f (Enumeration Area Maps) k"0f{¿kdf tof/ ug{ g;lsPsf]n] ljefu
cfkm}n] zx/L If]qsf] u0fgf If]q gS;f (Enumeration Area Maps) tof/ u/L k|of]u u/]sf] lyof] . o;f] ePtfklg j8fsf] ;Ldfgf
;d]t b]lvg] uf=la=;= tyf gu/kflnsfx¿sf] gS;f tof/ ePsfn] u|fdL0f If]qdf oxL gS;f u0fs tyf ;'kl/a]Ifsx¿sf] nflu
u0fgf If]q gS;fsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ePsf] lyof] .

^= Aofks k|rf/ k|;f/ — hgu0fgfdf k|rf/ k|;f/sf] w]/} dxTj x'g] ePsf]n] o; hgu0fgfdf klg k|rf/ k|;f/ Jofks ¿kdf
ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fy} ax'cfofdLs ;+rf/sf] k|of]u (Multimedia Approach) u/L hgu0fgfsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ePsf] lyof] .

&= la:tfl/t cfly{s sfd ;DaGwdf — bfp/f ;+sng, kfgLsf] hf]/hfd tyf cfˆg} 3/sf] pkef]usf] nflu a:t'x¿ pTkfbg
ul/g] h:tf sfo{x¿ lj:tfl/t cfly{s sfdsf] ¿kdf cfly{s b[li6n] cfDbfgL x'g] sfddf u0fgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

*= hgu0fgfdf a[xt hgzlQmsf] kl/rfng — hgu0fgfdf hgzlQmsf] kl/rfng w]/} dxTjk"0f{¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . o;}
l;nl;nfdf /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)%* sf] If]qLo sfo{df u0fsb]lv clws[t;Dd laleGg txsf u/L sl/a @^,))) AolQmx¿
;+nUg ePsf lyP . laleGg sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] ljleGg txsf sd{rf/Lx¿dWo] u0fs, ;'kl/a]Ifs, O{nfsf ;'kl/a]Ifs tyf
clws[tx¿sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] lyof] . klxnf] k6s o; hgu0fgfdf cTolws hgzlQmsf] kl/rfng x'g'sf] ;fy;fy} laleGg
u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf tyf laZjlaBfofnosf laBfyL{x¿af6 ;d]t w]/} ;/fxlgo¿kdf hgu0fgfsf] laleGg -tflnd tyf If]qLo
sfo{_] r/0fdf rf;f] /fVg] sfd tyf ;'kl/a]If0fsf] ;d]t sfo{ ePsf] lyof] . o;b]lv afx]s k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf¿kdf o; sfo{df
w]/}sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

(= nut k|zf]wg tyf glthf kl/dfh{g — /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)%* sf] nut klxnf] k6s dfOs|f] sDKo'6/ kL=;L= af6 k|zf]wg
ug]{ sfo{ laefun]] laz]if Aoa:yf ldnfO{ u/]sf] xf] . ;fy} hgu0fgfaf6 k|fKt glthf w]/} k|of]ustf{x¿ ;dIf k'o|fpg] p2]Zo /fvL
glthfx¿nfO{ lalaw dfWodaf6 k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . h;cg';f/ hgu0fgf glthf tyf tflnsfx¿ k'l:tsfsf] ¿kdf k|sflzt
ug{'sf] ;fy} sDKo'6/df ;lhn} k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] lx;fjaf6 l8:s]6 tyf l;8Ldf ;d]t pknAw u/fOPsf] / website df ;d]t
/flvPsf] 5 . elaiodf hg;+Vo. tYof+s e08f/ (Database) sf] ;d]t ;f]r /flvPsf] 5 . ;fy}] @)%* sf] hgu0fgfsf] ;Dk"0f{
glthfsf] @% nfv Records, Sample Data Set ;d]t ;a{;fwf/0fsf] k|of]usf] nflu pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . o;/L hgu0fgfsf]
;dodf nut k|zf]wg sfo{sf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] hgu0fgf nut k|zf]wg OsfOnfO{ g} laefun] nut k|zf]wg zfvfsf] ¿kdf
kl/0ft u/L lasf; ug]{ ;f]r klg /fv]sf] lyof] .

*= hgu0fgfdf ;+slnt laa/0fx¿ (Information Collected in the Census)

/fli6«o hgu0fgf /fli6«o dxTjsf] ljifo xf] . u0fgfaf6 k|fKt x'g] tYo+fssf] cfwf/df hgk|ltlglwsf] ;+Vof to ul/g]b]lv
ljleGg of]hgf, gLlt lgdf{0f, sfo{s|d lgwf{/0f Pj+ cWoog cg';Gwfg ;~rfng ul/G5 . o;df ;+sng ul/g] tYox¿ ;f]lwg]
k|Zgcg';f/ x'G5g\ . u0fgfdf ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿ d'n'ssf] cfjZostfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L ljleGg txdf Aofks 5nkmnaf6 to
ul/G5 . to ePsf k|Zgx¿nfO{ sfo{ ;~rfngdf ;/n / ;xh ug{ k|ZgfjnLsf] 9fFrfdf /flvG5 . k|Zgsf ljifoa:t'sf]
cawf/0ff, zAbx¿sf] kl/efiff, u0fgf ljlw cflb ;dfa]; u/L u0fgf lgb]{lzsf tof/ u/L o;} lgb]{lzsfcg';f/ hgu0fgf ug'{
k5{ . o;jf6 hgu0fgfdf Ps¿ktf Nofpg ;xof]u ldN5 . o;/L @)%* sf] hgu0fgfaf6 ;+slnt laa/0fx¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf]
5.

*=! 3/÷kl/jf/ ;"rLs/0f – /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)%* df b'O{ k|sf/sf nutx¿ tof/ ul/Psf lyP . nut ! ;a}
3/kl/jf/df / nut @ 5gf}6 ePsf 3/kl/jf/df ;f]lwPsf lyP . pQm nutx¿ eg{ tyf To;dWo] k|ltlglwTj x'g] 3/÷kl/jf/
5gf}6 ug{sf] lglDt u0fgf sfo{eGbf klxn] ;j} 3/÷kl/jf/sf] ;"rLs/0f nut ptfg]{ sfd ul/Psf] lyof] . of] nut hgu0fgf
sfo{df vl6g] ;'kl/j]Ifsn] ptf/]sf lyP / ptfg]{ qmddf k|To]s 3/kl/jf/df hgu0fgfsf] nflu 3/÷kl/jf/ gDa/ lbPsf lyP .

105
*=@ k|ZgfjnL – @)%* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfsf nflu k|ZgfjnL th'{df ubf{ cGo s'/fsf cltl/St k|Zgaf6 k|fKt x'g]
hfgsf/L÷;"rgfsf] pkof]lutf, o;af6 k|fKt x'g] ;"rgfsf] dxTj, o;af6 u'0f:t/Lo tYofÍ ;+sng ug{ ;lsg] ;+efJotf, /
g]kfndf klxn] ;DkGg eO;s]sf hgu0fgfdf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgdf abln+bf] kl/l:yltcg';f/ ug{'kg]{ km]/abnnfO{ Wofg lbOPsf]
kfOG5 . k|ZgfjnLsf] d:of}bf l8hfOg ubf{ ljleGg 7fpFdf k|ZgfjnL k"j{k/LIf0f (Pre-test) ug'{sf ;fy} ljleGg If]qsf tYofÍ
pkof]ustf{x¿ Pj+ ljifo ljz]if1x¿;+u w]/} k6s 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L tof/ kfl/Psf] d:of}bfnfO{ w/} k6s hgu0fgfsf]
æk|fljlws ;ldltÆ df 5nkmn u/L ;f] ;ldltsf ;'emfjx¿nfO{ k|ZgfjnLdf oyf;Dej ;dfof]hg ul/Psf]] lyof] . of] k|ZgfjnL
clw/fHosf rf/ lhNnfx¿ -wgs'6f, dxf]Q/L, sf7df8f}+ / afh'/f_ df kfOn6 (Pilot) k/LIf0f ;d]t u/L ;f] kfOn6 ;j]{If0faf6
k|fKt cg'ejx¿sf] cfwf/df cfjZos ;'wf/ u/L o;nfO{ clGtd ¿k lbOPsf] lyof] . ;fy}, gLlt lgdf{tfx¿nfO{ ;d]t hfgsf/L
u/fpg] p2]Zon] /fli6«o tYofÍ kl/ifb\df ;d]t o;sf] 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .

*=#= nut ! / @ — dfly elgPe}m+ hgu0fgfdf ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿nfO{ b'O{ nutx¿df ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] M nut ! / nut @ .
nut ! sf k|Zgx¿ clw/fHoe/sf ;a} kl/jf/÷JolSt;+u ;f]lwPsf lyP eg] nut @ df k/]sf k|Zgx¿ k|To]s j8fdf 5flgPsf
kl/jf/÷JolQm;Fu ;f]lwPsf lyP .

*=#=! nut ! – o; nutdf b'O{ v08 /x]sf lyP M ækfl/jfl/s ljj/0fÆ v08 / æJolStut ljj/0fÆ v08 . klxnf] v08df
kl/jf/sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljj/0fsf ;fy} dlxnfsf] ;DklQdf kx"Fr;DaGwL k|Zgx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf lyP, eg] bf];|f] v08df
kl/jf/sf k|To]s ;b:osf] d'Vo d'Vo JolStut ljj/0fx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ . nut ! df ;dfj]z ePsf k|Zgx¿sf] ljifo
(Topic) Tfflnsf ! df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

Tfflnsf ! M nut ! df ;dfj]z ePsf ljifox¿

Kffl/jfl/s ljj/0f JolStut ljj/0f
! 3/sf] k|sf/ ! s|d ;+Vof
@ 3/sf] :jfldTj @ gfd, y/
# s[lif k|of]hgsf] nflu rng u/]sf] hUuf # Hfft÷hflt
$ s[lif k|of]hgsf] nflu rng u/]sf] hUufsf] If]qkmn $ k'¿if÷:qL
% s[lif k|of]hgsf] nflu kflnPsf kz'÷k+IfL % pd]/
^ s[lif k|of]hgsf] nflu KfflnPsf kz'÷k+IfL ;+Vof ^ kl/jf/ d"nL;+u gftf
& Dflxnfsf] gfddf -:jfldTjdf_ 3/÷hUuf M & dflgcfPsf] Wfd{
Dflxnfsf] gfddf ePsf] hUufsf] If]qkmn * af]Ng] efiff
* Dflxnfsf] k]jf, bfOhf]÷:qLwgsf] kfNt' rf}kfof M ( Gfful/stf
7"nf÷;fgf rf}kfof ;+Vof !) ckfË eP k|sf/
( s[lifafx]s kl/jf/n] rnfPsf ;fgf–Joj;fo
!) d'Vo ;fgf–Joj;fo
!! Kfl/jf/df cg'kl:ytdWo] ljb]z uPsf JolSt
!@ ljb]z uPsf JolStsf] ljj/0f M
k'¿if÷:qL, hfFbfsf] pd]/, uPsf] ;do, sf/0f / b]z

*=#=@ nut @ – nut ! df gk/]sf 3/÷kl/jf/ / kl/jf/sf ;b:o;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0fx¿ nut @ df ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ .
klxn]sf hgu0fgfx¿df g;f]lwPsf sltko 3/÷kl/jf/;DaGwL ljj/0fsf ;fy} cGo JolStut ljljw ljj/0fx¿ ;d]t o;
k6ssf] u0fgfdf ;+sng ug]{ p2]Zon] nut @ tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] . oL ljj/0fx¿ k|To]s j8fsf 5gf}6df k/]sf kl/jf/af6
;+sng ul/Psf lyP . nut ! df h:t} o;df klg k|ZgfjnLnfO{ b'O{ v08df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . nut @ df ;dfj]z ePsf
k|Zgx¿sf] ljifo–ut ljj/0f tflnsf @ df lbOPsf] 5 .

106
 Tfflnsf @ M nut @ df ;dfj]z ePsf ljifox¿
Kffl/jfl/s ljj/0f JolStut ljj/0f
! lkpg] kfgLsf] d'Vo >f]t ! s|d ;+Vof
@ Vffgf ksfpg cS;/ k|of]u ug]{ OGwg @ Gffd, y/, lnË
# aQL afNg cS;/ k|of]u ug]{ ;fwg # pd]/
$ rkL{sf] Joj:yf $ HfGd:yn
% pkef]udf ePsf ;'ljwfx¿ % oxfF a;f]af; u/]sf] ;do
^ ljt]sf] !@ dlxgfdf ePsf] d[To' ^ oxfF a;f]af; ug'{sf] sf/0f
& d[To' ePsf] JolStsf] ljj/0f M & KffFr jif{cl3sf] a;f]af;
k'¿if÷:qL, pd]/, d[To'–ldlt, * Nf]vk9
d[To'–sf/0f ( Kff; u/]sf] tx
!) xfn :s"n hfg] l:ylt
!! j}jflxs l:ylt
!@ klxnf] ljjfx ubf{sf] pd]/
!# lhpFb} hGd]sf 5f]/f5f]/L ;+Vof M
;+u} a:g], cGoq a:g], d/]sf, hDdf
!$ ljt]sf] !@ dlxgfdf ePsf] hfohGd M
k'¿if÷:qL, ;fn, dlxgf
!% ljt]sf] !@ dlxgfdf cS;/ u/]sf] sfd
!^ ljt]sf] !@ dlxgfdf u/]sf] sfd / ;do
!& cS;/ u/]sf] cfly{s sfd
!* cfly{s sfd u/]sf] 7fpF
!( cfly{s sfd ubf{sf] tx
@) cS;/ sfd gug'{sf] sf/0f
@! s]6fs]6Lsf] kfl/jfl/s l:ylt

107
(= cfufdL /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)^* sf] tof/L

hgu0fgf k|To]s bzsdf ul/g] Ps lgoldt sfo{qmd ePsf]n] cfufdL /fli6«o hgu0gf, @)^* sf] tof/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf s]Gb|Lo
tYofÍ ljefun] ljleGg sfo{x? lgDgfg';f/ u/]sf] 5 .

!= g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ uf=lj=;= tyf gu/kflnsfx?sf] @)^* df x'g;Sg] hg;+Vofsf] cg'dfg

@= u0fgf If]q gS;fsf] tof/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf gu/kflnsfx?sf] gS;f+sg sfo{
#= k|ZgfjnL lgdf{0f tyf 5nkmn cGt/ls|ofsf] nflu k|fljlws ;ldltsf] u7g tyf cGt/ls|of
$= d:of}bf k|ZgfjnL tyf lgb]{lzsf tof/L tyf k|ZgfjnL k/LIf0f

hgu0fgfsf] k|ZgfjnLdf kl/dfh{g u/L yk36 ul/Psf k|Zgx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .

!= dlxnfsf] k]jf bfOhf]sf] ?kdf /x]sf] kfNt' rf}kfofsf] k|Zg x6fOPsf]

@= cfDbfgLsf] d'Vo ;|f]t s] xf] egL ykL k|Zg ;f]lwPsf]
#= dft[ d'Tosf] ljj/0f cfpg] lx;fjn] k|Zgx? yk ul/Psf]
$= 3/sf] k|sf/df 5fgf / leQfdf k|of]u ePsf] ;fdu|Lsf] af/]df yk k|Zg ;f]lwPsf]
%= ckfËtfsf] k|ZgnfO{ a9L kl/dfh{g ul/Psf]
^= åGbaf6 lj:yflktx?sf] tYofÍdf hf]8 lbOPsf]
&= 3/fo;L ;'ljwfsf] k|Zgx?df df]afOn / sDKo'6/ klg yk ul/Psf]

/fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)^* cfpg cem s]xL jif{ afFsL ePsf] ;Gbe{df tof/L tyf kl/dfh{gsf sfo{x? tflnd z'? x'g'eGbf
cufl8;Dd eO{/xg] ePsf]n] dfly k|:t't ul/Psf a'Fbfx?df cem s]xL yk36 x'g] ;Defjgf klg /x]sf] 5 . lautdf eGbf cfufdL
hgu0fgfn] gofF g]kfnnfO{ gofF tYofÍ lbg'kg]{ ePsf]n] lgDg s'/fx?df cem a9L Wofg lbg'kg]{ klg b]lvPsf] 5 / ;f] s'/fx? klg
o;} tof/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf eO{ g} /xg]5g\ .

!= n}+lËs cjwf/0ffdf hf]8

@= a[xt hg;xeflutf
#= ;dfj]zLs/0f
$= Jofks k|rf/ k|;f/ tyf hgtfnfO{ ;';'lrt ug]{ sfo{qmdx?
%= :yfgLo txdf a9L cGt/ls|of
^= dlxnf u0fsx? ;s];Dd a9L k|of]u ug]{ -$)Ü_

108
 !$M g]kfndf JolQmut 36gf btf{ k|0ffnL
(Vital Events Registration System)

/fwfs[i0f lh=;L=*

!= kl/ro (Introduction)
xfd|f] ;fd' lbg lbg} hGd,d[To', ljjfx, ;DjGw laR5]b, a;fO{ ;/fO cflb 36gfx? 3l6/xG5g . ;dfhdf clt dxTj /fVg]
o:tf JolQmut 36gfnfO{ Vital Events elgG5 . oL JolQmut 36gfx?n] JolQmsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s hLjg tyf kl/jf/ ;d'bfo
;dfh /fi6« / dfgj ;d'bfo ;d]tnfO k|efj kfb{5 . o:tf] JolQmut 36gfx?nfO{ lgoldt ?kdf btf{ u/L To;sf] cWoog tyf
ljZn]if0f u/L ;+k|]if0f ug]{ h:tf] k4ltnfO JolQmut 36gf btf{ k4lt (Vital Events Registration System) elgG5 .

g]kfndf 36gf btf{ k|0ffnL / JolQmut 36gfsf] ljj/0f M 36gf btf{ k|0ffnL eg]sf] hGd, d[To', j;fO{–;/fO{ / ljjfx
h:tf 36gfx¿ btf{ ug]{ Pp6f lg/Gt/ k|0ffnL xf] . s'g} lglZrt ;dosf] Cross Sectional tYofÍ k|bfg ug]{ hgu0fgf / ;j]{If0f
h:t} of] 36gf btf{ k|0ffnL klg hg;+Vof kl/jt{g / j[l4sf] Dynamics jf/] cWoogsf] nflu lg/Gt/tf k|bfg ug]{ Pp6f alnof]
cfwf/ xf] .

btf{ lgod lj=;+= @)## (1976/77) cg';f/ g]kfndf 36gf btf{ k|0ffnL b]zJofkL ¿kdf clgjfo{ ul/P tfklg 36gf
btf{sf] ck"0f{tf cem klg v6\sL /x]sf] 5 . oxL sf/0fn] ubf{ of] k|ls|ofåf/f vf;} pkof]uL tyf Jofjxfl/s tYofÍ xfl;n ug{
;ls/x]sf] 5}g . t/ o"/f]k tyf cGo ljsl;t d'n'sx¿df JolQmut 36gf k|0ffnL lgs} Jojl:yt, ;xh / ;|f]tk"0f{ x'G5 . o;}
l;nl;nfdf g]kfndf 36gf btf{ k|0ffnL cGtu{t 36gfx¿sf] btf{sf] tYofÍ tn lbOPsf] tflnsfåf/f dgg ug{ ;lsG5 .

jflif{s btf{ ul/Psf] 36gf

j;fO{–
jif{ hGd d[To' ljjfx ;DaGw ljR5]b s'n
;/fO{
@)%) (1993) !***(& $%()) ##^!@ !*(#) %& @*&#(^
@)%! (1994) !!^#*& #)*#) @@*#^ !#@*( ## !*##&%
@)%@ (1995) !&(^&! %@^%) $(^(& ##$$# !)* #!%%^(
@)%# (1996) @@@%(@ &^&#) ^!*(% #&!!@ *@ #(*$!!
@)%$ (1997) @&)**^ %&*@! &()*^ $)$*& #* $$*#!*
@)%% (1998) #)!#*@ ^%$$& *)%%^ %)^*% !* $(*)**
@)%^ (1999) @(%$!% ^#*%& &(^#* #(&#% %) $&*^(%
@)%& (2000) $**@(( ^#!&* !)@!*@ %@%(! $! &)^@(!
@)%* (2001) ^**%#! ^(*&$ !@!!#! %!#$^ %& (#)(#(
@)%( -2002_ %^#)@! ^^((# !!#^^( $^&#* !)$ &()%@%
@)^) -2003_ ^@)%(% &!)#! !$#)(& %^@$# (& *(!)^#
@)^! -2004_ ^))#(% &#%(@ !@%^$$ $$&)& !#& *$$$&%
@)^@ -2005_ &()&@@ *$%@! !^#^&( ^$$*# !*$ !!)#%*(
@)^# -2006_ ((!%*@ !)%$)$ $^&$#^ (%%#% !&( !^^)!#^
hDdf *)($!^) !@%@&!* !(*(!*% &&!!$* !#^) !@!)*%&!
;|f]t M :yflgo ljsf; dGqfno

;j{k|yd 36gf btf{ k|0ffnLdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{tsf] kl~hs/0f zfvfdf s'g} klg 36gfsf]
;"rgf lbOG5 . To;sf] lglDt ;"rgf kmf/fd e/]/ ;"rgf lbOG5 . o:tf] ;"rgf kmf/d ebf{ JolQmsf] gfd, 7]ufgf, pd]/, lnË, wd{,

*
pk–dxflgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
109
hGde"le, gful/stf, dft[efiff, j}jflxs l:ylt, cfdf–jfj'sf] gfd, d[To'sf] sf/0f -d[To' ;"rgf kmf/fd_, hGdldlt, gjhft
lzz';+usf] gftf -hGd ;"rgf kmf/fd_, ;/L hfg] 7fp+F -j;fO{–;/fO{ kmf/fd_, z}lIfs of]Uotf cflb eg'{ kb{5 .

@= cfjZostf / dxTj (Need & Importance)

36gf btf{ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;lx hg;+Vof tYofÍ k|fKt ug]{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ dfWod dfGg ;lsG5 . of] k|0ffnL k|ToIf ¿kdf
hgu0fgf;+u ;DjlGwt 5 . 36gf btf{ k|0ffnLnfO{ hg;+Vof tYofÍ cg'dfg (Estimate) ug]{ / tYofÍ cBfjlws (Update) ug]{
bl/nf] ;|f]t ePsf] sf/0fn] o;sf] lgoldt k|flKt lgs} uxg ¿kdf b]lvG5 . o; k|0ffnLåf/f jf:tljs hGd, d[To', j;fO{–;/fO{,
ljjfx, ;DjGw ljR5]bM h:tf dfgj hLjg;+u ;+nUg 36gfsf] ;lx ljj/0f kfpg d2t k'Ub5 . o:tf ljleGg hfgsf/Ln] ubf{
b]zsf] hg;f+lVos l:ytL k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . ;dl:6df eGg' kbf{ o; k|0ffnLn] ubf{ b]zsf] hgu0fgfdf ;lx tYofÍ yfxf kfpg
w]/} xb;Dd ;xh jgfO{ o; k|0ffnLsf] dxTj cem jl9 b]lvG5 . JolQmut 36gf btf{ sfo{s|dsf] p2]Zo / dxTj a+"bfut ¿kdf
o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 —

@=! p2]Zo

g]kfne/ j;f]jf; ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] hGd, d[To', ljjfx, a;fO{–;/fO{ / ;DjGw laR5]b h:tf 36gfx¿sf] btf{ u/L k|df0f
kq lbgsf nflu sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ of] sfo{s|d ;+rfng ePsf] xf] . of] sfo{s|d z'? ubf{ ckgfO{Psf p2]Zox¿ M
• JolQmut 36gf btf{ u/L k|To]s JolQmsf] sfg"gL:t/ sfod ug]{ .
• kl/jf/ nut tof/ ug]{ / JolQmut 36gf btf{ u/L kfl/jfl/s nutnfO{ cBfjlws u/fO{ /fVg] .
• gful/stf ljt/0f ug{sf] nflu e/kbf]{ cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ .
• hg;+Vof ;DjGwL ljleGg k|sf/sf] e/kbf]{ tYofÍ pknJw u/fpg] .

@=@ dxTj
s_ (Vital Registration System) hGd–d[To' btf{ k|0ffnLn] hGd d[To' tyf cGo JolQmut 36gfsf] sfg'gL k|df0fsf]
¿kdf b]xfo cg';f/ k|of]u x'g ;Sg] .
• JolQmx¿sf] gfd, pd]/, gful/stf ;DjGwL hl6n ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g hfg] .
• v'nf l;dfgf ePsf]sf/0f a;fO{–;/fO{ / gful/stf ;DjGwL hl6n ;d:ofnfO{ bL3{sfnLg ¿kn] ;dfwfg
ug{ ;lsg] .
• gftf sfod ug{ / rn– crn ;DklQsf] a]r lavg / ef]urng ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] .
• klt kTgL aLr j}wflgs ¿kn] ;DjGw sfod / laR5]b x'g] .
• afn aflnsfx¿nfO{ laBfnodf egf{ ug{ ;lhnf] kg]{ .
• lab]z hfgsf] nflu le;f k|fKt ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] .
v_ of]hgfsf] d'Vo cfwf/ b]zsf] hg;+Vofsf] l:yltdf e/kg]{ x'+bf o; k|0ffnLåf/f ;+sng ul/Psf tYofÍn] /fi6«sf]
ljleGg k|sf/sf] gLlt lgdf{0f / of]hgf th'{dfsf] nflu ljZj;gLo cfwf/x¿ k|fKt x'g] .
u_ JolQmx¿n] /fi6« / ;dfhaf6 kfpg] ;'ljwfx¿ k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] .
3_ hgu0fgfaf6 k|To]s !)/!) jif{df k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] hg;f+lVos (Demographic) tYofÍx¿ o; k|0ffnLaf6 k|To]s
jif{ lgoldt ¿kn] k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] .
8_ /fli6«o hg;+VofgLlt th'{df ug{ ldNg] .
r_ gful/sx¿nfO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo nufotsf ;fdflhs ;]jf k'–ofpg d2t k'Ug] .

#= g]kfndf 36gf btf{ k|0ffnL (Vital Registration System in Nepal)

ljZjsf d'n'sx¿sf] s'/f ubf{ g]kfn Pp6f lk5l8Psf] d'n's dflgG5 . dflg;x¿df hfgsf/Lsf] cefjg} b]lvG5 . olx
sf/0fn] ubf{ 36gf btf{ k|0ffnL ev{/ h:tf] g} g]kfndf z'?jft ul/Psf] 5 / dflg;x¿ o;sf] ljifodf cgle1 g} 5g\ . "hGd,
d[To' / cGo JolQmut 36gf btf{ lgod @)##" kfl/t ul/Psf] nueu Ps jif{ kl5 dfq} of] k|0ffnL nfu" ul/Psf] xf] . of] k|0ffnL
b]zJofkL ¿kdf ;j} gu/kflnsf zx/ / ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt u/L krxQ/} lhNnfdf nfu" ul/Psf]5 . b]zJofkL ¿kdf of] k|0ffnL
nfu" ug{ !# jif{sf] nfdf] cjlw nfu]sf] 5 . o; k|0ffnLsf] Oltxf; lj= ;+=@)!( b]lv z'? ul/Ptf klg g]kfn ;/sf/ cfkm\gf]
110
p2]Zo k"lt{ k"0f{ ¿kn] ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . of] k|0ffnL ;~rfngdf d'Vo Jojwfg eg]s} dflg;x¿df hgr]tgfsf] cefj /
k|efjsf/Ltfsf] sdL h:tf sf/0fx¿ x'g . o; sfo{df ;DalGwt ljleGg ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfkgsf] sdhf]/Ln] ubf{ of] k|0ffnL xfn
;Dd klg g]kfndf ;lj|mo¿kdf cu|;/ x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .

To;}n] g]kfnsf] kl/k|]Ifdf 36gf btf{ k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kn] ;~rfng ug{ b]zsf] ljleGg txdf /x]sf ;+3 ;+:yfx¿,
g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;DjlGwt lgsfox¿ / nlIft ;d"x ;j} ldln xft]dfnf] u/L o; 36gf btf{ k|0ffnLsf] sfo{ hg;dIf k'/fpg' kg]{
b]lvG5 .

;+:yfut Joj:yf M g]kfndf hGd, d[To' btf{ k|0ffnL (Vital Registration System) nfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kn] ;+rfng ug{ ;j{ k|yd
"hGd, d[To' tyf cGo JolQmut 36gf btf{ ug]{ P]g, @)##" / "hGd, d[To' tyf cGo JolQmut 36gf -btf{ ug]{_ lgodfjnL,
@)#$" nfu" eO{ @)#$ ;fnb]lv !) lhNnfaf6 of] sfo{s|d z'? ePsf] lyof] . tfTsflng u[x k+rfot dGqfno cGtu{t /xL of]
sfo{s|d ;+rfng ePsf] lyof] eg] @)$& ;fndf cfP/ dfq clw/fHosf &% j6} lhNnfdf of] sfo{s|d nfu" eof] . z'?df s]Gb|df
tfTsflng u[x k+rfot dGqfno cGt/ut ljefu :t/sf] 5'§} sfof{nosf] ¿kdf k+lhsflwsf/L -/lhi6«f/_ sf] sfof{nosf] gfdaf6
sfo{ ;+rfng eO{ cfPsf] / kl5 o;nfO{ 5'§} sfof{nosf] ¿kdf g/fvL tTsflng u[x k+rfot dGqfnos} k+hLs/0f dxfzfvfsf]
¿kdf /flvPsf] lyof] . ufpF tyf gu/ :t/df sfo{s|d ;+rfng ufpF k+rfotdf ufpF k+rfotsf ;lrj / gu/df vl/bf/ :t/sf]
Pshgf sd{rf/LnfO{ :yfgLo k+lhsflwsf/Lsf] ¿kdf sfd ug{ tf]lsPsf] lyof] . ufpF, gu/ / s]Gb|sf] aLrdf ;dGjo sfod u/fO{
sfo{s|dnfO{ ;'Jojl:yt ¿kn] ;+rfng ug{ lhNnfdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] lyof] . g]kfn ;/sf/-
dGqLkl/ifb\_ sf] ldlt @)%@.@.& sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ldlt @)%) ;fn >fj0f ! ut]b]lv of] sfo{s|dnfO{ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnoaf6
x]g]{ u/L o; dGqfnodf :yfgfGt/0f ePsf] b]lvG5 . :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnodf :yfgfGt/0f ePkl5 s]Gb|Lo :t/df k+lhs/0f
zfvfsf] gfdaf6 sfd ub}{ cfPsf] / xfn cfP/ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] ;+u7g k'gM ;+/rgf x'+bf hg;+Vof tyf k+lhs/0f
Joj:yfkg zfvfsf] ¿kdf /xL cfPsf] 5 . lhNnf :t/df ufpF, gu/ / s]Gb|sf] aLrdf ;dGjo ug{ tyf :yfgLo
k+lhsflwsf/Lx¿af6 k|fKt x'g cfpg] ;"rgf kmf/fdnfO{ ;+sng u/L s]Gb|df k7fpgsf nflu lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{nodf
k+lhs/0f ;DjGwL sfdx¿ x]g]{ Pp6f 5'§} zfvf /xg] Joj:yf 5 . of] sfo{s|d :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno cGt/ut :yfgfGt/0f e}
cfPkl5 JolQmut 36gf btf{sf] sfo{ oyfjt ¿kdfg} uf= lj= ;= df uf= lj= ;= ;lrj / gu/kflnsfdf tf]lsPsf
sd{rf/Lx¿af6 :yfgLo k+lhsflwsf/Lsf] x}l;otn] sfo{ ;+rfng x'b} cfPsf] 5 . JolQmut 36gf btf{sf] sfo{s|d ;+rfng ug{
s]Gb|, lhNnf, gu/ / ufpF :t/df b]xfo cg';f/sf] hgzlQm sfo{/t 5 .

JolQmut 36gf btf{ / k+lhsflwsf/L -/lhi6«f/_ sf] sfd sQ{Jo / clwsf/ M JolQmut 36gf btf{ sfo{s|d ;+rfng ug]{
;DjGwdf k+lhsflwsf/L -/lhi6«f/_ nfO{ lgodfjnLn] g} b]xfo cg';f/sf sfd st{Jo / clwsf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
• JolQmut 36gf btf{ ug]{ ;DjGwdf :yfgLo k+lhsflwsf/LnfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg] .
• JolQmut 36gf btf{ ug]{ ;DjGwdf :yfgLo k+lhsflwsf/Lx¿ pk/ kg{ cfPsf ph'/Ldf cfjZos sf/jfxL ug]{ .
• btf{ e};s]sf JolQmut 36gfsf] ljj/0f ;Rofpg] ;DjGwdf :yfgLo k+lhsflwsf/LnfO{ cg'dtL lbg] .
• JolQmut 36gf btf{sf] dfl;s ljj/0f ;DjGwL kmf/fdsf] 9f+rf tf]Sg] .
• JolQmut 36gf btf{ ;DjGwL tYofÍsf] ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos ;'emfj lbg] .
• JolQmut 36gf btf{sf] aflif{s k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/sfdf k]z ug]{ .
• JolQmut 36gf btf{ ;DjGwL P]g lgodsf] p2]Zo sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos sf/jfxL ug]{.

JolQmut 36gf btf{ sfo{s|dsf] sfof{Gjog k|s[of M JolQmut 36gf btf{ k|s[ofsf ;DjGwdf hGd, d[To' tyf cGo JolQmut 36gf
-btf{ ug]{_ P]g, @)##, hGd, d[To' tyf cGo JolQmut 36gf -btf{ ug]{_ lgodfjnL, @)#$ JolQmut 36gf btf{ ;DjGwL lgb]{zg,
@)%^ tyf P]g lgod sfof{Gjog ug]{ l;nl;nfdf jf+wf c8sfp km'sfpg ;do ;dodf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljleGg ;"rgf /
lgb]{zgx¿ hf/L u/]sf] 5 . pQm 36gf btf{sf] k|df0fkq JolQmut 36gf ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] k|df0f x'g] / To:tf] k|df0f s'g}
klg sfof{no / cbfntdf k]z ug{ tyf j}olQms sf/f]jf/df k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 .

hGd,d[To', ljjfx, a;fO{ ;/fO / ;DjGw laR5]b h:tf JolQmut 36gfx? 36]sf] #% lbg leq cfkm' a:g] Uffp‘ ljsf;
;ldltsf :yfgLo kl~hsflwsf/L -;lrj_ jf gu/kflnsfsf] :yfgLo kl~hsflwsf/ sxf‘ uO{ lgz'Ns kfOg] kmf/d e/L btf{ ug'{
kb{5 .

111
JolQmut 36gf btf{ s;n] ug]{

• hGd tyf d[To'sf] 36gf kl/jf/sf] d'Vo JolQmn] .

• ljjfxsf] 36gf klt kTgL b'j}n] .
• ;DjGw ljR5]bsf] 36gf klt jf kTgLn] .
• a;fOF–;/fOsf] 36gf kl/jf/ eP d'Vo JolQmn] / JolQm eP kl/jf/ geP a;fOF ;/fO u/L hfg] JolQmn] .
• g]kfn aflx/ 36]sf JolQmut 36gf eP ;f] 36gfsf] ;"rgf lbg] st{Jo ePsf] JolQm g]kfn clw/fHodf cfPkl5 lghn]
^) lbg leq ;"rgf lbg' kb{5 .

dfly pNn]v ePsf h:tf ljj/0fx¿ cfjZos k/]sf] v08df lbg'kb{5 / Tof] 36gf btf{ ul/Pkl5 ;f];Fu ;DjlGwt k|df0f–
kq ljt/0f ul/G5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{tsf] kl~hs/0f zfvfåf/f 36gf btf{sf] k|df0f–kq k|bfg ubf{ dfly
pNn]lvt tYox¿ ;+sng u/]/ To;dWo]s} cfjZos hfgsf/L ;dfof]lht u/]/ 36gf btf{ k|df0f–kq k|bfg ul/G5 . 36gf
btf{sf ;"rgf kmf/dsf gd"gfx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ .

112
 cg';"rL –!
-lgod % ;+u ;DAflGwt_
hGdsf] ;"rgf kmf/fd
-:yfgLo kl~hsflwsf/Ln] eg]{_
Gffd g+= :yfgLo kl~hsflwsf/Lsf] gfd

c~rn btf{ g+= □□□□□□

lhNnf □□ btf{ ldlt □□/□□/ □□□□
Uff=lj=;=÷ g=kf= □□□ Kfl/jf/sf] nut kmf/fd g+= □□ □□□ □□ □□□□ □

-;"rsn] eg]{_
>L :yfgLo kl~hsflwsf/L Ho",
= = = = = = = = =uf=lj=;=÷g=kf=
= = = = = = = = lhNnf

dxf]bo,
lgDg lnlvt ljj/0f v'nfO{ gjhft lzz' hGd]sf] ;"rgf lbg cfPsf] 5' . sfg"g cg';f/ hGdsf] btf{ u/L kfpF .

!= gjhft lzz'sf] ljj/0f

s gfd
v hGd ldlt □□/□□/ □□□□
u hGd:yfg 3/ □ c:ktfn □ cGo □
3 lnË dlxnf □ k'?if □
ª hGd]sf] lsl;d l;Ëf] □ h'DNofxf □ ltDNofxf jf ;f] eGbf a9L □
r s'g} zfl/l/s ljs[t
@= gjhft lzz'sf] afh]sf] gfd y/ M–
#= gjhft lzz'sf] afa' cfdfsf] ljj/0f
Affa'sf] cfdfsf]
s Gffd y/
v :yfoL 7]ufgf
u lzz' hGdbfsf] pd]/ □□ □□
3 hGd ePsf] b]z
ª != gful/stf
@= Gfful/stf lnPsf] eP k|=k=g+=hf/L □□□□□□□ □□□□□□□
ldlt / lhNnf □□/□□/ □□□□ □□ □□/□□/ □□□□ □□
r lzIff lg/If/ □;fwf/0f □ P;=Pn=;L=□ lg/If/ □;fwf/0f □ P;==Pn=;L=□
k|df0fkq □ :gfts□ :gftsf]Q/ k|df0fkq □ :gfts□ :gftsf]Q/
□ljBfjfl/lw □ □ljBfjfl/lw □
5 Wfd{ lxGb'□ af}4 □ d':nLd□ lqmlirog lxGb'□ af}4 □ d':nLd□ lqmlirog
□cGo □ □cGo □
h Dfft[efiff
em of]] lzz' ;d]t u/L xfn ;Dd hGd]sf] XXXXXX □□
;Gtfg ;+Vof
` of]] lzz' ;d]t u/L lhljt ;Gtfg ;+Vof XXXXXX □□
6 lzz' hGdbf d2t ug]{ JolQm XXXXXX 3/sf] dflg;□;'l8gL□g;{□8fS6/
□ cGo
7 ljjfx ePsf] ;fn □□/□□/ □□□□ □□/□□/ □□□□

o;df n]v]sf] ljj/0f ;fF+rf] xf] . e'm7f 7x/] sfg"g adf]lhd ;xF'nf a'emfpFnf egL ;xL5fk ug]{ ;"rssf] ljj/0f
s Gffd ;xL5fk
v Gfjhft lzz';+usf] gftf
u 7]ufgf
3 gful/stf lnPsf] 5÷ 5}g
ª gful/stf lnPsf] eP k|=k= g+ / lhNnf

113
 cg';"rL –@
-lgod % ;+u ;DalGwt_
D[fTo'sf] ;"rgf kmf/fd
-:yfgLo kl~hsflwsf/Ln] eg]{_
Gffd g+= :yfgLo kl~hsflwsf/Lsf] gfd
c~rn btf{ g+= □□□□□□
lhNnf □□ btf{ ldlt □□/□□/ □□□□

Uff=lj=;=÷ g=kf= □□□ Kfl/jf/sf] nut kmf/fd g+= □□ □□□ □□ □□□□ □

-;"rsn] eg]{_
>L :yfgLo kl~hsflwsf/L Ho",
= = = = = = = = =uf=lj=;=÷g=kf=
= = = = = = = = lhNnf

dxf]bo,
lgDg lnlvt ljj/0f v'nfO{ d[To'sf] ;"rgf lbg cfPsf] 5' . sfg"g cg';f/ d[To'sf] btf{ u/L kfpF .
d[tssf] ljj/0f
s Gffd v :yfoL 7]ufgf
u pd]/ □□ 3 lnË dlxnf □ k'?if □
ª d/]sf] 7fpF r d/]sf] ldlt □□/□□/ □□□□

5 ! gful/stf h hGd ePsf] b]z

@+ Gfful/stf lnPsf] □□□□□□□
eP k|=k=g+=hf/L ldlt / □□/□□/ □□□□ □□
lhNnf
em j}jflxs l:ylt ljjfxLt □ cljjfxLt □ ` lzIff lg/If/ □;fwf/0f □ P;=Pn=;L=□
k|df0fkq □ :gfts□ :gftsf]Q/
□ljBfjfl/lw □
6 Dfft[efiff 7 Wfd{ lxGb'□ af}4 □ d':nLd□ lqmlirog
□cGo □
8 Affh]sf] gfd 9 jffj'sf] gfd
0f Kflt÷kTgLsf] gfd t D[fTo'sf] sf/0f b'3{6gf □ emf8f kvfnf □ :jf;
k|:jf; □cf}nf] □ sfnfHj/ □
d]g]ghfO{l6; □ SofG;/ □/Qmrfk
□ 6L=aL= □ cGo

o;df n]v]sf] ljj/0f ;f+Frf] xf] . e'm7f 7x/] sfg"g adf]lhd ;x'Fnf a'emfpFnf egL ;xL5fk ug]{ ;"rssf] ljj/0f

s Gffd ;xL 5fk

v d[ts;+usf] gftf
u 7]ufgf
3 gful/stf lnPsf] 5÷5}g
ª gful/stf lnPsf] eP k|=k= g+ / lhNnf
r ldlt

cg';"rL –#

114
 -lgod % ;+u ;DalGwt_
ljjfxsf] ;"rgf kmf/fd
-:yfgLo kl~hsflwsf/Ln] eg]{_
Gffd g+= :yfgLo
kl~hsflwsf/Lsf]
gfd
c~rn btf{ g+= □□□□□□
lhNnf □□ btf{ ldlt □□/□□/ □□□□
Uff=lj=;=÷ □□□ Kfl/jf/sf] nut □□ □□□ □□ □□□□ □
g=kf= kmf/fd g+=

-;"rsn] eg]{ _
>L :yfgLo kl~hsflwsf/L Ho",
= = = = = = = = =uf=lj=;=÷g=kf=
= = = = = = = = lhNnf

dxf]bo,
;fdflhs k/Dk/f÷ ljjfx btf{ P]g @)@* cg';f/ ldlt □□/□□/ □□□□ df xfdL b'O{sf] jLrdf = = = = = = = = =
:yfgdf ljjfx ;DkGg ePsf] x'+bf lgDg lnlvt ljj/0f v'nfO{ ;"rgf lbg cfPsf 5f} . sfg"g cg';f/ btf{ u/L kfpF+ .
b'nxf÷b'nxLsf] ljj/0f
b'nxf b'nxL
s Gffd y/
v hGd ldlt □□/□□/ □□□□ □□/□□/ □□□□
u hGd ePsf] b]z
3 !=gful/stf
@=Gfful/stf lnPsf] eP k|=k=g+=, hf/L ldlt / □□□□□□□ □□□□□□□
lhNnf □□/□□/ □□□□ □□ □□/□□/ □□□□ □□
ª :yfoL 7]ufgf
r lzIff lg/If/ □ ;fwf/0f □ lg/If/ □ ;fwf/0f □
P;=Pn=;L=□ k|df0fkq □ P;=Pn=;L=□ k|df0fkq □
:gfts□ :gftsf]Q/ :gfts□ :gftsf]Q/ □
□ljBfjfl/lw □ ljBfjfl/lw □
5 Wfd{ lxGb'□ af}4 □ d':nLd□ lxGb'□ af}4 □ d':nLd□
lqmlirog □cGo □ lqmlirog □cGo □
h Dfft[efiff
Efm Affh]sf] gfd
` Affa'sf] gfd
6 Kf"j{ j}jflxs l:ylt ljjfxLt □ cljjfxLt □ ljjfxLt □ cljjfxLt □

o;df n]v]sf] ljj/0f ;fF+rf] xf] . e'm7f 7x/] sfg"g adf]lhd ;x'Fnf a'emfpFnf egL ;xL5fk ug]{ ;"rssf] ljj/0f

s Gffd
v 7]ufgf
u ;xL 5fk

3 ldlt

b|i6Jo M– b'nxLsf] :yfoL 7]ufgf / y/df b'nxLsf] ljjfx x'g' eGbf cl3sf] :yfoL 7]ufgf / y/ n]Vg' kb{5 .

115
 cg';"rL –$
-lgod % ;+u ;DalGwt_
;DaGw ljR5]bsf] ;"rgf kmf/fd
-:yfgLo kl~hsflwsf/Ln] eg]{_
Gffd g+= :yfgLo kl~hsflwsf/Lsf] gfd
c~rn btf{ g+= □□□□□□
lhNnf □□ btf{ ldlt □□/□□/ □□□□

Uff=lj=;=÷ g=kf= □□□ Kfl/jf/sf] nut kmf/fd g+= □□ □□□ □□ □□□□ □

-;"rsn] eg]{_
>L :yfgLo kl~hsflwsf/L Ho",
= = = = = = = = =uf=lj=;=÷g=kf=
= = = = = = = = lhNnf

dxf]bo,
= = = = = = = = cbfntsf] ldlt □□/□□/ □□□□ sf] cfb]z cg';f/ ;DaGw ljR5]b ePsf] x'gfn] lgDg lnlvt
ljj/0f v'nfO{ ;DaGw ljR5]bsf] ;"rgf lbg cfPsf] 5' . sfg"g cg';f/sf] ;DaGw ljR5]bsf] btf{ u/L kfp+F .
;DaGw ljR5]b ePsf]
kltsf] kTgLsf]
s Gffd y/
v hGd ldlt □□/□□/ □□□□ □□/□□/ □□□□
u hGd ePsf] b]z
3 != gful/stf
@= Gfful/stf lnPsf] eP □□□□□□□ □□□□□□□
k|=k=g+,=hf/L ldlt / lhNnf □□/□□/ □□□□ □□ □□/□□/ □□□□ □□
ª :yfoL 7]ufgf
r lzIff lg/If/ □;fwf/0f □ P;=Pn=;L=□ lg/If/ □;fwf/0f □ ;=Pn=;L=□
k|df0fkq □ :gfts□ :gftsf]Q/ k|df0fkq □ :gfts□ :gftsf]Q/
□ljBfjfl/lw □ □ljBfjfl/lw □
5 Wfd{ lxGb'□ af}4 □ d':nLd□ lqmlirog lxGb'□ af}4 □ d':nLd□ lqmlirog
□cGo □ □cGo □
h Dfft[efiff
Efm jfh]sf] gfd
` jfj'sf] gfd
6 ljjfx ePsf] ldlt □□/□□/ □□□□ □□/□□/ □□□□
7 J}fjflxs ;DaGwaf6 kfPsf] ;Gtfg □□ □□
;+Vof
8 xfn;Dd lhljt ;Gtfg ;+Vof □□ □□
9 jfj';+u j;]sf] ;+Vof □□ □□
0f cfdf;+u j;]sf] ;+Vof □□ □□
o;df n]v]sf] ljj/0f ;fFrf] xf] . e'm7f 7x/] sfg"g adf]lhd ;x'Fnf a'emfpFnf egL ;xL5fk ug]{ ;"rssf] ljj/0f

s Gffd
v 7]ufgf
u ;xL 5fk
3 ldlt

116
 cg';"rL –%
-lgod % ;+u ;DalGwt_
j;fO ;/fO{sf] ;'rgf ;"rgf kmf/fd
-:yfgLo kl~hsflwsf/Ln] eg]{_
Gffd g+= :yfgLo kl~hsflwsf/Lsf] gfd
c~rn btf{ g+= □□□□□□
lhNnf □□ btf{ ldlt □□/□□/ □□□□

Uff=lj=;=÷ g=kf= □□□ Kfl/jf/sf] nut kmf/fd g+= □□ □□□ □□ □□□□ □

-;"rsn] eg]{_
>L :yfgLo kl~hsflwsf/L Ho",
= = = = = = = = =uf=lj=;=÷g=kf=
==================== sfof{no
= = = = = = = = lhNnf

dxf]bo,

lgDg lnlvt ljj/0f v'nfO{ j;fO ;/fO{sf] ;"rgf lbg cfPsf] 5' . sfg'g cg';f/ a;fO ;/fO{ btf{ u/L kfp+m .
!= a;fO ;g]{ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?sf] / j;fO ;g]{ JolQmsf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= gfd,y/ pd]/ lnË hGd gful/stf 7]ufgf z}lIfs wd{ dft[ s}lkmot
:yfg :yfoL c:yfoL of]Uotf efiff
1 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

@= sxf++ ;/L hfg]=========== lhNnf==========g=kf=. uf=lj=;= j8f g=+=======6f]nsf] gfd========3/ g+===========

#= sxf+jf6 ;/L cfPsf]====== lhNnf==========g=kf=. uf=lj=;= j8f g=+=======6f]nsf] gfd========3/ g+===========
$= a;fO ;/fOsf] ldlt=======
%= j;fO ;/fOsf] sf/0f==============
o;df n]v]sf] ljj/0f ;fFrf] xf] . e'm7f 7x/] sfg"g adf]lhd ;x'Fnf a'emfpFnf egL ;xL5fk ug]{ ;"rssf] M

s Gffd
v 7]ufgf
u ;xL 5fk
3 ldlt

117
$ cGo b]zdf 36gf btf{ k|0ffnL (Reference of other countries)
36gf btf{ k|0ffnL xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf dfq} geO{ ljZjsf cGo d'n'sx¿df plQs} dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljZjsf
d'n'sx¿ ef/t, yfONof08, rLg, sf]l/of, cflb h:tf y'k|} d'n'sx¿df 36gf btf{ k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rfng eO{ /x]sf]
5 . s]jn g]kfndf dfq} geO{ ljZjsf cGo d'n'sdf klg of] k|0ffnL lgs} ;fGble{s /x]sf] 5 . oLg} 36gf ljj/0fsf] cf+s8faf6
tL d'n'sx¿sf] hg;+Vofsf] ;lx hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ d2t k'u]sf] 5 . oL d'n'sx¿df 36gf btf{ k|0ffnL cem e/kbf]{ tyf
Scientific tj/n] ;~rfng ug'{sf];fy} Toxf+sf ;/sf/, ;+3 ;+:yf, ;DjlGwt lgsfo tyf nlIft ;d"xx¿ ;j} Psj4 ¿kdf
sfo{/t eO{ p2]Zo k|flKttkm{ pGd'v ePsf] kfO{G5 . cGo laslzt tyf lasfzf]Gdv /fi6«x¿n] cg';/0f u/]sf] 36gf btf{ k|0ffnL
sf] ls|ofsnfkaf6 olx ;fljt x'G5 ls g]kfn nufot ;j} b]z df o; k|0ffnLsf] w]/}g} dxTj /x]sf] / o;af6 aflif{s hg;+Vofsf]
cg'dfgsf] nflu ;d]t w]/}g} pkof]lu /x]sf] kfOG5 .

Plss[t btf{ k|0fnL (Integrated Registration System) : 36gf btf{ k|0ffnLaf6 k|fKt ul/Psf] ;lx tYofÍ ljj/0f ;dl:6df
hg;+Vof cg'dfg / ljleGg If]qdf pkof]uL x'G5 . o; pkof]uLtf d'Votof hgu0fgfdf t /x]sf] b]lvG5 g} yk of] r'gfj,
lgjf{rgdf klg TolQs} pkof]uL 7x/ ePsf] 5 . o; k|0ffnLsf] ax'd'lv pkof]uLtfsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ g} o;nfO{ Integrated
Registration System sf] ¿kdf klg laleGg b]zdf lng] ul/Psf]5 .

g]kfndf 36gf btf{ k|0ffnL g]kfn ;/sf/ cGtu{t :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] kl~hs/0f zfvfåf/f ;~rfng ul/Psf]5
h;df o;} jf/]df ljleGg hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 / o;df s]xL kfl/jfl/s yk laa/0fx¿ ;+sng ug{ ;lsPdf tL laa/0fx¿ r'gfj
/ lgjf{rg h:tf sfo{x¿df klg w]/} pkof]lu / dxTjk"0f{ x'g] b]lvG5 . hGd, d[To', ljjfx, j;fO{–;/fO{, ;DjGw ljR5]b btf{ ePsf
ljj/0f r'gfj, lgjf{rgsf] nflu tyf gfu/Lstf lat/0fsf] nflu ;d]t pkof]uL x'g] x'+bf g} o;nfO{ Integrated Registration
System sf]¿kdf lng klg ;lsG5 . h'g w]/} laslzt tyf lasfzf]Gd"v b]zx¿n] canDag ;d]t u/]sf 5g\ .

118
 !%M z}lIfs tYof° (Educational Statistics)
∗
O{Zj/L k|;fb e08f/L

!= kl/ro
lzIff ljsf;sf] d"n cfwf/ xf] . ha;Dd lzIffsf] ljsf; x'Fb}g tj;Dd b]zsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; x'g;Sb}g . 1fg, ;Lk tyf
;d;fdlos ;"rgfsf] clwstd pkof]u u/L ;Ifd, pTkfbgzLn, cg'zfl;t tyf ;fdflhs bfloTjk|lt lhDd]jf/ gful/s agfpg'
g} lzIff xf] . lzIff If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} ;"rgfx¿sf] ;Íng, ljZn]if0f tyf k|sfzg g} z}lIfs tYofÍ xf] . z}lIfs tYofÍn]
b]zsf] jt{dfg z}lIfs cj:yfsf] af/]df tYofÍ k|of]ustf{x¿nfO{ ;"rgf k|jfx ub{5 . ctM b]zdf cfjZos hgzlQm ljsf; u/L
;sf/fTds ;fdflhs kl/jt{gaf6 b|'Qt/ ljsf; ug{ z}lIfs tYofÍ Ps ckl/xfo{ cfwf/ xf] . ljz]iftM ;fIf/tf b/ (Literacy
Rate), v'b egf{ b/ (Net Enrollment Rate), s'n egf{ b/ (Gross Enrollment Rate), ljBfno kl/Tofu b/ (Dropout Rate),
lzIfs ljBfyL{ cg'kft (Teacher Student Ratio), cf};t ljBfno jif{ (Mean Years of Schooling) cflb z}lIfs If]q;Fu
;DalGwt ;"rsx¿ z}lIfs tYofÍsf ljifoa:t'x¿ x'g\ . oL / o:t} ljljw ;"rsx¿sf] k|of]u u/L b]zsf] z}lIfs l:yltsf] a:t'ut
ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .

lj=;+= !(!) df >L # hËjxfb'/ /f0ffn] /f0ffkl/jf/sf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿sf] nflu dfq b/jf/ :s"nsf] :yfkgf u/L g]kfndf cfw'lgs
lzIffsf] z'?cft u/]sf lyP . To;kl5sf /f0ffzf;sx¿n] efiff :s"nsf] :yfkgf, P;= Pn\= ;L= af]8{sf] :yfkgf, lqrGb| sn]hsf]
:yfkgf h:tf sfo{x¿ u/L lzIffsf] ljsf;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg vf]h]sf] ePtfklg lj=;+= @))& ;fneGbf klxn] g]kfnsf] ;fIf/tf
b/ @ k|ltzt dfq ePaf6 /f0ffx¿n] gful/sx¿nfO{ lzIffsf] kx'Fraf6 6f9f /fv]sf] k|i6 x'G5 . lj=;+= @))& ;fndf k|hftGqsf]
:yfkgf;Fu} g]kfn /fi6«e/ z}lIfs hfu/0f cfPsf] kmn:j?k ;/sf/L Pj+ gful/s:t/af6 ;d]t b]zsf ljleGg :yfgx¿df
ljBfonx¿sf] :yfkgf ul/of] . csf]{tkm{ ;g\ !(%@÷%$ sf] /fli6«o hgu0fgfb]lv ;fIf/tfnufotsf s]xL z}lIfs tYofÍ ;+sng
ug]{ sfo{ z'? ul/Psf] lyof] . tyflk ;d;fdlos z}lIfs tYofÍsf] cefjdf jf:tljs z}lIfs of]hgf lgdf{0f x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f
lzIffsf] u'0ffTds ljsf;df jfwf k'Uof] . o;} l;nl;nfdf z}lIfs tYofÍsf] cjZostf dx;'; u/L ;j{k|yd ;g\ !(^@ df lzIff
dGqfnocGt/ut of]hgf ljsf; tyf tYofÍ dxfzfvfsf] :yfkgf u/L z}lIfs tYofÍ ;+sng sfo{sf] z'?cft ul/of] . o;
dxfzfvfn] ;g\ !(^% df k|yd k6s z}lIfs tYofÍsf] k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L k|sfzgdf NofPsf] lyof] .

@= cfjZostf / dxTj
g]kfnsf] k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)!#–@)!*_ df e/kbf]{ tYofÍsf] cefjn] oyfy{k/s of]hgf lgdf{0f x'g g;s]sf] s'/f pNn]v
ul/Paf6 tYofÍsf] cfjZostf / dxTjnfO{ yk JofVof ul//xg cjZos kb}{g . s'g} klg z}lIfs sfo{of]hgfsf]
k|efjsfl/tf ;d;fdlos z}lIfs tYofÍdf lge{/ ub{5 . cGt/f{li6«o:t/df cfof]hgf ul/g] dxTjk"0f{ ;ef, ;Dd]ng, cflbdf to
ul/g] z}lIfs ljsf;sf nIox¿sf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug{ klg z}lIfs tYofÍsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;} kl/k|]Iodf ;g\
@))! sf] ;x;|fJbL ljsf;sf nIox¿sf] ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ b]zdf z}lIfs ljsf;sf] nflu :ki6¿kdf hf]8 lbO{ o;sf] dxTjsf]
ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;df z}lIfs tYofÍx¿sf] cfjZostfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ o;sf] ljsf; / ;do;fk]If pknJwtfnfO{
ljz]if hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . o;}n] z}lIfs ljsf;sf] ultzLntfsf nflu e/kbf]{ tYofÍ Ps ckl/xfo{ kIf xf] eGg]s'/f :ki6 x'G5 .
ctM z}lIfs tYofÍsf] cfjZostf tyf dxTj lgDglnlvt 5g\ M

¾ z}lIfs ljsf;sf of]hgfsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] nflu

¾ lzIff If]q;Fu ;DalGwt gLlt lgdf{0fsf] nflu
¾ lzIff If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿sf] jf:tljs?kdf klxrfg u/L ;xL lg/fs/0f ug{sf] nflu
¾ ljleGg cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ z}lIfs ljsf;aLrsf] cGt/;DaGwsf] ljZn]if0f ug{sf] nflu
¾ ;fdflhs kl/j{tg tyf P]ltxfl;s ljsf;s|dsf] ljZn]if0f ug{sf] nflu
¾ z}lIfs ljifoj:t'sf] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L /fVg tyf cWoog ug{sf] nflu
¾ zf]wstf{, k|fl1sx¿, cy{zf:qL, ljBfyL{, ;j{;fwf/0f cflbsf] nflu
¾ z}lIfs ljsf; / o;n] ul/aL lgjf/0fdf kfg]{ k|efjsf] cGt/;DaGwsf] ljZn]if0f ug{sf] nflu
∗
tYofÍ clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
119
 z}lIfs tYofÍljgf z}lIfs If]q;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} klg of]hgf ;kmn x'g sl7g x'G5 / o;sf] ;do;fk]If ;xL ljZn]if0faf6 g}
s'g} klg z}lIfs ljsf;sf sfo{n] cu|ufdL ¿k lng;Sb5 . z}lIfs ljsf;sf] nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf gLlt lgodx¿ Pj+ nfu"
ul/Psf sfo{qmdx¿ ;xL lbzfdf cl3 a9] ga9]sf] yfxf kfpg / eljZodf z}lIfs If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ckgfpg'kg]{ gLlt Pj+
sfo{qmdsf] th'{df ug{ z}lIfs tYofÍ ckl/xfo{ cfwf/ xf] . t;y{ z}lIfs If]q;Fu ;DalGwt gLltx¿sf] pko'Qm sfof{Gjogsf]
;kmntf z}lIfs tYofÍsf] pknAwtfdf g} cfwfl/t /x]sf] x'G5 .

#= z}lIfs tYof°sf] ;|f]t

tYofÍ P]g, @)!% n] s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefunfO{ ;a} lsl;dsf tYofÍ ;+sng tyf k|sfzgsf] cflwsfl/s lgsfo tf]s]sf] 5 .
tyflk s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] ;fy} lzIff dGqfno, ljleGg ljZjljBfnox¿ Pj+ z}lIfs k|lti7fgx¿n] z}lIfs tYofÍsf] ;+sng
tyf k|sfzg ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .

#=! s]Gb|Lo tYof° ljefu

s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] k|To]s bz jif{sf] cGt/fndf ;~rfng ug]{ hgu0fgfx¿ g} g]kfndf z}lIfs tYofÍsf] ;|f]tx¿dWo] k|d'v
;|f]t xf] . lj=;+= @))(÷!! b]lv otf ;DkGg ul/Psf k|To]s hgu0fgfdf z}lIfs tYofÍsf] ;+sng, k|zf]wg, ljZn]if0f Pj+ k|sfzg
ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . kl5Nnf] /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)%* df z}lIfs If]q;Fu ;DalGwt lgDglnlvt ljj/0fx¿ ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] .
!= k9\g / n]Vg;Sg] ÷ g;Sg] - ;fIf/tf_
@= plQ0f{ u/]sf] z}lIfs tx
#= xfn ljBfno hfg] l:ylt

o;sf] ;fy} s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] ;~rfng ug]{ g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f, g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0f, hg;+Vof ;j]{If0f, u0fgf
aLrsf] kfl/jfl/s ;"rgf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k4lt (Between Census Household Information, Monitoring and
Evaluation System : BCHIMES), g]kfn ax';"rsf+s ;j]{If0f (Nepal Multiple Indicator Survey) nufotsf ljleGg
;fdflhs ;j]{If0fx¿df z}lIfs tYofÍsf] ;+sng Pj+ k|sfzg x'g]ub{5 . o:tf ;fdflhs ;j]{If0fx¿df ;j]{If0fsf] p2]Zocg'?ksf
ljifoa:t'sf] ;fy} hgu0fgfdf eGbf s]xL lj:t[t?kdf z}lIfs tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] x'G5 . hgu0fgf Pj+ ljleGg ;j]{If0fsf
cltl/Qm o; ljefun] dfWolds tYofÍsf] (Secondary Statistics) ?kdf lzIff dGqfno, lzIff ljefu, pRr dfWolds lzIff
kl/ifb Pj+ ljleGg ljZjljBfnox¿af6 ;d]t z}lIfs tYofÍ ;+sng u/L ljefusf] lgoldt rf}dfl;s k|sfzg+ ætYofÍ ultljlw
(Four Monthly Statistical Bulletin)ÚÚ sf] x/]s t[tLo c+sdfkm{t\ k|of]ustf{x¿nfO{ pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .

s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefuafx]s cGo lgsfoaf6 ;+rfng x'g] ljleGg ;j]{If0fx¿df ;d]t z}lIfs tYofÍ ;+sng Pj+ k|sfzg ug]{
u/]sf] kfOG5 . h:t} M g]kfn hg;Fl+VosLo :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f (Nepal Demogrphic and Health Survey), g]kfn kl/jf/ :jf:Yo
;j]{If0f cflb .

#=@ lzIff dGqfno

z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL (Educational Management Information System : EMIS) z}lIfs ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg]
Ps a[xt k4lt xf] . o; k4ltn] hgzlQm, sfo{ k|ls|of / k|ljlwnfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L ljleGg txsf] z}lIfs Joj:yfkgnfO{
;do;fk]If, ;xh / k|efasf/L ;"rgf pknAw u/fO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 . g]kfndf klg z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLdf hf]8
lbb} lzIff dGqfno, lzIff ljefun] s]Gb|, lhNnf / Onfsf tx;Dd o;;DaGwL ;d"x :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . lzIff dGqfno, lzIff
ljefun] z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL (Educational Management Information System : EMIS) cGt/ut g]kfnsf ;a}
ljBfnox¿af6 jif{sf] b'O{ k6s z}lIfs tYofÍ ;+sng u/L ;g\ @))$ b]lv k|To]s jif{ Flash I Report / Flash II Report dfkm{t\
ljBfno:t/sf] -k|fylds txb]lv pRr dfWolds tx;Ddsf]_ z}lIfs tYofÍ k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . Flash I Report df z}lIfs
;qsf] z'?sf] tYofÍ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 eg] Flash II Report df z}lIfs ;qsf] cGTosf] tYofÍ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 . tYofÍ
;+sngsf] nflu lzIff ljefun] tof/ u/]sf] Flash I k|ZgfjnL / Flash II k|ZgfjnL lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodfkm{t\ ;a}
ljBfnox¿df -;fj{hlgs tyf ;:yfut_ k7fOG5 . k|ZgfjnL eg'{k"j{ tYofÍdf Ps?ktf Nofpg Pj+ u'0f:t/ sfod ug{
k|wfgfWofks / cGo lzIfsx¿sf] nflu ;|f]ts]Gb|:t/df tflndsf] cfof]hgf ul/G5 . ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofksn] ljBfno lg/LIfs
120
/ ;|f]t JolQmsf] ;d]t ;xof]udf k|ZgfjnL e/L lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf k7fpg] ub{5g\ . lzIff ljefun] tof/ u/]sf] Flash Data
Entry Software sf] k|of]u u/L lhNnf lzIff sfof{nox¿n] 8f6f O{G6«L (Data Entry) ug]{ / O{d]ndfkm{t\ lzIff ljefudf sf]/f
tYofÍ (Raw Data) sf] On]S6«f]lgs k|lt (Soft Copy) k7fpg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . Flash I k|ZgfjnL / Flash II
k|ZgfjnLdf d'Votof lgDg ljj/0fx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 .
!= ljBfnosf] ljj/0f
@= lnË, hfthflt / sIffut cfwf/df ljBfyL{ egf{ ;+Vof
#= jflif{s k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt ljBfyL{ ;+Vof
$= z}lIfs ;qsf] cjlwe/ ljBfno 5f8\g] ljBfyL{] ;+Vof
%= ;fdflhs juL{s/0fcg';f/ ljBfno Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿sf] ;+Vof
^= ljBfnosf lqmofsnfkx¿
&= ljBfnon] k|fKt u/]sf] ef}lts / cfly{s ;xof]u
*= lzIfs ;+Vof
(= cGo

lzIff ljefun] k|sfzg ug]{ ljBfno:t/sf] tYofÍdf pRr dfWolds tx -!)±@_ sf] tYofÍ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 t/
;dfg:t/sf] k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq txsf] tYofÍ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'Fb}g . ljBfyL{ ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df ljBfnon] kfpg]
cg'bfgnufotsf cGo ;'ljwfx¿ olsg ul/g] Joj:yf /x]sf] x'Fbf o:tf tYofÍsf] ;+sngdf ljz]if Wofg lbg' h?/L b]lvG5 .

#=# ljleGg ljZjljBfnox¿

g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf h]7f] ljZjljBfnosf] ?kdf /x]sf] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] ;g\ @))# b]lv tYofÍ j'n]l6g (Statistical
Bulletin) k|sfzg u/L k|of]ustf{x¿nfO{ z}lIfs tYofÍ pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] k|sfzg ug]{ tYofÍ
j'n]l6gdf ;+sfocg';f/ s'n ljBfyL{ ;+Vof, k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt ljBfyL{ ;+Vof, lzIfs ;+Vof, ljZjljBfnosf] aflif{s ah]6, ljleGg
ljZjljBfnox¿sf] aflif{s ah]6, ljBfyL{ ;+Vof / lzIfs ;+Vof Pj+ pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifbcGt/utsf pRr dfWolds tx -
!)±@_ df cWoog/t ljBfyL{ ;+Vof h:tf tYofÍ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 . o:t} sf7df08f} ljZjljBfno, g]kfn ;F:s[t
ljZjljBfno, kf]v/f ljZjljBfno, k"jf{Grn ljZjljBfno, lj=lk=sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fg / pRr dfWolds lzIff
kl/ifbn] ;d]t k|of]ustf{x¿nfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf z}lIfs tYofÍ pknAw u/fpFb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ .

$= z}lIfs tYof°;“u ;DalGwt s]xL ;"rsx¿

$=! ;fIf/tf
;fdfGotof s'g} Ps efiffdf n]Vg / k9\g;Sg] JolQmnfO{ ;fIf/ dflgG5 . ;fIf/ x'gsf] nflu b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ;fwf/0f
x/lx;fa ;d]t hfg]sf] x'g'kb{5 . k/Dk/fut?kdf n]Vg / k9\g ;Sg'nfO{ ;fIf/tfsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 dflgPsf] 5 . o;nfO{
cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf (Basic Literacy) klg elgG5 . ;g\ !(^% df o'g]:sf] (United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization, UNESCO) n] sfo{d"ns ;fIf/tf (Functional Literacy) sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|sfzdf NofPsf] 5 .
o'g]:sf]sf cg';f/ n]Vg, k9\gsf] ;fy} ;fdflhs hLjgofkg ug{ cfjZos sfo{x¿ h:t} M klqsf k9\;Sg], sfd ug]{ :yfgdf
tflnd lgb]{lzsf k9\g;Sg], /fhdfu{x¿sf] gS;f a'em\g;Sg] / r]sa's ;+rfng ug{;Sg] x'g'kb{5 . g]kfndf sfo{d"ns ;fIf/tf b/
cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf b/eGbf lgs} sd /x]sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . oBlk xfn;Dd g]kfndf sfo{d"ns :ffIf/tfsf] kl/efiffsf]
cfwf/df s'g} klg ;j]{If0fdf tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] 5}g . hgu0fgfx¿df klg ;fIf/tfsf] kl/efiffdf ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g ul/b}
cfO/x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ljefun] ;~rfng ug]{ ljleGg ;j]{If0fx¿df ;fIf/tfsf] kl/efiffdf Ps?ktf Nofpg]tkm{ cfjZos kxn
ePsf] kfOG5 . ;fIf/tfnfO{ lnË, pd]/ cflbsf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f u/L cWofog ug{ ;lsG5 .

$=!=! s'n ;fIf/tf b/

s'n ;fIf/tf b/ eGgfn] lglZrt pd]/eGbf dflysf s'n hg;+VofdWo] ;fIf/ hg;+Vofsf] k|ltztnfO{ hgfpF5 . g]kfnsf
hgu0fgfx¿df ;fIf/tf ;DjGwL tYofÍ ^ jif{ / ;f]eGbf dflysf pd]/sf hg;+VofnfO{ dfq k|Zg u/L ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 . o;}n]

121
s'n ;fIf/tf b/ eGgfn] ^ jif{ / ;f]eGbf dflysf pd]/ ePsf s'n ;fIf/ ;+VofnfO{ ;f]xL pd]/sf s'n hg;+Vofaf6 efu u/L
cfPsf] k|ltkmnnfO{ !)) n] u'0fg ubf{ k|fKt x'g] glthf xf] . csf]{ zAbdf, ^ jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] pd]/sf k|To]s !)) hgfdf
;fIf/sf] ;+Vof g} s'n ;fIf/tf b/ xf] . hgu0fgfx¿af6 k|fKt glthfcg';f/sf] ;fIf/tf k|ltzt tflnsf g+ ! df k|:t't ul/Psf]
5.

$=!=@ dlxnf ;fIf/tf b/

of] lglZrt pd]/eGbf dflysf s'n dlxnf hg;+VofdWo] ;fIf/ dlxnfsf] k|ltzt xf] . g]kfnsf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ ^ jif{ / ;f]eGbf
dflysf] pd]/sf ;fIf/ dlxnf ;+VofnfO{ ;f]xL pd]/ ;d"xsf] s'n dlxnf ;+Vofn] efu u/L cfPsf] cÍnfO{ !)) n] u'0fg u/L k|fKt
k|ltkmn g} s'n dlxnf ;fIf/tf b/ xf] . lzIff If]qdf sfod n}lËs lje]bsf] dfkg ug{ ;d]t dlxnf ;fIf/tf b/ Ps dxTjk"0f{
;"rs xf] . hgu0fgfx¿af6 k|fKt glthfcg';f/sf] dlxnf ;fIf/tf b/ tflnsf g+ ! df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

$=!=# k'?if ;fIf/tf b/

of] klg lglZrt pd]/eGbf dflysf s'n k'?ifdWo] ;fIf/ k'?ifsf] k|ltzt xf] . o;sf] lx;fa klg dlxnf ;fIf/tf b/ lgsfNbf h:t}
ug]{ xf] . cyf{t ^ jif{ / ;f]eGbf dflysf] pd]/sf s'n ;fIf/ k'?if ;+VofnfO{ ;f]xL pd]/ / ;f]eGbf dflysf s'n k'?if hg;+Vofn]
efu u/L cfPsf] c+ÍnfO{ !)) n] u'0fg ubf{ cfPsf] k|ltkmn xf] .

^ jif{ / ;f]e Gbf dflysf pd]/ sf] hg;+Vofsf] :ffIf/tf b/

-@))(÷@)!! – @)%*_

70

60
50
:ffIf/tf k|l tzt

40 k'?if
dlxnf
30
s'n
20
10

0
@))(÷!! @)!* @)@* @)#* @)$* @)%*
hgu0fgf jif{

$=!=$ o'jf ;fIf/tf b/

;fdfGotof o'jf eGgfn] !% jif{b]lv @$ jif{;Ddsf pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;+VofnfO{ hgfpF5 . o;}n] o'jf ;fIf/tf b/ eGgfn] pQm
pd]/ ;d"xsf s'n ;fIf/ ;+VofnfO{ ;f] pd]/ ;d"xs} s'n hg;+Vofn] efu u/L !)) n] u'0fg ubf{ cfPsf] cÍ xf] . o'jf ;fIf/tf
b/ klg z}lIfs ljj]rgfsf] nflu k|of]u ul/g] Ps dxTjk"0f{ ;"rs xf] .

$=!=% k|f}9 ;fIf/tf b/

k|f}9 ;fIf/tf eGgfn] !% jif{ / ;f]eGbf dflysf pd]/sf] hg;+Vofsf] ;fIf/tf l:ylt hgfpF5 . cyf{t !% jif{ / ;f]eGbf dflysf
pd]/sf s'n ;fIf/nfO{ ;f]xL pd]/ ;d"xsf] s'n hg;+Vofn] efu u/L !)) n] u'0fg ubf{ cfPsf] k|ltkmn xf] . /fli6«o hgu0fgf,
@)%* cg';f/ g]kfnsf] k|f}9 ;fIf/tf $*=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o:t} pQm hgu0fgfsf] glthfcg';f/ dlxnfsf] k|f}9 ;fIf/tf
#$=( k|ltzt / k'?ifsf] k|f}9 ;fIf/tf ^@=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
122
tflnsf !M lnËcg';f/ ^ jif{ / ;f]eGbf dflysf pd]/sf] hg;+Vofsf] ;fIf/tf l:ylt, g]kfn, lj=;+= @))(÷!!–@)%*
;fIf/tf b/
hgu0fgf jif{ k'?if dlxnf s'n
@))(÷!! (=% )=& %=#
@)!* !^=# !=* *=(
@)@* @#=^ #=( !$=)
@)#* #$=) !@=) @#=#
@)$* %$=% @%=) #(=^
@)%* ^%=% $@=* %$=!
;|f]tM CBS (2003). Population Monograph of Nepal Vol. I.

$=@ ljBfno egf{ b/

lzIff k|0ffnLcGt/ut ljBfnox¿df afnaflnsfx¿sf] kx'Fr s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/f kQfnufpg] d'Vo ;"rs ljBfno egf{ b/
(Enrollment Rate) xf] . ljleGg txdf afnaflnsfx¿sf] ljBfno kx'Frsf] l:ylt, 5fq / 5fqfdf ljBfno kx'Frsf] l:ylt,
ljleGg hfthflt, cfly{s ;d"x / ef}uf]lns If]qcg';f/ ljBfno kx'Frsf] l:ylt s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/f ljBfno egf{ b/
(Enrollment Rate) sf] cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . ljBfnox¿df afnaflnsfx¿sf] kx'Fr kQfnufpg k|foh;f] @ lsl;dsf
egf{ b/ a9L k|rngdf NofOPsf] kfOG5 .

$=@=! v'b ljBfno egf{ b/ (Net Enrollment Rate, NER)

s'g} lglZrt txdf egf{ ePsf s'g} lglZrt pd]/ ;d"xsf ljBfyL{ ;+Vof / ;f]xL pd]/ ;d"xsf ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{ ;+Vofsf]
cg'kftnfO{ v'b egf{ b/ (Net Enrollment Rate) elgG5 . g]kfnsf] lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ % txdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 M -!_
k|fylds tx -!–%_, -@_ lgDg dfWolds tx -^–*_, -#_ dfWolds tx -(–!)_, -$_ pRr dfWolds tx -!!–!@_ / -%_ pRr tx
-ljZjljBfno tx_ . k|fylds txsf] nflu ^–!) jif{, lgDg dfWolds txsf] nflu !!–!# jif{, dfWolds txsf] nflu !$–!% jif{,
pRr dfWolds txsf] nflu !^–!* jif{ / pRr txsf] nflu !(–@# jif{ pd]/ ;d"x tf]lsPsf] 5 . oxfF k|fylds txsf] v'b egf{
b/ eGgfn] ^–!) jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf k|fylds ljBfnodf egf{ ePsf s'n ljBfyL{ ;+VofnfO{ ;f]xL pd]/ ;d"xsf] ;f]xL aif{sf] s'n
hg;+Vofn] efu u/L cfPsf] c+snfO{ !)) n] u'0fg u/L cfPsf] k|ltkmn xf] . o;} tl/sfn] cGo txsf] v'b ljBfno egf{ b/
u0fgf ul/G5 . s'g} txsf] lzIffdf jf:tljs / oyfy{ kx'Frsf] ljj]rgf ug{ v'b ljBfno egf{ b/sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . ljleGg txsf]
v'b ljBfno egf{ b/ tflnsf g+= @ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf @ M lnË Pj+ z}lIfs txcg';f/ v'b ljBfno egf{ b/ (Net Enrollment Rate, NER), g]kfn, ;g\ @))#–@))&
z}lIfs tx → k|fylds lgDg dfWolds dfWolds
jif{ ↓ dlxnf k'?if s'n dlxnf k'?if s'n dlxnf k'?if s'n
@))# &&=% *(=$ *#=% #*=& $^=* $@=( @^=# #@=& @(=%
@))$ &*=) ()=! *$=@ $)=@ $&=^ $#=( @*=* #%=@ #@=)
@))% *#=% ()=! *^=* $#=! $(=* $^=% @(=@ #%=% #@=$
@))^ *%=% *(=# *&=$ $&=* %&=! %@=# #@=$ #&=) #$=&
@))& *&=$ ()=& *(=! $(=^ %^=! %@=( #@=* #&=& #%=#
;|f]tM School Level Educational Statistics of Nepal, Consolidated Report, lzIff ljefu, ;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/ .

$=@=@ s'n ljBfno egf{ b/ (Gross Enrollment Rate, GER)

s'g} z}lIfs txdf lglZrt jif{df cWoog/t h'g;'s} pd]/sf ljBfyL{ ;+VofnfO{ ;f]xL txdf cWoogsf] nflu lgwf{l/t pd]/
;d"xsf] ;f]xL jif{sf] s'n hg;+Vofn] efu ubf{ cfpg] k|ltkmn g} s'n ljBfno egf{ b/ (Gross Enrollment Rate) xf] .

123
ljBfnodf kx'Frsf] Jofks l:ylt jf tl:j/sf] ljj]rgf ug{ s'n ljBfno egf{ b/sf] k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . laleGg txsf] s'n
ljBfno egf{ b/ (Grass Enrollment Rate) tflnsf g+ @ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

$=# lzIfs ljBfyL{ cg'kft (Teacher Student Ratio, TSR)

s'g} klg ljBfnodf cWoog/t ljBfyL{ ;+Vof / ;f]xL ljBfnodf sfo{/t lzIfs ;+Vofsf] cg'kftnfO{ lzIfs ljBfyL{ cg'kft
elgG5 . lzIfs ljBfyL{ cg'kftsf] u0fgf ubf{ ;/sf/L :jLs[t b/jGbLdf sfo{/t lzIfs ;+Vof, /fxt sf]6fdf sfo{/t lzIfs
;+Vof / ;fd'bflos ;|f]tdf sfo{/t lzIfs ;+VofnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg'kb{5 . lzIfs ljBfyL{ cg'kft kQfnufpg ljBfnodf cWoog/t
ljBfyL{ ;+VofnfO{ ;f]xL ljBfnodf sfo{/t lzIfs ;+Vofn] efu ul/G5 . o;}u/L ljBfnodf cWoog/t ljBfyL{ ;+VofnfO{ ;f]xL
ljBfnodf sfo{/t dlxnf lzlIfsf ;+Vofn] efu u/L dlxnf lzlIfsf ljBfyL{ cg'kft kQfnufpg ;lsG5 . o:tf lsl;dsf
cg'kftx¿ uf=lj=;=, gu/kflnsf / lhNnf:t/df ;d]t u0fgf ug{ ;lsG5 .

tflnsf # M lnË Pj+ z}lIfs txcg';f/ s'n ljBfno egf{ b/ (Gross Enrollment Rate, GER), g]kfn, ;g\
@))#–@))&
z}lIfs tx → k|fylds lgDg dfWolds dfWolds
jif{ ↓ dlxnf k'?if s'n dlxnf k'?if s'n dlxnf k'?if s'n
@))# !!&=! !#^=) !@^=& %$=# ^%=@ ^)=) $#=! %!=% $^=$
@))$ !@$=@ !#&=) !#)=& &#=( *^=$ *)=# $%=@ %%=$ %)=$
@))% !$!=* !$*=* !$%=$ ^*=@ *$=) &^=) $%=% %#=) $(=#
@))^ !#*=$ !#(=@ !#*=* ^%=$ &&=( &!=% %#=! ^)=@ %^=&
@))& !#(=^ !#&=^ !#*=% &%=( *!=^ &*=* %@=$ %(=# %%=(
;|f]tM School Level Educational Statistics of Nepal, Consolidated Report, lzIff ljefu, ;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/ .

$=$ cf};t ljBfno jif{ (Mean Years of Schooling)

cfkm\gf] hLjgsfndf sDtLdf Ps k6s ljBfno uPsf !% aif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] pd]/ ;d"xsf JolQmn] ljBfnodf egf{ e}
cWoog ug{ ljtfPsf] cf};t aif{nfO{ cf};t ljBfno aif{ (Mean Years of Schooling) elgG5 . cf};t ljBfno aif{sf] u0fgfsf]
nflu cfkm\gf] hLjgsfndf sDtLdf Ps k6s ljBfno uPsf !% aif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] pd]/ ;d"xsf k|To]s JolQmnfO{
ltgLx¿n] ljBfnodf ljtfPsf] aif{ ;f]lwG5 . o:tf k|To]s JolQmn] ljBfnodf ljtfPsf] aif{sf] of]ukmnnfO{ ltgLx¿sf] hDdf
;+Vofn] efu ubf{ cfPsf] efukmn g} cf};t ljBfno aif{ xf] . g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f, @)%@÷%# / g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f,
@)^)÷^! Dff cf};t ljBfno aif{ ;DaGwL ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . oL ;j]{If0fcg';f/ g]kfndf cf};t ljBfno aif{
@)%@÷%# df &=) aif{ /x]sf]df @)^)÷^! df a9]/ &=% aif{ k'u]sf] 5 .

$=% ;x;|fAbL ljsf;sf nIo / z}lIfs ;"rsx¿ (Millennium Development Goals and Educational Indicator)
ljZj ;x;|fAbL ljsf;sf nIox¿df lzIff If]qnfO{ klg k|fyldstf;fy ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ;x;|fAbL ljsf;sf ljleGg *
nIox¿dWo] nIo @ df æljZjJofkL ¿kdf k|fylds lzIff k|flKtÆ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . ljleGg !* p2]Zox¿dWo] o; nIosf]
k|flKtsf] nflu p2]Zo # tf]lsPsf] 5 h;cg';f/ ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ;a} 7fpFsf ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsfx?n] k|fylds ljBfno txsf]
lzIff k"0f{¿kn] xfl;n u/]sf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ /flvPsf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy} lzIff If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;x;|fAbL ljsf;sf nIo Pj+
p2]Zox¿sf] cg'udgsf] nflu lgDglnlvt ;"rsx¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ .
• ;"rs ^ M k|fylds lzIffdf v'b eg{f b/ (Net Enrollment Ratio)
• ;"rs & s M sIff ! df k|j]z u/L sIff % k'Ug]x¿sf] cg'kft
• ;"rs & v M k|fylds lzIff k"/f b/ (Primary Education Completion Rate)
• ;"rs * M !% b]lv @$ aif{ pd]/sf] ;fIf/tf b/

124
%= pk;+xf/
z}lIfs of]hgfsf] th'{df ug{ Pj+ nfu" ul/Psf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] cg'udg Pj+ d"NofÍg ug{ z}lIfs tYofÍ ckl/xfo{ cfwf/
xf] . lzIffsf] cj;/ / nufgLdf ul/a, dlxnf, blnt, hghflt / lk5l8Psf ju{nfO{ k|ToIf lx:;]bf/ agfpg'kb{5 . æ;a}sf] nflu
;dfg lzIffÆ eGg] gf/fnfO{ jf:tljs ?kdf Aojxf/df kl/0ft ug{ ;s]dfq /fHon] lzIff If]qdf Gofo u/]sf] 7xl/g]5 . lzIff
If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} sfo{qmdx¿sf] plrt sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;d;fdlos z}lIfs tYofÍsf] pknAwtfdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, lzIff ljefunufot ljleGg lgsfox¿af6 z}lIfs tYofÍ pknAw u/fOb} cfPtfklg xfnsf]
cj:ydf z}lIfs tYofÍsf] cfk"lt{ ;+tf]ifhgs 5}g . Psftkm{ k|of]ustf{x¿nfO{ ;do;fk]If z}lIfs tYofÍ pknAw x'g g;s]sf]
l:ylt 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ pknAw tYofÍsf] klg clwstd pkof]u gePsf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf/0f z}lIfs tYofÍsf] ljsf;
tyf ;do;fk]If pknAwtfdf k|oTg/t ;+:yfx¿ o;sf] cfk"lt{ a9fpg cem a9L lqmofzLn x'g' cfjZos 5 . csf]{tkm{ z}lIfs
tYofÍdf Ps?ktf Nofpg o;sf] pTkfbgdf ;+nUg hgzlQmdf ;d]t Ps?ktf Nofpg' h?/L 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm pknAw z}lIfs
tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{sf ;fy} z}lIfs If]qsf gLlt lgdf{0f tyf ljsf; sfo{df pkof]u a9fpg' h?/L 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
!= Analytical Description of Educational Indicators of Nepal, 1997-2001, Ministry of Education and Sports.
@= Nepal Living Statdards Survey 2003/04, Statistical Report, Volume I, Central Bureau of Statistics, 2004.
#= Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume I, Central Bureau of Statistics, 2003.
$= Resources Papers Presented and Findings, National Seminar on Social Statistics, Central Bureau of Statistics,
1989.
%= School Level Educational Statistics of Nepal, Consolidated Report 2007, Department of Education.
^= hg;+Vof tyf k|hgg :jf:Yo nfu" ePsf lhNnfx¿sf] nflu tYofÍ ljifos k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f lgb]{lzsf, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu,
@)^! .
&= tYofÍ ultljlw, @)^$÷^%, t];|f] rf}dfl;s, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
*= g]kfndf lzIff of]hgf cjwf/0ff tyf k|of]u k'l:tsf @)^$, lzIff ljefu .

125
 !^M :jf:Yo tYof° (HEALTH STATISTICS)

*
l8NnL /fh hf]zL

!= kl/ro
g]kfndf ;do / cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg lsl;dsf /fli6«o:t/sf TfYofÍsf] ;+sng, k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfo{
s]Gb«Lo tYofÍ ljefun] nfdf] ;dob]lv ;DkGg ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . tYofÍ ;+sngsf ljlwx?sf] ljsf; Pj+ ljleGg
u0fgf÷;j]{If0fx?df k|of]u eO/x]sf kl/efiff tyf cjwf/0ffsf] af/]df k|of]ustf{x? / ;DalGwt ;a}nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] bfloTj
klg s]Gb«Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] g} ePtfklg cGo ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] klg cfjZostfcg';f/sf] TfYofÍsf] ;+sng,
k|zf]wg Pj+ k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf 5g . :jf:Yo tYofÍ ;+sng, k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0f Pj+ k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ sfo{ s]Gb«Lo tYofÍ ljefu
nufot ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 Pj+ ;+:yfx?af6 x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . :jf:Yo TfYofÍ eGgfn] hGd, d[To', ckfª\utf,
s'kf]if0f tyf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] kx'Fr cflb ;DaGwL tYofÍnfO{ hgfpFb5 .

In other words health statistics is defined as “Numerical data that characterize the health of a population & the
influences that affects it’s health” these influences include the environment; genetic and other biological
characteristics; health services and community attributes.

@= :jf:Yo TfYofÍsf ;|f]tx?

s]Gb«Lo tYofÍ ljefun] ;~rfng ug]{ hgu0fgf tyf :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;j]{If0fx? :jf:Yo TfYofÍsf d'Vo ;|f]tx? x'g .
o;afx]s Ministry of Health, HMIS, NMIS, BCHIMES, Demographic Health Surveys, Family Planning Studies,
Hospital based Reports & Surveys / hg;+Vof tyf k~hLs/0f Joj:yfkg zfvf -:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno_ Pj+ u[x dGqfno
cflb cGo :jf:Yo TfYofÍsf ;|f]tx? x'g .

:jf:Yo ;]jf ljefun] UNFPA / s]xL cGo ;+:yfx?sf] k|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;xof]udf PsLs[t :jf:Yo Joj:yfkg
;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/]/ ;g !(($ b]lv d'n'se/L g} nfu" ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o; k|0ffnLcGtu{t d'Votof ;/sf/L
;+:yfx?Dffkm{t k|bfg ul/g] ;a} k|sf/sf :jf:Yo ;]jfx?sf] ;"rgfnfO{ PsLs[t?kdf Joj:yfkg ug]{ ul/G5 . g]kfndf :jf:Yo
;]jf k|0ffnLsf] Oltxf;df “/fli6o :jf:Yo gLlTf, @)$*” Pp6f pNn]Vo tyf clt dxTjk"0{f cfwf/ ljGb'sf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .
To:t} If]qut?kdf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] ljsf;sf nflu cufl8 a9g] qmddf ljsf; ul/Psf] PsLs[t tyf ;Dk"0f{ :jf:Yo Joj:yfkg
;"rgf k|0ffnL Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] .

#= :jf:Yo TfYof° ;+sng

:jf:Yo TfYofÍ ;+sng;+u ;DalGwt ljleGg lsl;dsf ;"rgfx?sf] ;+sng sfo{ :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefun] “:jf:Yo lzIff
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ sfo{qmdsf] /lhi6/”(Health Education, Information & Communication Programme Register ‘HMIS’)
Dffkm{t tn plNnlvt HMIS sf]8 / ljleGg gfdsf /lhi6/ k|of]u u/L ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .

HMIS g+=, /lhi6/sf] gfd

! d"n btf{ /lhi6/ (Master Register)
@ ;Dks{ sf8{ (Multipurpose Contact Card)
# afn :jf:Yo ;Dks{ sf8{ (Child Health Card)

*
lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
126
$ la/fdL k"hf{ (OPD Ticket)
% vf]k /lhi6/ (Immunization Register)
^ 6L=6L= vf]k /lhi6/ (T.T. Register)
& % jif{d'lgsf aRrfsf] kf]if0f /lhi6/ (<5 Nutrition Register)
* :yfgfGt/0f÷k|]if0f k"hf{ (Transfer/Referal Slip)
( dft[ ;]jf sf8{ (Maternal Health Service Card)
!) dft[ ;]jf /lhi6/ (Maternal Health Register)
!! ue{ktg ;]jf /lhi6/ (Abortion Care Register)
!@ kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;]jf km];l;6÷sf8{ (Hormonal/Non Hormonal)
!# kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;]jf /lhi6/ (Family Planning Register)
!$ aGWofs/0f btf{ /lhi6/ (Sterilization Register)
!% g/KnfG6÷cfO{=o'=8L lems]sf] btf{ /lhi6/ (Norplant/IUD Removal Register)
!^ b}lgs la/fdL pkrf/ /lhi6/ (Out Patient Register)
!& ufp“3/ lSnlgs /lhi6/ (Outreach Clinic Register)
!* A cf}nf], s'i7 / sfnfhf/ /f]usf] gd"gf ;+sng tyf glthf ljj/0f kmf/fd (Specimen Collection Form)
!* B Ifo/f]usf] gd"gf ;+sng tyf glthf ljj/0f kmf/fd (Specimen Collection Form for TB)
!( cf}nf], Ifo, s'i7 / sfnfhf/ /f]usf] k|of]uzfnf k/LIf0f /lhi6/ (Laboratory Examination Register)
@) A Ifo/f]u pkrf/ sf8{ (TB Treatment Card)
@) B Ifo/f]u pkrf/ sf8{ -la/fdL;+u /xg]_ (TB Treatment Card)
@! Ifo/f]u pkrf/ /lhi6/ (TB treatment Register)
@@ s'i7/f]uL k/LIf0f tyf pkrf/ sf8{ (Leprosy Examination & Treatment Card)
@# s'i7/f]u pkrf/ /lhi6/ (Leprosy Treatment Register)
@$ cf}nf] tyf sfnfhf/ /f]usf] juL{s/0f tyf pkrf/ /lhi6/ (Maleria & Kala-zar Classification & Treatment
Register)
@% :jf:Yo lzIff ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ sfo{qmdsf] /lhi6/ (Health Education, Information & Communication
Programme Register)
/fli6«o :jf:Yo tflnd sfo{qmd (Training Programme Register)
@^ l8kmN6/ cg'udg k'hf{ (Defaulter Follow-up Slip)
@& j8f :jf:Yo ;]jf /lhi6/ (FCHV Register)
@* u|fdL0f :jf:Yo sfo{stf{ tyf dft[ lzz' :jf:Yo sfo{stf{sf] 8fo/L (V.H.W./M.C.H.W.Diary)
@( aGb ;dfof]hg kmf/fd (Closed Tally Sheet)
#) v'nf ;dfof]hg kmf/fd (Open Tally Sheet)
#! u|f=:jf=sf= / df= lz=sf=x?sf] ;+o'Qm dfl;s lkmN8 k|ltj]bg kmf/fd (HMIS-31)
#@ k|f=:jf=s]=÷:jf=rf}=÷pk :jf=rf}=txsf] dfl;s k|ult k|ltj]bg (HMIS-32)
## A lhNnf :jf:Yo÷hg :jf:Yo sfof{nosf] dfl;s k|ltj]bg (HMIS-33A)
## B lhNnf :jf:Yo÷hg :jf:Yo sfof{nosf] rf}dfl;s k|ltj]bg (HMIS-33B)
#$ lhNnf÷If]qLo÷s]Gb|Lo c:ktfnsf] dfl;s k|ltj]bg (HMIS-34)
#% la/fdL egf{ /lhi6/ (Admisión Register)
#^ la/fdL l8:rfh{ /lhi6/ (HMIS-36)
#& ;dfof]hg kmf/d -c:ktfnsf nflu_ (HMIS-37)
#* cfsl:ds ;]jf /lhi6/ (HMIS-38)

127
$= :jf:Yo ;]jf

Tfflnsf g+= !, Gf]kfndf ;g @))$÷)% b]lv ;g @))^÷)& ;Dd :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] l:ylt

ljj/0f @))$÷)% @))%÷)^ @))^÷)&

c:ktfn *& *( *&
c:ktfn z}of ^,&(^ ^,&(^ ^,($$
:jf:Yo rf}sL ^(( ^(( ^&^
:jf:Yo s]Gb« ^ ^ ^
pk :jf:Yo rf}sL #,!#! #,!#! #,!@(
Kf|d'v :jf:Yo s]Gb« !*) !*) @)%
8fS6/± !,@%( !,@%( !,#^!
x]= c= / c= x]= j= &,$(! &,$(! &,$(!
g;{ / c= g= ld= ±± !!,^#& !!,^#& !!,^#&
slj/fh* #*& #*& #($
j}B #%$ #%$ #^)
cfo'j]{b ;]jf s]Gb«** @*& @(# @(#
:jf:Yo sfo{stf{ #,!() #,!() #,!()
u|fdL0f :jf:Yo sfo{stf{ #,(*% #,(*% #,(*%
cGo :jf:Yo sfo{stf{ ^@,%$^ ^@,%$^ ^@,%$^

;|f]t : g]kfnsf] tYofÍLo emns, @)^%, s]= t= lj=.

+ g]kfn ;/sf/cGtu{t sfo{/t dfq
++ g]kfn ;/sf/cGtu{t sfo{/t dfq
* clws[t slj/fh / j}B ;d]t
** lhNnf÷c~rn cfo'j]{lbs :jf:Yo ;]jf s]Gb«

%= PRfcfO{eL÷P8\;\ (HIV/AIDS)

;g\ @))& sf] /fli6«o cg'dflgt tYofÍ cg';f/ g]kfndf HIV af6 ;+qmldt x'g]x?sf] hg;+Vof nueu &),))) /x]sf]
5 . h;dWo] o;af6 ;+qmldt o'jfx?sf] ;+Vof )=$( k|lt;t /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . /fli6«o P8\;\ tyf of}g/f]u lgoGq0f s]Gb«sf
cg';f/ ;f]xL ;dodf AIDS af6 ;+qmldt JolStx?sf] ;+Vof !,$%$ /x]sf] 5 eg] AIDS af6 dg]{x?sf] ;+Vof $@# /]s8{
ul/Psf] 5 . HIV kf]lhl6eaf6 u|l;t n}+lus cg'kft (Sex Ratio) @ M ! /x]sf] 5 .

128
Tfflnsf g+= @, ;g\ @))& ;Dd PRfcfO{eL÷P8\;\af6 ;+qmldtx?sf] ;+Vof

HIV af6
;+qmldt Estimated HIV Infections
Hfg;+Vof ;d"x 2007
k|f}9x?sf] cfO{=l8=o'=
;+Vof
Pd=P;=Pd=
cfO{=l8=o'= (IDU) ^,%!^
Pd=P;=Pd= (MSM) @,$&& of}gsdL{ dlxnfx?
of}gsdL{ dlxnfx? !,!#@ 21% 10%4%
of}gsdL{sf uf|xsx? (,($) 2% of}gsdL{sf uf|xsx?
5% 15%
Dff};dL sfdbf/sf] cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ @^,#)%
1%
Dff};dL sfdbf/sf] cf]xf]/bf]xf]/
vt/fdf /x]sfsf] hDdf $^,#&) 42%
g]kfn kmls{P sf j]Zofj[lQdf
g]kfn kmls{Psf j]Zofj[lQdf ;+nUg ;+nUg dlxnfx?
&(#
dlxnfx? sd vt/fdf /x]sf zx/L
sd vt/fdf /x]sf zx/L dlxnfx? #,$(@ dlxnfx?
sd vt/fdf /x]sf u|fdL0f sd vt/fdf /x]sf u|fdL0f
!#,%@% dlxnfx?
dlxnfx?
sd vt/fdf /x]sfsf] hDdf !&,*!) ;|f]t : /fli6«o P8\;\ tyf of}g/f]u lgoGq0f s]Gb« .
s'n hDdf ^$,!*)

^= kl/jf/ lgof]hg (Family Planning)

Tfflnsf g+= #, ;g\ @))$÷)% b]lv @))^÷)& ;Dd g]kfndf kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;j} lsl;dsf ;fwgx? k|of]u ug]{sf] l:ylt

kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;j} lsl;dsf @))$÷)% @))%÷)^ @))^÷)&

;fwg k|of]u ug]{sf] ;+Vof @),!#,!!! @!,!#,*!# @!,&%,*^!
;|f]t : g]kfnsf] tYofÍLo emns, @)^%, s]= t= lj= .

&= pd]/ ;d"xcg';f/ d[To' x'g]x?sf] ;+Vof -/fli6o hgu0fgf @)%* cg';f/_

/fli6o hgu0fgf, @)%* cg';f/ g]kfndf pd]/ ;d"xcg';f/ d[To' x'g]x?sf] ;+Vof (Deaths during last twelve months
(preceding census) provided by Population Census-2001, Nepal) / d[To'sf] sf/0f Tfflnsf g+= $ / Tfflnsf g+= % cg';f/
b]vfOPsf] 5 .

129
 Tfflnsf g+= $
pd]/ ;d""x hDdf k'?if dlxnf
! aif{ eGbf sd !#,)#& ^,(%^ ^,)*!
! b]lv $ aif{ (,&() %,%() $,@))
% b]lv ( aif{ #,#@) !,&@^ !,%($
!) b]lv !$ aif{ @,#)$ !,##@ (&@
!% b]lv !( aif{ @,%@# !,@(# !,@#)
@) b]lv @$ aif{ @,&$& !,$$( !,@(*
@% b]lv @( aif{ @,^** !,$@( !,@%(
#) b]lv #$ aif{ @,$&$ !,#)# !,!&@
#% b]lv #( aif{ @,*#( !,,%($ !,@$$
$) b]lv $$ aif{ @,(&) !,*@* !,!$@
$% b]lv $( aif{ #,%%# @,)@& !,%@^
%) b]lv %$ aif{ $,^^@ @,&&! !,*(!
%% b]lv %( aif{ ^,!!% #,^!@ @,%)#
^) b]lv ^$ aif{ *,##& $,&!) #,^@^
^% b]lv ^( aif{ *,^^& $,&^$ #,()#
&) b]lv &$ aif{ (,^)^ %,%!@ $,)(#
&% b]lv &( aif{ *,!!# $,^%& #,$%^
*) aif{ jf ;f]eGbf dfly !#,)$@ ^,(() ^,)%@
s'n hDdf !,)^,&*( %(,%$$ $&,@$%
:f|f]t : /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)%* .

/fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)%* (National Population Census, 2001) df tkfO{sf] 3/kl/jf/df ljut !@ dlxgfleq s;}sf] d[To'
ePsf] lyof] ls lyPg egL k|Zg ;f]lwPsf]df tflnsf g=+ % cg';f/ pQm cjlwdf dlxnf / k'?if b'j}sf] ;j}eGbf a9L d[To' x'gfsf]
sf/0f Asthma/Bronchitis b]lvPsf] 5 eg] bf];|f]df Cholera/Diarrhea b]lvPsf] 5 . d[To' x'gfsf] cGo sf/0fsf] ;fy} d[To'
x'gfsf] cGo sf/0f pNn]v gug]{x?sf] ;+Vof klg pNn]Vo g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

130
 Tfflnsf g+= %

dlxnf pd]/ ;d"x k'?if pd]/ ;d"x

d[To'sf] sf/0f ^% aif{ jf ^% aif{ jf
) b]lv !% b]lv ;f] eGbf ) b]lv !% b]lv ;f] eGbf
hDdf hDdf
!$ aif{ ^% aif{ dfly !$ aif{ ^% aif{ dfly
emf8fkvfnf @,^(* !,*%@ %!) ##% @,$@! !,%^% %$$ #!!
bfb'/f %^( %#) @$ !% %$( $*! $( !(
lgdf]lgof @,$($ @,)(% @)$ !($ !,(#% !,%&) !&% !()
Ifo/f]u @,@($ @$# !,$@$ ^@& !,!)# (@ *)@ @)(
Hfl08; ^() !($ #(( (& $^@ !%^ @^@ $$
6fOkmfO8 %&$ @#* @)$ !#! %^( @$* !^% !%^
efO/n OGkm\n'PGhf !!@ #( $$ @( &# !( #$ !(
OG;]kmnfOl6;÷d]gg\hfOl6; !$^ ^* ^# !% !!& #( %# @$
x]kf6fOl6; !)@ #$ %* !) *# @( #( !%
cf}nf] %#) @@$ !*) !@^ %(* @*@ !(( !!&
P8\;\÷of}g/f]u @)( &* (& #$ !#^ @( &# #$
SofG;/ @,!#( !^% !,@(# ^*! !,&$) !#^ !,!)* $(^
bd÷:jf;k|:jf; $,!@& @^@ !,$$( @,$!^ #,)$# !)@ !,@(* !,^$#
x[bo/f]u !,&@^ !$^ (%* ^@@ !,!@* !#^ ^!& #&$
Dfw'd]x $!# $$ !&) !(( !&% % !)@ ^*
Pk]lG8;fOl6; @$* &* !@@ $( !&% #$ *# %*
Ufe{ktg÷t'lxg]] ) ) ) ) @,#&& !,!)* !,)#! @#*
/Strfk &@$ %# #%) #@! ##! ) !() !$!
;jf/L oftfoft b'3{6gf !,!^@ !%! *($ !!& #)^ *# !$^ &*
cGo b'3{6gf !,(&* $#& !,@(# @$* (@* @*& $^& !&%
xTof, lx+;f @*& @$ @@* #$ !!@ #( ^* %
ljb«f]x !&) !) !^) ) !( % !% )
cfTdxTof *($ !() ^#& ^* %(* ^* $(! #(
k||fs[lts k|sf]k #!! !!@ !#! ^* @$# *# !!& $$
k||fs[lts lgodfg';f/ !$,$^& !,*#& #,%@$ (,!)% !!,^*! (&& @,&!& &,(*&
cGo 36gf !$,%#% $,##! %,$%$ $,&$( !!,&(* #,^^% $,%%% #,%&*
pNn]v gu/]sf 36gf %,($% @,!^* @,!$$ !,^## $,%$% !,^)( !,$(@ !,$$$
s'n hDdf %(,%$$ !%,^)$ @@,)!^ @!,(@$ $&,@$% !@,*$* !^,*(@ !&,%)%
:f|f]t : /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)%*

131
*= :jf:Yo;DaGwL nIox?

g]kfnsf] # aif]{ of]hgfsf] :jf:Yo;DaGwL nIox? (The goals of the health service sector) lgDg tflnsfcg';f/ b]vfOPsf] 5 .

Tfflnsf g+= ^

qm=;+ :jf:Yo;DjGwL ;"rsx? @)^# ;fn # aif]{

;Ddsf] l:Yflt of]hgfsf]
nIo

! cTofjZos :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] pknJwtf ( %) &*=*# ()

@ tf]lsPsf cTofjZos cf}ifwL tf]lsPsf ;+:yfdf (#=# (%
pknJwtf (%)
# rf/k6s k"j{k|;"lt ;]jf Kf|fKt ug]{ dlxnf (%) @(=$ $)
$ !% bl]v $$ aif{sf dlxnfdf l6= l6= vf]k Kf|fKt (%) ^# &%
% :j:YosdL{af6 k|;"lt ;]jf (%) !( #%
^ kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;fwg k|of]ustf{ (%) $$=@ %#
& ;'/lIft of}g ;Dks{sf nflu sG8d k|of]u && *%
-!% bl]v $$ aif{_ (%)
* s'n k|hggb/ -!% b]lv $$ aif{sf] dlxnf_ (%) #=! #=)
( dft[ d[To'b/ -k|lt !,)),)))_ @*! @%)
!) gjhft lzz' d[To'b/ -k|lt !,))) hLljt hGddf_ #$ #)
!! lzz' d[To'b/ -k|lt !,))) hLljt hGddf_ #( $$
!@ lzz' d[To'b/ -k|lt !,))) hLljt hGddf_ $* %%
;|f]t : hg;f+lVos tyf :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f, ;g\ @))^ / jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^@.)^#, :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu, @)^$ .

(= /fli6«o :jf:Yo gLlt tyf of]hgfx? (National Health Policies and Plans)

ljleGg ;dodf cfjZostfcg';f/ g]kfndf klg ljleGg lsl;dsf /fli6«o :jf:Yo gLlt tyf of]hgfx? ;/sf/n] nfu" ub}{ cfPsf] 5
. h;cg';f/ bf];|f] bL3{sfnLg :jf:Yo of]hgf (Second Long Term Health Plan) ;g\ !((& – @)!& sf] nIox? lgDgcg';f/ 5g\M

• lzz' d[To'b/ -k|lt !,))) hgfdf_ 36fO{ #$=$ df k'/\ofpg] .

• afn d[To'b/ -k|lt !,))) hLljt hGddf_ 36fO{ ^@=% df k'/\ofpg] .
• s'n k|hgg b/ 36fO{ #=)% ;Dd ;Lldt u/fpg] .
• cf};t cfo' a9fO{ ^*=& aif{;Dd k'/ofpg] .
• sf]/f hGdb/ -k|lt !,))) hgfdf_ @^=^ ;Dd k'/\ofpg] .
• sf]/f d[To'b/ -k|lt !,))) hgfdf_ ^ df emfg{] .
• dft[ d'To' cg'kft -k|lt !,)),))) hLljt hGddf_ @%) df ;Lldt ug]{ .
• kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwg k|of]ustf{ b/ a9fO{ %*=@ k|ltzt ;Dd k'/\ofpg] .
• tflndk|fKt :jf:ysdL{af6 k|;"lt ;]jf lng] dlxnfx?sf] ;+Vof (% k|ltzt;Dd k'/\ofpg] .
• uef{j:yfdf slDtdf $ rf]l6;Dd :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fpg] dlxnfx?sf] ;+Vof *) k|ltzt;Dd k'/\ofpg] .
• ue{jtL dlxnfx?df x'g] /StcNktf !% k|ltztdf ;Lldt ug]{ .
• l66fg; (TT2) pkof]u ug]{ k|hggof]Uo pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfx? -!% b]lv $$ aif{_ sf] k|ltzt () df k'/\ofpg] .
• @%)) u|fdeGbf sd tf}n ePsf gjhft lzz'x?sf] ;+Vof !@ k|ltztdf emfg]{ .

132
• cTofjZos :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] kx'Frdf cfwf 306fsf] ;do nfUg] hg;+Vofsf] k|ltzt () k'/\ofpg] .
• cTofjZos cf}iflwx? ztk|ltzt hg;+VofnfO{ aif}{e/L pknJw u/fpg] .
• cTofjZos :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ug{ k"0f{ ;'ljwf;lxt hgzlQm pknJw u/fpg] .
• :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;/sf/L vr{ s'n vr{sf] !) k|ltzt;Dd k'/\ofpg] .

!)= ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox? (Millennium Development Goals “MDGs”)

zx;|flAb ljsf; nIo -;g\ @)!% ;Dd_ df g]kfnn] afn d[To'b/ 36fpg], dft[ :j:Yodf ;'wf/ / PrcfO{le÷P8\;\,
cf}nf] tyf cGo /f]unfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ k|ltaWbtfnfO{ d"n nIosf] ?kdf c+uLsf/ u/]sf] 5, h;cg';f/ kfFr aif{d'lgsf
afnaflnsfsf] d[To'b/ ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf b'O{ltxfOn] 36fpg] klg xf] .

;g\ !(() sf] tYof+scg';f/ lzz 'd[To'b/ !)* af6 ;g\ @)!%;Dddf #$ df emfg]{ nIo /flvPsf] 5 eg] afn d[To'b/ !^$ af6
%$ ;Dd sd ug]{ tyf dft[ d[To' cg'kft %!% af6 !#$ df ;Lldt ug]{ nIo 5 eg] ;f]xL cjlwdf ue{jtL cj:yfdf bIf
:jf:YosdL{af6 ;]jf lng] dlxnfx?sf] k|ltzt & af6 ^) ;Dd k'/\ofpg] nIo pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

!!= JolQmut 36gf btf{ k|0ffnL

JolQmut 36gf btf{ k|0ffnLcGtu{t g]kfndf d[To';+u ;DalGwt tYofÍ (Mortality Statistics) d'Votof tLgj6f
;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 Reporting / Recording sf] sfo{ x'b} cfPsf] 5 . ljZjsf] ;j}h;f] d'n'sx?df hGd, d[To', j;fOF–;/fO cflb
h:tf JolQmut 36gfx?sf] btf{ ug]{ sfd ;/sf/L:t/af6 x'b} cfPsf] kfOG5 .
g]kfndf klg :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% n] :yfgLo lgsfox?n] k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd hGd, d[To' tyf cGo
JolQmut 36gf btf{ ug]{ / JolQmut 36gf btf{ u/fpg pTk|]l/t ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ d'Votof lgDglnlvt ;/sf/L
;+:yfx?Aff6 pSt sfo{ xF'b} cfPsf] 5 .

!= JolQmut 36gf btf{ k|0ffnL -:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnocGtu{t_

@= c:ktfndf cfwfl/t ;"rgf k|0ffnL -:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnocGtu{t_
#= JolQmut b'3{6gfdf d[To' x'g]x?sf] ;+Vof -u[x dGqfnocGtu{t_

133
cg';"rL g+=!, ljZj :jf:Yo tYofÍsf ;"Rfsx? (World Health Statistics Indicators)

1. HEALTH STATUS: MORTALITY

:: Life expectancy at birth (years)
:: Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth (years)
:: Probability of dying (per 1,000) between ages 15 and 60 years (adult mortality rate)
:: Probability of dying (per 1,000) under age five years (under-5 mortality rate)
:: Neonatal mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)
:: Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)

:: Deaths due to HIV/AIDS (per 100,000 population per year)

:: Deaths due to tuberculosis (per 100,000 population per year)
:: Age-standardized mortality rate by cause (per 100,000 population)
:: Years of life lost by broader cause of death, all ages (%)
:: Causes of death among children under five years of age (%)

2. HEALTH STATUS: MORBIDITY

:: HIV prevalence among the population aged 15-49 years
:: Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 population per year)
:: Prevalence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 population)
:: Number of confirmed poliomyelitis cases

3. HEALTH SERVICE: COVERAGE

:: One-year-olds immunized with one dose of measles (percentage)
:: One-year-olds immunized with three doses of diphtheria, tetanus toxoid and pertussis (DTP3) (percentage)
:: One-year-olds immunized with three doses of Hepatitis B (HepB3 ) (percentage)
:: Antenatal care coverage (percentage)
:: Births attended by skilled health personnel (%)
:: Contraceptive prevalence rate (%)
:: Children under five years of age using insecticide-treated nets (percentage)
:: People with advanced HIV infection receiving antiretroviral (ARV) combination therapy (%)
:: Tuberculosis: DOTS case detection rate (%)
:: Tuberculosis: DOTS treatment success (%)
:: Children under five years of age with acute respiratory infection and fever (ARI) taken to facility (%)
:: Children under five years of age with diarrhoea who received oral re -hydration therapy (ORT) (%)
:: Children under five years of age who received treatment with any anti malarial (%)
:: Children 6-59 months of age who received vitamin A supplementation (%)
:: Births by Caesarean section

4. RISK FACTORS:
:: Children under five years of age stunted for age (%)
:: Children under five years of age underweight for age (%)
:: Children under five years of age overweight for age (%)
:: Newborns with low birth weight (%)
:: Population with sustainable access to an improved water source (%)
:: Population with sustainable access to improved sanitation (%)
:: Population using solid fuels (%)
:: Prevalence of current tobacco use in adolescents (13-15 years of age) (%)
:: Per capita alcohol consumption among adults aged 15 years and older

134
:: Condom use at higher risk sex among young people aged 15-24 years (percentage)
:: Prevalence of current (daily or occasional) tobacco smoking among adults (15 years and older) (%)
:: Condom use at higher risk sex in young people aged 15-24 years (%)

cg';"rL g+= @, International Statistical Classification Of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth
Revision – ICD -10

The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a
coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of
injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO).

The following is a List of ICD-10 codes.

Chapter Blocks Title
I A00-B99 Certain infectious and parasitic diseases
II C00-D48 Neoplasms
III D50-D89 Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the
immune mechanism
IV E00-E90 Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases
V F00-F99 Mental and behavioural disorders
VI G00-G99 Diseases of the nervous system
VII H00-H59 Diseases of the eye and adnexa
VIII H60-H95 Diseases of the ear and mastoid process
IX I00-I99 Diseases of the circulatory system
X J00-J99 Diseases of the respiratory system
XI K00-K93 Diseases of the digestive system
XII L00-L99 Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
XIII M00- Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue
M99
XIV N00-N99 Diseases of the genitourinary system
XV O00-O99 Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium
XVI P00-P96 Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period
XVII Q00-Q99 Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities
XVIII R00-R99 Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere
classified
XIX S00-T98 Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes
XX V01-Y98 External causes of morbidity and mortality
XXI Z00-Z99 Factors influencing health status and contact with health services
XXII U00-U99 Codes for special purposes

135
 cg';"rL g+= #, Health Service Coverage Fact Sheet cg';f/ tflnsfdf g]kfndf :jf:Yo ;]jf;+u ;DalGwt ;+:yfx?n]
ug]{ u/]sf] Reporting Status k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
Acronyms
MD Management Division NTC National Tuberculosis Centre
FHD Family Health Division NCASC National Centre for AIDS and STD Control

Health Service Coverage Fact Sheet

FY 2061/62 (2004/2005) to 2063/64 (2006/2007)
2061/62 2062/63 2063/64
REPORTING STATUS
(2004/2005) (2005/2006) (2006/2007)
Hospital 94% 95% 82%
PHCC/HC 99% 99% 98%
Health Post 98% 99% 99%
Sub Health Post 96% 98% 98%
PHC/ORC 79% 79% 75%
FCHV 73% 80% 82%
NGO/Private Sector/Others 62% 64% 67%
EXPANDED PROGRAMME ON IMMUNIZATION
1 BCG Coverage 92% 96% 91%
2 DPT-3 Coverage 80% 93% ***84%
3 Polio-3 Coverage 83% 92% 84%
4 Measles Coverage 79% 88% 83%
5 % of Pregnant Women receiving TT-2 45% 51% 50%
NUTRITION
6 Growth Monitoring Coverage as % of < 3 Children New Visits 54% 59% 57%
7 Proportion of Malnourished Children (Weight/Age - New Visits) 11% 9% 8%
8 % of Pregnant women reciving Iron Tablets 84% 88% 84%
9 % of Postpartum Mothers reciving Vitamin A 45% 49% 51%
ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION
10 Reported Incidence of ARI/1,000 < 5 Children 360 405 408
11 Annual Reported Incidence of Pneumonia (Mild+ Severe)/1,000 among < 5 Children New Visits 128 136 131
12 Proportion of Severe Pneumonia among New Cases 2.1 1.6 1.2
13 Case Fatality Rate/1,000< 5 children 0.2 0.2 0.2
CONTROL OF DIARRHOEAL DISEASES
14 Reported Incidence of Diarrhoea/1,000 < 5 Children 219 204 185
15 % of Some Dehydration among Total New Cases 37.8% 33.6% 32.1%
16 % of Severe Dehydration among Total New Cases 2% 1% 1%
17 Case Fatality Rate/1,000< 5 children 0.31 0.11 0.17
SAFE MOTHERHOOD
18 Antenatal First Visits as % of Expected Pregnancies 69% 73% 72%
19 ANC Four Visits among 1st Visit 44.1% 47.7% 49.8%
20 Deliveries Conducted by Health Workers as % of Expected Pregnancies 20.2% 23.4% 29.7%
21 Deliveries Conducted at Health Facilities as % of Expected Pregnancies 11.3% 13.5% 15.3%
22 Deliveries Conducted by Health Workers at Home as % of Expected Pregnancies 8.9% 10.0% 14.4%
23 PNC First Visits as % of Expected Pregnancies 30.4% 37.3% 39.5%
FAMILY PLANNING
24 Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (Modern Methods) 41.03% 42.01% 42.1%
25 Condoms (CPR Method Mix) 2.3% 2.57% 2.6%
26 Pills " 2.7% 2.70% 2.8%
27 Depo Provera " 10.7% 10.50% 10.1%
28 IUCD " 1.0% 1.10% 1.1%
29 Norplant " 1.0% 1.20% 1.3%
30 Sterilization " 23.30% 23.95% 24.3%
31 Couple Years of Protection (CYP) by Method (% of MWRA) 37.8% 39.4% 36.6%
32 Condoms " 2.3% 2.6% 2.6%
33 Pills " 1.9% 1.9% 1.9%
34 Depo " 7.7% 7.8% 7.6%
35 IUCD " 1.4% 1.5% 1.3%
36 Norplant " 1.0% 1.1% 1.2%
37 Sterilization " 23.5% 24.5% 22.0%
MALARIA / KALA - AZAR CONTROL PROGRAMME
38 Annual Blood Slide Examination Rate (ABER) per 100 0.7% 0.9% 0.7%
39 Annual Parasite Incidence (API) per 1,000 0.25 0.30 0.28
40 Proportion of P.Falciparum (PF%) 11% 24% 25%
41 Clinical Malaria Incidence (CMI)/1,000 4.90 4.00 3.34
42 Incidence of Kala-azar / 10,000 Risk Population 2.6 2.4 2.7
TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL PROGRAMME
43 Case Finding Rate* 70% 65% 70%
44 Treatment Success Rate* 88% 88% 89%
45 Sputum Convertion Rate* 86% 88% 88%
46 Number of DOTS Treatment centers* 462 560 874
47 Number of DOTS Treatment Sub Centers 2,428 2,795 3,117
LEPROSY CONTROL PROGRAMME
48 New Case Detection Rate(NCDR)/10,000** 2.41 1.96 1.65
49 Prevalence Rate(PR)/10,000** 2.00 1.65 1.45
50 Disability Rate Grade 2 Among New Cases** 3.52 4.81 5.56
51 Prevalence/Detection Ratio (P/D) 0.84 0.84 0.88
HIV/AIDS PROGRAMME
52 Cummulative HIV/AIDS reported cases 4,593 7,373 9,756
53 Estimated HIV/AIDS cases 62,000 70,256 64,180
CURATIVE SERVICES
54 Total OPD New Visits 9,552,307 9,699,858 8,797,639
55 Total OPD New Visits as % of Total Population 38.1% 37.8% 33.5%
Source: HMIS/MD, *HMIS and NTC, DoHS; **HMIS and LCD, DoHS; CPR adjusted, ***DPT/Hep B

136
CHD Child Health Division NPHL National Public Health Laboratory
EDCD Epidemiology and Disease Control Division FCHV Female Community Health Volunteer
LMD Logistics Management Division TBA Traditional Birth Attendant
LCD Leprosy Control Division PHC/ORC Primary Health Care Outreach Clinic
Source: HMIS/MD, DoHS

137
 !&M ko{6g tYof° (Tourism Statistics)
∗
clgn zdf{

k[i7e"ld

g]kfndf k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g} ko{6ssf] cfjfudg xF'b} cfPsf] kfOG5 . ljleGg k':tsx¿df l5d]sL /fi6«x¿sf jf}4dfuL{x¿ g]kfnsf]
af6f] u/L Ps csf{ b]ztkm{ hfg] qmddf o; b]zsf] e"ldnfO{ ljGb' kl/udg (Transit Point) sf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf cflen]vx¿
e]l6G5g\ . g]kfnsf] ltAat;Fu Aofkfl/s ;DaGw sfod ePkZrft dfq Aofkfl/s ko{6gsf] ;'?jft ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . g]kfn
/ ef/tsf aLr wfld{s tyf Aofkfl/s ko{6g k/fk"j{sfn b]lv g} /x]sf]n] o;sf] ;'?cftsf] ;do olsg ug{ sl7g /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ef/t / ltAatjfx]s cGo b]zx¿;+usf] cfly{s tyf ko{6sLo ;DaGwsf] Oltxf; w]/} k'/fgf] 5}g . o;/L g]kfndf ljleGg
p2]Zon] e|d0f ug]{ g]kfnLx¿ ljZjsf cGo b]zx¿df hfg] qmd w]/} klxn]b]lv ePsf] b]lvPtfklg clen]v cyf{t tYofÍ /fVg]
rng w]/} k'/fgf] gePsf] b]lvG5 .

ko{6g tYof°sf] ljsf;

;g\ !(%# df t]lGhË gf]s]{ ;]kf{ tyf ;/ P8dg lxnf/Ln] ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f u/] kZrft ljZjsf] ko{6sLo cfs{if0f g]kfntkm{
df]l8Psf] b]lvG5 . To;jvt ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/x¿sf] vf;} ljsf; ePsf] lyPg . ko{6sLo ;"rgfx¿ klg sl/a @)!% ;fn;Dd
Aojl:yt¿kdf ;+sng ePsf] kfOb}g . ;j{k|yd lj=;= @)!^ ;fndf tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] >L % clw/fhs'df/ lxdfno jL/ ljqmd
zfxsf] cWoIftfdf ko{6g jf]8{sf] :yfkgf u/]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 dfq ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf;qmd ;'? ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5
. lj= ;+= @)!* ;fndf tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] lgdf{0f tyf oftfoft dGqfnocGt{ut ko{6g ljefusf] :yfkgf u/]kZrft dfq
ko{6sLo tYofÍsf] ;+sng tyf k|zf]wgsf] ;'?cft ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ cem Aojl:yt ug{ ko{6g If]qsf] lgof]lht tyf
of]hgfj4 ljsf; tyf k|jw{g ug]{ p2]Zon] lj=;= @)#$ ;fnb]lv ko{6g If]qnfO{ dfq cfj4 u/L 5'6\6} dGqfnosf] ¿kdf ko{6g
dGqfnosf] :yfkgf ul/of] . tt\kZrft xfn;Dd ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfnon] ko{6sLo tYofÍnfO{ Aojl:yt tyf
;dofg's"n kl/j{tg ub}{ nu]sf] b]lvG5 . ko{6sLo If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;/sf/n] ;do ;dodf ljleGg jf]8{x¿sf] :yfkgf
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)!# cGt{ut xf]6n Aoj:yfkg tyf ko{6g -tflnd s]Gb|_ ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z, @)@( hf/L
eO{ tTsfnLg ;/sf/, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 ljsf; sfo{qmd (UNDP) / cGt/fli6«o >d ;+u7g (ILO) sf] ;+o'Qm ;xof]udf @)@(
;fndf :yflkt xf]6n Aoj:yfkg tyf ko{6g tflnd s]Gb| lj ; @)%% ;fnb]lv g]kfn ko{6g tyf xf]6n Aoj:yfkg k|lti7fgsf]
gfdaf6 ;~rfng e}/x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L lj=;= @)%% ;fndf lghL If]qsf] ;+o'Qm ;xeflutfdf g]kfn ko{6g jf]8{sf] :yfkgf
ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfndf ko{6g ljsf;sf] bfo/fnfO{ cem ljsl;t / Aojl:yt ug]{ p2]Zon] ko{6g Aoj;foLx¿sf] ;+nUgtfdf
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj /xg] u/L g]kfn ko{6g jf]8{ P]g, @)%# cGt{ut /xL g]kfn ko{6g jf]8{sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;/L
g]kfndf ko{6sLo If]qsf] ljsf;sf] qmdsf ;fy;fy} ko{6sLo tYofÍsf] klg ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 .

ko{6sLo tYof°sf] dxTj Pj+ kl/efiff

;fdfGo j'emfOdf b]z ljb]zaf6 k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{, ljleGg ;fF:s[lts /Lltl/jfh, rfnrng cflbsf] jf/]df cWoog ug{ jf /dfpg
jf ljbf dgfpg cfpg] kfx'gf -cfuGt's_ nfO{ ko{6s elgG5 . ljZj ko{6g ;+u7gsf] kl/efiffcg';f/ cfkm" jl;/x]sf]
jftfj/0feGbf leGg 7fFpdf ljleGg p2]Zo /fvL e|d0f ug]{ AolQmnfO{ ko{6s elgPsf] 5 . ko{6s / o;;Fu ;DalGwt If]qx¿
h:t}M ofqf, kbofqf / hnofqf u/fpg] ;:yfx¿sf] ;+Vof, ky k|b{zsx¿sf] ;+Vof, xf]6n Pj+ ;f]sf sf]7fx¿sf] ;+Vof h:tf
ljleGg ljj/0fx¿, cfn]v jf tYofÍ ;+sng, k|zf]wg tyf k|sfzg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ko{6sLo tYofÍ elgG5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ko{6g Aoj;fo j}b]lzs d'b|f cfh{g ug]{ k|d'v ;|f]t xf] . o;n] /fli6«o cfosf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ c+z cf]u]6]sf]
cg'dfg ul/G5 . tyflk ko{6sLo tYofÍnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb' agfO{ xfn;Dd s'g} klg ;j]{If0f ul/Psf]] e]l6b}g . t;y{ ko{6g If]qn]
cfly{s ljsf;df lbPsf] of]ubfgaf/] j[xt cWoogsf] nflu ko{6sLo :of6nfO6 n]vf lgdf{0f ug{ h?/L b]lvG5 . yfONof8, ef/t
nufot cGo Pl;ofnL /fi6«x?n] ko{6sLo :of6nfO6 n]vf lgdf{0f ul/;s]sf ;Gbe{df g]kfndf klg o;sf] cfjZostf jf]w
ePtfklg xfn;Dd s'g} 7f]; sbd rflnPsf] 5}g . g]kfn cfpg] ljb]zL ko{6ssf] d'Vo p2]Zo, rfxgf, /f]hfO{ nufotsf ljifodf

∗
tYofÍ clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
138
lj:t[t ;j]{If0f u/L ;f]af6 k|fKt glthfx¿sf] j:t'ut ljZn]if0f tof/ u/L o; Aoj;fodf ;+nUg ;/f]sf/jfnf ;a}nfO{ pknAw
u/fpg ;s] o; If]qsf] ljsf;df pNn]vgLo k|ult x'g] s'/fdf b'O{dt 5}g . g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{, ljleGg /d0fLo :ynx¿ /
e"–w/ftnLo ljljwtfsf sf/0f ko{6g Aoj;fosf] lj:tf/sf k|z:t ;Defjgfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu o;sf]
cfwf/zLnfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ko{6g tYofÍsf] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg 5 . j'bfFut?kdf ko{6sLo tYofÍsf] cfjZostf tyf dxTj
lgDgcg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
¾ ko{6g If]q;+u ;DalGwt gLlt lgdf{0f ug{
¾ ko{6g If]qsf] ljljlws/0f / lj:tf/åf/f /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{
¾ ko{6g If]qn] ul/jL Go"gLs/0fdf v]n]sf] e"ldsfsf] cWoog ug{
¾ ko{6g pBf]unfO{ /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] k|d'v cfwf/sf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{
¾ b]zdf ko{6s cfudg a[l4 ug]{ / ko{6ssf] cf};t a;fO cjlw a9fO{ ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g j[l4 ug{
¾ b]zsf d"t{–cd"t{ k|fs[lts, ;f+:s[lts, h}ljs tyf dfgjlgld{t ;Dkbfx¿sf] dfWodaf6 g]kfnnfO{ ko{6sLo b[li6n]
cfsif{s / k|d'v uGtJo :ynsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{
¾ ko{6g If]qaf6 k|fKt nfesf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug{

ko{6g ljljwLs/0f

ko{6gnfO{ ko{6sLo ultljlwx?sf] cfwf/df ljljwLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 . tyflk ljljwLs/0fsf] If]qcg';f/sf] tYofÍ xfn;Dd klg
pknAw x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ko{6gnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df lgDgcg';f/ ljljwLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
• dgf]/~hg ko{6g
• v]ns"b ko{6g
• kj{tf/f]x0f ko{6g
• kbofqf ko{6g
• ;fxl;s ko{6g
• ;fF:s[lts ko{6g
• Jofj;flos ko{6g
• rnlrq ko{6g
• :jf:Yo ko{6g
• z}lIfs ko{6g
• cfWoflTds ko{6g, tLyf{6g tyf wfld{s ko{6g cflb .

ko{6sLo tYof°sf] ;|f]t

ko{6sLo tYofÍsf] k|d'v ;|f]t g} cWofudgåf/f ;+slnt udg (Embarkation) / cfudg (Disembarkation) sf8{x¿ x'g . ;g\
!(^@ b]lv !(&# ;Dd ljleGg p2]Zo lnO{ sDtLdf @$ 306f / a9Ldf ^ dlxgf;Dd sf] nflu g]kfnleq cfpg] ljb]zL
gful/snfO{ -ef/tLo gful/sjfx]s_ ko{6ssf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] lyof] . To;jvt klg /fHoåf/f cfdlGqt kfx'gfnfO{ -h;nfO{
cfudg (Disembarkation) sf8{ eg'{kb}{g_ ko{6ssf] ¿kdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyPg .

;g\ !(&$ b]lv g]kfnn] klg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 ko{6g tYofÍ dfu{bz{g, !(&! (United Nation's Guidelines for Tourism
Statistics, 1971) n] kl/eflift kl/efiffnfO{ g} cg'z/0f u/]sf] 5 . o; lgb]{lzsfcg';f/ g} g]kfn lelqg]x¿nfO{ ko{6s /
Excursionist u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . Excursionist x¿ hf] Ps /ft jf @$ 306f klg g]kfnleq Aoltt ub}gg\
t/ ko{6sx¿n] sDtLdf klg Ps /ft jf @$ 306feGbf a9L g]kfndf Aoltt u/]sf x'G5g . g]kfndf Excursionist sf] ;+Vof
guGo g} /x]sf] 5 . o;} kl/efiffcg';f/ xjfO{ dfu{ u/L lelqg] ef/tLo gful/snfO{ klg ko{6ssf] ?kdf u0fgf ug{ yflnPsf] xf]
eg] :yndfu{af6 cfpg] ef/tLo gful/s;Fu oL ljj/0f lng c;Dej ePsf sf/0f xfn;Dd klg ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
;g\ !(&$ b]lv g} cWofudgåf/f ;+slnt oL udg (Embarkation) / cfudg (Disembarkation) sf8{sf cnfjf ko{6sx¿sf]
139
;+Vof, pgLx¿n] Aoltt u/]sf lbg cflb tYofÍx¿ ko{6s:t/sf xf]6naf6 dfl;s¿kdf ;+sng ug{ ;'? ul/of] . To;}u/L g]kfn
/fi6« j}+såf/f ko{6sn] ljb]zL d'b|f ;6xL u/]sf] tYofÍnfO{ ko{6sLo If]qsf] cfDbfgLsf] cfwf/sf ¿kdf lnOof] .

g]kfndf ko{6sLo tYofÍ ;+sngsf d"n cfwf/ /x]sf] udg (Embarkation) / cfudg (Disembarkation) sf8{x¿ ;g\ !(^@
b]lv !(&# ;Dd lqe'jg ljdfg:yn / jL/u+h r]s kf]i6x¿af6 dfq ;+sng ul/GYof] . !(&$ b]lv e}/xjf tyf sfs8le6\fdf
tyf ;g\ !(*^ b]lv sf]bf/Ldf klg ;+sng ug{ yflnof] . To;kl5sf aif{x¿df qmdzM oL sf8{x¿ g]kfnsf cGo k|yd ;Dks{
ljGb'x¿ h:t}M jfFs]sf] g]kfnu~h, s}nfnLsf] wgu9L tyf s~rgk'/sf] dx]Gb|gu/df lj:tf/ u/L xfn hDdf cf7 7fFpaf6 ;+sng
ul/G5 . g]kfnaf6 xjfO{ dfu{ u/L ljb]z hfg] k|To]s g]kfnLnfO{ udg kq tyf cfudg kq eg]{ Aoj:yf eg] ;g\ !(&$ b]lv
dfq ;'? ePsf] xf] . oL sf8{x¿df ;'?b]lv vf; pNn]vgLo s'g} klg kl/j{tg ul/Psf] kfOb}g . ;fdfGotof, ;dofg';f/ e|d0fsf
p2]Zodf s]xL a'Fbfx¿ yk36 ePsf] kfOG5 . ;g\ @))( b]lv nfu" x'g]u/L g]kfnLsf] nflu jflx/ hfg] p2]Zodf æj}b]lzs /f]huf/Æ
eGg] Pp6f a'Fbf yk ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L ljb]zL gful/ssf] nflu cfpFbf / hfFbf k|of]u ul/g] udg (Embarkation) / cfudg
(Disembarkation) sf8{sf] gfd kl/j{tg u/L Pp6} Arrival and Departure sf8{ k|of]u ul/g yfn]sf] 5 . of] sf8{åf/f ;+sng
x'g] ;"rgfx¿ o;eGbf cufl8 k|of]u ul/Psf sf8{eGbf km/s gePtfklg AolQm cfPsf] tyf uPsf] Pp6} sf8{ k|of]u u/L clen]v
/flvg] ePsf]n] ;+slnt tYofÍsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ cfpg] b]lvG5 . ljb]zL gful/sn] ;g\ @))* ;Dddf k|of]u u/]sf tyf g]kfnL
gful/sn] k|of]u ug]{ sf8{x¿sf] gd"gf cg';"rL ! df lbOPsf] 5 .

ko{6sLo tYof°sf] k|zf]wg

ko{6sLo tYofÍ ;+sngsf ;'?sf aif{x¿ ;g\ !(^@ b]lv !(&# ;Dddf cWofudgaf6 k|fKt udg (Embarkation) / cfudg
(Disembarkation) sf8{nfO{ Dofg'cnL g} k|zf]wg ul/GYof] . t/ ;g\ !(&$ b]lv !(&* ;Dd s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefuåf/f
(Punching and Processing on System IBM 1401) sDKo'6/sf] k|of]u u/L ;+slnt tYofÍsf] k|zf]wg ul/Psf] lyof] . /fli6«o
sDKo'6/ s]Gb|sf] :yfkgfkZrft ;f] sfo{ ;g\ !(&( b]lv !(*^ ;Dddf ;f]xL sDKo'6/ k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u u/L tYofÍsf] k|zf]wg
ul/Psf] lyof] . tt\kZrft cWofudgåf/f ;+slnt ;f] sf8{x¿ jf]nkq cfXjfg u/L cGo Aofkfl/s k|lti7fgnfO{ 8f6f OG6«L ug{
lbg] rng /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 8f6f OG6«L ug]{ Aofkfl/s k|lti7fgn] s'g} vf; Data entry software k|of]u u/]sf] kfOb}g . 8f6f OG6«L
ug]{ Aofkfl/s k|lti7fgaf6 k|fKt sf]/f tYofÍ (Raw Data) nfO{ ko{6g tyf gful/s p88\og dGqfnon] k|zf]wg tyf ljZn]if0f
u/L k|sfzg ug]{ ub{5 . pd]/, lnË, /fli6«otf, b]z tyf dxfb]z, a;fOsf] p2]Zo, a;]sf] lbg, oftfoftsf] ;fwg, ko{6saf6 k|fKt
cfo cflbnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L tYofÍ k|zf]wg u/L k|sfzg ul/G5 . To;}u/L xjfO{dfu{ k|of]u u/L b]zaflx/ hfg] tyf leq cfpg]
g]kfnL gful/ssf ljleGg tYofÍ klg k|sfzg ub{5 . ko{6s tyf ko{6g pBf]u ;DalGwt ljljw tYofÍ h:t}M xf]6n tyf sf]7f
;+Vof, ofqf, kbofqf / hnofqf u/fpg] k|lti7fgsf] ;+Vof, ky k|b{zssf ;+Vof cflbsf jf/]df klg k|sfzg ug]{ ub{5 .
kj{tf/f]x0fsf] nflu cfpg] ko{6ssf] ;+Vofsf] ;fy} kf]v/f tyf /fli6«o lgs'~h 3'Dg cfpg] ;Vofsf] klg tYofÍ k|sfzg ePsf
5g\ .

ko{6g If]qsf] ljBdfg l:ylt

;g\ !(^@ b]lv tYofÍ ;+sng tyf k|zf]wg ;'? ePtfklg oxfF ;g\ @))! b]lvsf] ko{6ssf] j:t'ut l:ylt k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfndf ko{6s cfpg] qmd ;g\ @))) b]lv 36\bf] qmd /x]sf] tYofÍn] b]vfpF5 . ;g\ @))! / @))@ df xjfO{dfu{ tyf :yndfu{
k|of]u ug]{ ko{6sdf C0ffTds j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] ;g\ @))% df xjfO{dfu{ k|of]u u/L lelqg] ko{6sdf x|f; cfPsf] tYofÍn]
b]vfpF5 . ;g\ @))& df xjfO{ tyf :yndfu{ k|of]u u/L cfpg] ko{6ssf] j[l4b/ qmdzM @&=! tyf ^%=* k|ltztsf] /x]sf] 5 .
ko{6ssf] g]kfn a;fOsf] cjlw ;j}eGbf w]/} !#=%! lbg ;g\ @))$ df / To;kl5 ;g\ @))! df !!=(# lbg /x]sf] 5 .

140
tflnsf gDj/ !M ko{6s cfudg ;+Vof, j[l4b/ tyf cf};t j;fO lbg -@))!—@))&_
hDdf xjfO{dfu{ :yndfu{ cf};t j;fO
jif{ ;+Vof j[l4b/ ;+Vof j[l4b/ ;+Vof j[l4b/ lbg
@))! #,^!,@#& —@@=! @,((,%!$ —@)=% ^!,&@# —@*=* !!=(#
@))@ @,&%,$^* —@#=& @,!*,^^) —@&=) %^,*)* —*=) &=(@
@))# #,#*,!#@ @@=& @,&%,$#* @^=) ^@,^($ !)=$ (=^)
@))$ #,*%,@(& !#=( @,(&,##% &=( *&,(^@ $)=# !#=%!
@))% #,&%,#(* —@=^ @,&&,#$& —^=& (*,)%@ !!=% (=)(
@))^ #,*#,(@^ @=# @,#*,*!( @=# !,)),!)& @=! !)=@)
@))& %,@^,&)% #&=@ #,^),&!# @&=! !,^%,((@ ^%=* !!=(^
Source: Nepal Tourism Statistics, 2007

;g\ @))! b]lv @))& ;Ddsf] ko{6 s cfudgsf] l:ylt

60 0 0 0 0

50 0 0 0 0 #&=@
ko {6 s ;+V o f

40 0 0 0 0 @@=&

!#=( ;+Vof
30 0 0 0 0
j[l4 b/
@=#
20 0 0 0 0 –@=^

10 0 0 0 0
—@@=!
–@#=&
0
@))! @))@ @))# @))$ @))% @))^ @))&

k o{6 g cfud g jif {

tflnsf gDj/ @M p2]Zocg';f/ ko{6s k|ltzt tflnsf -@)))—@))&_

k|ltzt

jif{ ljbf dgfpg kj{tf/f]]x0f tyf kbofqf Aofkf/ wfld{s clkml;on cGo hDdf ;+Vof
@))) %%=@ @%=^ ^=$ #=$ $=% $=( $^#^$^
@))! %!=* @&=( %=! #=* %=@ ^=@ #^!@#&
@))@ $)=) @!=% ^=@ $=% ^=% @!=$ @&%$^*
@))# @(=( !(=$ %=& ^=# ^=% ##=! ##*!#@
@))$ $#=$ !*=) #=^ !!=( $=$ !*=& #*%@(&
@))% $@=& !^=$ %=( !@=& $=% !&=( #&%#(*
@))^ #*=) !&=$ %=% !%=$ $=& !(=) #*#(@^
@))& $!=$ !(=@ $=^ !)=) $=! @)=& %@^&)%
Source: Nepal Tourism Statistics, 2007

g]kfndf cfpg] ko{6ssf] 7"nf] lx:;f ljbf dgfpgsf] nflu cfPsf] b]lvG5 . bf];|f] :yfgdf kj{tf/f]]x0f tyf kbofqfdf cfpg]sf]
;+Vof /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))) df ljbf dgfpg cfpg] ko{6sx¿sf] ;Vof %% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] of] ;a}eGbf sd ;g\ @))# df
@( k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 . kj{tf/f]x0f tyf kbofqfdf ;g\ @))! df ;a}eGbf w]/} sl/j @* k|ltzt ko{6s cfPsf 5g eg]
@))% df kbofqfdf cfpg]sf] ;Vof !^ k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 . k|foM ;a} jif{x?df Aofkf/ tyf clkml;on sfdsf nflu cfpg]
ko{6sdf vf;} ptf/ r9fj b]lvb}g .

141
pk;+xf/

k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{sf] wgL, h}ljs ljljwtf Pj+ ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfk"0f{ ;Dkbfn] el/k"0f{ /x]sf] g]kfn ljZj ko{6g dfglrqdf Ps
k|d'v cfsif{0f /x]tfklg ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ nIo u/L ljleGg gLlt tyf of]hgf th'{df ubf{ klg cfzftLt ;kmntf kfpg
;ls/x]sf] 5}g . o;sf] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f oyfy{k/s tYofÍsf] cefj g} xf] . ko{6sLo tYofÍsf] ljZj;gLotf, ;do;fk]Iftf
tyf u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ ljz]if gLlt tyf of]hgf agfpg h¿/L /x]sf] 5 . tj dfq g]kfnnfO{ k|d'v ko{6sLo uGtJo:ynsf]
?kdf ljsl;t u/L ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug{ ;lsG5 . ljb]zLx¿;Fu k|yd ;Dks{df cfpg]
cWofudg ljefudf g} tYofÍsf] bIf hgzlQm /fv]/ tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug'{ cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . cWofudg åf/f ;+slnt
udg (Embarkation) / cfudg (Disembarkation) sf8{x¿sf] Data Entry ;Dks{ ljGb'd} ug]{ Aoj:yf x'g'kb{5 . o;af6
tYofÍsf] ljZj;gLotf tyf u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu tYofÍLo hgzlQmsf ;fy} pks/0f, ef}lts ;|f]t / ;fwg
pknAw u/fO{ u'0f:t/Lo, ;do;fk]If / ljZj;gLo ko{6sLo tYofÍsf] ljsf; ub}{ nu]df ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g eO{ /fli6«o cfodf
;sf/fTds kl/jt{g xg] Pj+ cfly{s ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'Ug] b]lvG5 .

142
cg';"rL—!

143
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

1. A Manual of Tourism Statistics, Malta Tourism Authority, 2003.

2. Annual Tourism Statistical Report 1997 to 2007, Ministry of Culture, Tourism and civil aviation.
3. Nepal Tourism Statistics 1962-1973, Department of Tourism.
4. Nepal Tourism Master Plan, 1972, Department of Tourism.
5. Statistics on Tourism in Nepal 1962-1970, Department of Tourism.
6. United Nation's Guidelines for tourism statistics, WTC (New York 1971).
7. cWofudg ultljlw @)^@, cWofudg ljefu, u[x dGqfno .

144
 !*M n}lËs tYof°
;'lzn zdf{∗

!= kl/ro
n}lËs tYofÍ tYofÍsf] Tof] ljwf xf] h;n] k/Dk/fut?kdf ;+sng ul/g] tYofÍx?sf] ;§f dlxnf / k'?ifsf] jf:tljstf emlNsg]
u/L klxrfg ul/Psf tYofÍx?sf] pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f ub{5 . lnËcg';f/ ljeflht tYofÍ / n}lËs tYofÍdf :ki6 leGgtf
/x]sf] x'G5 . n}lËs tYofÍdf tYofÍ lnËcg';f/ ljeflht x'g' clgjfo{ g} x'G5 tfklg oltn] dfq n}lËs tYofÍnfO k"0f{tf eg]
ldNb}g . lnËcg';f/ ljeflht tYofÍ JolQmut?kdf dlxnf / k'?if u/L ljeflht ul/Psf] eGg] j'lemG5 eg] n}lËs tYofÍn]
n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn tYofÍsf] pTkfbg ub{5 . To;}n] dlxnfsf] tYofÍ dfq n}lËs tYofÍ xf]Og . n}lËs tYofÍn] dlxnf tyf
k'?ifsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s cj:yfsf] lrq0f u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . n}lËs tYofÍn] n}lËs ljZn]if0fsf] nflu dfu{lgb]{z ub{5 h;n]
ubf{ oyfy{ n}lËs p2]ZonfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ ;lsof];\ . tYofÍ pTkfbgsf] k|To]s txdf dlxnf tyf k'?ifdf k/]sf] k|efjsf]
ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ ljlw tyf cjwf/0ffsf] lgdf{0f ul/bf klg n}lËs emns b]lvg] lsl;dn] ljsf; ug'{kb{5
h;n] ubf{ ;dfhdf ePsf] n}lËs lje]bnfO{ 5n{Ë kfg{ ;lsof];\ . tYofÍ ;+sng, ljZn]if0f Pj+ ljt/0f k|ls|ofnfO{ n}lËsd}qL
jgfpg ;fdflhs tyf ;+f:s[lts tTjx?nfO{ klg ljrf/ ug'{kb{5 .

@= n}lËs cjwf/0ff (Gender Concept)

n}lËs tYofÍsf] jf/]df pNn]v ug'{cufl8 s]xL n}lËs cjwf/0ffsf jf/]df ;+If]kdf j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .

@=! lnË (Sex)

lnË eGgfn] dlxnf / k'?ifjLrsf] h}ljs leGgtf -Biological Difference_ j'lemG5 . k|fs[lts?kd} dlxnf / k'?ifsf] jLrdf :ki6
leGgtfx? b]lvG5g h'g ;fdfGotof ckl/jt{gLo / ljjfb/lxt x'G5 .

@=@ n}lËs (Gender)

n}lËs cjwf/0ff ;dfhn] jgfPsf] cjwf/0ff xf] h;sf cfwf/df dlxnf jf k'?if ePs} gftfn] p;n] kfpg] tyf pkef]u ug]{
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts tyf ;f+:s[lts ls|ofsnfkdf lje]b ul/G5 . ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotfsf] cfwf/df dlxnf / k'?ifn]
lgjf{x ug]{ e"ldsf cnu cnu /x]sf] kfOG5 . dlxnf / k'?ifsf] leGgtf ;fdflhs kl/l:ylt, ;fF:s[lts /Lltl/jfh tyf wfld{s
cjwf/0ffaf6 lglb{i6 x'G5 . of] leGgtf kl/jt{gzLn x'G5 .

@=# n}lËs ;dfgtf -Gender Eqality_

Dflxnf tyf k'?ifn] ;dfhsf x/]s ultljlwx?df ;dfg?kn] efu lng kfpg'nfO{ g} n}lËs ;dfgtf elgG5 . dlxnf tyf k'?ifsf]
jLrdf clwsf/, st{Jo tyf cj;/sf] jLrdf ;dfgtf x'g'kb{5 . n}lËs ;dfgtfdf lnËsf] cfwf/df lje]b ul/b}g . ;|f]t tyf
;fwgx?df ;dfg ?kdf kx'Fr tyf lgoGq0f /x]sf] x'G5 . dlxnf / k''?ifdf clwsf/, pQ/bfloTj / cj;/df ;dfgtf x'g'kb{5 .

@=$ n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f -Gender Mainstreaming_

xfd|f] h:tf] ;dfhdf lzIff, /f]huf/L, lg0f{fos e"ldsf, :jfldTj, ;]jf cflb h:tf ljifodf 7"nf] n}lËs cGt/ b]lvG5 . n}lËs
d"nk|jfxLs/0f eg]sf] n}lËs c;dfgtfnfO{ lj:tf/} ;dfgtflt/ n}hfg] k|ls|of xf] . o;sf] p2]Zo dlxnf / k'?if b'j}nfO{
;dfg?kn] /fHosf] gLlt lgdf{0f / lg0f{o k|ls|ofdf ;dfj]; u/fpg' xf] . d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] clGtd nIo eg]sf] g} n}lËs ;dfgtf
xf] . ;dfgtf eGb}df p:t} jf j/fj/L xf]Og h;df cfjZostf, ?rL, k|fyldstf tyf zf/Ll/s cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ ug'{kg]{
x'G5 .

∗
tYofÍ clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu . -xfn ;+:s[lt tyf /fHo k'gM ;+/rgf d+qfnodf sfo{/t_
145
#= n}lËs d'4f -Gender Issues_ sf] ljsf;s|d
clxn]sf] PSsfO;f} ztfJbLdf ;Dk"0f{ ljZj g} Ps Global Village sf] ?kdf ljsf; x'Fb} uPsf] 5 / n}lËs cjwf/0ff Pj+
;dfgtfnfO{ s]lGb|t u/L ljleGg ;Dd]ng tyf b:tfj]hx?sf] dfWod4f/f ;';"'lrt u/fpg] Pj+ k|ltj4tf hfx]/ ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5
.

;j{k|yd ;g\ !(&) df WID -Women in Development_ cyf{t ljsf;df dlxnf eGg] cjwf/0ff cfof] . o;n] dlxnfsf]
cfly{s ljsf;df e"lesf eGg] cfjwf/0ff Nofof] . ;g\ &) sf] dWolt/ WAD (Women and Development) sf] cjwf/0ff cfof]
. o;n] dlxnfsf] 5'§} e"ldsfsf] vf]hL u/\of] . o;} ;Gbe{df ;g\ !(&% df cGt/fli6«o gf/L jif{ dgfOof] eg] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] -
&%—*%_ ;Ddsf] bzsnfO{ Decate of Women sf] ?kdf dgfpg] lg0f{o u/\of] . ;g\ !(*) kl5 GAD -Gender and
Development_ cyf{t n}lËs cjwf/0ff cfof] . o;n] dlxnfx?sf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f, ;zStLs/0f tyf lg0f{o k|ls|ofdf ;dfg
;xeflutf h:tf d'4fx?nfO{ k|:t't u/\of] .

;g\ !(($ df sfo/f]df ePsf] hg;+Vof / ljsf;;DaGwL cGt/fli6«o ;Dd]ng -ICPD_ n] dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf] cfjZostf
dx;'; u/L o;nfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbg'sf ;fy} dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fjf6 g} ;a}sf] hLjgsf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] x'G5 eGg] cjwf/0ffnfO{
dfGotf lbPsf] lyof] .

j]lhËdf ;g\ !((% df ePsf] ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ngn] dlxnfsf] xs lxtsf] jf/]df !@ j'+b] k|ltj4tf hfx]/ u/\of] . To:t} pQm
;Dd]ngdf dlxnfx? lj?¢ ul/g] ;j} k|sf/sf e]befjx?sf] cGTo ul/g];DaGwL dxf;lGw -CEDAW_ kfl/t ul/of] .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] cfof]hgfdf cf/De ljGb' ;g\ !(() / k"/f x'g'kg]{ ;g\ @)!% sf] nIo /fvL ;g\ @))) df ;x;|fJbL ljsf;
nIox?sf] 3f]if0ff ul/of] . o;df * j6f nIo, tL nIox? k|flKtsf] nflu !* j6f p2]Zox? / pQm p2]Zox? Dffkgsf] nflu $*
j6f ;"rsx? /flvPsf 5g\ -h;df hgj/L !%, ;g\ @))* b]lv nfu' ul/g] u/L s]xL ;+zf]wg klg ul/Psf] 5_ . pQm ;x;|fJbL
ljsf; nIodf tLgj6f n}lËs If]q;Fu ;DalGwt nIox? /x]sf 5g\ . Hf;cg';f/:-
nIo @ M ljZjJofkL?kdf k|fylds lzIff k|flKt
nIo # M n}lËs ;dfgtf k|j4{g tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f k|j4{g
nIo % M dft[ :jf:Yodf ;'wf/
o;jf6 klg n}lËs ljifodf lbOPsf] dxTj emlNsG5 .

$= n}lËs tYof°sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i6e"ld

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] ;g\ !(&% df cGt/fli6«o gf/L jif{ dgfof] / To;} jif{ klxnf] dlxnf ljZj ;Dd]ng d]S;Lsf]df cfof]hgf ul/of] .
dlxnfx?sf] tYofÍ pTkfbg tyf dxTjsf] ljifodf klxrfg u/fpg] of] g} klxnf] cGt/fli6«o d~r lyof] . o;} ;Dd]ngdfkm{t
dlxnfsf] sfd / dlxnfsf] kIfdf s]lGb|t /x]/ e}/x]sf] tYofÍnfO{ s;/L a9LeGbf a9L pkof]udf Nofpg] eGg] ljifodf s]xL k|oTg
ePsf] kfOG5 .

;dosf] cGt/fndf dlxnfsf] laifonfO{ cl3 j9fpg, e}/x]sf] tYofÍnfO{ s;/L ;+u|x ug]{ Pj+ Data Gaps tyf tYofÍ ;+sngdf
b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ s;/L xn ug]{ eGg] ljifodf ;+jf]wg ePsf] kfOG5 . To:t} sf]kgx]ug -!(*)_ / g}/f]jL -!(*%_ df bf];|f]
tyf t;|f] dlxnf ljZj ;Dd]ng eof] . g}/f]jL ;Dd]ng x'g] j]nfdf cGt/fli6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnLn] gLlt lgdf{tf tyf tYofÍ
pTkfbssf jLrdf ;dGjo ug]{ p2]Zon] dlxnf;Fu ;DjlGwt s]xL ljifox?df sfd ;'? u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h:t}: tflnd ;+rfng ug]{
cflb . g}/f]jLsf] ;Dd]ngkl5 dlxnf / ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff kl/dfh{g u/L n}lËs / ljsf; eGg] cjwf/0ff cufl8 cfof] . To:t}
tYofÍdf dlxnfsf] tYof+s -Statistics on Women_ cjwf/0ff kl/jt{g e} dlxnf / k'?ifsf] tYof+s eGg] cjwf/0ff cfof] eg]
kl5 ;du| tYofÍLo k|0ffnLdf n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] d'4f p7\of] .

146
n}lËs tYofÍsf] ljsf;sf] s|ddf j]lhËdf ;g\ !((% df ePsf] ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ngn] 7"nf] km8\sf] df/]sf] kfOG5 . klxnf] k6s
cGt/fli6«o d~rdf j[xt ?kdf n}lËs tYofÍsf] pTkfbg, k|sfzg / ljt/0f k|ls|ofsf jf/]df p7]sf k|Zgx?nfO ;Djf]wg ul/of] .
;xefuL /fi6«sf ;/sf/x? of]hgf tyf d"Nof+sg k|ls|ofsf nflu n}lËs?kdf ljefhg ul/Psf tYofÍ tyf ;"rgf pTkfbg,
k|sfzg / ljt/0f ug{ ;xdt eP -Platform for Action & the Bejing Declaration, Strategic Objective H.3, United
Nation 1996_ . j]lhË ;Dd]ngkl5 n}lËs tYofÍn] yk pmhf{sf ;fy ult lnPsf] kfOG5 . To;kl5sf aif{x?df w]/} b]zsf /fli6«o
tYofÍ sfof{nox?n] n}lËs tYofÍsf] OsfO v8f u/L n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] d'2fnfO{ ;Djf]wg x'g]u/L ljleGg sfo{s|dx?
ljsf; u/L clkml;on tYofÍsf] pTkfbg ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ .

%= g]kfndf n}lËs tYof°

g]kfndf 5}7f} of]hgfb]lv g} dlxnfs]f ljifonfO{ ;d]l6P klg bzf} of]hgfdf ljz]if dxTj lbOPsf] kfOG5 . h;df d"nk|jfxLs/0f,
n}lËs ;dfgtf / dlxnf ;zStLs/0f h:tf ljifoj:t' ;d]6\g] u/L sfo{s|d /flvPsf] lyof] .

clxn]sf] tLg jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfdf ;d]t n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f, dlxnf ljsf; tyf dlxnf ;zStLs/0fnfO{ ljz]if dxTj
lbOPsf] 5 .

b]zdf tYofÍsf] ljsf; Pj+ cfk"lt{;DjGwL bfloTj ;Dxfn]sf] lgsfo s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] ;+sng tyf k|sfzg u/]sf
tYofÍx¿ ;do, kl/l:ylt tyf k|of]ustf{sf] dfucg'¿k kl/dfh{g ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . n}lËs tYofÍ ;DjGwdf klg o; lgsfon]
tYofÍx¿ oyf;Dej lnË ljefhgcg';f/ g} ;+sng Pj++ k|sfzg ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o; ljefuaf6 ;+rflnt /fli6«o hgu0fgf,
@)%* df n}lËs laifonfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbOPsf] lyof] . o; hgu0fgf cfof]hgfsf] ljleGg r/0fx¿ k"j{ tof/L sfo{, tflnd
;+rfng, If]qLo sfo{, glthf k|sfzg tyf glthf ljZn]if0f sfo{df n}lËs ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . o;cg';f/
kl/jf/d"nL, cfly{s lqmofsnfk, dlxnfsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf ;DklQ, j}jflxs l:ylt cflbsf] kl/efiffx¿ tyf ljZn]if0fdf n}lËs
b[li6sf]0f ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] .

^= n}lËs tYof° (Gender Statistics) eg]sf] s] xf] <

n}lËs d'2f -Gender Issues_ nfO{ ;d]6g] u/L lnËcg';f/ ljeflht tYofÍ g} n}lËs tYofÍ xf] . n}lËs tYofÍdf n}lËs ;dfgtf
;DjGwL tYofÍ / n}lËs cGt/ bzf{pg] tYofÍ /x]sf x'G5g\ .

&= n}lËs tYof°sf]] cfjZostf lsg <

/fi6«sf] of]hgf th'{df, gLlt lgdf{0f, lg0f{o k|ls|of Pj+ cGo ljljw ljifodf n}lËs tYofÍsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ljz]ifu/L tn
plNnlvt ljifox?df n}lËs tYofÍsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 .

!= n}lËs tYofÍn] dlxnf / k'?ifdf /x]sf x/]s If]qsf lje]bx?nfO{ 5n{Ë kfb{5 .
@= ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljifo;Fu ;DjlGwt tYofÍx? tNnf] OsfO;Dd dlxnf / k'?ifsf cfwf/df ljefhg ul/Psf] ?kdf
k|fKt x'G5g .
#= n}lËs d'¢f -Gender Issues_ / n}lËs c;dfgtfsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ug{{ .
$= gLlt lgdf{0f tyf lg0f{o k|ls|ofdf dlxnfx?sf] clwsf/ k'?if;Fu a/fa/?kdf k"lt{ ub}{ n}hfg .
%= g]kfndf n}lËs c;dfgtf ljBdfg /x]sf] x'bf n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] nflu .
^= ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf n}lËs ;"rsx? kQf nufpg .
&= n}lËs ;dfgtfsf nflu gLltx? th'{df, sfo{ of]hgf sfof{Gjog tyf sfo{s|dx?sf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug{ .
*= n}lËs ;dfgtfsf nflu ePsf k|of;sf] k|ult ;dLIff ug{ .

147
*= n}lËs tYof°sf]] ;|f]t
g]kfndf n}lËs tYofÍsf] d'Vo ;|f]t cfjlws ?kdf ;+rfng x'g] /fli6«o hgu0fgf g} xf] . o;sf cltl/Qm g]kfn hg;+flVos tyf
:jf:Yo ;j]{If0f, g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f, g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0f h:tf lgoldt?kdf ul/g] ;j]{If0fx?Jff6 klg n}lËs tYofÍ
k|fKt x'G5 . o;sf ;fy} ljleGg dGqfnox?n] tof/ ug]{ Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL h:t}M :jf:Yo, lzIff h:tf Joj:yfkg ;"rgf
k|0ffnLx?Jff6 klg lgoldt ?kdf n}lËs tYofÍ k|fKt x'G5 .

(= Hfgu0fgf / n}lËs tYof°

n}lËs tYofÍsf] d'Vo ;|f]t hgu0fgf xf] . g]kfndf /fli6«o hgu0fgf lj=;=!(^* b]lv g} ;'?jft ul/Pklg lj=;+= @))(.!! b]lvsf
j}1flgs hgu0fgfx?jf6 dfq lnËcg';f/sf tYofÍ k|sfzg u/]sf] kfOG5 . /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)%* df klxnf] k6s n}lËs
ljifonfO{ ljz]if dxTjsf ;fy ;+jf]wg x'g]u/L ;d]l6Psf] x'Fbf of] hgu0fgfnfO{ n}lËsd}qL (Engendering Census) klg elgG5 .
/fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)%* nfO{ b]xfocg';f/ tLg txdf n}lËsd}qL agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] lyof] .

-s_ u0fgf k"j{sf] cj:yf -Pre Enumeration Phase_

!= /fo ;'emfj ;+sng
u0fgf ;'? x'g'eGbf cufl8 n}lËs tYofÍsf] jf/]df ljleGg cGt/ls|of uf]i7Lx? ;+rfng u/L ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] /fo ;+sng
ul/Psf] lyof] .
@= Kfl/efiff tyf cjwf/0ffx?df kl/df{hg
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] tof/ u/]sf] System of National Accoont, 1993 / ljZj >d ;+u7gn] k|l|tkflbt cjwf/0ffdf cfly{s
ls|ofsnfk;DjGwL k|Zgx? tof/ Pj+ kl/dfh{g ul/Psf] lyof] h;jf6 dlxnfx?n] u/]sf lj:tfl/t cfly{s sfd ;dfj]z ePsf]
lyof] .
#= Yfk k|Zgx?
dlxnfsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] 3/,hUuf tyf rf}kfofsf] ljj/0f h:tf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f;DjGwL / ;f]x| jif{eGbf d'lgsf
afnaflnsfsf] j;f]jf;;DjGwL k|Zgx? Yfk ul/Psf lyP .
$= k|Zg tyf pQ/sf] juL{s/0fdf kl/dfh{g
j}jflxs l:ylt tyf cGo s]xL k|Zg tyf pQ/sf] juL{s/0fdf kl/dfh{g ul/Psf] lyof] .
%= cf}Bf]lus -NSIC_ tyf k]zf juL{s/0f -NSOC_
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] tof/ u/]sf] International System of Industrial Classification (ISIC) Rev. 3 sf] dfkb08cg'?k
g]kfn:t/Lo cf}Bf]lus -NSIC_ tyf k]zf juL{s/0f -NSCO_ u/L To;}sf cfwf/df tYofÍ k|sfzg ul/Psf] lyof] .
^= k|rf/ k|;f/
e/kbf]{ n}lËs tYofÍ ;+sng sf] nflu n}lËs b[li6sf]0faf6 k|rf/ ;fdu|Lx? tof/ Ul/Psf] lyof] .
&= tflnd ;+rfng
/fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)%* sf] ljleGg:t/sf -hgu0fgf clws[t, Onfsf ;'kl/j]Ifs, u0fs ;'kl/j]Ifs tyf u0fs_, tflnd
sfo{s|ddf n}lËs ljz]if1x?4f/f /fli6«o hgu0fgfnfO{ s;/L n}lËsd}qL jgfpg Pj+ e/kbf]{ n}lËs tYofÍ ;+sngsf nflu
k|lzIf0f lbOPsf] lyof] .

-v_ u0fgfsf] cj:yf -Enumeration Phase_

!= dlxnf ;xeflutf
/fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)%* sf] tYofÍ ;+sng sfo{df u0fsdf s/Lj @! k|ltzt dlxnf ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

-u_ u0fgfkl5sf] cj:yf -Post Enumeration Phase_

!= n}lËs ljifodf 5'§} ljZn]if0f
/fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)%* sf w]/}h;f] k|sfzg tflnsf lnË ljefhgcg';f/ g} ul/Psf] lyof] . n}lËs tYofÍsf] laifodf 5'§}
ljZn]if0f u/L glthf k|sfzg ul/Psf] lyof] .

148
!)= n}lËs tYof°sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/
jt{dfgsf] k|of;sf jfjh't klg n}lËs tYofÍsf] ;'wf/sf nflu b]xfocg';f/sf] sfo{x? ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
!= n}lËs tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf x'g'kg]{ .
@= ;j} If]qdf n}lËs tYofÍsf] ljsf; x'g'kg]{ cyf{t ;j} If]qnfO{ ;d]6g] u/L n}lËs tYofÍ ;+sng ul/g'kg]{ .
#= gLlt lgdf{0f tyf lg0f{o k|ls|ofdf dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt a9fpg'kg]{ .
$= ;/f]sf/jfnf -Stakeholders_ x?;Fusf] ;xof]u Pj+ ;xsfo{ Jofks?kdf x'g'kg]{ .
%= e/kbf]{ n}lËs tYofÍ ;+sngsf] nflu tflnd Joj:yf k|efjsf/L jgfpg'kg]{ .
^= e/kbf]{ n}lËs tYofÍ ;+sngs]f nflu k|rf/ k|;f/df Wofg lbg'kg]{ .
&= cGt/fli6«o dfGotfcg'?k Kfl/efiff tyf cjwf/0ffdf kl/dfh{g ug'{kg{] .
*= k||ZgfjnLdf ;fdlos ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ .
(= cGt/ls|of sfo{s|dx?sf] ;+rfng u/L /fo ;'emfj ;+sng ul/g'kg]{ .
!)= e/kbf]{ n}lËs tYofÍ ;+sngsf] nflu ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] kl/rfng ul/g'kg]{ .
!!= u0fgf tyf ;j]{If0f sfo{df a9LeGbf a9L dlxnf u0fsx/sf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
!@= u0fgf tyf ;j]{If0f sfo{df :yfgLo efiff hfg]sf / :yfgLo JolStx?nfO{ u0fs tyf ;'k/efOh/df k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ .

!!= pk;+xf/

;g\ @)!% ;Dddf xfl;n ug'{kg]{ n}lËs ;dfgtf;DaGwL ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf ;"rsx? xfl;n ug{ tyf n}lËs b"/LnfO{
36fpg u}/s[lif If]qdf dlxnfx?sf] kx'Fr j9fpg'kg]{ tyf Dflxnf ;zStLs/0f -lzIff, g]t[Tj ljsf;, ;Lk ljsf;, Ifdtf ljsf;_
h:tf ljifodf gLlt lgdf{tfx?n] Wofg lbO{ nlIft sfo{s|d cfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . To;}u/L pQm sfo{s|dx?sf] cg'udg tyf
d"Nofs+gsf] nflu e/kbf]{ n}lËs tYofÍ ;+sng ug{;Sg] lsl;dsf] tYof+s k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

149
 !(M ckfËtf;DaGwL tYof°
dx]z rGb k|wfg♣

!= ;fdfGo kl/ro
k/Dk/fut?kdf ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍ (Disability Statistics) eGgfn] s'g} ljz]if ;d"xsf JolQmx? h:t}M b[li6ljlxg, alx/f,
XjLn s';L{ k|of]ustf{ cflb JolQmx?nfO{ ;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ lx;faaf6 tL JolQmx?sf] laj/0fnfO{ a'emfpg] ub{5 . o:tf]
;Lldt ju{sf] dfq tYofÍn] ckfËtf;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ kIfnfO{ g;d]6L o;n] ck"0f{ / ljvl08t tYofÍsf] dfq lrq0f ug]{ ub{5 .
o;k|sf/sf] tYofÍdf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?nfO{ s'g} lglZrt ;Lldt ju{df dfq ;dflxt ug]{ ul/G5 .

h] ePklg ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍn] ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] hLjGt cj:yf h:t}M czQmtf ePsf (Impairment), s'g}
lqmofsnfkx? ug{ ;xefuL x'g sl7gfO (Activity Limitation) / cfkm\gf] hLjg hLpgsf nflu cj/f]w (Participation
Restriction_ ePsf JolQmx?sf] k|z:t ;"rgfx? k|bfg ug{;Sb5 . ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍn] s'g} If]qsf] hg;+Vofsf] jf ljz]if
k|sf/sf] ckfËsf] ckfËtf k|sf]k b/ (Disability Prevalence Rate), ltgLx?sf] hg;f+lVos ljz]iftfx? h:t}M pd]/, lnË, j0f{,
;fdflhs, cfly{s cj:yf h:tf ljj/0fx?Aff/] hfgsf/L k|bfg ug{;S5 .

@= ckf·tfsf] kl/efiff
;fdfGotM s'g} klg JolQmdf x'g] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf ;+j]bgfTds ljs[lt h;n] cfkm\gf] b}lgs sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf afwf k'¥ofPsf]
x'G5, To;nfO{ g} ckfËtf elgG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ckfË ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f P]g, @)#( sf] bkmf # sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf]
k|of]hgsf nflu lj=;=@)^# df ckfËtfsf] kl/efiff / ckfËkgsf] lgwf{/0fsf nflu dfkb08 sfod u/]sf] 5 . o;cg';f/
ckfËtfsf] kl/efiff o;/L ul/Psf] 5 M– z/L/sf cËx? / zf/Ll/s k|0ffnLdf ePsf] ;d:ofsf] sf/0f ef}lts, ;fdflhs,
;+f:s[lts jftfj/0fsf] ;fy} ;~rf/ ;d]taf6 l;h{gf ePsf] cj/f]w ;d]tn] b}lgs lqmofsnfk ;fdfGo?kdf ;+rfng ug{ Pj+
;fdflhs hLjgdf k"0f{ ;xefuL x'g sl7gfO x'g] cj:yfnfO{ ckfËtf elgG5 . o;cg';f/ ckfËtfnfO{ ;ft k|sf/df juL{s/0f
u/]sf] 5 h'g o;k|sf/ 5g\ M–

!= zf/Ll/s ckfË @= b[li6;DaGwL ckfË #= ;'gfO;DaGwL ckfË $= >j0f b[li6ljlxg %= :j/ af]nfO;DaGwL ckfË ^= dfgl;s
ckfË &= ax'ckfË
#= ckf·tf tYof°sf] dxTj
gLlt lgdf{0fsf] x/]s If]qx? / o;sf k|To]s r/0fx? h:t}M gLlt tyf sfo{qmd th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ug{, gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf]
k|efjsfl/tfsf] cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug{ nfut k|efasfl/tfsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍn] Jofks ?kdf lg0ff{os
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{;S5 . k|fdfl0fs / ljZj;gLo ckfËtf tYofÍsf] cefadf agfOPsf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? ;+eat a9L vlr{nf]
/ cg'kof]uL cg'dfg sfo{ dfq x'ghfG5 . o;k|sf/sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? j}1flgs k|df0fsf] cfwf/ljgf agfOPsf x'G5g\ . k|foM
ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df pknJw ck|fdfl0fs / ck"0f{ ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍ vf; k|of]u ug{ g;lsg] ePsf] kfOG5 .

/fli6«o gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? th'{df ug{sf nflu ckfËtf;DaGwL /fli6«o tYofÍ / k|fdfl0fs ckfËtfsf] tYofÍ cfwf/
(Database) lsg cfjZos 5 eGg] s]xL ljz]if sf/0fx? lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ M–

-s_ ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] uf}/a, k|lti7f / clwsf/x?sf] k|j4{g tyf /Iffsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ckfËtf ;Dd]ng,
lajfsf] ldlnlgod k|m]djs{ (BMF) h:tf cGt/f{li6«o ;ef ;Dd]ngx?sf p2]Zox? (Aspirations) tyf to ul/Psf
nIox?, e/kbf]{ / ;xL tYofÍsf] cefjdf tL nIox? k|flKttkm{ ePsf k|ult cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ;+ej 5}g eGg]
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
-v_ ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] cfjZostf klxrfg ug{ klg JolQmsf] lqmofzLntfsf] cj:yf (Functional Status) sf]
;"rgfsf] ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf kb{5 . lsgls pxL k|sf/sf] ckfËtfaf6 u'h|L/x]sf s'g} b'O JolQmx?n] lglZrt sfo{x?

♣
tYof+s clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
150
 ubf{ a]Unf a]Un} k|sf/sf sl7gfOx? ef]lu/x]sf x'g;S5g\ . tL JolQmx?sf ljleGg cfjZostfx? x'g;S5g\ . tL
cfjZostfx?sf] kl/k"lt{ ug{ ljleGg k|sf/sf ;xof]ux? (Supports) sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
-u_ JolQmsf] lqmofzLntfTds cj:yfsf] tYofÍ (Functional Status Data)
ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] Jofks ;fdflhs cfjZostfx? (Broader Social Needs) h:t}M lzIff / /f]huf/Ldf
k|of]usf nflu ;xfos ;fdu|L cyf{t k|ljlw (Assistive Technology) sf] Joj:yf ug{ tyf Jofks gLlt tyf
sfg"gx? lgwf{/0f ug{sf nflu ckfËtf;DaGwL JolQmsf] lqmofzLntfsf] cj:yf;DaGwL tYofÍ (Functional Status
Data) sf] h?/L kb{5 .

-3_ ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf nflu gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] kl/0ffd / u'0f:t/sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf nflu
ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ljz]if?kn] oL tYofÍn] To:tf gLlt kl/0ffdx?sf] klxrfg ug{ d2t ub{5
h;n] oftfoft, ;+rf/b]lv wfld{s tyf ;fdflhs hLjgsf ;j} If]qx?df ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] ;xeflutfnfO{
clwstd a[l4 ub{5 .
-ª_ ckfËtf;DaGwL k|fdfl0fs / k"0f{ tYofÍ (Valid and Complete Disability Statistics) n] /fHosf ljleGg ;+:yfx?nfO{
ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf nflu nfu' ul/Psf gLltx?sf] nfut k|efasfl/tf (Cost Effectiveness of Policies)
d"Nof+sgsf] nflu Pp6f e/kbf]{ ;fwgsf] ?kdf ;xof]u ub{5Ù h;n] ubf{ ;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L lgsfox?nfO{ tL
ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf nflu ;]jf ;'ljwfsf nflu sfo{qmd to ug{ jf To:tf sfo{qmdx? hf/L ug{ k|fdfl0fs tYo
(Evidence) k|bfg ub{5 .

$= ckf·tf;DaGwL tYof°sf p2]Zox?

Plzof tyf k|zfGt If]qsf w]/} b]zx?n] ckfË ;j]{If0fx? (Disability Surveys) tyf hgu0fgfx?df ckfËtf;DaGwL k|Zgx?
;dfj]z u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ tL ;j]{If0f tyf u0fgfx?sf] kl/0ffdaf6 ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍsf k|of]ustf{x? ;Gt'i6 ePsf] kfOb}g
. tL k|of]ustf{x?sf] d'Vo u'gf;f] s] xf] eGbf hgu0fgf jf ;j]{If0faf6 ;+slnt ljj/0fx?af6 k|fKt tYofÍ af:tjdf clt czQm
ckfË (Severe Impairment) ;DaGwL ljj/0fdf dfq cfwfl/t 5g\ . xfn;Dd o:tf ;j]{If0f jf u0fgfn] ckfËtfsf] Jofks
dfksx?nfO{ (Comprehensive Measures of Disability) nfO{ ;d]6\g ;s]sf] kfOb}g\ . jf:tjdf tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ lgsfox?n]
k|of]ustf{x?sf] tYofÍLo cfjZostf jf dfu a'emg\ g;Sg' jf ckfËtf tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ sfo{ hl6n ePsf]n] jf o;sf]
kl/efiff tyf cjwf/0ff ;/n gePsf]n] klg ckfËtf;DaGwL ;a} kIfx?nfO{ ;d]6\g g;lsPsf] xf] . o;af6 s] kf7 l;Sg ;lsG5
eg] hlxn] klg p2]Zo jf dfucg';f/sf] tYofÍ ;+sngsf nflu tYofÍLo k|Zgx? lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 . p2]Zo;+u d]n gvfg]
k|Zgx?n] k|of]uxLg tYofÍsf] gtLhf lg:sG5, h'g ;fj{hlgs /sdsf] b'?kof]u dfq x'ghfG5 . h] ePtfklg ckfËtf;DaGwL
tYofÍsf] p2]Zox? :ki6;+u klxrfg ug]{ sfo{ eg] ;lhnf] 5}g .

cGt/f{li6«o?kdf ckfËtf tYofÍsf] k|of]usf nflu ;':ki6 ;'emfjx? ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3;DaGwL lgDg k|ltj]bgx?df ;dfj]z ul/Psf
5g\ M–

-s_ ckfË JolQmx?;DaGwL lqmofsnfksf] ljZj sfo{qmd (The World Programme of Action Concerning Disabled
Persons)
-v_ ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] cj;/x?sf] ;dfgLs/0fsf nflu lj]z]if lgodx? (Standard Rules for the Equalisation
of Opportunities of Persons with Disabilities)
-u_ ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw P+j :j]lR5s k|f]6f]sn, @))^ (Convention on the Rights of
Persons with Disabilities and Optional Protocal, 2006)

ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;ef ;Dd]ngx?sf] ;'emfjx?sf] kl/0ffd:j?k ;g\ @))! df ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍsf nflu jfl;+U6g u|'k
v8f eof] . of] ;d"xn] ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍdf ;"wf/sf nflu t'ngfof]Uo ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍsf] ljsf;sf lgldQ dxTjk"0f{
ljlw;DaGwL ;jfnx? (Methodological Issues) df sfo{x? ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;n] ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍsf] p2]Zox?
lgDgfg';f/ x'g'k5{ egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5 M–

151
-s_ ckfË JolQmx?sf] ;]jf ;'ljwfx?sf] k|fjwfgsf nflu gLltx? tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] ljsf; tyf d"Nof+sgdf ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] .
-v_ hg;+Vofdf lqmofzLntfsf] :t/ (Level of Functionality) cg'udg ug]{ .
-u_ cj;/x?df ;dfgLs/0f (Equalisation of Opportunities) sf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ .
o:t} lajfsf] ldlnlgod k|m]djs{ (BMF) @))@ n] ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍ ;+sng ug{sf nflu ljleGg b]zsf ;/sf/L lgsfox?
tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfox? / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf;b]lv ckfË;DaGwL k|efasf/L tYofÍ ;+sng;Dd /0fgLltx?
tof/ u/]sf] 5 . o;/L ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o k|ltj]bg tyf b:tfj]hx?df ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍ ;+sngsf] pQd
pkfosf nflu s] cfjZos kb{5 eGg] s'/fdf ;a} /fi6«x?aLr ;xdlt(Consensus) x'g'kb{5 eGg] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;
cg'?k ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍ :yflkt ug{df j}1flgs cfwf/ tyf k|fdfl0fs cjwf/0ffTds ?k/]vfsf] cfjZostfdf ;xdlt aGg
k'Uof] . oxL cfjZostfnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gsf] lqmofzLntf, czQmtf / :jf:Yosf] cGt/f{li6«o juL{s/0fsf]
ljsf; ul/Psf] lyof], h;nfO{ c+u|]hLdf International Classification of Functionality, Disability and Health (ICF) elgG5
. ;xL cy{df ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍsf nflu ICF n] gofF b[li6sf]0f ;[hgf u/]sf] 5 .

%= ckf·tf;DaGwL tYof°sf ;|f]tx?

ckf+utf ePsf JolQmx?sf af/]df tYofÍLo ljj/0f ;+sng Ps sl7g sfo{ xf] . o; sfo{df leGb} ;d:ofx? cfpg] ub{5 . o;
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg jf Go"g ug{sf nflu tYofÍ ;+sng k|lqmofsf] k|f/lDes r/0fdf (Design Phase) lgs} Wofg lbg' k5{ .
ljz]iftM ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍ lgDg ;|f]tx?af6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 M–

!= hgu0fgf
@= gd"gf ;j]I{ f0f
#= k|zf;lgs clen]vx?
oL plNnlvt ;|f]tx?sf cf–cfkm\gf] ;jn / b'j{n kIfx? 5g\ .

!= hgu0fgf
hgu0fgfaf6 hg;+Vof;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0fx? ;+sng ul/G5 . t/ hgu0fgfdf ckfËtf;DaGwL lj:t[t ;xL ljj/0fx? ;+sng
ug{ lgs} sl7gfO x'g]ub{5 . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0fdf hgu0fgfdf ;do ;Ldf (Time Constraint) x'g]ub{5 h;n] ubf{ hgu0fgfdf
w]/} k|Zgx? /flv+b}g . k|foM Ps jf b'O{ j6f k|Zgx? Dffq /flvg] ul/G5 . ;fdfGotM hgu0fgfaf6 h:t} pbfx/0fsf nflu
ckfËtfsf] cj:yfaf6 u'h|L/x]sf afnaflnsfx? / dGb jf dWod ckfËtf (Mild or Moderate Disability) sf] cj:yf ePsf
JolQmx?sf] cNku0fgf (Under Counting) x'g] Jofks ;Defjgf x'g]ub{5 . h] h:tf] ePklg cGo ;|f]tx? cefj ePsf] cj:yfdf
ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] df]6fdf]6L tYofÍ (Crude Measure of Disability) sf nflu hgu0fgf pkof]uL ;|f]t xf] .
hgu0fgfaf6 k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/df cGo ljz]if k|sf/sf ;j]{If0fx? ;+rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .

@= gd"gf ;j]{If0fx?
s'g} ljifoaf/] lj:t[t ljj/0fx? ;+sngsf nflu gd"gf ;j]{If0fx? ;+rfng ul/G5g\ . o;}n] ckfËtf;DaGwL cWoogsf nflu ul/g]
gd"gf ;j]{If0fx?af6 o;;DaGwL lj:t[t ;"rgfx? k|fKt x'g]ub{5 . o;af6 ckfËtfsf] ;xL k|sf]k b/ lgslng ;S5 .

#= k|Zff;lgs clen]v
ckfËtf;DaGwL ;]jf ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg] lgoldt sfo{qmd ;+rfng ubf{ /flvPsf nutx?af6 klg ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍ k|fKt ug{
;lsG5 . h:t}M lhNnf k|Zff;g sfof{noaf6 ljt/0f ul/g] ckfË kl/rokqsf] cfwf/df ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
o:tf k|zf;lgs clen]vx?af6 ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf nflu ;]jf ;'ljwfx?df kx'Fr lnO/x]sf JolQmx?sf] ljz]iftfx?af/]
pkof]uL hfgsf/L xfl;n x'g]ub{5 . o;k|sf/sf] nutaf6 ckfËtf k|sf]ksf] ;xL b/ lgsfNg ;lsb}g . lsgsL o;k|sf/sf]
k|zf;lgs clen]vsf] :ki6 bfo/f / clen]vsf] bf]xf]/f]kgnfO{ 5'6\6fpg ;lsb}g . k|zf;sLo nutaf6 k|fKt cfFs8fsf] u'0f:t/
k|zf;lgs k|0ffnLsf] u'0f:t/;+u ;DaGw /fVb5 .

152
^= lqmofzLntf, c;dy{tf / :jf:Yo;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o juL{s/0f (International Classification of Functionality,
Disability and Health)

lqmofzLntf, c;dy{tf / :jf:Yo;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o juL{s/0f (International Classification of Functionality, Disability

and Health) jf ICF -cfOl;Pkm_ Pp6f ckfËtf;DaGwL juL{s/0f k|0ffnL / ckfËtfsf] k"0f{ cg'ej cyf{t czQmtfsf] ;Dk"0f{
kIfx? ;d]l6Psf] Pp6f df]8n xf] . ;g\ !(*) lt/ k|of]udf NofOPsf] czQmtf, c;dy{tf / k|ltjfwf (International
Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps) ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o juL{s/0fnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;g\ @))!
df lqmofzLntf, c;dy{tf / :jf:Yo;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o juL{s/0f (International Classification of Functioning, Disability
and Health) ljZj :jf:Yo ;+3sf] %$ cf}F ;fwf/0f ;efn] kfl/t u/L k|rngdf NofPsf] xf] . ckfËtf;DaGwL ;j{dfGo cjwf/0ff
jf kl/efiff / cfwf/zLnf k|bfg ug'{ o; juL{s/0fsf] k|d'v p2]Zo xf] . cfOl;Pkm k4ltcg';f/ tof/ ul/Psf] tYofÍn] ljleGg
d'n'sx?aLr / b]zleq klg ljleGg If]qx?aLr t'ngfof]Uo agfpg d2t ub{5 . c;dy{tfsf] df]8nsf] ?kdf o;n]
ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍ ;'Jojl:yt (Structuring) ug{sf nflu cjwf/0ffTds ?k/]vf k|bfg ub{5 .

cfOl;Pkmsf] df]8n

:jf:Yo cj:yf

zf/Ll/s c+usf sfo{x? / lqmofsnfkx? ;xeflutf

agfj6

Afftfj/0fLo tTjx? JolQmut tTjx?

cfOl;Pkmsf] kl/efiff tyf juL{s/0fnfO{ b'O{ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . k|To]s efudf b'O{j6f a'Fbfx? ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . k|yd
efudf lqmofzLntf / c;dy{tf (Functions and Disability) 5g\ h; cGtu{t b'O{j6f a'Fbfx? 5g\ .
-s_ zf/Ll/s c+usf sfo{x? / agfj6x? (Body Functions and Structures)
-v_ lqmofsnfkx? tyf ;xeflutf (Activities and Participation)

bf];|f] efucGtu{t ;fGble{s tTjx? (Contextual Factors) 5g\ h;cGtu{t klg b'O{j6f a'Fbfx? 5g\ .
-s_ jftfj/0fLo tTjx? (Environmental Factors)
-v_ JolQmut tTjx? (Personal Factors)
Zff/Ll/s c+u k|0ffnLsf] sfo{x?nfO{ zf/Ll/s c+usf sfo{x? (Body Functions) elgG5 . o;cGtu{t dgf]j}1flgs sfo{x? klg
kb{5g\ . o:t} z/L/ ;+/rgfsf efu h:t}M c+u, xftv'§f / To;sf k|0ffnLx?nfO{ zf/Ll/s jgfj6 (Body Structures) elgG5 .

153
 cfOl;Pkmsf] ;+/rgf
cfOl;Pkm

efu !M lqmofzLntf efu @M ;fGble{s

/ c;dy{tf tTjx?

zf/Ll/s c+usf lqmofzLntf tyf Aftfj/0fLo tTjx? JolQmut tTjx?

lqmofx? tyf ;xeflutf
agfj6

zf/Ll/s c+usf Ifdtf ;xhstf{ ÷ afws

lqmofx?df kl/jt{g

zf/Ll/s c+usf sfo{;Dkfbg

agfj6df kl/jt{g

^=! cfOl;Pkmsf s]xL zAbfjnLx?

czQmtf jf sdhf]/L (Impairments): eGgfn] zf/Ll/s jgfj6 / sfo{x?df b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? x'g\ . cyf{t zf/Ll/s jgfj6 /
sfo{x?df lgs} sdL jf q'6L jf km/skg x'g' czQmtf jf sdhf]/L xf] .

lqmofsnfk (Activity)M AolQmn] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lqmofsnfk elgG5 .

;xeflutf (Participation)M hLjg ofkg ug{sf nflu ljleGg sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] sfo{ g} ;xeflutf xf] .
lqmofsnfkdf ;Lldttf (Activity Limitation): s'g} sfo{ ubf{ jf ;Dkfbg ubf{ cfpg] ;Lldttf g} lqmofsnfkdf ;Lldttf xf] .
;xeflutfdf cj/f]w (Participation Restriction)M hLjg ofkg ug{sf nflu ljleGg sfo{df ;+nUg x'Fbf cfOkg]{ jf x'g] /f]sfj6
jf afwf g} ;xeflutfdf cj/f]w xf] .
jftfj/0fLo tTjx? (Environmental Factors)M JolQm /xg] / hLjg ofkg x'g] ef}lts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s kl/j]z g}
jftfj/0fLo tTjx? x'g\ .
JolQmut tTjx? (Personal Factors)M ;fGble{s tTjx? h'g JolQmsf] pd]/, lnË, ;fdflhs k|lti7f, JolQmut hLjgsf
cg'ejx? h:tf JolQmut s'/fx?;+u ;DalGwt 5g\ .
cfOl;Pkmn] JolQmdf ePsf] ckfËtf jf c;dy{tf lgwf{/0f ug{sf nflu zf/Ll/s c+usf] sfo{x?sf] / agfj6sf] auL{s/0f u/]sf] 5
.

Zff/Ll/s sfo{x? zf/Ll/s agfj6

!= dfgl;s sfo{x? != :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] agfj6
@= OlGb|ox?sf] sfo{x? / b'vfOx? @= cfFvf sfgsf] agfj6
#= :j/ / af]nfO;DaGwL sfo{x? #= :j/ / af]nLsf] agfj6
$= d'6', /Qmrfk, /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds / Zjf; k|0ffnL $= d'6', /Qmrfk, /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds / Zjf; k|0ffnLsf
agfj6x?
%= kfrg, kf]if0f / u|GyL k|0ffnLsf sfo{x? %= kfrg, kf]if0f / u|GyL k|0ffnL;DaGwL agfj6x?
^= d'q lgZsf;g / k|hgg\ sfo{x? ^= d'q lgZsf;g / k|hgg\ k|0ffnLsf agfj6x?=
&= :gfo', df+;k]zL, x8\8L / rfn;DaGwL sfo{x? &= rfn;DaGwL agfj6x?
*= 5fnf / 5fnf;DaGwL c+usf sfo{x? *= 5fnf;DaGwL agfj6x?

154
o:t} JolQmdf ePsf] ckfËtf lgwf{/0fsf] nflu lqmofsnfk / ;xeflutfsf If]qx?nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL lgDg ( k|sf/sf If]qx?df
juL{s/0f ul/Psf]] 5 M–
-!_ l;sfO / 1fgsf] pkof]u
-@_ ;fdfGo sfo{x? / dfu
-#_ ;~rf/
-$_ udgzLntf
-%_ :j+o x]/rfx
-^_ 3/]n' hLjg
-&_ cGt/JolQm cGt/lqmof / ;DaGw
-*_ hLjgsf k|d'v If]qx?
-(_ ;d'bfo, ;fd'bflos P+j gful/s hLjg

o:t} cfOl;Pkmn] ckfËtf ;d:of ePsf JolQmnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ % k|sf/sf jftfj/0fLo tTjx?sf] juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 .
-!_ pTkfbg / k|ljlw
-@_ k|fs[lts tyf dfgj lgld{t jftfj/0f
-#_ ;xof]u / ;DaGw
-$- b[li6sf]0f
-%- ;]jf k|0ffnL / gLltx?

^=@ Jojxfl/s?kn] cfOl;Pkmsf] cjwf/0ffsf] a'emfO (Understanding a Case with ICF Concepts)
dflysf] cfOl;Pkm df]8n a'em\gsf nflu lgDg 36gf (Case) sf] cWoogaf6 k|i6 x'G5 .
s'g} s JolQmdf yfln8f]dfO8 (Thalidomide) eGg] hGd}b]lvsf] bf]ifaf6 b'a} xft u'd]sf] 5 . o;}n] p;df ;fdfGo lx+88'n ug{
sl7gfO 5 . p;n] ljz]if k|sf/af6 lgdf{0f ul/Psf] :6\of088{ sf/ rnfpg ;Sb5 . t/ p;sf] d'n'sdf p;sf] zf/Ll/s cj:yf
ePsf JolQmsf nflu sfg"gn] uf8L rnfpg dgfxL u/]sf] 5 . of] cj:yfnfO{ o;/L a'em\g ;lsG5 yfln8f]dfO8 :jf:Yo cj:yfn]
b'j} xft u'dfpg' k¥of] . b'j} xft gx'g]sf nflu sfg"gn] uf8L rnfpg lgif]w u¥of] (Barrier in Law ) . o;n] pQm JolQmdf uf8L
rnfpg] Ifdtfdf ;Lldttf gePklg (No Activity Limitation) uf8L rnfpg] sfo{df ;xeflutf x'gaf6 /f]s nufof]
(Participation Restriction) .

o:t} csf]{ pbfx/0f klg lnpFm .

• pd]/ $), k'?if
• d]?b08df rf]6
• b'j} v'§fx?df kIff3ft
• lxF88'n ug{ g;Sg'
• XjLns';L{sf] dfWodaf6 :jtGq?kdf aflx/ hfg;Sg] .
• ofqf ug{ sl7gfO -glhssf] j;:6}08 XjLns';L{af6 k'Ug g;lsg] _

dflysf] ;d:ofnfO{ cfOl;Pkm cjwf/0ffdf o;/L ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

155
 d]?b08df rf]6
-:jf:Yo cj:yf_

b'j}v'§fx?df kIff3ft lx+8\g g;Sg' jl/kl/ ofqf, 3'dlkm/

-zf/Ll/s c+usf sfo{x? / -lqmofsnfkx?df ;Lldttf_ ug{ g;Sg'
agfj6df czQmtf_ -;xeflutfdf ?sfj6_

XjLns';L{, j;:6}08df pd]/ $), k'?if

k'Ug g;Sg' -JolQmut tTjx?_
-Afftfj/0fLo tTjx?_

^=# ckf·tf tYof° ;+sngsf s]xL ;jfnx? (Issues on Disability Data Collection)
cfOl;Pkmn] cjwf/0ffTds ?k/]vf k|bfg u/]tfklg ljleGg b]zx?n] o;sf] cfwf/df ckfËtf tYofÍ ;+sngsf nflu ljleGg
k|of;x? h:t}M cfOl;Pkmsf] ljj/0fx? -Items) nfO{ Jojxfl/s k|Zgdf ptfg]{ sfo{x?sf] yfngL u/]sf 5g\ . cfOl;Pkmsf] o;
cjwf/0ffsf] Aojxf/df ptfbf{ s]xL ;jfnx? 5g\ h;nfO{ lgs} ulxl/P/ Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 .

!= cfOl;Pkmsf ljj/0fx? (Items) nfO{ 36fpg] .

@= cfOl;Pkmn] ;d]6\g] Jofkstf / If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
#= ckfËtfsf] cjlw .
$= ;xof]uL ;fdu|Lx?sf] k|of]u .

!= cfOl;Pkmn] w]/} Domain x? k|bfg u/]sf] 5 h;sf cfwf/df ckfËtf;DaGwL ljleGg kIfx? Dffkg ug{sf nflu cfwf/
k|fKt x'G5 . t/ hgu0fgf h:tf] 7"nf] tYofÍLo lqmofsnfkdf slt / s'g xb;Dd ljj/0fx? (Items) ;d]6\g] eGg] Pp6f
68\sf/f] d'2f /x]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df Pp6f k|Zg v8f x'G5 s] Pp6f ;j]{If0f jf u0fgf k|Zgaf6 lqmofzLntf /
;xeflutfsf ;a} If]qsf lqmofsnfkx?;DaGwL ljj/0fx? ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 < tYofÍ ;+sngsf nflu cfOl;Pkmdf
pNn]v ul/Psf ljj/0fx? 36fpg] ;Gbe{df o;sf] Jojxfl/s ;dfwfg eg]sf] tYofÍsf] k|of]ustf{sf] dfu jf
cfjZostf s] xf] elg klxrfg ug'{ xf] .

@= ckfËtf tYofÍsf] Jofkstf / bfo/f (Scope and Coverage) ;Gbe{df ckfËtfsf] tYofÍ ;+sng ubf{ s'g ju{sf]
hg;+Vof h:t}M afnaflnsf, jo:s, a[4 s; s;nfO{ ;d]6\g] eGg] klg k|Zg p7g] u/]sf] 5 . ckfËtfsf] s'g kIfx?
tyf cfofdx? (Dimensions) h:t}M zf/Ll/s czQmtf÷sdhf]/L (Impairment), lqmofzLntfdf ;Lldttf (Activity
limitation), ;xeflutfdf cj/f]w (Participation Restriction) jf oL plNnlvt kIfx?sf] ;+of]hgnfO{ s;/L ;d]6\g]
eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg lgs} ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'kb{5 . ckfËtfsf] tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;a} k|sf/sf ckfËtf jf s'g}
ljz]if k|sf/sf] dfq ckfËtf ;d]6\g] eGg] kIfnfO{ klg Vofn /fVg'k5{ . s'g} ljz]if ckfËtfsf] s'g xb;Ddsf]
czQmtfsf] h:t}M clt czQm (Severe), dWod czQm (Moderate) / ;fdfGo czQm (Mild) tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ eGg]
kIfnfO{ klg ;DalGwt kIfn] Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 . s'g xb;Ddsf] czQmtfnfO{ ckfËtfsf] kl/efiffdf ;d]6\g] eGg] k|Zg
hl6n 5 . h] ePklg ckfËtf tYofÍ ;+sng ug'{k"j{ o;n] ;d]6\g] If]q tyf o;sf] bfo/faf/] k"j{lg0f{o x'g'k5{ .
ckfËtf tYofÍ ;+sngsf p2]Zox? s] s] x'g\ eGg] s'/fn] ckfËtf tYofÍ ;+sngsf] Jofkstf / bfo/f (Scope and
Coverage) lgwf{/0f ug{sf nflu ;xof]u ub{5 . o;}n] ckfËtf tYofÍsf] nlIft k|of]ustf{ sf] x'g\ egL klxrfg ug'{
cfjZos kb{5 .
#= ckfËtfsf] cjlw M ckfËtf tYofÍ ;+sngsf] csf]{ k|d'v d'4f eg]sf] s'g cjlw;Ddsf] c;dy{tf jf czQmtfnfO{
ckfËtfsf] tYofÍsf] kl/efiff jf cjwf/0ffdf ;d]6\g] eGg] xf] . h:t}M s'g} JolQmsf] v'§f efFlrPsf] 5 h'g cj:yfn] ubf{
Tof] JolQmn] hLjgsf lqmofsnfkx? h:t}M s]xL ;dosf nflu ljBfno hfg jf s'g} sfdx? ug{ c;dy{ 5 eg] To;
c:yfoL k|sf/sf] czQmtfnfO{ tYofÍ ;+sngsf] kl/lw leq Nofpg'kb{5 jf kb}{g eGg] k|Zg p7\g ;Sb5 . of]
bL3{sfnLg czQmtf jf cNksfnLg c;dy{tfsf] cj:yf;DaGwL d'2f xf] .

156
$= ;xof]uL ;fdu|Lx?sf] k|of]u -Use of Assistive Devices) M ckfËtfsf] kl/efiffleq ;xof]uL ;fdu|Lx? h:t}M r:dfsf]
k|of]u, Contact Lense sf] k|of]u, >j0f oGqsf] k|of]uaf6 lqmofsnfkdf ;Lldttf gePsf JolQmx?nfO{ ;d]6\g] jf
g;d]6\g] eGg] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ljifo xf] . o;k|sf/sf] ;jfnnfO{ ckfËtf tYofÍ ;+sngsf] 3]/fdf /fVg] jf g/fVg] eGg]
s'/f tYofÍ ;+sngsf] p2]Zo / tYofÍ k|of]ustf{sf] cfjZostfdf lge{/ ub{5 .

&= ckf·tf dfkgsf tl/sfx? (Approaches to Measure Disability)

ckfËtf Ps ax'cfoflds cjwf/0ff xf] . s'g} ;j]{If0f jf u0fgfdf ckfËtf dfkgsf nflu lgDg rf/ tl/sfx? 5g\ M–

!= czQmtf jf sdhf]/L dfkg tl/sf (The Impairment Approach)

@= lqmofzLntf tyf ;xeflutf dfkg tl/sf (Activity and Participation Approach)
#= jftfj/0fLo tTjx? Dffkg tl/sf (The Environmental Factors Approach)
$= ckfËtfsf] lj:t[t kIf dfkg tl/sf (The Comprehensive Approach)

&=! czQmtf jf sdhf]/L dfkg tl/sf (The Impairment Approach)

o; tl/sfcGtu{t cfOl;Pkmn] kl/eflift u/]sf] zf/Ll/s c+usf sfo{x? tyf agfj6;DaGwL ljj/0f lnOG5 . olb tYofÍ
;+sngsf] p2]Zo s'g} /f]ux? Jff Disorder jf b'3{6gfsf] k|ToIf c;/x?af6 pAh]sf] :jf:Yo cj:yf;DaGwL tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{
xf] eg] Impairment Approach nfO{ ;'xfpFbf] tl/sf dflgG5 . h:t}M pbfx/0fsf nflu s'g} v'§f u'dfPsf, b'j} v'§fx?sf] nDafO
c;dfg ePsf, zf/Ll/s c+ue+u (Deformity of Limbs), d]?b08sf] rf]6 (Deformity of Spinal Chord), hf]gL{ jf df+;k]zLsf]
b'vfO, zf/Ll/s kIff3ft, r]tgfdf x|f; (Impairment of Sensation), zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s cj:yfdf c;fdfGotf, cg'xf/sf]
kIff3ft, lb;f lk;fa /f]Sg g;Sg sdhf]/L] , gk'+;stf(Impotence), ;'gfO;DaGwL sdhf]/L, af]nLdf czQmtf, x]/fOdf sdhf]/L
(Visual Disorders), s'?ktf (Disfigurement), bL3{sfnLg Zjf; k|Zjf;;DaGwL /f]ux? (Chronic Diseases), dfgl;s
sdhf]/Lx? (Mental Impairments) / cGo o:t} k|sf/sf ;d:ofx?sf af/]df ljj/0f ;+sng ul/G5 .

&=@= lqmofzLntf tyf ;xeflutf dfkg tl/sf (Activity and Participation Approach)
o; tl/sfdf lqmofzLntf / ;xeflutfcGtu{t cfOl;Pkmn] kl/eflift u/]sf] JolQmsf] Jojxf/x?, JolQmn] ug]{ sfo{x? -;/n jf
hl6n vfnsf sfo{snfkx? h;n] JolQmsf] ;lqmo hLjg tyf ;dfhsf] sfo{snfkx?df ;xeflutf u/fpF5_ kg{ cfpF5g\ . o:tf
ljj/0fx? lqmofzLntf tyf ;xeflutf dfkg tl/sf (Activity and Participation Approach) af6 ;+sng ul/G5 . lqmofzLntf
tyf ;xeflutf auL{s/0fdf lgDg sfo{snfkx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 M–

-s_ b}lgs hLjg ofkgsf sfo{x? h:t}M JolQmut x]/rfx -g'xfOw'jfO, n'uf nufpg], cf]5\ofgdf ;'Tg] / p7\g], s';L{df a:g],
rkL{ hfg], vfglkg cflb_ .
-v_ b}lgs hLjgsf 3/fo;L sfo{x? (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living) h:t}M vfgf ksfpg], kfl/jfl/s vr{
Joj:yfkg ug]{, lsgd]n ug]{, 3/wGbfsf sfo{x? ug]{, 6l]nkmf]gsf] k|of]u ug]{ / cGo hl6n sfo{x? .
-u_ ;fdflhs tyf gful/s hLjg, ;d'bfo, kl/jf/, ljBfno h:tf hLjgsf k|d'v If]qx?df ;fdflhs ;DaGwx? sfod ug]{
tyf cGtJo{lQmTj cGt/lqmofx?df hl6n sfo{x? ug]{ jf ;xeflutf hgfpg] .

lqmofzLntf tyf ;xeflutf dfkg tl/sfaf6 JolQmsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ ;dy{tf / :jf:Yo;DaGwL sfo{snfk ;Lldttfx?Aff/]
tYofÍ k|fKt x'G5 . o;k|sf/sf tYofÍ k'gM:yfkgf ;]jfx? (Rehabilitation Services) :yfkgf ug{ Jff tflnddf ;'wf/ ug{,
;xof]uL ;fdu|Lx?sf] cfjZostfsf] cg'dfgsf nflu cfjZos x'G5 .

&=#= jftfj/0fLo tTjx? Dffkg tl/sf (The Environmental Factors Approach)

jftfj/0fLo tTjx? dfkg tl/sfaf6 ckfËtf;DaGwL k|Zg dfq ul/+b}g . o; tl/sfaf6 tL jftfj/0fLo tTjx?sf] klg tYofÍ
;+sng ul/G5 h'g tTjx?n] ckfËtfsf] ljBdfg l:ylt (Presence) / ckfËtfsf] czQmtfsf] dfqf (Severity) nfO{ c;/ u/]sf]

157
x'G5 . o:tf jftfj/0fLo tTjx?n] ef}lts, ;fdflhs tyf dgf]j[lQ (Attitudinal) jftfj/0f lgdf{0f u5{ h;df JolQmn] cfkm\gf]
hLjg ofkg ul//x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf jftfj/0fLo tTjx?n] ckfËtfsf sf/0f ePsf lqmofTds ;d:ofx? lgbfg ug{ jf lgjf/0f ug{
;sf/fTds d4t ub{5 of JolQmsf] sfo{snfk (Functioning) df afwf k'¥ofPsf] klg x'g;S5 . o; ljlwcGtu{tsf] k|Zgx?af6
;xfos ;fdu|Lx? tyf ;'ljwfx?sf] cfjZostf, b}lgs hLjgdf ljleGg k|sf/sf czQmtfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf JolQmx?n] Joxf]l//x]sf]
ef}lts tyf lgotjz jfwfx?sf] k|sf/ / s'g} If]qdf JolQmn] ef]lu/x]sf] afwf x6fpg] gLlt (Barrier Removal Policies)
cjnDag ubf{ To:tf JolQmx?sf] ;xeflutfdf s] c;/ k/]sf] 5 h:tf ljljw ;"rgfx? k|bfg ub{5 . h:t}M pbfx/0fsf nflu
JolQmn] k|of]u u/]sf ;fdu|Lx? tyf ;fwgx?af/] tYofÍ ;+sngsf nflu lgDg k|Zg ul/G5 M–

s] tkfO{n] cfkm\gf] jl/kl/ lx+88'n ug{ lgDg s'g} ;fdu|Lx?sf] k|of]u ug'{x'G5 <
• 6]Sg] nf}/L (Canes)
• j};fvL (Crutches)
• Waliking Frame
• 58L
• XjLns';L{
• :s'6/
• ljz]if k|sf/n] agfOPsf] sf/
• cGo

o; ljlwcGtu{tsf k|Zgx?af6 ckfËtfsf] k|sf]k b/ lgsfNg ;lsb}g tfklg ckfËtfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf JolQmx?sf cg'eax?af/]
hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 . ckfËtf;DaGwL /fli6«o ;j]{If0fx?df o:tf k|Zgx? /fVg] ul/G5 .

&=$ ckf·tfsf] lj:t[t kIf dfkg tl/sf (The Comprehensive Approach)

ckfËtfsf] lj:t[t kIf dfkg tl/sfaf6 ckfËtfsf ;a} cfofdx?af/] ;"rgf ;+sng ul/G5 / oxL ljlwaf6 g} ckfËtfsf] k|sf]k
b/ lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . ckfËtfsf] k|sf]k b/ lgwf{/0f ug{sf nflu Psflt/ czQmtf ePsf JolQmx? / JolQmsf] :jf:Yo cj:yfaf6
s'g} sfo{snfk ug{ To; JolQmsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ Ifdtfdf ePsf] ;Lldttf (Activity Limitation) ;DaGwL tYofÍsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 eg] csf]{lt/ JolQmsf] ljleGg kIfx?df jfwf k'¥ofO/x]sf jf ;xof]u k'¥ofO/x]sf jftfj/0fLo / JolQmut
tTjx?af/] klg cf+s8fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;sf/0f ckfËtfsf] lj:t[t kIf dfkg tl/sf (Comprehensive Approach) df
JolQmsf] lqmofzLntf / ;xeflutf (Activity and Participation) sf k|Zgx?sf ;fy} JolQmsf] czQmtf (Impairment) /
jftfj/0fLo tTjx? ;d]tsf k|Zgx? ;dfj]z ug]{ ul/G5 .

*= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3af6 l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] ckf·tf;DaGwL k|Zg

hgu0fgfsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] lgb]{lzsfcg';f/ ckfËtf;DaGwL k|Zg l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] 5 h'g o;k|sf/ 5 M–

ljut ^ dlxgf cjlwb]lv jf ^ dlxgfeGbf a9L ;do u'lh|g] ;+efjgf ePsf] zf/Ll/s czQmtf jf dfgl;s c:j:ytfsf] cj:yfsf
sf/0f s] tkfO{n] lgDg sl7gfOx? ef]uL/xg'ePsf] 5 <
• b[li6df sl7gfO -r:df nufpFbf klg sl7gfO_
• >j0f sl7gfO ->j0f oGq k|of]u ubf{ klg sl7gfO_
• af]nLdf sl7gfO -s'/fsfgL ubf{_
• udgzLntfdf sl7gfO -lxF88'n ug{ / e¥ofª plSng sl7gfO_
• zf/Ll/s rfndf sl7gfO (Body Movement) -xft km}nfpg, hLp v'DRofpg jf lgx'l/g, 3'F8f 6]Sg_
• k~hfn] klS8g'df sl7gfO (Gripping) -cf}+nfx?n] s'g} j:t' klS8g'_
• l;sfO -af}l4s sl7gfO_
• Jojxf/df sl7gfO -dgf]j}1flgs, pQ]hgfTds ;d:ofx?_
• JolQmut x]/rfx -g'xfO w'jfO, n'uf nufO, vfgf vfgdf sl7gfO_
• cGo eP pNn]v ug]{ .

158
o;/L s'g} JolQmdf dfly plNnlvt s'g} Ps jf PseGbf a9L sl7gfOx? 5g\ eg] ckfËsf] ?kdf klxrfg ul/G5 .
cGt/f{li6«o:t/df clxn] klg ckfËtf;DaGwL k|Zgdf s] s;/L ;'wf/ / ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 egL lg/Gt/ cg';Gwfg sfo{x?
eO/x]sf 5g\ .

(= g]kfndf ckf·tf;DaGwL tYof° ;+sngsf k|of;x?

g]kfnsf] ljleGg u0fgfx?df ckfË;DaGwL ljj/0f ;+sngsf] k|of; ul/Psf] kfOG5 . tL k|of;x?df ckfËtf;DaGwL cf+lzs
ljj/0fx? dfq ;+sng ul/Psf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf lj=;= !(^* -;g\ !(!!_ df klxnf] hgu0fgf cf/+e ePsf] xf] . ;g\ !(@) sf]
hgu0fgfdf ckfËtfsf] ljj/0fnfO{ cfly{s sfd gug'{sf] sf/0f;+u uf+;]/ k|Zg ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm hg+u0fgfsf] “sfd lbg;Sg]
g;Sg] dxncGtu{t cGwf, n'nf n+u8f sfd lbg g;Sg] dbf{gf / hgfgfsf] ;+Vof” egL k|Zg ul/Psf] lyof] . o:t} ;g\ !(#) sf]
hgu0fgfdf klg cfly{s lqmofsnfk;+u ufF;]/ ckfËtfsf] cf+lzs ljj/0fsf] k|Zg ul/Psf] lyof] . o; hgu0fgfsf] k|ZgfjnLsf]
“sfd lbg;Sg] g;Sg]sf] t]l/hdf cGwf, n'nf n+u8f / /f]uLsf] dbf{gf / hgfgf” sf] ;+Vof ;f]lwPsf] lyof] . o:t} ;g\ !($! sf]
hgu0fgfdf “lhNnfsf] t]l/hsf] k]zf cGtu{tsf] dxndf n'nf n+u8f OToflb sfd lbg g;Sg]sf] ;+Vof” ;f]lwPsf] lyof] .
lj=;=@))(÷@)!! -;g\ !(%@÷%$_sf] hgu0fgfnfO{ cfw'lgs hgu0fgfsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . o; hgu0fgfdf klg cfly{s sfo{
gug'{sf] sf/0fsf] k|Zgdf ck|ToIf?kdf ckfËtfsf] cf+lzs ljj/0f ;d]6\g] k|of; ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; u0fgfsf] JolQmut
pQ/kqsf] k|Zg g+= !) df “ -s_ xfn sfddf 5f} -v_ geP s] sf/0fn] eGg] k|Zgdf s]xL sf/0fx? dWo] xftv'§f efFlrP/, cGwf
eP/, -*_ la/fdL -(_ ax'nf -!)_g/fd|f] /f]u nfu]/” k|Zg ;f]lwPsf] lyof] .

t/ ;g\ !(%@÷%$ sf] hgu0fgf;Ddsf] hgu0fgfx?df ck|ToIf?kdf cf+lzs ckfËtfsf] ljj/0fx? ;+sngsf] k|of; ePklg
ltgLx?sf] oyfy{ l:ylt jf gtLhf k|sfzg ePsf] kfFOb}g . lj=;= @)!* -;g\ !(^!_ sf] hgu0fgfdf klg cfly{s sfddf ;ls|o
gx'g'sf] sf/0f;+u hf]8]/ ckfËtfsf] k|Zg ;f]lwPsf] lyof] . t/ of] k|Zg !% aif{ / ;f]eGbf dflysf pd]/ ;d"xsf JolQmsf nflu
dfq ;f]lwPsf] lyof] . o;cGtu{t zf/Ll/s czQmtf, kfunkg / bL3{/f]u;DaGwL czQmtfsf] sf/0fn] cfly{s sfd ug{ g;s]sf]
;f]lwPsf] lyof] ;fy} o;sf] gtLhf k|sflzt klg ul/Psf] lyof] . lj=;= @)@* -;g\ !(&!_ sf] hgu0fgfsf] kfl/jfl/s ljj/0fdf
k|ToIf?kdf ckfËtf;DaGwL ljj/0f ;f]lwPsf] lyof] . o;df zf/Ll/s c+ue+u, alx/f tyf nf6f b'j}, alx/f dfq, cGwf, dfgl;s
/f]u nfu]sf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?sf] ;+Vof ;f]lwPsf] lyof] . k|To]s JolQmsf] pd]/ / ln+ucg';f/ ckfËtfsf] l:yltsf] k|Zg /flvPsf]
lyof] t/ o;;DaGwL gtLhf k|sflzt ePsf] kfOb}g . t/ oxL hgu0fgfsf] cfly{s sfd gu/]sf] sf/0f;+u hf]8]/ “zf/Ll/s
czQm, duh lju|]sf], s'i7/f]u, clt /f]uL ” sf sf/0fn] sfd gu/]sf] eGg] k|Zg ;f]lwPsf] lyof] . of] k|Zg !) aif{ / ;f]eGbf
dflysf JolQmsf nflu ;f]lwPsf] lyof] / of];+u ;DalGwt gtLhf k|sfzg ul/Psf] lyof] .

lj=;= @)#* -;g\ !(*!_ nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ckfË aif{sf] ?kdf dgfOPsf]n] klg pQm aif{sf] hgu0fgfdf ckfËtf;DaGwL k|Zg
/flvPsf] lyof] . pQm hgu0fgfsf] kfl/jfl/s nutdf ckfËtf;DaGwL ljj/0f ;+sng ug]{ lx;faaf6 k|Zg /flvPsf] lyof] . o;
hgu0fgfdf /flvPsf] k|Zg x'ax' o;k|sf/ lyof] M–

Zff/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ckfËtf -sdhf]/L _ sf] ljj/0f

kl/jf/sf] s'g} ;b:odf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s sdhf]/L /x]5 eg] ;f]sf] ljj/0f of] dxndf n]Vg] . sdhf]/ JolQm k'?if
eP dxn g+= !^ sf] pko'Qm rf}sf]7fdf lrGx nufO{ lghsf] xfnsf] k"/f ePsf] pd]/ dxn g+ !* df n]Vg] . sdhf]/
JolQm :qL ePdf ;f]xLcg';f/ dxn g+= !& / !* df n]Vg] .
k'?if :qL pd]/
!^ !& !*
!= cGwf != cGwf
@= alx/f @= alx/f
#= nf6f ÷ alx/f #= nf6f ÷ alx/f
$= kfun $= kfun
%= n'nf] ÷ n+u8f] %= n'nf] ÷ n+u8f]
^= s'~hf] ^= s'~hf]

159
lj=;= @)#* sf] hgu0fgfsf] JolQmut ljj/0faf6 klg ck|ToIf?kdf cfly{s sfd gug'{sf] sf/0f;DaGwL k|Zg;+u ufF;]/
ckfËtfsf] cf+lzs ljj/0fx? -hL0f{ /f]uL, zf/Ll/s ckfË, dfgl;s ckfË_ ;+sng ul/Psf lyP . of] k|Zg !) aif{ / ;f]eGbf
dflysf JolQmsf nflu dfq ;f]lwPsf] lyof] .

lj=;= @)#* sf] hgu0fgfdf ;f]lwPsf k|ToIf ckfËtfsf] k|ZgnfO{ lj=;= @)$* sf] hgu0fgfdf lg/Gt/tf lbOPg . o;sf] d'Vo
sf/0fx?df lj=;= @)#* sf] ckfËtfsf] k|sf]k b/ Go"g x'g' / To;jvt k|of]u ul/Psf] ckfËtf;DaGwL cjwf/0ff tyf kl/efiff
:t/Lo gx'g' g} lyof] . oBlk lj=;= @)$* sf] hgu0fgfDff klg cfly{s sfd gug'{sf] sf/0fsf] ;Gbe{df ckfËtfsf] cf+lzs
ljj/0f -zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s /f]uL_ dfq ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . of] k|Zg klg !) aif{ / ;f]eGbf dflysf JolQmsf nflu
;f]lwPsf] lyof] t/ ^) aif{ / ;f]eGbf dflysf JolQm ckfË / /f]uL ePklg a[4df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] .

b]zdf k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yf cfPsf] ;Gbe{df / cGt/f{li6«o?kdf klg ckfËx?sf] xs, clwsf/ / k'gM:yfkgfsf] ;r]tgf
cfPsf] x'Fbf ckfËx?sf] ;]jf ;'ljwf / cGo gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? th'{df ug{sf nflu ljsf;zLn b]zx?df ckfËtfsf] k|sf]k b/
lgsfNg' cfjZos lyof] . b]zdf ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍ kl/k"lt{ ug]{ Wo]on] g]kfndf klg lj=;= @)%* sf] hgu0fgfdf nut !
sf] JolQmut ljj/0fdf ckfËtf;DaGwL k|ToIf k|Zg ;f]lwPsf] lyof] . of] k|Zg ;a} JolQmsf nflu ;f]lwPsf] lyof] . o;
hgu0fgfdf /flvPsf] k|Zg x'ax' o;k|sf/ lyof] M–
==================s:tf] k|sf/sf] ckfË xf] <
!= zf/Ll/s ckfË
@= b[li6ljlxg
#= nf6f ÷ alx/f
$= dfgl;s ckfË
%= ax' ckfË
^= ckfË gePsf]

o;sf ;fy} ckfËtfsf] kl/efiff tyf cjwf/0ffnfO{ cem ;':ki6 ug]{ Wo]on] s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu / /fli6«o ckfË dxfzfvfn]
ljz]if lzIff zfvf, lzIff ljefusf] ;f}hGodf ckfËtfsf] tYofÍ ;+sng;DaGwL 5'§} lgb]{lzsf klg tof/ u/]sf] lyof] . o:t}
@)%* sf] hgu0fgfdf klg nut @ sf] dfWodaf6 cfly{s sfo{ gug'{sf] sf/0fsf] k|Zg;+u hf]8]/ klg ckfËtfsf] cf+l+zs laj/0f
-zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ckfË_ ;+sng ul/Psf lyP . o; hgu0fgfaf6 k|fKt ckfËtf;DaGwL ljj/0fnfO{ hgu0fgfsf] /fli6«o
k|ltj]bgdf k|sflzt ul/Pklg ckfËtfsf] k|sf]k b/ clt Go"g ePsf] dflgPsf]n] ckfËtf;DaGwL cGo ljZn]if0f sfo{x? ul/Psf]
b]lv+b}g . ljutsf hgu0fgfx? / hgu0fgf @)%* df ICIDH jf ICF sf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ tYofÍ ;+sng ePsf] kfOb}g .
oBlk cfpFbf] hgu0fgf @)^* df ckfËtf;DaGwL s;/L ;xL / e/kbf]{ tYofÍnfO{ ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 / cfOl;Pkm
cjwf/0ffcg';f/ s;/L tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ eGg] k|of; hf/L g} 5 .

ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] cj:yfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{, cfjZos ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? to ug{ / sfof{Gjog ug{sf
nflu ljutb]lv g} /fi6«JofkL?kdf ckfËtfsf] cj:yfaf/] tYofÍLo ljj/0fsf] cfjZostfnfO{ dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . oBlk ckfËtf
eGg] zAb, o;sf] cjwf/0ff, kl/efiff cfkm}df Ps hl6n 5 h;cGtu{t zf/Ll/s czQmtfb]lv af}l4s ckfËtf;Dd ;dfj]z
ul/G5 / o;sf] ;xL tYofÍLo cg'dfg lgsfNg] sfo{ lgs} g} sl7g 5 . ckfËtfsf] kl/efiffcGtu{t o;sf] ;3gtf (Intensity),
dGb ckfËtf (Mild Disability) b]lv clt ckfËtf (Severe Disability) ;Dd /xg] ub{5 . g]kfndf dfly pNn]v eP h:t}M
ljleGg hgu0fgfx? / cGo ljleGg ;j]{If0fx?af6 ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍ lng] k|of;x? ePsf] kfOG5 h;nfO{ tflnsf ! df
b]vfOPsf] 5 . oBlk ;g\ !(&^ df ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df ckfËtfsf] k|sf]k b/ !) k|ltzt /x]sf] cg'dfg
u/]klg g]kfnsf] ckfËtfsf] k|sf]k b/ lgs} Go"g ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ljleGg aif{x? / tYofÍLo ;|f]tx?af6 g]kfnsf] ckfËtfsf]
k|sf]k b/ km/s km/s ePsf] b]lvG5 .

160
 tflnsf !M g]kfndf ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍsf] k|of;x? / k|sf]k b/
s|=;= tYofÍLo ;|f]t If]q bfo/f ckfËtfsf] u0fgf jf ;j]{If0f aif{ -OZjL ckfËtfsf] s}lkmot
k|sf/ ;+rfng ug]{ lgsfo ;+jtdf_ k|sf]k b/ -
k|ltztdf_
g]kfndf Physical,
!= ckfËtfsf] gd"gf /fli6«o auditory, !(*) #=))
visual, mental
;j]{If0f
s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ
@= hgu0fgf /fli6«o ;a} k|sf/ !(*! )=%@
ljefu
g]kfndf
dfgl;s ;':ttf Dffgl;s / The
#= (Mental /fli6«o zf/Ll/s AWMR/Maryknol !(*( $=()
Retardation ) Father Study

;j]{If0f
g]kfndf % aif{ / ;f]eGbf
sfg;DaGwL dfly pd]/sf
$= /f]ux? tyf nf6f ^ lhNnf ;'gfO IoM/BRINOS Study !((! !^=^ JolQmnfO{ dfq
alx/f;DaGwL ;j]{If0fdf ;dfj]z
k|sf]ksf] ;j]{If0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
g]kfnsf] ckfËtf
CERID/SEU/BPEP/D
%= ePsf JolQmx? * lhNnf ;a} k|sf/ ANIDA Study
!((% $=%%
;j]{If0f
S~rgk'/
^= lhNnfsf] ! lhNnf ;a} k|sf/ ICS/ DANIDA Study !((% %=)$
ckfËtf ;j]{If0f
g]kfnsf]
&= ckfËx?sf] % lhNnf ;a} k|sf/ APROSC !((* #=$!
cj:yf ljZn]if0f
/fli6«o -#)
g]kfnsf]
j6f gd"gf UNICEF, National !#))% gd"gf
ckfËx?sf] Planning Commission !(((÷
*= 5gf}6 ;a} k|sf/ !=^# 3/kl/jf/x?af6
cj:yf ljZn]if0f (conducted by New @)))
ul/Psf ERA) ;+slnt ljj/0f
;j]{If0f
lhNnfx?_
s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ
( hgu0fgf /fli6«o ;a} k|sf/ @))! )=$^
ljefu
:of+Uhf lhNnfsf] s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ
ckfËtf ljefucGtu{t zfvf
!) ! lhNnf ;a} k|sf/ @))* !=#
cj:yfsf] tYofÍ sfof{no,
;j]{If0f@ :of+Uhf
;|f]t M Report on A Situation Analysis of Disability in Nepal, NPC and UNICEF, 2000,
! /f=h=u= @)%* sf] /fli6«o k|ltj]bg
@ zf=t=sf= :of+Uhfaf6 k|sflzt ckfËtf cj:yfsf] ;j]{If0fsf] k|ltj]bg

(=! g]kfndf ckf·tf k|sf]k b/ Go"g x'g'sf sf/0fx?

ljutsf ckfËtf;DaGwL cWoogx? cyf{t ljleGg u0fgfx? tyf ;j]{If0fx?df ckfËtf;DaGwL cjwf/0ff tyf kl/efiffdf
Ps?ktf sfod ePsf] b]lvb}g . ckfËtfsf] ;3gtf jf :t/ dfkg ug]{ :ki6 cfwf/ (Clear Criterion ) ePsf] b]lv+b}g .
161
;fdfGotM x/]s u0fgf jf ;j]{If0fx?df JolQmdf x'g] cltsd ckfËtfsf] cj:yf (Mild or Moderate Disability) nfO{ ;j]{If0f jf
u0fgfx?df ;d]6\g ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . o;f] x'g'sf] d"n sf/0fdf u0fsx?n] ckfËtfsf] :t/ v'6\ofpg g;Sg' / pQ/bftfn] klg
cfkm\gf] ckfËtfsf] cj:yfnfO{ n'sfpg' jf cfkm" ckfË 5' eGg] klxrfg ug{ g;Sg' xf] . dfgl;s jf af}l4s ckfËtfsf] cj:yf,
b[li6, WjgL ;'gfO h:tf ckfËtfsf] cj:yf ;fdfGo ;f]wfOaf6 eGbf :jf:Yo k/LIf0faf6 klxrfg ug{ ;lsg] x'Fbf o:tf ckfËtfsf]
ljj/0fx? u0fgf tyf ;j]{If0fx?df 5'6\g;Sg] k|an ;+efjgf /xG5 . xfd|f] ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf ckfË jf ckfËtfsf] cj:yf
eGgfn] hgdfg;df k"j{lglZrt cjwf/0ff h:t}M z/L/ c+ue+u ePsf], b[li6ljlxg, sfg g;'Gg], n7\of}/f], ;':t dgl:ylt / kfunkg
cflb cj:yf ePsf JolQmnfO{ ;+lemg] ul/G5 . o;n] ubf{ ljleGg k|sf/sf] cj:yfsf] h:t}M sd ;3gtf cyf{t Mild /
Moderate cj:yf ePsf ckfËtfsf] laj/0f 5'6\ghfg] k|jl[Q a9L b]lvG5 . cltsd ckfËtfsf] ljj/0fnfO{ ;d]6\g u0fgf tyf
;j]{If0fx?df clt of]Uotfjfg, bIf / cg'ejL u0fsx?sf] kl/rfng cfjZos x'G5 . ckfËtfsf] Go"g u0fgf x'g'sf] csf]{ sf/0f
eg]sf] hg:t/;Dd Jofks?kdf tYofÍLo hgr]tgfsf] sfo{qmd nfu" x'g g;Sg' klg xf] . o:t} ckfËtf;DaGwL cjwf/0ff cfkm}df
hl6n ljifo x'Fbf x'Fb} klg hgu0fgfdf hDdf Pp6f k|Zg /flvPsf]df o;nfO{ cToGt ckof{Kt dfGg ;lsG5 . of] Pp6f k|Zgsf
nflu df:6/ tflnd jf k|lzIfs k|lzIf0fdf o;sf] ef/ s]xL a9L ePklg :ynut If]qdf sfo{ ug]{ sd{rf/Lx? h:t}M ;'kl/j]Ifs /
u0fssf] tflnd cjlw lgs} 5f]6f] ePsf] ;Gbe{df ckfËtf k|Zgsf nflu tflnd ;dosf] ef/ lgs} Go"g ePsf] kfOG5 . o;}n] lgs}
5f]6f] ;dodf ckfËtf;DaGwL cjwf/0ff lkmN8 sd{rf/Lx?df cfTd;ft u/fpg' / cGTodf lkmN8 sd{rf/Lx?n] pQ/bftfx?nfO{
ckfËtf;DaGwL k|Zg /fVbf o;sf] cjwf/0ff a'emfpg' cfkm}df r'gf}tLk"0f{ g} lyof] . oL plNnlvt s'/fx? klg ckfËtfsf] k|sf]k b/
Go"g x'g'sf] Ps k|d'v sf/0f lyof] .

!)= lgisif{
cGtdf b]zdf ckfËtf;DaGwL hgr]tgf / ckfË ePsf JolQmx?k|lt ;sf/fTds wf/0ff cem ljsf; x'g' ckl/xfo{ 5 . o;af6
ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?nfO{ ljleGg ;]jf, ;'ljwfx? h:t}M lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;~rf/ / ;fdflhs ultljlwx?df lqmoflzn t'NofO{ b]z
ljsf;df pgLx?sf] ;xeflutf h'6fpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . o;sf nflu ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] ;xL / e/kbf]{ ;fy}
j}1flgs?kn] :t/Ls[t / t'ngfof]Uo tYofÍ pTkfbg x'g' h?/L 5 . o; sfo{df ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+:yfx? tyf gful/sx?sf]
of]ubfg dxTjk"0f{ /xG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?
1. WHO/UNESCAP, 2008, Training Manual on Disability Statistics, WHO/UNESCAP/UNSIAP, Bangkok,
Thailand.
2 UNESCAP, 2008, Regional Workshop on Promoting Disability Data Collection Through the 2010
Population and Housing Censuses, April 8-10, 2008, Bangkok, Thailand.
3 Central Bureau of Statistics, 2006, “CD on National Population Census 1961 & 1952-54”, CBS & UNFPA,
Kathmandu.
4 Central Bureau of Statistics, 2006, “CD on National Population Census 1971”, CBS & UNFPA, Kathmandu.
5 Central Bureau of Statistics, 2004, “CD on National Population Census 1981”, CBS & UNFPA, Kathmandu.
6 Central Bureau of Statistics, 2004, “CD on National Population Census 1991”, CBS & UNFPA, Kathmandu.
7 s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, @)%*, /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)%*M k|ZgfjnL lgb]{lzsf, s]=t=lj=, sf7df08f} .
8 Central Bureau of Statistics, 2002, “National Population Census 2001: National Report”, CBS & UNFPA,
Kathmandu.
9 Xof08LSofk OG6/g];gn g]kfn, /fli6«o ckfË dxf;+3 g]kfn, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfno, @)^@,
ckfËtf ljifodf ag]sf P]g, lgod, gLlt–lgb]{zg / cGt/f{li6«o 3f]if0ffx?sf] ;+u|x, sf7df08f} .
10 g]kfn /fhkq, v08 %^, sf7df08f} ebf} @ ut] @)^# ;fn - cltl/Qm+f+s, ## v @_, efu #, sf7df08f} .

162
 @)M a;fO“ ;/fO
∗
;'lzn zdf{

!= kl/ro
Dfflg;x?n] k|foM j;f]jf; ub}{ cfPsf] :yfg :yfoL jf c:yfoL?kn] kl/jt{g u/L Ps k|zf;lgs jf ef}uf]lns If]qjf6 csf]{
k|zf;lgs jf ef}uf]lns If]qdf ;g'{nfO{ a;fOF ;/fO elgG5 . k|zf;lgs jf ef}uf]lns If]qsf] ;Ldfsf lx;fjn] a;fOF ;/fOnfO{
cfGtl/s / cGt/fli6«o u/L b'O{ efudf jFfl8G5 . s]xL 5f]6f] cjlwsf] nflu ljz]if p2]Zon] j;f]jf; kl/jt{g ug'{nfO{ a;fOF ;/fO
elgb}g .

hg;+Vof kl/jt{gsf tLg j6f Component x?df hGd, d[To' / a;fOF ;/fO kb{5g\ . To;}n] a;fOF ;/fO hg;+flVos ljZn]if0fsf]
Ps dxTjk"0f{ efu xf] . a;fOF ;/fOnfO{ dflg;x?sf] Ps :yfgjf6 csf]{ :yfgdf x'g] kl/e|d0fsf] -Movement_ ?kdf kl/eflift
ul/G5 . Shyock / Siegel -!(&%_ n] a;fOF ;/fOnfO{ ef}uf]lns / If]qLo jf;:yfgsf] kl/jt{g x'g]u/L ul/g] e|d0f eg]/
kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ . c:yfoL?kdf 5f]6f] cjlwsf] nflu ul/g] e|d0fnfO{ oxf‘ a;fOF ;/fOsf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 5}g . s'g} klg b]zsf]
hg;+Vofsf] 9‘frf, jgf]6 / j[l¢df a;fOF ;/fOsf] ulx/f] k|efj kg]{ ePsf]n] o;nfO{ hg;+flVos cWoogsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ If]q
dflgG5 .

a;fOF ;/fO, hGd tyf d[To' h:tf h}ljs -Biological_ r/ -Variable_ ge} s]xL ckjfbjfx]s AolSt cyjf kl/jf/sf] rfxgfdf
e/kg]{ s'/f xf] . h'g :j]lR5s tyf jfWofTds x'g;S5 . o;sf/0f a;fOF ;/fO ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts, wfld{s, ;f:s[lts,
hg;f+lVos, jftfj/0fLo / ef}uf]lns cj:yfsf] ld>0f xf] .

@= a;fO“ ;/fOdf cS;/ k|of]u x'g] s]xL zAbfjnLx?sf] kl/efiff

@=!= uGtAo :yfg -Area of Destination) / pb\ud :yfg -Area of Origin_
j;fOF ;g]{ s|ddf dflg;x? Ps 7fp‘jf6 csf]{ 7fp‘df hfG5g\ . h'g 7fpFjf6 dflg;x? j;fOF ;/]/ hfG5g To; 7fp‘nfO{
pb\ud:yfg elgG5 eg] h'g 7fp‘df JolStx? j;fOF ;/]/ uO{ j;f]jf; ub{5g\ To; 7fp‘nfO{ uGtJo:yfg elgG5 . h:t}M s'g}
JolSt :ofËhfjf6 j;fO{‘ ;/]/ cfO{ sf7df08f}+df j;f]jf; ub}{5 eg] :ofËhf pb\ud:yfg x'G5 eg] sf7df08f}+ uGtJo :yfg x'G5 .

@=@= cfhLjg a;fO“ ;/fO -Life Time Migration_

xfn j;f]jf; ul//x]sf] 7fp‘ hGd]sf] 7fpFeGbf km/s x'g'nfO{ cfhLjg a;fOF ;/fO elgG5 . hGd]kl5 hgu0fgf jf cGo ;j]{If0fx?
x‘'bfsf lbgsf jLrdf j;fOF ;/]sf] b]lvg'nfO{ klg cfhLjg a;fOF ;/fO elgG5 . olb s'g} JolStsf] xfnsf] j;f]jf; p;sf]
hGd]sf] 7fp‘eGbf km/s 7fp‘df 5eg] p;nfO{ cfhLjg a;fOF ;/fO jf cfhLjg j;fOF ;/]sf] JolSt -Life Time Migrant_
dflgG5 .

@=#= leqL a;fO“ ;/fO -In Migration_

Pp6} b]zsf gful/s s'g} csf]{ ef}uf]lns jf k|zf;lgs ;Ldfgf gf3]/ pSt If]qleq cfP/ j;f]jf; ug'{nfO{ leqL a;fOF ;/fO
elgG5 . h:t}M lxdfnL / kxf8L k|b]zsf jfl;Gbf t/fO{ k|b]zdf j;fOF ;bf{ t/fO{sf nflu leqL a;fOF ;/fO x'ghfG5 eg] 5f]8]sf]
k|b]z -lxdfnL / kxf8L k|b]z_ sf nflu jflx/L a;fOF ;/fO x'G5 . o;/L j;fOF ;/L cfpg]nfO{ leqL a;fOF ;/fOstf{ -In
Migrant_ elgG5 .

∗
tYofÍ clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu . -xfn ;+:s[lt tyf /fHo k'gM ;+/rgf d+qfnodf sfo{/t_
163
@=$= jfXo÷Jfflx/L a;fO“ ;/fO (Out Migration)
b]zsf gful/s s'g} ef}uf]lns jf k|zf;lgs If]qsf] ;Ldfgf gf3]/ csf]{ ef}uf]lns jf k|zf;lgs If]qdf uP/ j;f]jf; ug'{nfO{
jfXo/Jfflx/L a;fOF ;/fO{ elgG5 . lxdfnL / kxf8L k|b]zsf jfl;Gbf t/fO{ k|b]zdf j;fO{ ;bf{ lxdfnL / kxf8L k|b]zsf nflu
jfXo/Jfflx/L j;fOF ;/fO x'G5 eg] t/fO{sf nflu cfGtl/s/leqL a;fOF ;/fO x'ghfG5 . o;/L a;fOF ;/fO u/]/ hfg] JolStnfO{
jfXo/Jfflx/L a;fOF ;/fOstf{ -Out Migrant_ elgG5 .

@=%= df};dL a;fO“ ;/fO -Seasonal Migration_

s'g} Ps If]qaf6 csf]{ If]qdf 5 dlxgfeGbf sd ;dofjlwsf nflu ljleGg df};dL sfd vf]Hgsf nflu j;fOF ;g]{ k|ls|ofnfO{
df};dL a;fOF ;/fO elgG5 . o;/L a;fOF ;g]{x? k|foM cfkm\gf] 3/sf] v]tLkftL p7fO{ ;s]/ 3/jf6 lg:sG5g / k'gM nufpg 3/
kms{G5g\ . o;/L df};dL a;fOF ;g]{ dflg;x?nfO{ df};dL a;fOF ;?jf elgG5 .

@=^= kms{g] a;fO“ ;/fO -Return Migration_

s'g} Ps :yfgjf6 a;fOF ;/]/ csf]{ :yfgdf uPsf] s]xL ;dokZrft k'gM klxn]s} :yfgdf kms]{/ cfpg] k|ls|ofnfO{ kms{g] a;fOF
;/fO elgG5 . o;/L k"j{ynf]df g} kms]{/ cfpg] JolSt jf a;fOF ;?jfnfO{ kms]{sf a;fOF ;?jf elgG5 .

@=& ufp“jf6 zx/df x'g] a;fO“ ;/fO -Rural Urban Migration_

u|fdL0f If]qjf6 zx/L If]qdf a;fOF ;/fO ;g]{ k|ls|ofnfO{ ufp‘jf6 zx/df x'g] a;fOF ;/fO elgG5 . ufp‘df :jf:Yo, lzIff,
/f]huf/L, oftfoft, tyf ;~rf/ ;]jf h:tf ;'ljwfsf] cefjsf sf/0fn] ubf{ AolStx? zx/L If]qtkm{ j;fOF ;g{ cfslif{t e}/x]sf
x'G5g\ .

@=* zx/jf6 ufp“df x'g] a;fO“ ;/fO -Urban Rural Migration_

zx/L If]qjf6 u|fdL0f If]qdf a;fOF ;/fO ;g]{ k|ls|ofnfO{ zx/jf6 ufp‘df x'g] a;fOF ;/fO elgG5 . zx/L If]qdf x'g] le8ef8,
c:j:Yos/ jftfj/0f, :jR5 vfg]kfgLsf] cefj cflbsf] ;d:ofjf6 lbSs e} JolQmx? zflGtk"0f{ hLjgofkg ug{] p2]Zon] zx/L
If]qjf6 u|fdL0f If]qlt/ a;fOF ;/fO ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

@=(= k|jf;g -Emigration_

Ps b]zjf6 csf]{ b]zdf a;fOF ;/]/ hfg] k|ls|ofnfO{ k|jf;g elgG5 . s'g} b]zn] cfkm\gf] ;LdfeGbf jflx/L d'n'sdf dflg; k7fpg]
sfd klg k|jf;g xf] .

@=!) cfk|jf;g -Immigration_

jflx/L b]zjf6 cfkm\gf] b]zleq a;fOF ;/fO u/]/ cfpg] k|ls|ofnfO{ cfk|jf;g elgG5 .

cfk|jf;g (Immigration) / k|jf;g (Emigration) cGt/fli6«o a;fOF ;/fOdf k|of]u x'g] zJbfjnL x'g eg] leqL a;fOF ;/fO /
jflx/L a;fOF ;/fO cfGtl/s a;fOF ;/fOdf k|of]u ul/g] zAbfjnL x'g .

@=!! v'b a;fO“ ;/fO (Net Migration)

s'g} Ps lglZrt ;dodf s'g} vf; ef}uf]lns If]qdf jflx/L a;fOF ;/fO / leqL a;fOF ;/fOsf] km/snfO{ g} v'b a;fOF ;/fO
elgG5 . v'b a;fOF ;/fO wgfTds -Positive_ / C0ffTds -Negative_ b'j} x'g ;Sb5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu wgfTds v'b j;fO{‘
;/fOdf s'g} lhNnfn] a9L hg;+Vof leœofPsf] x'G5 cyf{t Tof] lhNnfjf6 jflx/ hfg]sf] ;+VofeGbf Tof] lhNnfdf lelqg] hg;+Vof
a9L x'G5 .

v'b a;fOF ;/fOsf] b/ lgsfNbf s'g} vf; If]qdf s'g} jif{df j;fO{ ;/]/ cfpg]sf] ;+Vofjf6 j;fO{ ;/]/ hfg]sf] ;+Vof 36fP/
cfPsf] ;+VofnfO{ ToxL 7fp‘sf] ToxL jif{sf] dWo ;dosf] hg;+Vofn] efu u/L cfPsf] efukmnnfO{ !))) n] u'0ff u/L lgsflnG5
.
164
cfGtl/s j;fO{‘ ;/fOdf,
leqL a; fOF ; /fOstf{sf] ; Vof – jflx/L a; fOF ; /fOstf{sf] ; + Vof
v' b a; fOF ; /fO b/ = ×! )))
To; cjlwsf] dWojif{sf] hg; + Vof

leqL a;fOF ;/fOstf{sf] ;+Vof — jflx/L a;fOF ;/fOstf{sf] ;+Vof

v'b a;fOF ;/fO b/ = * !)))
To; cjlwsf] dWojif{sf] hg;+Vof

cGt/fli6«o j;fO{‘ ;/fOdf,

cfk|jf;Lsf] ;+Vof — k|jf;Lsf] ;+Vof

v'b a;fOF ;/fO b/ = * !)))
To; cjlwsf] dWojif{sf] hg;+Vof

@=!@= s'n a;fO“ ;/fO b/ -Gross Migration Rate_

s'g} vf; 7fp‘ jf b]z leq s'g} Ps lglZrt ;dofjlw jf jif{df k|ltxhf/ hg;+Vofdf a;fOF ;/fO k|ls|ofdf ;+nUg x'g] -jflx/
hfg] / leq cfpg] b'j}_ JolStx?sf] ;+VofnfO{ s'n a;fOF ;/fO b/ elgG5 .
;"qcg';f/,
cfGtl/s j;fO{‘ ;/fOdf,
leqL a;fOF ;/fOstf{sf] ;+Vof + jflx/L a;fOF ;/fOstf{sf] ;+Vof
s'n a;fOF ;/fO b/ = * !)))
dWojif{sf] hg;+Vof

cGt/fli6«o j;fO{‘ ;/fOdf,

,
cfk|jf;Lsf] ;+Vof + k|jf;Lsf] ;+Vof
s'n a;fOF ;/fO b/ = * !)))
dWojif{sf] hg;+Vof

@=!#= a;fO“ ;/fOut ljljwtf÷lje]btf -Differential Migration_

dflg;x?sf ljljw ljz]iftfsf cfwf/df a;fOF ;/fOsf] b/df b]lvg] leGgtf jf km/snfO{ a;fOF ;/fOut ljljwtf/lje]btf
elgG5 . a;fOF ;/fO s'g} Pp6f h}ljs 36gf geO{ of] Pp6f dfgj dgf]lj1fg / Jojxf/sf] pkh ePsfn] ;j} dflg;x? a;fOF
;/fO k|ls|ofdf ;+nUg ePsf x'b}gg\ . pd]/, lnË, kfl/jfl/s cj:yf, Joj;fo, zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yo, ef}uf]lns l:ylt
cflb tTjx?n] a;fOF ;/fOnfO{ k|efj kf5{g / o;}cg';f/ a;fOF ;/fOdf leGgtf cfp5 .

@=!$ rogfTds a;fO“ ;/fO - Migration Selectivity_

Vff; pd]/, lnË / ljz]iftf ePsf dflg;x?sf] dfq a;fOF ;/fOdf ax'ntf b]lvg'nfO{ rogfTds a;fOF ;/fO elgG5 . h:t} k'?if,
sfd ug{;Sg] pd]/sf AolStx?, k9]n]v]sfx? / 6f7faf7fx?sf] ;+Vof j;fO{ ;g]x{ ?df cTolws b]lvG5 .

@=!% a;fO“ ;/fOsf] k|jfx -Migration Stream_

lbOPsf] ;dofjlwdf s'g} Pp6} pb\ud :yfgjf6 Pp6} uGtJo :yfgdf j;fOF ;/]/ hfg]x?sf] ;d"xnfO{ a;fOF ;/fOsf] k|jfx
elgG5 . a;fOF ;/fOsf]] d'Vo k|jfxsf] ljkl/t lbzfdf a;fOF ;/fO b]lvG5 eg] Tof] a;fOF ;/fOsf] pN6f] k|jfx x'G5 .

#= ljsif{0f / cfsif{0f kl/sNkgf -Push – Pull Hypothesis_

of] Pp6f a;fOF ;/fOsf] l;4fGt xf] . o;cg';f/ pb\ud :yfgdf ePsf ljsif{0f tTjx? -ul/jL, /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?sf] sdL,
lzIff tyf :jf:Yo ;'ljwfsf] sdL cflb_ n] ck|ToIf?kdf a;fOF ;/fOsf] nflu jfWo jgfO/x]sf x'G5g\ . kmn:j?k JolStx? cfkm"
j;]sf] :yfgjf6 cGo If]qdf a;fOF{ ;/]/ hfg] ub{5g\ . To;}u/L uGtJo :yfgdf ePsf cfsif{s tTjx? -/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?,
165
:jf:Yo, lzIff tyf ;~rf/sf] ;'ljwf, s[lif e"ldsf] pknJwtf cflb_ n] ck|ToIf?kdf a;fOF ;/fOsf] nflu cfslif{t ul//x]sf
x'G5g . kmn:j?k JolStx? cGo If]qjf6 Totflt/ a;fOF ;/]/ cfO/x]sf x'G5g . o;/L pb\ud :yfgsf ljsif{0f tTjx? / uGtJo
:yfgsf cfsif{s tTjx?n] k|]l/t eP/ dflg;x? a;fOF ;/fO ug]{ ub{5g\ .

Everett S. Lee n] cfkm\gf] “ A Theory of Migration” df a;fOF ;/fO;‘u ;DjlGwt $ j6f tTjx? -Factors_cf}NofPsf 5g\ .
!= pb\ud :yfg -Factors associated with the area of origin_
@= uGtAo :yfg -Factors associated with the area of destination_
#= ljljw cj/f]wx?sf] x:tIf]k -Intervening obstacles_
$= JolStut sf/0fx? -Personal factors_

Lee sf cg';f/ dfly plNnlvt sf/stTjx?n] a;fOF ;/fOnfO{ k|efj kf/]sf x'G5g\ . pgn] a;fOF ;/fOnfO{ pb\ud :yfg /
uGtJo :yfgsf] cGt/;DjGw ljsif{0f / cfsif{0f l;4fGtsf cfwf/df x'g] eg]/ jofg u/]sf 5g\ .
Bouge -!(^!_ n] a;fOF ;/fOsf] ljljwtfdf k|sfz kf/]sf 5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ j;fO{‘ ;/fOsf] k|jfxsf] ljsf; ljleGg txdf
ePsf] x'G5 . hj cfly{s j[l2 Pj+ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; x'G5, tj a;fOF ;/fOn] ult lnG5 / ljz]ifu/L bIf Pj+ lzlIft hgzlSt
o;jf6 cfslif{t x'G5g . ljsif{0f / cfsif{0f sf/stTjdf ljsif{0f Hofb} jlnof] x'G5 .
s'g} Ps :yfgjf6 csf]{ :yfdf hg;+Vofsf] kl/e|d0f -Movemennt_ x'gsf] nflu pd]/, lnË / ef}uf]lns cj:yfn] c;/ u/]sf]
x'G5 . To:t} hg;+Vofsf] kl/e|d0f pSt If]qsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;;‘u klg ufFl;Psf] x'G5 .
a;fOF ;/fOsf] cWoog ubf{ pb\ud :yn / uGtJo :yfgsf] :ki6 kl/efiff x'g' clt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 h;sf] cfwf/df a;fOF ;/fO
u/]sf] xf] ls xf]Og eg]/ 5'6\ofpg'kg]{ x'G5 . To:t} a;fOF ;/fOsf] kl/efiffleq kg]{ csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ sf/stTj uGtJo :yfgdf
j;]sf] ;do;Ldf xf] . slt ;do;Dd j;]sf JolStx?nfO{ a;fOF ;/fO u/]sf] ?kdf u0fgf ug]{xf] Tof] klg :ki6 x'g'kb{5 .

/fli6«o hgu0fgfx? tyf cGo 3/kl/jf/ ;j]{If0fx? g} a;fOF ;/fO tYof+ssf k|d'v ;|f]tx? X'g . hgu0fgf Ps j[xt sfo{ ePsf]
x'bf a;fOF ;/fO;‘u ;DjlGwt dxTjk"0f{ ljifoj:t' dfq} ;d]6g ;lsG5 eg] a;fOF ;/fO;DaGwL j[xt?kdf cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{
3/kl/jf/ ;j]{If0fx? ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

$= a;fO“ ;/fOsf] juL{s/0f

hg;+flVos ljZn]if0fdf a;fOF ;/fOnfO{ b'O{ efudf juL{s/0f ul/G5 .
!= cfGtl/s a;fOF ;/fO -Internal Migration_
@= cGt/fli6«o a;fOF ;/fO -International Migration_

$=! cfGtl/s a;fO“ ;/fO -Internal Migration_

Pp6} b]zsf] ;Ldfgfleq s'g} lglZrt ef}uf]lns jf k|zf;lgs ;Ldfgf kf/ u/]/ Ps 7fpjf6 csf]{ 7fp‘df j;fO{ ;g]{ k|ls|ofnfO{
cfGtl/s a;fOF ;/fO elgG5 . cfGtl/s a;fOF ;/fOnfO{ leqL / jflx/L a;fOF ;/fO u/L b'O efudf jFf8]/ cWoog ul/G5 /
o;}sf cfwf/df s'n a;fOF ;/fO b/ / v'b a;fOF ;/fO b/sf] u0fgf jf cg'dfg ul/G5 .

zx/Ls/0fsf] k|ls|of cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] Ps cGtlg{lxt cfofd xf] . ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn b'j} b]zx?df u|fdL0f
;dfhjf6 zx/L ;dfhtkm{ :yfgfGt/0f x'g] k|ls|of k|jn?kdf al9/x]sf] 5 . AolSt ljz]ifsf nflu a;fOF ;/fO hLjgdf gofF
cj;/x?sf] vf]hL ug]{ Ps o'StL;+ut tyf ultzLn k|of; xf] . zx/x? cfly{s j[l4sf s]Gb| x'g, h;n] ;fdflhs, cfly{s pGglt
/ kl/jt{gnfO{ ult k|bfg ub{5g . oBlk ljsf;sf ;|f]tx?sf] c;dfg jfF8kmfF8, cg'ko'St k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / pknJw hdLgdf
kx'Frsf] cefj h:tf jfWofTds sf/0fx?n] klg a;fOF ;/fOnfO{ j9fO/x]sf] 5 . a;fOF ;/fOsf] s|ddf 5f]8\g] 7fp‘ -Origin_ /
hfg] 7fp‘ -Destination_ sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / jftfj/0f;Fu ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'j} lsl;dsf] cGt/;DaGw x'G5 .

166
cfGtl/s a;fOF ;/fOnfO{ b]zleq :yfoL j;f]jf;sf] 7]ufgf kl/jt{g x'g]u/L ul/g] e|d0fsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . cfGtl/s a;fOF
;/fOsf] kl/efiff ef}uf]lns If]qsf] cfsf/df e/kb{5 .
kl/eflift ef}uf]lns If]q h:t} u/L ;dosf] OsfOn] klg cfGtl/s a;fOF ;/fOsf] dfkgdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 .

$=@ cGt/fli6«o a;fO“ ;/fO -International Migration_

b]zsf] hg;+Vofdf k|efj kfg]{ cGt/fli6«o a;fOF ;/fO xf] . cGt/fli6«o a;fOF ;/fO klg cfk|jf;g / k|jf;g u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf]
x'G5 . cfk|jf;g eGGffn] ljb]zjf6 :jb]z cfpg]nfO{ j'lemG5 eg] k|jf;g eGgfn] :jb]zjf6 ljb]z hfg]nfO{ elgG5 . o;/L
cGt/fli6«o a;fOF ;/fO eGgfn] ljb]zjf6 xfd|f] b]zdf j;f]jf; ug{ cfpg] / xfd|f] b]zjf6 c? b]zdf j;f]jf; ug{ hfg]nfO{
j'emfp5 . o:tf] a;fOF ;/fOn] b]zsf] hg;+Vofdf km/s kfb{5 . xfd|f] b]zjf6 jflx/ hfg]eGbf jflx/ b]zjf6 xfd|f] b]zdf a;fOF
;/fO ug{ cfpg] dflg; a9L eof] eg] hg;+Vofdf j[l4 x'G5 .

cGt/fli6«o cfly{s, /fhg}lts / ;f+:s[lts cGt/;DjGwn] ljsf;zLn, ljsl;t jf cfly{s ;+s|d0fdf /x]sf b]zx?aLr
dflg;x?sf] cfudg a9fpgdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]ns ] f] 5 . cGt/fli6«o a;fOF ;/fO ljleGg lsl;dn] o:tf cGt/;DjGwx?;Fu
uFfl;Psf x'G5g\ / ljsf; k|ls|ofjf6 tL k|efljt x'g'sf] ;fy} c?nfO{ klg k|efj kfb{5g\ . cGt/fli6«o cfly{s c;Gt'ng, ul/jL /
jftfj/0fLo x|f; Pj+ zflGt ;'/Iffsf] cefj, dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3g cflb s'/fx? Goflos tyf k|hftflGqs ;+:yfx?sf]
ljsf;;u cfj4 ePsf x'G5g / logLx? ;j} cGt/fli6«o a;fOF ;/fOnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ sf/0fx? x'g\ . oBlk l5d]sL b]zx?df tyf
cGt/If]qLo / ljz]ifu/L ljsl;t b]zx?aLr clwsf+z cGt/fli6«o a;fOF ;/fO al9/x]sf] 5 . cGt/fli6«o a;fOF ;/fOn] 5f]8]sf]
d"n ;d'bfo / uPsf] gofF ;d'bfo b'j}nfO ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg{;Sb5 . lsgeg] o;jf6 gofF ;d'bfonfO cfly{s nfe x'G5 .

cGt/fli6«o a;fOF ;/fOn] ;Lk :yfgfGt/0fnfO{ ;xof]u k'/\ofpF5 eg] ;f+:s[lts ;DkGgtf a9fpgdf klg of]ubfg lbG5 . oBlk
cGt/fli6«o a;fOF ;/fOn] 5f]8]sf] d"n b]zsf] dfgjLo ;|f]tx?sf] IfltnfO{ a9fp5 / uPsf] b]zdf /fhg}lts, cfly{s jf ;fdflhs
tgfj l;h{gf u/fpg ;Sb5 . cGt/fli6«o a;fOF ;/fO gLltn] a;fOF hfg] b]zsf] cfly{s ;d:of tyf a;fOF ;/]sf] ;dfhdf /
5f]8]sf] b]zdf kg]{ c;/nfO{ Wofgdf /fVg'kb{5 . cGt/fli6«o a;fOF ;/fOsf] bL3{sfnLg Joa:yfkgn] b]zdf jFfsL /x]sf c?x?sf]
nflu klg ljsNk lgdf{0f ub{5 / Tof] ;a}sf nflu pkof]uL x'g;Sb5 . o; p2]Zo;Fu cfj4 Gofok"0f{ lbuf] cfly{s ljsf; /
ljsf; /0fgLlt o;sf cfjZos dfWod x'g\ . o;sf cltl/St b]zjf6 jflxl/Psfx?n] cfkm\gf] b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu
k|efjsf/L of]ubfg k'/\ofpg ;Sb5g\ .

%= g]kfndf a;fO“ ;/fO tYof+ssf] P]ltxfl;s k[i6e"ld

g]kfnsf] hgu0fgfsf] Oltxf;df a;fOF ;/fO;DjGwL tYof+s ;g !(@) / !(#) b]lvsf] hgu0fgfjf6 ;+sng u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
!(@) / !(#) sf] hgu0fgfdf s]jn k'?if g]kfnLx? slt k|jf;df uP, s] slt g]kfnL k'?ifx? ;}lgs ;]jf / cGo ;]jfdf
b]zeGbf jflx/ uPsf 5g\ eGg] lsl;dsf] k|Zg /flvPsf] kfOG5 . of] k|Zg /flvg'df Tof] j]nfdf g]kfnsf] kxf8L e"efujf6
dflg;x? ef/tLo ;]gfdf et{L{ x'ghfg] rng /x]sf] / klxnf] ljZjo'4df w]/} g]kfnLx?sf] d[To' ePsf] x'gfn] x'g;Sb5 . Tof] j]nf
o'4df sl/j @),))) g]kfnLn] Hofg u'dfPsf] cg'dfg 5 .

g]kfndf klxnf] k6s ;g\ !(^! sf] hgu0fgfjf6 hGd:yfg Pj+ gful/stfsf cfwf/df cfGtl/s Pj+ cGt/fli6«o a;fOF
;/fO;DaGwL tYof+s ;+sng ug{ yflnof] .

^= g]kfndf cfGtl/s a;fO“ ;/fOsf] l:ylt

g]kfndf cfGtl/s a;fOF ;/fO;DjGwL tYof+s ;fdGotof /fli6«o hgu0fgfjf6 k|fKt x'G5 . /fli6«o hgu0fgfdf hGd:yfg /
j;f]jf; u/]sf] :yfg;DjGwL tYof+s ;+sng ul/G5 .

;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf g]kfnsf] t/fO{ e"efu dn]l/of4f/f cfs|fGt lyof] . To;j]nf;Dd kxf8 tyf lxdfnL If]qjf6 t/fO{ If]qdf
x'g] cfGtl/s a;fOF ;/fO lgs} ;Lldt dfqfdf lyof] . t/fO{df dn]l/ofsf] /f]uyfd ePkl5 lxdfnL tyf kxf8L If]qaf6 To;

167
If]qtkm{ a;fOF ;/fO;DjGwL ultljlw a9\g yfNof] . a;fOF ;/fOsf] ultljlw a9\g'df kxf8 / lxdfnL If]qdf /x]sf] s7f]/
hLjgrof{, v]tLof]Uo hdLgsf] sdL tyf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?sf] cefj g} k|d'v sf/0f x'g .

kxf8 / lxdfnL e]sjf6 t/fO{df ePsf] Aofks a;fOF ;/fOsf] nflu lgDglnlvt sf/0fx?nfO{ lhDd]jf/ dfGg ;lsG5 .
!= k'gj{f; sfo{s|dx?
@= pAhfp v]tLof]Uo hdLgsf] pknAwtf
#= /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?
$= t'ngfTds ?kdf ;+rf/ tyf oftfoftsf /fd|f ;'ljwfx?

g]kfndf cfGtl/s a;fOF ;/fOsf] k|s[lt abln/x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(&! sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ sl/j # k|ltzt hg;+Vof cfGtl/s
a;fOF ;/]sf] kfOG5 eg] ;g\ !(*! sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ sl/j ^=@ k|ltzt hg;+Vof a;fOF ;/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L oL b'O{
hgu0fgfsf] aLrdf a;fOF ;/fO s'n !)*=* k|ltztn] a9]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] bFfhf]df ;g\ !((! Dff cl3Nnf] bzssf] t'ngfdf
#@=! k|ltztn] a9]sf] b]lvG5 , h'g ;du| hg;+Vofsf] ^=^ k|ltzt xf] . ;g\ !(&! b]lv (! ;DdDff emG8} ;j}h;f] a;fOF ;/fO
ug]{x? kxf8sf b]lvG5g . Tof] ;dodf lxdfnL e]sjf6 a;fOF ;/fO ;g]{x?sf] ;+Vof kxf8L If]qsf t'ngfdf lgs} sd b]lvG5 .
o;/L kxf8L tyf lxdfnL If]qjf6 t/fO{df ePsf] a;fOF ;/fOjf6 t/fO{sf] hg;+Vofdf pNn]vgLo j[l4 ePsf] kfOG5 .

ljut $) jif{df cGt/lhNnf a;fOF ;/fOdf sl/j & u'0ffn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] cGt/ljsf; If]qdf sl/j $ u'0ffn] j[l4 ePsf] 5
. g]kfndf cfGtl/s a;fOF ;/fOsf] d'Vo k|jfxx?sf] ljZn]if0faf6 u|fdL0fb]lv u|fdL0f If]qdf ^*=@ k|ltzt, u|fdL0fjf6 zx/L If]qdf
@%=% k|ltzt, zx/L If]qjf6 zx/L If]qdf @=* k|ltzt / zx/L If]qjf6 u|fdL0f If]qdf #=% k|ltzt b]lvPsf] 5 . tLdWo] sl/j
(%=^ k|ltztsf] hGd:yfg g]kfndf /x]sf] / $=$ k|ltztsf] hGd:yfg ljb]zdf /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf cfGtl/s a;fOF ;/fOsf] k|j[lQ x]bf{ ufpFjf6 ufpFdf a;fOF ;/fO / ufpFjf6 zx/df a;fOF ;/fO u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf] a;fOF
;/fOdf a9L s]lGb|t b]lvPsf] 5 . o;/L a;fOF ;g'{df /f]huf/Lsf] vf]hL / z}lIfs ;'ljwfsf] nflu b]lvPsf] 5 . af9L, klx/f] h:tf
k|fs[lts ljklQx?n] klg dflg;x? cfkm\gf] hGd:yn 5f]8L cGoq a;fOF ;g'{k/]sf] b]lvG5 .

;g\ @))! sf] hgu0fgfdf a;fOF ;/fOsf sf/0fx?nfO{ Jofkf/,= s[lif, gf]s/L, cWoog, ljjfx / cGo u/L 5 k|sf/df juL{s/0f
ul/Psf] lyof] . h;cg';f/, ljjfx @& k|ltzt, s[lif !%=* k|ltzt, /f]huf/L !)=^ k|ltzt, cWoog (=# k|ltzt / Jofkf/ ^
k|ltzt b]lvPsf] 5 eg] cGodf #!=# k|ltzt b]lvPsf] 5 .

hfthfltcg';f/ j|fDx0f tyf If]qLsf] a;fOF ;/fOdf jfx'Notf b]lvG5 . ;g\ @))! sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ @&=^ k|ltzt j|fDx0f /
!(=# k|ltzt If]qLx? a;fOF ;/]sf b]lvG5g .

Z}flIfs b[li6sf]0fn] ljutsf] ljZn]if0f u/L x]bf{ a;fOF g;g]{ (Non Migrant) eGbf a;fOF ;g]{ (Migrant) a9L ;fIf/ b]lvPsf 5g\
. To:t} lnËsf] cfwf/df a;fOF ;g]{sf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] :t/ dlxnfsf] t'ngfdf k'?ifsf] a9L b]lvG5 .

;du|df eGbf ;g\ @))! sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ cfGtl/s a;fOF ;/fOsf] sl/j **=^ k|ltzt u|fdL0f If]qdf ePsf] b]lvG5 eg]
!!=$ k|ltzt zx/L If]qdf ePsf] kfOG5 .

ljsf;sf ljleGg ;"rsx? a;fOF ;/fO;‘u ufl;Psf x'G5g . leqL a;fOF ;/fO / wgfTds v'b a;fOF ;/fOnfO{ ljsf;sf]
;sf/fTds lrGxsf] ?kdf lnOG5 .

/fli6«o hgu0fgfn] lhNnf/lhNnfjLrdf x'g] e|d0fzLntfnfO{ dfq a;fOF ;/fOdf ;d]6]sf] 5 eg] lhNnf leqx'g] a;fOF ;/fOnfO{
;d]6]sf] 5}g .

hg;+Vof s]Gb|Lo lzIf0f ljefun] ;g\ !((^ df uf=lj=;=/uf=lj=;= jLrdf x'g] :yfoL e|d0fzLntfnfO{ klg a;fOF ;/fO dfgL Ps
;j]{If0f u/]sf] lyof] . h;cg';f/ g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] @@ k|ltztn] a;fOF ;/fO u/]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . o; ;j]{If0fsf]
168
glthfcg';f/ k'?ifx?sf] t'ngfdf dlxnfx?sf] a;fOF ;g]{ b/ lgs} a9L b]lvPsf] 5, h;sf] sf/0f ljjfxnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 . pQm
;j]{If0fsf] glthfcg';f/ !% b]lv #( jif{ ;d"xsf JolStx? a9L mobile b]lvPsf 5g\, h;sf] sf/0fdf z}lIfs tyf /f]huf/Lsf
sf/0fx? x'g;Sb5g\ . j[4 JolStx? -^) jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dfly_ sf] a;fOF ;/fO k|ltzt cfGtl/s?kdf a;fOF ;/fO ug]{sf] ^=#
k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 .

&= g]kfndf cGt/fli6«o a;fO“ ;/fO

g]kfndf cGt/fli6«o a;fOF ;/fOsf] tYof+ssf] k|d'v ;|f]t g} /fli6«o hgu0fgf xf] . ;g\ @))! sf] hgu0fgfdf cGt/fli6«o a;fOF
;/fO;DjGwL b'O{ lsl;dsf] tYof+s ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . ;Dk"0f{ 3/kl/jf/ -k"0f{ u0fgfdf_ df ljb]z uPsfsf] ljj/0f /
gful/stfsf] jf/]df ;f]lwPsf] lyof] eg] 5gf]6df k/]sf 3/kl/jf/df JolStsf] hGd:yfg b]zleq ls jflx/ eg]/ ;f]lwPsf] lyof] .

&=! cfk|jf;g / k|jf;gsf] l:ylt

g]kfnsf] hg;+Vofsf] jgf]6 / hftLo ljljwtf cGt/fli6«o a;fOF ;/fOsf] /fd|f] pbfx/0f dfGg ;lsG5 . g]kfndf cfk|jf;sf] trend
;g\ !(^! sf]] hgu0fgfb]lv g} a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 cyf{t ljb]zL gful/s cyjf ljb]zdf hGd ePsfsf] ;+Vof a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5
. ;g\ !(*! sf] hgu0fgfdf cfk|jf;Lx? gf6sLo?kn] a9]sf] kfOG5 . t/ ;g\ !((! sf] hgu0fgfdf 36]sf] b]lvG5 eg] k'g ;g\
@))! sf] hgu0fgfdf a9]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf ;j}eGbf a9L ef/tsf cfk|jf;Lx?sf] ;+Vof /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] cGo d'n'ssf
cfk|jf;Lx?sf] ;+Vof klg al9/x]sf] 5 .

To:t} g]kfnjf6 ljb]zLg]x?sf] ;+Vof cyf{t k|jf;Lx?sf] ;+Vof klg al9/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf k|jf;Lx?sf] d'Vo ynf] klg ef/t g}
b]lvPsf] 5 . t/ xfnsf ;dodf ef/tjfx]s cGo d'n'sdf k|jf;g a9\b} uPsf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L t]nsf wgL klZrd Pl;ofnL
b]zx?, ljsf;zLn Pj+ ljsl;t k"jL{ tyf bIfL0f k"jL{ Pl;ofnL b]zsf ;fy;fy} o"/f]k, cd]l/sf tyf ci6«]lnofdf ;d]t
k|jf;Lx?sf] ;+Vof al9/x]sf] 5 .

g]kfnjf6 x'g] cfk|jf;gnfO{ b'O{ tl/sfn] x]g]{ ul/G5 . Psflt/ k|ltef knfogsf] ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ s]xL xb;Dd
b]zsf] j]/f]huf/L ;d:of xne} pNn]Vo?kdf b]zn] ljk|]if0f leqofPsf] 5 .

*= pk;+xf/
s'g} klg b]zleqsf] a;fOF ;/fO cyf{t cfGtl/s a;fOF ;/fOn] b]zsf] s'n hg;fl+Vos jgf]6nfO{ s'g} c;/ gkf/]tfklg If]qut
Pj+ lhNnfut zx/L If]q, u|fdL0f If]q cflbdf hg;+Vofsf] jgf]6df c;/ k/]sf] x'G5 . cGt/fli6«o a;fOF ;/fOn] eg] b]zsf] s'n
hg;+Vof j[l4 Pj+ jgf]6df c;/ k/]sf] x'G5 .

cGt/fli6«o a;fOF ;/fOsf] xsdf k|jf;gnfO{ ;sf/fTds?kdf lnO{ b]zsf] ul/jL, j]/f]huf/L ;d:of 36fpg tyf ljk|]if0fsf]
j[l4sf] nflu of]hgf th'{df Pj+ gLlt lgdf{0f k|ls|ofdf a;fOF ;/fOsf] gLltdf ;d]t Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

hg;fFlVos ljZn]if0fdf hg;+Vof kl/jt{gsf] cfwf/e"t tTjx? hGd, d[To' / a;fOF ;/fOdWo] g]kfndf a;fOF ;/fO Hofb} g} sd
cWoog cg';Gwfg ePsf] Pj+ j'lemPsf] ljifo xf] tfklg rfn' tLg jif{L{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$/^%- ^^/^&_ n] cGt/fli6«o
a;fOF ;/fO;DjGwL cWoogsf] z'?cft ul/g] / a;fOF ;/fO;DjGwL u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx? klxrfg u/L
ljleGg cWoog cg';Gwfg ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 .

169
 @! M >d tYof° (Labour Statistics)
lzjgGbg k|;fb zfx∗

k[i7e"ld M
>d tYofÍ b]zsf] cy{tGqsf] laleGg cfly{s ;"rsx¿dWo] Ps xf] . >d tYofÍn] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿sf] cfly{s pTyfgsf]
cfwf/zLnfsf] ?kdf cxd e"ldsf k|bfg u/]sf] x'G5 . o;n] >d ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0fx¿ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . h:t}M cfly{s b[li6n]
;ls|o hg;+Vof, /f]huf/, j]/f]huf/, cw{ j]/f]huf/, tnj / Hofnfsf] b/, bIf hgzltm cflb .
>d tYofÍn] Hfg;+Vofsf] lat/0f / >dzlQmsf] cg'kft cy{tGqsf] s'g s'g If]qdf s;/L eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] 1fg lbG5, h;n] ubf{
b]zsf] cfly{s laZn]if0f ug{ kof{Kt cfwf/ k|fKt x'G5 . o;n] b]zdf ePsf] >dzlQmsf] cj:yf cyf{t /f]huf/Lsf] l:ylt Pj+
j]/f]huf/L / cw{ j]/f]huf/Lsf] cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L lbG5 . ljsl;t b]zx¿df dfl;s jf q}dfl;s?kdf >d tYofÍsf] ;+sng,
ljZn]if0f tyf k|sfzg ul/G5 . t/ g]kfndf eg] cfjlws?kdf ;d]t >d tYofÍ pknAw x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .

cfjZostf / dxTjM
>d ;DaGwL bl/nf] gLlt lgdf{0f ug{, pTkfbgsf] of]hgf agfpg, ;fdflhs Pj+ cfly{s pTyfgsf ls|ofsnfkx¿ Ufg{ >d tYofÍ
clt cfjZos x'G5 . hgzltm ljsf; of]hgfljgf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] pkof]u ug{ / /f]huf/L / cfDbfgLsf] ;DaGw cWoog ug{
;lsb}g . o;sf] ;fy} /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ a9fpg] gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ / cfDbfgL a9fpgsf] nflu dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; ug]{
lqmofsnfkx¿ -Joj;flos tflndx¿sf] klxrfg, ;~rfng, k|aw{g / ;'kl/a]If0f_ ;~rfng ug{ >d tYofÍsf] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg
/x]sf] x'G5 . >d tYofÍl;t ;DalGwt laleGg ;"rsx¿sf] a:t'ut laZn]if0f u/L b]zsf] >d gLltsf] lgdf{0f ul/G5 .
a'Fbfut?kdf >d tYofÍsf] dxTj / cfjZostf o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

• b]zdf >d gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ .

• ;x;|fAbL lasf;sf ;"rsx¿ cWofjlws, laZn]if0f / cg'udg ug{ .
• cy{tGqdf ePsf] kl/at{g cWoog ug{ .
• >dzlQmsf] cfsf/ / agfj6nfO{ c;/ ug]{ ;fdflhs tTjx¿sf] cWoog / laZn]if0f ug{ .
• ;fdflhs cfly{s of]hgf agfpg Pj+ >dzlQm / ;f];DaGwL ;"rsx¿nfO{ k|If]k0f (Projection) ug{ .
• cWoog, cg';Gwfg / >d ahf/;DaGwL l;4fGtnfO{ hfFRg / hg;f+lVos gd"gf (Demographic Model) sf] lasf;
ug{ .
• b]zdf ePsf] laBdfg /f]huf/L, a]/f]huf/L / cw{a]/f]huf/Lsf] ca:yfsf] hfgsf/L hgtf;dIf k|:t't ug{ .
• >d ;DaGwL laifox¿ Hf:t}M afn>dsf] ca:yf / /f]huf/Ldf ePsf] hftLo / n+}lus lje]bsf] af/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt
ug{ .
• :yfgLo:t/df pBf]u ;+rfng Pj+ Jofkf/ / Joj;fosf] nfflu cfjZos dfgj ;+;fwgsf] cfFsng ug{ .

>d;DaGwL dxTjk"0f{ ;"rsx¿ M

>d tYofÍ;+u ;DalGwt ;"rsx¿sf] cWoog jf ljZn]if0f ug{ sfd (Work) sf] af/]df hfGg h?/L 5 . sfdx¿nfO{ /fli6«o
n]vfsf] l;4fGt (System of National Accounts, SNA 1993) cg';f/ cfly{s lqmofsnfk / u}/cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf laefhg
ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ cfly{s lqmofsnfk (Economic Activity) M

Æcfly{s lqmofsnfkÆ sf] cjwf/0ff s]xL hl6n 5 . cfly{s lqmofsnfk cyjf sfdsf] dfWodåf/f kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] j:t' /
;]jfsf] pTkfbg ub{5g\ . t/ s:tf sfdnfO{ cfly{s lqmofsnfk / s:tfnfO{ u}/cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] kl/lwleq /fVg] eGg]af/]sf]
lgSof}{n ug{ /fli6«o n]vfsf] l;4fGt (System of National Accounts, SNA 1993) n] u/]sf] kl/efiffnfO{ cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 .
pQm kl/efiffcg';f/ pTkflbt ;Dk"0f{ j:t'x¿nfO{ pTkfbgsf] bfo/fleq /fv]tfklg ahf/df laqmL ljt/0f gx'g] ;]jfnfO{
∗
tYofÍ clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
170
pTkfbgsf] bfo/fdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . SNA, 1993 n] o:tf] wf/0ff agfpg'sf] k5fl8 o:tf] ts{ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 ls olb
;]jf pTkfbg ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfdx¿nfO{ klg cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] bfo/fleq Nofpg] xf] eg] b]zsf nueu ;a} jo:s hg;+Vof
cfly{s¿kn] ;lqmo x'g] b]lvO{ sf]xL klg a]/f]huf/df gkg]{ x'ghfG5 . t;y{ cy{k"0f{ tYofÍ sfod /fVg klg xfn :yflkt
pTkfbgsf] bfo/fnfO{ oyfl:ylteGbf cufl8 a9fpg pko'Qm b]lvFb}g . cGt/fli6«o >d ;+u7gsf cg';f/ olb s'g} JolQm ljut &
lbgdf sDtLdf ! 306f cfly{s sfddf ;+nUg 5 eg] To:tf] JolQmnfO{ cfly{s sfddf ;+nUg dfGg'kb{5 .

/fli6«o n]vfsf] l;4fGt, !((# cg';f/ pTkfbgsf] bfo/fleq k/]sf cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿ ;f/f+zdf tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ s'g} Ps Joltm jf ;d"xåf/f pTkfbg ul/Psf j:t' / ;]jf csf]{ Joltm jf OsfOnfO{ lbg jf lbg] cfsf+Iff /x]sf] jf ToxL
j:t' / ;]jfsf] pTkfbgdf k|of]u ug]{ j:t' / ;]jfx¿ .
-v_ cfˆg} k|of]u / ;DklQ a9fpgsf] nflu cfkm}n] u/]sf] j:t'sf] pTkfbg .
-u_ tnj, Hofnfdf /flvPsf] 3/fo;L gf]s/af6 lnOPsf] 3/fo;L / JolQmut ;]jfx¿ .

-v_ u}/cfly{s lqmofsnfk (Non Economic Activity) M

/fli6«o n]vfsf] l;4fGt, !((# cg';f/ pTkfbgsf] bfo/fleq gk/]sf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ u}/cfly{s lqmofsnfk elgG5 . cfkm\g}
k|of]hgsf] nflu kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿af6 pTkfbg ul/Psf 3/fo;L / JolQmut ;]jfx¿ pTkfbgsf] bfo/fleq kb}{gg\ . o:tf
3/fo;L / JolQmut ;]jfx¿ lgDg k|sf/sf 5g\ .

-s_ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿af6 ul/Psf] 3/sf] ;/;kmfO{, lnKg], kf]Tg] / 3/sf] ;fwf/0f d/dt .
-v_ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿af6 ul/Psf 3/fo;L l6sfp ;fdfgx¿sf ;fy} 3/fo;L k|of]hgsf] uf8Lx¿sf] ;/;kmfO{ / d/dt .
-u_ eft ksfpg] / v'jfpg], afnaRrfx¿sf] :ofxf/, ;';f/ / lzIff, la/fdL, c;Qm, a[4sf] x]/rfx, kl/jf/sf ;b:o tyf c?
;fdu|LnfO{ cf];f/k;f/ ug]{ .
-3_ cGo :jo+;]jf tyf ;fd'bflos ;]jfx¿ .

;Gbe{ cjlw (Reference Period) M

s'g} lglZrt ;do cjlwleq ul/Psf] cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] af/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt ul/G5 eg] To:tf] lglZrt ;do cjlwnfO{
;Gbe{ cjlw (Reference Period) jf Recall Period elgG5 . o;df b'O{ lsl;dsf] ;Gbe{ cjlw a9L k|rngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

5f]6f] ;Gbe{ cjlwM

o; ;Gbe{ cjlwdf 5f]6f] ;do cjlw h:t} M Ps dlxgf jf ;ft lbg jf Ps lbgsf] lng] k|rng 5 . t/ ;aeGbf a9L k|rngdf
cfPsf] ;Gbe{ cjlw eg] ;ft lbgsf] b]lvG5 . h;cg';f/ u0fgf ul/Psf] lbgaf6 laut & lbgdf JolQmn] u/]sf] cfly{s
lqmofsnfkaf/] ljj/0f lnO{ /f]huf/Lsf] at{dfg l:yltaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ul/G5 .

Ps xKtfsf] ;j]{If0f cjlwdf lglZrt pd]/sf JolQmx¿nfO{ xfnsf] /f]huf/ (Currently Employed ), xfnsf] j]/f]huf/ (Currently
Unemployed) / xfnsf] lgliqmo hg;+Vof (Currently Inactive Population) u/L tLg ;d"xdf ljeflht ug{ ;lsG5 . xfn
/f]huf/ / xfn j]/f]huf/ b'j}sf] hg;+Vof ldn]/ xfn cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo hg;+Vof (Currently Economically Active
Population) sf] ;d"x aGb5 . o;}nfO{ g} >dzlQm ( Labour Force ) klg elgG5 .

Nffdf] ;Gbe{ cjlwM

o; ;Gbe{ cjlwdf nfdf] ;do cjlw h:t} M Ps aif{sf] lng] k|rng 5 . o:tf] ;Gbe{ cjlwdf ;fdfGotof u0fgf ul/Psf]
lbgaf6 laut ! aif{leq cS;/ ul/Psf cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] af/]df ljj/0f lnP/ >dzlQm af/] cS;/ (Usual ) l:yltsf] tYofÍ
;+sng ul/G5 .

171
Ps aif{sf] ;j]{If0f cjlwdf lglZrt pd]/sf JolQmx¿nfO{ cS;/ /f]huf/ (Usually Employed ), cS;/ j]/f]huf/ (Usually
Unemployed ) / cS;/ lgliqmo (Usually Inactive) sf] ju{df ljeflht ug{ ;lsG5 . cS;/ /f]huf/ / cS;/ j]/f]huf/ b'j}sf]
hg;+Vof ldn]/ cS;/ cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo hg;+Vof ( Usually Economically Active Population ) sf] ;d"x aGb5 .

>dzlQm (Labour Force) M

lgwf{l/t pd]/sf] sfd ug]{ of]Uo hg;+VofdWo] /f]huf/Ldf /x]sf cyf{t cfly{s sfddf ;nUg /x]sf / j]/f]huf/ cyf{t cfly{s
sfdsf] vf]hLdf nfu]sf dflg;x¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ >dzlQm elgG5 . cfly{s sfddf gnfu]sf / s'g} sfdsf] vf]hLdf ;lqmo?kn]
gnfu]sf lgliqmo hg;+Vof >dzlQmdf ;dfa]z ePsf] x+'b}g .
>dzlQm ;xefuL b/ tn lbPsf] ;"qM cg';f/ lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
Labour Force
Labour Force Participation Rate = 100 *
Working Age Population
/f]huf/ (Employed) M
/f]huf/ eg]sf To:tf AolQm x'g\ h;n] cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'g] cj;/ k|fKt u/]sf x'G5g\ . cem k|i6?kdf To:tf
Joltmx¿nfO{ /f]huf/ AolQm elgG5, h;n] M
-s_ ;Gbe{ cjlwleq cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg ePsf] jf
-v_ ;Gbe{ cjlwleq sfd gu/]tfklg gf]s/L jf Joj;fodf kms]{/ hfg] 7fpF ePsf] .
/f]huf/ b/ tn lbPsf] ;"qcg';f/ lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
Employed Population
Employment Rate = 100 *
Labour Force

Jf]/f]huf/ (Unemployed) M
;Gbe{ cjlwleq cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'g] cj;/ gkfPsf t/ sfdsf] vf]hL ul//x]sf jf gf]s/Lsf] nflu hafkm s'/]sf jf
Jofkf/ Joj;fo z'? ug{ kv]{/ a;]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ j]]/f]huf/ elgG5 . lgliqmo JolQmx¿ j]/f]huf/ JolQmsf] ;d"xdf kb}{gg\ .
a]/f]huf/ b/ tn lbPsf] ;"qcg';f/ lgsfNg ;lsG5 .

Unemployed Population
Unemployment Rate = 100 *
Labour Force
cw{Jf]/f]huf/ (Underemployed) M
;fdfGotof Ps xKtf -& lbg_ df $) 306feGbf sd ;do sfd u/]sf t/ yk sfdsf nflu pknAw eP/ klg c:j]lR5s sf/0f
-kF"hLsf] cefj, d]l;g lau|]sf] cflb_ h:tf cfly{s sf/0fx¿n] sfd ug{ gkfO{ a;]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ cw{ Jf]/f]huf/ elgG5 . of]
;"rs nfdf] ;Gbe{ cjlwaf6 cg'dfg ug{ ;lsb}g .

172
 cfly{s lqmofsnfkcg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] ljt/0f

s'n hg;+Vof

s'n hg;+Vof -!) jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dfly_ hg;+Vof -!) jif{eGbf sd_

xfn cfly{s?kdf lqmof;Ln ->dzlQm_ xfn cfly{s?kdf lgliqmo

xfn /f]huf/

xfn cw{ j]/f]huf/

xfn j]/f]huf/

cNk pkof]u >d (Labour Underutilization) M

cNk pkof]u >d eGgfn] lgDg JoflQmx¿ ;lDdlnt ;d"xnfO{ hgfpF5 M
• a]/f]huf/ JolQmx¿,
• cw{a]/f]huf/ JolQmx¿,
• /f]huf/ ePtfklg tnj Hofnf sd kfPsf JolQmx¿,
• /f]huf/ ePtfklg lzIff / bIftfsf] cfwf/df sfd gkfPsf JolQmx¿,
• xtf]T;flxtsf sf/0f cfly{s b[li6n] lgliqmo ePsf JolQmx¿
• sfdsf] cj;/ kfPdf pknAw x'g] cfly{s b[li6n] lgliqmo JolQmx¿

/f]huf/ a]/f]huf/ cfly{s b[li6n] lgliqmo

cNk pkof]u >d

cNk pkof]u >d b/ (Labour Force Underutilization Rate) tn lbPsf] ;"qcg';f/ lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
Underutilized population
Labour Force Underutilization Rate =
Deno min ator
x/ (Denominator) = sfd ug]{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;+Vof (Working Age Population) jf ;dli6ut >dzlQm (Enlarge
Labour Force)
;dli6ut >dzlQm (Enlarge Labour Force) eg]sf] >dzlQm (Labour Force), xtf]T;flxt sfdbf/x¿ (Discouraged
workers) / >dzlQm;+u ;DalGwt cGo lgliqmo hg;+Vof +(Other Inactive Persons with Labour Force Attachment)
sf] of]u xf] .

k]zf (Occupation) M
JolQmn] cfkm\gf] hLjg pkof]usf] nflu laleGg cfly{s sfdx¿ u/]sf x'G5g\ . tL sfdx¿dWo] lgoldt?kdf ug]{ u/]sf] cfly{s
lqmofsnfknfO{ g} k]zf elgG5 . h:t}M 6«s 8«fOe/, 8sdL{, v'b|f las|]tf cflb .

173
cfly{s If]q (Industry) M
cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg AolQmn] sfd ul//x]sf] 7fFpnfO{ g} cfly{s If]q elgG5 . sfd ug]{ 7fFp jf If]qsf] klxrfgsf] nflu
sfd ul//x]sf] :yfgdf s:tf] a:t' Pj+ ;]jfsf] pTkfbg x'G5 ;f]af6 lgSof{}n ul/G5 . h:t}M s[lif, kz'kfng, :jf:Yo ;]jf, lzIff
;]jf cflb .

>d tYofÍsf ;|f]tx¿ (Sources of Labour Statistics) M

g]kfndf >d tYofÍsf] d'Vo ;|f]t hgu0fgf / ljleGg ;j]{If0fx¿ g} x'g\ . g]kfndf ;g\ !(%@÷%$ sf] hgu0fgfb]lv g} >d
tYofÍ;DaGwL ;"rsx¿sf] k|sfzgsf] z'?cft ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] ;fy} ljleGg ;dodf b]zdf /f]huf/L, j]/f]huf/L tyf
cw{j]/fhuf/L;DaGwL tYofÍ ljleGg p2]Zok"lt{sf nflu ;+rflnt ;j]{If0fx¿af6 ;+sng ul/b} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ tL
;j]{If0fx¿sf] d'Vo p2]Zo >dzlQm ;j]{If0fsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ gePsf] x'gfn] b]zdf >dzlQmsf] jf:tljs lj:t[t tyf
cGt/f{li6«o:t/df t'ngfof]Uo tYofÍ k|fKt x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . >dzlQmsf] If]qdf /x]sf] tYofÍsf] cefjnfO{ k"lt{ ug]{ ;Gbe{df
s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] k|yd k6s ;g\ !((*÷(( df g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0f ;+rfng u/L lj:t[t ljj/0fx¿ ;+sng u/]sf]
lyof] .

g]kfndf >dzlQm;DaGwL tYofÍsf] ;|f]tsf] ?kdf d'VotM /fli6«o hgu0fgf / ljleGg ;j]{If0fx¿nfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 . ;j]{If0fx¿df
/fli6«o /f]huf/ ;j]{If0f, 3/kl/jf/ ah]6 ;j]{If0f (Household Budget Survey), g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f / g]kfn >dzlQm
;j]{If0fx¿ x'g\ . oL ;j]{If0fx¿dWo] >d tYofÍsf] nflu g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0fnfO{ d'Vo e08f/sf] ?kdf dfGg ;lsG5, h;n]
>d tYofÍsf] lj:t[t ;"rsx¿ If]qLo:t/df ;d]t k|:t't u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

hgu0fgf (Population Census) M

cfly{s lqmofsnfk;DaGwL tYofÍsf] d'Vo ;|f]tsf] ?kdf hgu0fgfnfO{ g} dfGg'kb{5 . g]kfndf k|To]s bz bz jif{df ;~rfng x'g]
hgu0fgfx¿df >d;DaGwL k|of]u ul/Psf kl/efiff, p2]Zo / lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] pd]/ km/s km/s b]lvG5 . cfly{s?kn] lqmofzLn
hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f klxnf] k6s ;g\ !(%@÷%$ sf] hgu0fgfdf ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . o; hgu0fgfdf sfd ul//x]sf jf
sfddf ;+nUg ePsf AoflQmx¿nfO{ cfly{s?kn] lqmofzLn dflgPsf] lyof] . c:yfoL?kn] sfddf cg'kl:ytnfO{ klg sfddf
;+nUg ePsf] dflgPsf] lyof] . cfly{s lqmofsnfk;DaGwL k|Zgx¿ ;a} pd]/ ;d"xsf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;f]lwPsf] lyof] . t/ ;g\
!(^!, !(&! / !(*! sf hgu0fgfx¿df To:tf JolQmx¿nfO{ cfly{s?kn] lqmofzLn elgPsf] 5 hf] JoflQmx¿ jif{sf] sDtLdf *
dlxgf nuftf/ jf ;dosf] cGt/fndf tnj, gfkmf / gub jf lhG;Ldf sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . pk/f]St hgu0fgfx¿df cfly{s
lqmofsnfk;DaGwL k|Zgx¿ !) jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L pd]/ ;d"xsfnfO{ dfq ;f]lwPsf] b]lvG5 .

To:t} /fli6«o hgu0fgf, !((! cg';f/ olb s'g} JolQm sDtLdf ! dlxgf jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;do sfd u/]sf] 5 eg] cfly{s?kn]
lqmofzLn dflgPsf] 5 . t/ @))! sf] hgu0fgfdf vf;u/L ! jif{sf] ;Gbe{ cjlwdf cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg cyf{t cS;/
cfly{s b[li6n] ;lqmo hg;+Vofsf] af/]df tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 . o; hgu0fgfDff !) aif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L pd]/sf ;a}
JolQmx¿sf] cfly{s lqmofsnfk ;DaGwL ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . pQm hgu0fgfdf cfly{s b[li6n] lqmofzLn hgzlQmsf]
k]zf, Joj;fo tyf sfd ubf{sf] tx cflb ljj/0fx¿ ;+sng u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} ;Gbe{ cjlwdf cfly{s b[li6n] lqmofzLn
gx'gfsf] sf/0faf/] klg tYofÍ ;+sng u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

3/kl/af/ jh]6 ;j]{If0f (Household Budget Survey) M

g]kfn /fi6« a}sfåf/f pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rs cg'dfgsf] nflu vfB a:t'sf] pkef]u 6f]s/LnfO{ cBfjlws ug{ k|yd k6s 3/kl/af/
jh]6 ;a]{If0f ;g\ !(&#÷&$ df ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;j]{If0fdf b]zsf] !* zx/L If]qsf 3/kl/jf/af6 ljj/0fx¿ ;+sng
u/L >d;DaGwL s]xL ;"rsx¿ k|sfzg ul/Psf] lyof] . k|To]s bz bz jif{df ;~rfng ul/g] o:tf] ;j]{If0f rf]yf] k6s ;g\
@))%÷)^ df ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;j]{If0fsf] nflu b]ze/Laf6 %* j6f zx/L / &) j6f u|fdL0f ahf/If]q u/L hDdf
!@* j6f ahf/ s]Gb|x¿ 5flgPsf lyP . oL s]Gb|x¿nfO{ k|fylds hg;+Vof OsfO elgPsf] 5 . o; ;j]{If0fdf !) jif{ jf ;f]eGbf
a9L pd]/sf / ljut Ps xKtfdf Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L k]zfdf ;+nUg eO{ !% 306f jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;do gub jf l;Q}df sfd
u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ /f]huf/ dflgPsf] 5 .

174
o; ;j]{If0fsf] glthfcg';f/ !) jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L pd]/ ;d"xsf %)=%% u|fdL0f ahf/ s]Gb|df /f]huf/ ePsf / Ps jf
;f]eGbf a9L k]zfdf ;+nUg /x]sf kfOPsf] 5 . To;}u/L !) jif{ jf a9L pd]/sf %)=$% zx/L ahf/ s]Gb|df /f]huf/ 5g\ . t/
o; ;a]{If0fdf k|of]u ul/Psf] kl/efiffsf] ;Lldttfsf sf/0f k|sflzt >d tYofÍsf s]xL ;"rsx¿sf] la:t[t k|of]udf sl7gfO{
k/]sf] b]lvG5 .

/fli6«o /f]huf/ ;j]{If0f (National Employment Survey) M

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, Hfg;V+of lzIf0f laefu sLlt{k'/åf/f a;fOF ;/fO, /f]huf/, hGd d[To' tyf kl/jf/ lgof]hg;DaGwL ;j]{If0f
;g\ !((%÷(^ df ;+o'St /fi6«;+3 hg;+Vof sf]if (UNFPA) sf] ;xof]udf ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df % aif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L
pd]/sf ;a} JolQmx¿nfO{ xfnsf] cfly{s lqmofsnfk;DaGwL ljj/0f ;s+ng ul/Psf] lyof] . xfn /f]huf/df /x]sf JolQmx¿sf]
k]zf, Joj;fo, sfd ubf{sf] tx / sfd ug]{ :yfg;DaGwL ljj/0f ;+sng u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; ;j]{If0fdf & lbgsf] ;Gbe{ cjlwdf
#^ 306feGbf sd sfd ug]{ JolQmx¿nfO{ cw{a]/f]huf/ dflgPsf] 5 . sfd gu/]sf / ! dlxgfeGbf sd ;dosf] nflu sfddf
guO{ labf jf To;} a;]sfnfO{ sfdsf] nflu pknAwtf / sfdsf] vf]hL;DaGwL yk k|Zgx¿ ;f]lwPsf] b]lvG5 . o; ;j]{If0fdf
k|of]u ul/Psf] /f]huf/sf] kl/efiffdf cGt/fli6«o >d ;u7gsf]] kl/efiffnfO{ g} ckgfPtfklg a]/f]huf/ / lgliqmosf] kl/efiff
clns km/s b]lvG5 . c:yfoL?kn] sfdaf6 cg'kl:yt ePsf Joltmx¿nfO{ lgliqmo x'g'sf sf/0f ;f]lwPsf] 5 . tyflk o;
;j]{If0fdf ckfË Joltmx¿nfO{ dfq lgliqmo hg;+Vof dflgPsf] 5 . o; ;j]{If0fdf cS;/ /f]huf/;DaGwL Pp6f dfq k|Zg
;f]lwPsf] lyof] . To;sf] ;Gbe{ cjlw laut # dlxgf dfq /flvPsf] sf/0f cS;/ lqmofzLn hgzlQmsf] dfkg ug{ sl7g b]lvG5.

g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f (Nepal Living Standards Survey) M

g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;a]{If0f klxnf] / bf];|f] s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ laefuåf/f ;g !((%÷(^ / @))#÷)$ df laZj a}s nufotsf cGo
bft[ lgsfosf] k|flalws / cfly{s ;xof]udf ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . klxnf] hLjg:t/ ;a]{If0fdf b]ze/Laf6 #,#** 3/kl/af/
5flgPsf]df #,#&# 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿;+u laleGg ljj/0fx¿ ;+sng u/L cfly{s lqmofsnfk;DaGwL tYofÍ If]qLo:t/;Dd
k|sfzg ul/of] . o; ;a]{If0fdf w]/} laifox¿ ;dfa]z ul/Psf]n] >d;DaGwL Pp6f efudf !) aif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L pd]/sf ;a}
Joltmx¿;+u ljj/0f ;+sng u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; ;a]{If0fdf /fli6«o n]vfsf] l;4fGt, !(^* cg';f/sf] pTkfbgsf] bfo/fleq k/]sf
lqmofsnfknfO{ sfdsf] ?kdf dflgPsf] lyof] . h;cg';f/ bfp/f vf]Hg], kfgL af]Sg], 3/sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;'s'n, u'Gb|L / 6f]s/L
agfpg] lqmofsnfknfO{ cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] ?kdf ;dfa]z ul/Psf] lyPg . o; ;a]{If0fdf b'a} lsl;dsf] ;Gbe{ cjlw -5f]6f] /
nfdf]_ k|of]u u/L cfly{s lqmofsnfk;DaGwL ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] .

g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f bf];|f]df b]ze/L 5flgPsf $,))* 3/kl/jf/dWo] #,(!@ 3/kl/jf/sf % aif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L pd]/sf ;a}
;b:ox¿af6 cfly{s lqmofsnfk;DaGwL ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df /fli6«o n]vfsf] l;4fGt, !((# cg';f/sf]
pTkfbgsf] bfo/fleq k/]sf ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfknfO{ ;dfa]z u/L >d tYofÍsf la:t[t ;"rsx¿ cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;g\
!((%÷(^ / @))#÷)$ sf jLr cfPsf >d tYofÍsf ;"rsx¿sf] kl/jt{g tnsf] lrqdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .

>d tYofÍsf ;'rsx?df cfPsf] kl/jt{g

10 0
74.3 77.2
80 67.2 70.6
60
k|l tzt

!((%÷(^
40 @))#÷)$
20 4.9 7.9 7.3 6
3.8 3.4
0
/f]huf/ >dzltm b/ a]/f]huf/ a]/f]huf/ -!) b]lv !$ aif{_ a]/f]huf/ -!% b]lv @$ aif{_

;"r s

;|f]t M g]kfnhLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f, !((%÷(^ / @))#÷)$

175
g]kfn >dzlQm ;a]{If0f (Nepal Labour Force Survey) M
s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ laefuåf/f ;g\ !((*÷(( df cGt/fli6«o >d ;+u7g / UNDP sf] k|fljlws / cfly{s ;xof]uaf6 k|yd k6s
g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0f ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;j]{If0fdf b]ze/Ldf hDdf !$,$)) 3/kl/jf/ 5fgL k|ToIf?kdf cGtjf{tf{
lnOPsf] lyof] . o;df % aif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L pd]/sf ;Dk"0f{ 3/kl/jf/ ;b:ox¿;+u cfly{s lqmofsnfk;DaGwL ljj/0f ;+sng
ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;j]{If0fdf k|o'Qm lalw / kl/efiffx¿ cGt/fli6«o dfGotfcg'?k g} /x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o n]vfsf] l;4fGt (SNA),
!((# cg';f/sf] pTkfbgsf] bfo/fleq k/]sf ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfknfO{ cfly{s lqmofsnfk dfg]/ cGt/fli6«o:t/df ;d]t t'ngfof]Uo
/ u'0f:t/Lo >d tYofÍ k|sfzg ul/Psf]] lyof] . o;n] tYofÍ k|of]ustf{x¿sf] dfunfO{ w]/} xb;Dddf ;d]6\g ;s]sf] b]lvG5 .
o; ;j]{If0fdf ljut ;ft lbg tyf !@ dlxgfsf] ;Gbe{ cjlwleq ul/Psf] cfly{s lqmofsnfk ;DaGwL ljj/0f ;+sng u/]/ xfn
/f]huf/, xfn a]/f]huf/ / xfn cw{ a]/f]huf/ / cS;/ /f]huf/, cS;/ a]/f]huf/ nufot cGo dxTjk"0f{ ;"rsx¿ cg'dfg ul/Psf]
lyof] . o;df afn >d, /f]huf/Ldf hftLo / n}l‹s lje]b cflb ;"rsx¿ ;d]t k|sflzt ePsf lyP . ;fy} ;j]{If0fn] pTkfbgsf]
bfo/fleq gk/]sf lqmofsnfknfO{ klg 5f]6f] ;Gbe{ cjlwdf ;+sng u/L u}/ cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] ?kdf glthf ;d]t k|sfzgdf
NofPsf] lyof] . o;sf] glthfcg';f/ !% jif{ jf ;f]eGbf j9L pd]/sf j]/f]huf/ b/ !=* k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . u|fdL0f If]qdf ;f]
b/ !=@ k|ltzt /x]sf]df zx/Ldf &=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

j]/ f]h uf/ b/ -!% jif{ jf ;f]e Gbf jl9_

10 9.4

8 7.4
5.9
6 b'j}
k|ltzt

k'?if
4
dlxnf
1.8 2 1.7
2 1.2 1.5
0.9

0
g]k fn zx/L u|fdL0f

;|f]t M g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0f, !((*÷((

g]kfn >dzlQm ;a]{If0f bf];|f] klg s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ laefuåf/f g} ;g @))&÷)* df cGt/fli6«o >d ;+u7g / UNDP sf] k|fljlws
/ cfly{s ;xof]uaf6 ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;j]{If0fdf b]ze/Laf6 hDdf !^,))) 3/kl/jf/ 5fgL % aif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L
pd]/sf ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/ ;b:ox¿;+u cfly{s / u}/cfly{s lqmofsnfk;DaGwL ljj/0f ;+sngsf] :ynut sfo{ ;DkGg ul/;s]sf] 5
. of] ;j]{If0f klxnf] >dzlQm ;j]{If0f h:t} ePtfklg o;df s]xL v08x¿ yKg'sf] ;fy} c? k|Zgx¿df kof{Kt ;'wf/ ul/Psf] 5 .
o;df ylkPsf] v08x¿n] 3/kl/jf/df ePsf] ;~rf/ ;'ljwfx¿, vfg]kfgL / vfgf ksfpg] / aQL afNg] OGwg / s[lif k|of]hgsf]
hUuf, lak|]if0f tyf a;fOF ;/fO cflbn] >d ahf/df s] s:tf] k|efj kb{5 ;f]sf] hfgsf/L ;d]t k|fKt x'G5 . o; ;j]{If0fn]
laBdfg >dzlQmsf] l:ylt, >d ahf/df cfPsf] kl/at{g tyf a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf sf/0fx¿sf af/]df >d tYofÍsf
laleGg ;"rsx¿ k|sfzgdf Nofpg] nIo /fv]sf] 5 .

;x;|fJbL ljsf; nIo / >d tYof° (Millennium Development Goals and Labour Statistics) M
>d tYofÍn] ;x;|fJbL ljsf; nIon] to u/]sf ljleGg ;dol;dfa¢ uGtJox¿dWo] s]xL uGtJox¿sf] cfk"lt{df 7"nf] ;xof]u
ub{5 . >d tYof+sn] ;x;|fJbL ljsf; nIosf tTsfnLg ^) ;"rsx¿dWo] g]kfnsf] >d;Fu ;DalGwt lgDg ;"rsx¿ cfk"lt{
u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
• ;"rs g+= $ M k|lt/f]huf/ AolQmsf] s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] a[l4 b/ (Growth rate of GDP per person employed)
• ;"rs g+= % M /f]huf/L / hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft (Employment-to-population ratio)
• ;"rs g+= ^ M Ps lbgdf Ps 8n/eGbf sd cfDbfgL x'g] /f]huf/df /x]sf hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft (Proportion of
employed people living below $1 (PPP) per day)
• ;"rs g+= & M s'n /f]huf/Ldf :j/f]huf/L tyf ;xof]uL kfl/jfl/s sfdbf/sf] cg'kft (Proportion of own-account
and contributing family workers in total employment)
176
 • ;"rs g+= !$ M u}/\s[lif Joj;fodf dlxnfsf] /f]huf/sf] efu (Share of women in wage employment in the non-
agriculture sector)

pk;+xf/M
>d ;DaGwL gLlt / of]hgfsf] th'{df ug{ tyf ;~rfng ul/Psf sfo{qmdx¿sf] cg'udg Pj+ d"Nof+sg ug{ tyf ;x;|fAbL ljsf;
nIosf] ;"rsx¿ cWofjlws / cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ug{ >d tYofÍsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf x'G5 . /f]huf/ g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] eGg]
gf/fnfO{ jf:tljs ?kdf cjnDag ug{ ;a} txsf dlxnf, hghflt, blnt tyf lk5l8Psf au{nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ k|bfg ug{
lglZrt ;dofGt/df >dzlQmsf] l:ylt cWoog ug]{ p2]Zocg'?k >d tYofÍsf] pknAwtfsf] nflu b]zdf laut nfdf] ;dob]lv
laleGg ;j]{If0fx¿ / hgu0fgf ePsf] b]lvG5 . tL ;j]{If0fx¿sf cf–cfkm\g} lsl;dsf p2]Zo, cjwf/0ff / ;Lldttfn] ubf{ /fli6«o
tyf cGt/fli6«o:t/df t'ngfof]Uo, u'0f:t/Lo / e/kbf]{ >d tYofÍsf] cfk"lt{ ;Gtf]ifhgs b]lvb}g . t;y{ >dzlQm;DaGwL la:t[t
cWoog / cg';Gwfg ug]{ clek|fon] lglZrt ;dofGt/df g]kfn >dzlQm ;a]{If0f ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5, h;n] >d ahf/;DaGwL
la:t[t l:ylt If]qLo:t/;Dd emNsfpg] ;do;fk]If, e/kbf]{, u'0f:t/Lo ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox¿sf ;"rsx¿ cfk"lt{ ug{ tyf >d
tyf /f]huf/L;DaGwL gLlt / of]hgf agfpg kof{Kt cfwf/ k|bfg ug{ dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|LM
CBS (1989), Resources Papers Presented and Findings, National Seminar on Social Statistics, Central Bureau of
Statistics, Kathmandu, Nepal.
ILO (1990), Surveys of economically Active Population, Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment, An
ILO manual on Concepts and Methods. International Labour Office, Geneva.
CBS (1997), Nepal Living Standard Survey Reports Volume I and Volume II, Central Bureau of Statistics,
Kathmandu, Nepal.
CBS (1999), Report on Nepal Labour Force Survey 1998/99, Central Bureau of Statistics, Kathmandu, Nepal.
CBS (2003), Population Monograph of Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistics, Kathmandu, Nepal.
CBS (2004), Nepal Living Standard Survey Reports Volume I and Volume II, Central Bureau of Statistics,
Kathmandu, Nepal.
CBS (2006), MDG Indicators of Nepal (1990/91-2005/06, Central Bureau of Statistics, Kathmandu, Nepal.
CBS (2007), Statistical Bulletin, First Trimester, Shrawan-Kartik, Central Bureau of Statistics, Kathmandu, Nepal.
/la k|;fb sfo:y, g]kfndf >dzlQm ;j]{If0f, Statistical Bulletin, First Trimester, Shrawan-Kartik, Central Bureau of
Statistics, Kathmandu, Nepal
Shib Nandan Prasad Shah, A glance on Nepal Labour Force Survey 2007/08, Statistical Bulletin, First Trimester,
Shrawan-Kartik, Central Bureau of Statistics, Kathmandu, Nepal
NRB (2008), Report on Household Budget Survey, Nepal Rastra Bank, Kathmandu, Nepal.

177
 @@M ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo tyf Dffgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s
;'/]z a;\Goft∗

;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo

!= kl/ro
;g\ @))) sf] ;]K6]Dj/df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] cfof]hgfdf dlg;x?sf] hLjg:t/df j[l4 u/fpg] Pj+ ljZjaf6 g} lzz' d[To'b/, jfn
d[To'b/ 36fpg] tyf dft[ :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ u/L ljZj cy{tGqaf6 a9LeGbf a9L AolStx?n] kmfObf lng ;s'g eGg] p2]Zon] Ps
ljZj ;Dd]ng ePsf] lyof] . pQm ljZj ;Dd]ngn] ljZjsf] ljsf;;DaGwL s]xL k|d'v nIox? lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . ltg}
ljsf;;DaGwL nIox? ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf ?kdf lrlgPsf 5g\ . pQm nIo Pj+ p2]Zox? e]nfdf ;xefuL !*( /fi6«x? Pj+
!$& /fi6« tyf ;/sf/ k|d'vx? af6 cg'df]bg ul/Psf] lyof] .

;x;|fAbL ljsf;;DaGwL nIox?n] ef]sd/L tyf ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, n}lËs ;dfgtf, ;dfj]zLs/0f, dfgj clwsf/ Pj+ k|fs[lts
lbuf]kg h:tf uxg nIox? lnPsf] 5 . oL nIox? lgDg cf7j6f bL3{sfnLg nIox? (Goals) sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df s]lGb|t /x]sf 5g\ .
– clt ul/aL tyf ef]s pGd"ng
– ljZjJofkL ?kdf k|fylds lzIff k|flKt
– n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQLms/0f k|j4{g
– afn d[To'b/ Go"gLs/0f
– dft[ :jf:Yodf ;'wf/
– Pr\=cfO{= eL =÷P8\;, cf}nf] tyf cGo /f]ux? lj?4 ;+3if{
– Jfftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgfsf] k|Tofe"lt
– ljsf;sf] nflu ljZjJofkL ;fem]bf/Lsf] ljsf;

cGt/f{li6«o, If]qLo tyf /fli6«o:t/df ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox?sf] d"NofÍg tyf ;dembf/L ;dfg ?kdf xf];\ eGg] ;'lglZrttfsf]
nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3, ljZj a}+s, cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if tyf cf]=O{=;L=8L=sf] ;+o'Qm k|of;af6 z'?df ;do;Ldfa4 !* j6f
uGtJox? (Targets) tyf tL uGtJox? k|flKtsf] ;'kl/j]If0f;DaGwL $* j6f ;"rsx? (Indicators) sf] ;femf ;"rL tof/
ul/Psf] lyof] . tL uGtJox? tyf ;"rsx? ;g\ @))* hgj/L !% af6 nfu" x'g]u/L k|yd k6s kl/dfh{g ul/Psf] lyof] .
kl/dflh{t ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIocg';f/ ;fljssf] !* j6f uGtJox?nfO{ @! j6f k'/\ofO{Psf] 5 eg] $* j6f ;"rsx?nfO{ yk]/
^) j6f k'/\ofO{Psf] 5 . ylkPsf gofF uGtJox? tyf ;"rsx?nfO{ ljBdfg * j6f nIox?leq} ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . ;x;|fAbL
3f]if0ffkqdf ;d]l6Psf ljsf;;DjGwL clwsf+z nIo tyf p2]Zox?nfO{ ;g\ !(() nfO{ cfwf/ jif{ dfgL ;g\ @)!% ;Ddsf] @%
jif{sf] cjlwdf xfl;n ul/g] nIo lnOPsf] 5 .

@= ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo / g]kfn

;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo ;DaGwdf k|lta4tf hgfpg] !*( d'n'sx?dWo] g]kfn klg Ps xf] . o;}cg'?k g} g]kfnn] bzf}+ of]hgf -
@))@÷)#–@))^÷)&_ nfO{ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug]{ lbzftkm{ s]lGb|t u/fPsf] lyof] . o;nfO{ rfn" lqjifL{o cGtl/d
of]hgf -@))*–@)!)_ df klg lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5 . xfn;Dd g]kfnn] ;g\ @))@ / ;g\ @))% df u/L b'O{j6f ;x;|fAbL
ljsf; nIo;DaGwL k|ult k|ltj]bg k|sfzg ul/;s]sf] 5 . oL k|ltj]bgdf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] l:ylt tyf
k|j[lQ (Status and Trends), r'gf}ltx? (Challenges) / ;xof]ufTds jftfj/0f (Supportive Environment) ;DaGwdf k|sfz
kfl/Psf] 5 . pQm k|ltj]bgn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo 3f]if0fkqsf] l;4fGt tyf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox?df cfwfl/t ljsf; of]hgf
tof/Lsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ ;'emfj k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} o;n] ;g\ @)!% ;Dd ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox? xfl;n ug]{ l;nl;nfdf
ljsf; k|of;x?nfO{ cem b|'t ultdf a9fpgsf]nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] Wofg s]lGb|t u/fPsf] 5 .

∗
tYofÍ clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
178
#= ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf ;"rsx?
;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf * nIo, @! ;do;Ldfa4 uGtJox? tyf tL uGtJox? Dffkgsf nflu /flvPsf ^) ;"rsx?sf] lj:t[t
ljj/0f o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ .

;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox?

nIo tyf uGtJox?
nIo != clt ul/aL tyf ef]s pGd"ng
uGtJo !-s_ ;g\ !(() b]lv ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf Ps
lbgdf Ps 8n/eGbf sd cfDbfgL x'g] hgtfsf] cg'kft
cfwf kfg]{ .
k|ult dfkgsf ;"rsx?
!=! lbgdf Ps 8n/eGbf sd cfDbfgL x'g] hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft
!=@ ul/aLsf] cGt/sf] cg'kft
!=# /fli6«o:t/sf] pkef]usf] cg'kftdf ul/ax?sf] lx:;f

uGtJo !-v_ dlxnf / o'jf nufot ;Dk"0f{ dflg;x?nfO{ !=$ k|lt /f]huf/ AolQmsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] a[l4 b/
k"0f{ / pTkfbgd"ns tyf pko'Qm /f]huf/L k|fKt ug'{ . !=% /f]huf/L / hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft
!=^ Ps lbgdf Ps 8n/eGbf sd cfDbfgL x'g] /f]huf/df /x]sf
hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft
!=& s'n /f]huf/Ldf :j/f]huf/L tyf ;xof]uL kfl/jfl/s
sfdbf/sf] cg'kft
uGtJo !-u_ ;g\ !(() b]lv ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ef]saf6 !=* kfFrjif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfdWo] cNkjhgaf6 u|:t
kLl8t hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftnfO{ cfwf kfg]{. afnaflnsfx?sf] cg'kft
!=( Go"gtd txsf] vfB phf{ pkef]uaf6 al~rt hg;+Vofsf]
cg'kft
nIo @= ljZjAofkL?kdf k|fylds lzIff k|flKt
uGtJo @-s_ ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ;a} 7fpFsf ;Dk"0f{ afns @=! k|ffylds lzIffdf v'b egf{ b/
tyf aflnsfn] ;dfg?kdf k|fylds lzIff k"0f{?kdf xfl;n @=@ sIff Psdf k|j]z u/L k|fylds lzIffsf] clGtd sIffdf k'Ug]
u/]sf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ . ljBfyL{x?sf] cg'kft
@=# !% b]lv @$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf o'jf tyf o'jtLsf] ;fIf/tf
b/
nIo #= n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f k|j4{g
uGtJo #-s_ ;s];Dd ;g\ @))% ;Dddf k|fylds tyf #=! k|fylds, dfWolds tyf pRrlzIff (Tertiary) df 5fqf –
dfWolds lzIffaf6 / l9nf]df ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf lzIffsf 5fqsf] cg'kft
;a} txaf6 n}lËs lje]b cGTo ug]{ #=@ u}/s[lif Joj;fodf dlxnfsf] /f]huf/sf] lx:;f
#=# /fli6«o ;+;bdf dlxnf ;f+;bx?sf] cg'kft
nIo $= jfn d[To' Go"gLs/0f
uGtJo $-s_ ;g\ !(() b]lv ;g\ @)!% sf] aLrdf $=! Kffrjif{ pd]/ d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] d[To'b/
kfFrjif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] d[To'b/ b'O{ ltxfOn] 36fpg] $=@ lzz' d[To'b/
. $=# Psjif{ pd]/ k'u]sf afnaflnsfx?dWo] bfb'/fsf] vf]k lnPsf
afnaflnsfsf] cg'kft
nIo %= dft[ :jf:Yodf ;'wf/
uGtJo %-s_ ;g\ !(() b]lv ;g\ @)!% sf] aLrdf dft[ %=! Dfft[ d[To' cg'kft
d[To' cg'kft tLg rf}yfOn] 36fpg] . %=@ bIf :jf:YosdL{x?sf] pkl:yltdf hlGdPsf aRrfx?sf]
cg'kft
uGtJo %-v_ ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ;a}n] k|hgg :jf:Yo %=# ue{lg/f]ws ;fwgx?sf] k|of]u b/
;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ . %=$ lszf]/L cj:yfsf ue{jtLaf6 ePsf] hGd b/
%=% uef{a:yfsf] k/LIf0fb/

179
nIo tyf uGtJox? k|ult dfkgsf ;"rsx?
– e{jtL xF'bf sDtLdf Psk6s ue{;DaGwL k/LIf0f
u/fpg] cfdfx?sf] cg'kft
– ue{jtL xF'bf sDtLdf rf/k6s ue{;DaGwL k/LIf0f
u/fpg] cfdfx?sf] cg'kft
%=^ kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ gePsfsf] cg'kft
nIo ^= Pr\=cfO{= eL= ÷P8\;, cf}nf] / cGo /f]ux? lj?4 ;+3if{
uGtJo ^-s_ Pr=cfO=eL=÷P8\;sf] lj:tf/nfO{ ;g\ @)!% ^=! Pr\cfO{=eL= af6 ;+s|ldt !% b]lv @$ jif{;Ddsf hg;+Vofsf]
;Dddf /f]Sg] tyf k"jf{a:yfdf kmsf{pg yfngL ug]{ . cg'kft
^=@ clGtd / pRr hf]lvd of}g;Dks{ x'g] a]nfsf] s08d
k|of]ub/
^=# Pr\=cfO{= eL =÷P8\;sf jf/]df lj:t[t?kdf ;xL 1fg ePsf
!% b]lv @% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft
^=$ !) b]lv !$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf 6'x'/f gePsf 5fq–5fqf
t'ngfdf 6'x'/f 5fq–5fqfsf] cg'kft
uGtJo ^-v_ ;g\ @)!) ;Dddf Pr\=cfO{= eL =÷ P8\;af6 ^=% Pr\=cfO{= eL af6 pRr ;+s|d0fsf] cj:yfdf k'u]sfx?dWo]
;+s|ldt dflg;x?nfO{ cfjZostfg';f/ pkrf/ ;j{;'ne PG6L l/6«f] efO{/n cf}ifwL k|of]u ul//x]sfx?sf] cg'kft
agfpg] .

uGtJo ^-u_ cf}nf] tyf cGo k|d'v /f]ux?Dffly ;g\ @)!% ^=^ cf}nf];Fu ;Da¢ 36gf tyf d[To'b/x?
;Dddf lgoGq0f tyf k"jf{j:yfdf kmsf{pg yfngL ug]{ . ^=& kfFrjif{ d'lg pd]/ ;d"xsf aRrfx?dWo] em"n xfn]/ ;'Tg]
aRrfx?sf] cg'kft
^=* cf}nf]sf] Hj/f]df pko'Qm cf}ifwL k|fKt ug]{ kfFrjif{ d'lgsf
afnaflnsfx?sf] cg'kft
^=( Ifo/f]u;Fu ;DalGwt 36gf, k|sf]k / d[To'b/
^=!) k|ToIf lgu/fgL pkrf/ljlwcGtu{t pkrf/ kfPsf tyf /f]u
kQf nfu]sf Ifo /f]uLx?sf] cg'kft
nIo &= jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgsf] ;'lglZrttf
uGtJo &-s_ lbuf] ljsf;sf l;4fGtx?nfO{ /fi6«sf] gLlt &=! jg If]qn] 9flsPsf] e"efusf] cg'kft
tyf sfo{s|ddf PsLs[t ug]{ tyf jftfj/0fLo ;|f]tx?sf &=@ sfa{g8fO{cS;fO{8\ UofF;sf] pT;h{g
ljgfz s|dzM sd ub}{ n}hfg] . – hDdf pT;h{g
– k|ltJolQm pT;h{g
uGtJo &-v_ h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ljgfznfO{ sd ub}{ n}hfg] – k|lt Ps 8n/ s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf pT;h{g
/ ;g\ @)!) ;Dddf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ljgfzsf] b/ &=# cf]hf]g tx IfoLs/0f ug]{ kbfy{sf] vkt
pNn]Vo ?kdf sd ug]{ &=$ ;'/lIft h}ljs l;dfdf /x]sf df5fsf] df}Hbftsf] cg'kft
&=% hDdf hn;|f]tx?sf] k|of]usf] cg'kft
&=^ hnr/ / :ynr/ hLjhGt'sf] nflu ;+/lIft If]qsf] cg'kft
&=& nf]kf]Gd'v jg:klt tyf hLjhGt'x?sf] cg'kft

uGtJo &-u_ ;'/lIft vfg]kfgL / cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfO{ &=* ;'wfl/Psf] vfg]kfgLsf] k|of]u ug]{ hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft
;'ljwfsf lbuf] cj;/af6 jl~rt hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft ;g\ &=( ;'wfl/Psf] rk{L{ k|of]u ug]{ hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft
@)!% ;Dddf cfwf kfg]{ .
uGtJo &-3_ ;'s'Djf;L If]qdf j;f]jf; ug]{ sDtLdf !) &=!) zx/L If]qdf j;f]jf; ug]{ ;'s'Djf;L hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft
s/f]8 dflg;x?sf] hLjg ;g\ @)@) ;Dddf pNn]Vo?kdf
;'wf/ ug]{ .
180
nIo tyf uGtJox?
nIo *= ljsf;sf] nflu pRr:t/Lo ;fem]bf/Lsf] ljsf;
uGtJo *-s_ v'nf lgod;+ut, eljio ;"rs, e]b/lxt
Jofkf/ Pj+ cfly{s k2ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ h;af6 ;'zf;g,
ljsf; tyf ul/aL Go"gLs/0f h:tf ljifox?df /fli6«o
tyf cGt/f{li6«o k|ltj4tf hfx]/ ug]{ .
uGtJo *-v_ clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x?sf] ljz]if
cfjZostfx?nfO{ ;+af]wg ug]{ .
uGtJo *-u_ e"kl/j]li7t tyf hnkl/j]li7t /fi6«x?sf]
ljz]if cfjZostfx?nfO{ ;Djf]wg ug]{ .
uGtJo *-3_ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfkgsf] cfwf/df
ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x?sf] C0f ;d:ofnfO{ ljz]if k|sf/n] xn
ug]{ .
nIo *= ljsf;sf] nflu pRr:t/Lo ;fem]bf/Lsf] ljsf;
uGtJo *-3_ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfkgsf] cfwf/df *=* s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf OECD b]zx?n] s[lif If]qdf u/]sf]
ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x?sf] C0f ;d:ofnfO{ ljz]if k|sf/n] xn ;xof]usf] cg'kft
ug]{ .
k|ult dfkgsf ;"rsx?
cflwsfl/s ljsf; ;xof]u (ODA)
*=! clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x?df ePsf] v'b cflwsfl/s ljsf;
tyf hDdf ;xof]u -bft[ /fi6« jf ;d"xsf] s'n /fli6«o cfosf]
k|ltztdf_
*=@ OECD/DAC x?sf] l4kIfLo jf If]qut ODA sf]
cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs ;]jf -lzIff, k|fylds :jf:Yo pkrf/, kf]if0f,
;kmf kfgL / ;/;kmfO{_ ;Fusf] cg'kft
*=# OECD/DAC x?sf] PsLs[t gul/Psf] cflwsfl/s ljsf;
;xof]usf] cg'kft
*=$ v"b /fli6«o cfDbfgLdf e"kl/j]li7t /fi6«x?df cflwsfl/s
ljsf; ;xfotfsf] cg'kft
*=% v'b /fli6«o cfDbfgLdf ;fgf hnkl/j]li7t /fi6«x?n] k|fKt
u/]sf] cflwsfl/s ljsf; ;xfotfsf] cg'kft
ahf/df kxF"r (Market Access)
*=^ ljsl;t /fi6«x?n] ljsf;f]Gd'v tyf clt sd ljsl;t
/fi6«x?af6 u/]sf] cfoft -xftxltof/ afx]s_ sf] cg'kft
*=& s[lifhGo pTkfbg tyf sk8fsf] cfoftdf ljsl;t /fi6«x?n]
ljsf;f]Gd'v tyf cNkljsl;t /fi6«x?df nufPsf] cf};t s/ jf
eG;f/ dx;'n
*=( Jofkf/ Ifdtfsf] clej[l4df ;xof]u k|bfg ul/Psf]
cflwsfl/s ljsf; ;xfotfsf] cg'kft

lbuf] C0f (Debt Sustainability)

*=!) HIPC lg0f{o ljGb'df k'u]sf ul/j /fi6«x?sf] ;+Vof /
HIPC sf] ;+lrt ljGb' k"/f u/]sf hDdf /fi6«x?sf] ;+Vof
*=!! HIPC tyf MDRI k|of;x?df C0f /fxtsf] k|ltj4tf
*=!@ j:t' / ;]jf lgof{tdf C0f ;]jfsf] k|ltzt
uGtJo *-ª_ ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df cf}ifwL pTkfbg ug]{ *=!# clt cfjZosLo cf}ifwLx? lbuf] ?kdf kxF"r ePsf
sDkgLx?sf] ;xof]udf clt cfjZos cf}ifwLx? lsGg;Sg] hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft
u/L kxF'r k'/\ofpg] .

uGtJo *-r_ lghL If]qx?sf] ;xof]udf ljz]ifu/L ;"rgf *=!$ k|lt Ps;o hg;+Vofdf 6]lnkmf]g k|of]u ug]{x?sf] ;+Vof
tyf ;~rf/sf] If]qdf gofF k|ljlwx?sf] ;]jf pknAw *=!% k|lt Ps;o hg;+Vofdf df]afO{n kmf]g k|of]u ug]{x?sf]
u/fpg] . ;+Vof
*=!^ k|lt Ps;o hg;+Vofdf OG6/g]6 k|of]u ug]{x?sf] ;+Vof

181
$= ;x;|fAbL ljsf; ;"rs / tYof+sLo ;|f]tx?
s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefucGtu{tsf ;|f]tx? -u0fgf, ;j]{If0f tyf k|sfzg_M

• /fli6«o hgu0fgf
• g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f
• g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0f
• g]kfn ax';"rsf+s ;j]{If0f
• /fli6«o n]vf (National Accounts of Nepal)
• Small Area Estimation

cGo ;|f]tx? M
• Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno

• g]kfn ;x;|fAbL ljsf; k|ult k|ltj]bg, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u

• aflif{s k|ltj]bg, lzIff tyf v]ns"b dGqfno
• aflif{s k|ltj]bg, ag tyf e";+/If0f dGqfno
• lgjf{rg cfof]u
• g]kfn b"/ ;+rf/
• United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD)
• g]kfn dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg (UNDP)
• dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg (UNDP)
• UN AIDS

%= ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo cg'udgsf ;"rs;DaGwL tYof+sx?

;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo cg'udgsf ;"rsx? ;Gbe{ aif{
!(()÷(! !((%÷(^ @)))÷)! @))#÷)$ @))%÷)^
!= lbgdf Ps 8n/eGbf sd cfDbfgL x'g] hg;+Vofsf] –– ##=% –– @$=! ––
cg'kft
@= ul/aLsf] cGt/sf] cg'kft –– !!=* –– &=^ ––
#= /fli6«o:t/sf] pkef]usf] cg'kftdf ul/ax?sf] –– &=^ –– ^=@ ––
lx:;f
$= kfFrjif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfdWo] cNkjhgaf6 –– –– $*=# –– #*=^
u|:t afnaflnsfx?sf] cg'kft
%= Go"gtd txsf] vfB phf{ pkef]uaf6 al~rt $( $& –– $) ––
hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft
^= k|fylds sIffdf v'b egf{ b/ –– %&=) –– &@=$ *^=^
&= sIff Psdf k|j]z u/L k|fylds lzIffsf] clGtd %!=# –– ^#=! %(=& *)=#
sIffdf k'Ug] ljBfyL{x?sf] cg'kft
*= !% b]lv @$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf
-s_ k'?if ;fIf/tf b/ ^*=@ –– *)=^ –– ––
-v_ dlxnf ;fIf/tf b/ $(=^ –– ^)=! –– ––
-u_ hDdf ;fIf/tf b/ $(=^ %^=@ &)=! &#=) &(=$
(-s_= k|fylds lzIffdf 5fqf – 5fqsf] cg'kft )=^# –– )=*! )=*# )=($

182
;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo cg'udgsf ;"rsx? ;Gbe{ aif{
!(()÷(! !((%÷(^ @)))÷)! @))#÷)$ @))%÷)^
(-v_= dfWolds lzIffdf 5fqf– 5fqsf] cg'kft )=$^ –– )=&) )=&* )=*^
(-u_= pRrlzIffdf 5fqf – 5fqsf] cg'kft )=## –– )=@% )=#$ ––
!)= u}/s[lif Joj;fodf dlxnfsf] /f]huf/Lsf] lx:;f !*=( –– !&=$ –– ––
!!= /fli6«o ;+;bdf dlxnf ;f+;bx?sf] cg'kft #=$ #=$ %=( %=( !&=#
!@= KffFrjif{ pd]/ d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] d[To'b/ !$% !!* (! –– ^!
!#= lzz' d[To'b/ (& &( ^$ –– $*
!$= Ps jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf afnaflnsfdWo] bfb'/fsf] $@=$ %^=^ &)=^ &%=) *%=)
vf]k lnPsf afnaflnsfsf] cg'kft
!%= Dfft[ d[To' cg'kft %!% %#) –– –– @*!
!^= bIf :jf:YosdL{sf] pkl:yltdf hlGdPsf &=) !)=! !)=( !(=* !*=&
aRrfx?sf] cg'kft
!&= ue{lg/f]ws ;fwgx?sf] k|of]ub/ @$=! @*=% #(=# #*=# $$=@
!(= clGtd / pRr hf]lvd of}g;Dks{ x'g] a]nfsf] –– –– %@ –– ––
s08d k|of]ub/
@!= cf}nf];Fu ;Da4 k|sf]k tyf d[To'b/x?
k|sf]kb/ -k|lt nfv Hfg;+Vofdf_ –– –– ## –– ––
d[Tob/ -k|lt nfv Hfg;+Vofdf_ –– –– * –– ––
@@= 6L=jL=;DalGwt 36gf, k|sf]k / d[To' b/
k|sf]kb/ -k|lt nfv Hfg;+Vofdf_ ^!^ –– #)# @^* ––
d[Tob/ -k|lt nfv Hfg;+Vofdf_ %!=@ –– @&=^ @%=) ––
@#= k|ToIf lgu/fgL pkrf/ ljlw cGtu{t pkrf/
kfPsf tyf /f]u kQf nfu]sf 6L=jL= /f]uLx?sf]
cg'kft
/f]u kQf nfu]sf –– %=# %*=! ^^=* ––
pkrf/ kfPsf –– *$=& **=# *&=) ––
@$= jg If]qn] 9flsPsf] e"efusf] cg'kft ##=& @(=) @&=# –– @%=$
@%= ;'wfl/Psf] vfg]kfgLsf] k|of]u ug]{ hg;+Vofsf] $%=( ^#=$ &@=* *!=! *!=*
cg'kft
@^= ;'wfl/Psf] rk{L{ k|of]u ug]{ hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft !(=* @@=% #)=% #*=& ––
@&= k|ltJolQm sfa{g8fO{cS;fO{8\ UofF;sf] pT;h{g )=)% )=!! )=!$ )=!! ––
(d]l6«s 6g)
@*= cf]hf]g tx IfoLs/0f ug]{ kbfy{sf] vkt @) @% ($ –– ––
(d]l6«s 6g)
@(= v'b /fli6«o cfDbfgLdf e"kl/j]li7t /fi6«x?df !!=& (=* &=! *=) ––
cflwsfl/s ljsf; ;xfotfsf] cg'kft
#)= j:t' / ;]jf lgof{tdf C0f ;]jfsf] k|ltzt !%=@ &=& &=# (=( ––
#!=clt cfjZosLo cf}ifwLx? lbuf]?kdf kxF"r ePsf –– –– $( –– ––
hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft
*=!$ k|ltPs;o hg;+Vofdf 6]lnkmf]g k|of]u )=#@ )=$! !=!@ !=^) @=@(
ug]{x?sf] ;+Vof
*=!% k|ltPs;o hg;+Vofdf df]afO{n kmf]g k|of]u )=) )=) )=! )=@ @=(
ug]{x?sf] ;+Vof
*=!^ k|ltPs;o hg;+Vofdf OG6/g]6 k|of]u ug]{x?sf] )=)) )=)) )=@@ )=$@ ––
;+Vof
;|f]tM MDG Indicators of Nepal, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, @))&

183
^= ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo cg'udgsf ;"rsx?sf] tYof+s ;DaGwdf s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefusf] e"ldsf
s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu /fli6«o:t/sf tYofÍx? ;Íng ug]{ Ps s]Gb|Lo lgsfo xf] . o;n] lgoldt?kdf ljleGg lsl;dsf u0fgf /
;j]{If0fx? h:t}M /fli6«o hgu0fgf, s[lif u0fgf, cf}Bf]lus u0fgf, g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f, g]kfn >d zlQm ;j]{If0f cflb ub}{
cfPsf] 5 . oL u0fgf / ;j]{If0fx?df ;Dej eP;Dd ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo cg'udgsf ;"rsx?;DaGwL k|Zgx? ;dfj]z u/L
tYofÍ ;Íng ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] cnfjf s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefuaf6 ljleGg ;|f]taf6 ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo;DaGwL tYofÍx?
;Íng u/L Nepal Info CD tof/ u/L aflif{s?kdf k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;fy} ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo;DaGwL MDG
Indicators of Nepal gfds a'sn]6df klg k|sfzg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

&= pk;+xf/
o; n]vsf] p2]Zo kf7sx?nfO{ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo;DaGwL ;fdfGo hfgsf/L u/fpg' /x]sf] 5 . o;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf
;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf uGtAo tyf ;"rsx? ;g\ @))* hgj/L !% af6 nfu" ug]{ u/L kl/dfh{g ul/Psf x'Gf . ;x;|fAbL
ljsf; nIocg'udgsf ;"rsx?sf] kl/efiff o;df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g . t;y{ olb o; jf/]df lj:t[t cWoog ug'{k/]df UN
af6 k|sflzt Indicator for Monitoring the Millenium Development Goals gfds k':tsdf kfpg ;lsG5 . h'g
http:\mdgs.un.org af6 lgMz'Ns Download ug{ klg ;lsG5 .

Dffgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s

dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg (Human Development Report) ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{s|d (UNDP) cGtu{t aflif{s?kdf
k|sfzg x'Fb} cfPsf] Ps :jtGq k|ltj]bg xf] . ;g\ !(() df o;sf] k|sfzg klxnf] k6s ePsf] lyof] . Toltj]nfb]lv o;sf]
k|sfzg x/]s jif{ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bgsf] k|sfzg ;g\ @))&÷)* df ePsf] lyof] .
;fwf/0ftM o; k|sfzgsf] p2]Zo dflg;nfO{ ljsf; k|ls|ofsf] s]Gb|ljGb'df /fVg' xf] . dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bgn] dfgj ljsf;
;DaGwLdfkg ug{ ljleGg lsl;dsf ;dli6ut (Composite) ;"rsf+sx? ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . d'VotM dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bgn]
lgDg rf/ lsl;dsf ;"rsf+sx? k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .

• dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s (Human Development Index, HDI)

• n}lËs;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rsf+s (Gender Related Development Index, GDI)
• n}lËs ;zQmLs/0f;DaGwL dfkg (Gender Empowerment Measure, GEM)
• dfgj ul/aL;DaGwL ;"rsf+s (Human Poverty Index)

dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s (Human Development Index, HDI)

HDI dfgj ljsf; dfkg ug]{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;dli6ut (Composite) ;"rsf+s xf] . o; ;"rsf+sn] dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+ssf
lgDg k|d'v tLg kIfx?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 M
• :j:y tyf bL3{ cfo' h'g dflg;sf] cf};t cfo'af6 dfkg ul/G5 .
• 1fg (Knowledge) h'g jo:s ;fIf/tf / k|fylds, dfWolds / pRr lzIffdf /x]sf] s'n egf{ b/af6 dfkg ul/G5 .
• pko'Qm hLjg:t/ h'g k|ltAolQm s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgaf6 dfkg ul/G5 .
HDI sf] dfg Go"gtd ) / clwstd ! ;Dd x'g;Sb5 . hlt hlt HDI sf] dfg clwstd c+s ! ;Fu glhs x'ghfG5 Tolt g}
/fd|f] dflgG5 . dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bgcg';f/ HDI nfO{ lgDg tLg ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
Dffgj ljsf; HDI
pRr dfgj ljsf; )=*) – !=))
dWod dfgj ljsf; )=%) – )=&(
lgDg dfgj ljsf; )=)) – )=$(
184
dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @))&÷)* cg';f/ g]kfnsf] ;g\ @))% sf] HDI sf] dfg )=%#$ /x]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ s"n !&& /fi6«
x?dWo] g]kfn !$@ cf}+ :yfgdf kb{5 . pQm k|ltj]bgcg';f/ k|yd :yfgdf cfO{;Nof08 -)=(^*_ 5 eg] clGtd cyf{t !&& cf}+
:yfgdf l;o/flnof]g -)=##^_ /x]sf] 5 .

n}l·s;+u ;DalGwt ;"rsf+s (Gender Related Development Index, GDI)

HDI h:t} GDI klg dfgj ljsf; dfkg ug]{ Ps ;dli6ut ;"rsf+s xf] . o;df dfgj ljsf;sf tLg cfwf/e"t kIf -:j:y
tyf bL3{fo', 1fg / pko'Qm hLjg:t/_ df ePsf] n}lËs cGt/nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 .hlt hlt n}lËs cGt/ a9\g
hfG5 Tolt g} GDI sf] dfg HDI sf] t'ngfdf sd x'ghfG5 . GDI tof/ ubf{ dlxnf / k'?ifsf lgDg tLg ;"rssf 5'6\6f 5'66\ }
tYofÍx? k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 .
• cf};t cfo'
• z}lIfs l:ylt
• cflh{t cfo

Dffgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @))&÷)* cg';f/ g]kfnsf] GDI sf] dfg )=%@) h; cg';f/ g]kfn s"n !#( /fi6«x?dWo] !@*cf}+
:yfgdf kb{5 . pQm k|ltj]bg cg';f/ GDI df ;a}eGbf klxnf] :yfgdf cfO{;Nof08 -)=(^@_ 5 eg] clGtd cyf{t !#( cf}+
:yfgdf gfOOh]l/of -)=$%^_ /x]sf] 5 .

n}l·s ;zQmLs/0f;DaGwL dfkg (Gender Empowerment Measure, GEM)

GEM cyf{t n}lËs ;zQmLs/0f dfkg klg Ps ;dli6ut ;"rsf+s xf] . h;n] lgDg tLg k|d'v If]qsf n}lËs c;dfgtfnfO{
;d]6]sf] x'G5 M
• /fhgLlt / lg0f{o k|ls|ofdf ;xeflutf h'g /fli6«o ;+;bdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] cg'kftaf6 dfkg ul/G5 .
• cfly{s / lg0f{o k|ls|ofdf ;xeflutf h'g Goflos, pRr k|zf;lgs tyf Aoj:yfksLo tx, k]zfljb\ Pj+ k|fljlws If]qdf
dlxnf / k'?ifsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] cg'kftaf6 dfkg ul/G5 .
• cfly{s ;|f]tx?df kx'Fr h'g dlxnf / k'?ifsf] cflh{t cfoaf6 dfkg ul/G5 .

dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @))&÷)* cg';f/ g]kfnsf] GEM sf] dfg )=#%! /x]sf] 5 h;cg';f/ g]kfn s'n (# /fi6«x?dWo]
*^ cf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . pQm k|ltj]bg cg';f/ GEM df ;a}eGbf klxnf] :yfgdf gj]{ -)=(!)_ 5 eg] clGtd :yfg cyf{t (#
cf}+ :yfgdf odg /x]sf] 5 .

dfgj ul/aL;DaGwL ;"rsf+s (Human Poverty Index, HPI)

HPI cyf{t dfgj ul/aL;DaGwL ;"rsf+s HPI-1 / HPI-2 u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf 5g\ . HPI-1 n] ljsf;zLn b]zx?sf] ul/aL dfkg
ub{5 eg] HPI-2 n] pRr cfo ePsf cfly{s ;xof]u tyf ljsf; ;+u7gsf d'n'sx?sf] (OECD Countries) sf] ul/aL dfkg
ub{5 .

HPI-1 df ;d]l6Psf cfwf/e"t kIf / ltgsf dfkgsf ;"rsx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

• :j:y / bL3{hLjg h'g hGdFbf $) jif{sf] pd]/eGbf a9L gafFRg] ;DefAotf (Probability at birth of not surviving to
age 40) af6 dfkg ul/G5 .
• 1fg (Knowledge) h'g jo:s ;fIf/tfb/af6 dfkg ul/G5 .
• pko'Qm hLjg:t/ h'g ;'wfl/Psf] vfg]kfgL k|of]u gug]{ dflg;x?sf] cg'kft / pd]/cg';f/ cNkjhg ePsf aRrfx?sf]
cg'kftaf6 dfkg ul/G5 .

185
HPI-2 df ;d]l6Psf cfwf/e"t kIf / ltgsf dfkgsf ;"rsx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

• :j:y / bL3{hLjg h'g hGdFbf ^) aif{sf] pd]/eGbf a9L gafFRg] ;DefAotf (Probability at birth of not surviving to
age 60) af6 dfkg ul/G5 .
• 1fg (Knowledge) h'g Percentage of adults lacking functional literacy af6 dfkg ul/G5
• pko'Qm hLjg:t/ h'g ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf dflg;x?sf] k|ltztaf6 dfkg ul/G5 .
• ;fdflhs?kdf ;dfj]zL gePsf (Social Exclusion) h'g bL3{sfnLg j]/f]huf/Lsf] b/af6 dfkg ul/G5 .

Dffgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @))&÷)* cg';f/ g]kfnsf] HPI-1 sf] dfg #*=! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ g]kfn !)* /fi6x?«dWo]
*$ cf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf klxnf] :yfgdf afaf{8f]; -#=) k|ltzt_ / clGtd cyf{t !)* cf}+ :yfgdf rf8 -%^=(
k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?M
• Indicator for Monitoring the Millenium Development Goals, UN
• ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIf – k|ult k|ltj]bg g]kfn .
• ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIf cg'udg lgb]{lzsf, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
• MDG Indicators of Nepal, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
• Nepal Info 2008, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .

186
 @#M g]kfnsf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ ;j]{If0fx?
∗
/lj k|;fb sfo:y
e"ldsf
s'g} klg sfo{ ;+rfngsf] nflu tYofÍ Ps ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf xf] . o;af6 ljsf; of]hgfsf] ;xL th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg
tyf k|ult d"NofÍg ug]{ cfwf/ x'g'sf ;fy} Joj:YfksLo, k|zf;sLo Pj+ cGo ;DjlGwt sfo{x? s'zntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug{ 7"nf]
of]ubfg k'Ub5 . o;}n] g} e/kbf]{ tyf ljZj;gLo tYofÍsf] cfk"lt{ k|of]ustf{x?sf] cfjZostfcg'?k ;dod} lgoldt?kdf
eO/xg'kg]{ x'G5 . tYofÍ cfk"lt{sf ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ o;df tLg ;|f]tx? /x]sf 5g\M -s_ u0fgf, -v_ ;j]{If0f / -u_ k|zf;lgs
clen]v . oL ;|f]tx?dWo] k|Zff;lgs clen]vaf6 k|fKt x'g] tYofÍsf s]xL lglZrt ;Ldfx? x'G5g\ eg] csf]{tkm{ u0fgf ;+rfngdf
lgs} 7"nf] kl/df0fdf dfgjLo tyf cfly{s ;fwgsf] pkof]usf] ;fy} ;do a9L nfUg] x'G5 . ;j]{If0f eg]sf] s'g} lglZrt ljifodf
cWoog ug{ tYofÍLo ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ k|ls|of xf] . csf]{ zAbdf 5gf}6ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L jf gu/L s'g} PsfO
jf ;d"xsf nIf0fx?af/] tYofÍ ;+sng u/L ug]{ cg';Gwfg sfo{ g} ;j]{If0f xf] -jf:tf]nf, t'Í @)^!_ .

g]kfndf tYofÍ ;+sngsf] Oltxf; hgu0fgfaf6 z'? ePsf] kfOPtfklg ;j]{If0f o;eGbfkl5 dfq ;+rfng ePsf] b]lvG5 .
;j]{If0fsf] Oltxf;nfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ lj=;+= @))) ;fndf tTsfnLg k"j{ ! g+ sf] l;Gw'kfNrf]s -xfnsf] sfe|]knf~rf]s ;d]t_ df
Ps cf}Bf]lus ;j]{If0f ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . ;/bf/ >L eLd axfb'/ kf08]n] To;avtsf] g]kfn gfds cfk\mgf] k':tsdf pNn]v
u/] cg';f/ Tof] g} g]kfnsf] klxnf] :ofDkn ;j]{If0f lyof] -jf:tf]nf_ . pQm ;j]{If0fsf] nflu O08li6«on ;j]{ / sf]–ck/]l6e
;f];fO6L gfds c8\8fx? ldn]/ j[xt k|ZgfjnL tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] / pQm k|ZgfjnL g]kfn sk8f w/]n' Ond af]8{af6 :jLs[t
ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L g]kfndf ;j]{If0f ;+rfng u/L tYofÍ ;+sng sfo{sf] yfngL s]jn lj=;= @))) ;fndf cf}Bf]lus
Jofkfl/s ;dfrf/ c•fsf] :yfkgfkZrft dfq ePsf] b]lvG5 . o:t} g]kfndf tYofÍzf:qsf] 5gf}6ljlwdf cfwfl/t eO{ klxnf]
k6s ;+rfng ePsf] 7"nf] ;j]{If0fsf] ?kdf /fli6«o s[lif u0fgf, @)!* nfO{ lng ;lsG5 -jf:tf]nf, t'Í @)^!_ _ .

g]kfndf ljBdfg tYofÍ k|0ffnLcg';f/ ;DjlGwt lgsfox?n] ;do ;dodf ljleGg k|sf/sf ;j]{If0fx? ;+rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf
5g\ . o:t} u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?, cGt/f{li6«o ;+3;+:yfx? tyf lghL If]qn] klg ljleGg p2]Zosf nflu ;j]{If0f ;+rfng ub}{
cfO/x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o:t/df ;"rsx? k|fKt x'g]u/L tYofÍ ;+sngsf] lhDd]jf/L;lxt :yflkt s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] ljleGg
ljifodf lgoldt Pj+ k6s] ;j]{If0fx? ;+rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf tYofÍ P]g, @)!% af6 kl/nlIft s]Gb|Ls[t tYofÍ
k|0ffnL ePtfklg xfn Jojxfl/s?kdf b]zleq ljs]lGb|t k|0ffnLcg'?k tYofÍsf sfo{x? ;+rfng x'b} cfO/x]sf] 5 . tL
;j]{If0fx?dWo] s]xL dxTjk"0f{ /fli6«o:t/sf ;j]{If0fx?sf] ;fdfGo emns oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

!= g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j{]If0f (Nepal Living Standard Survey- NLSS)

g]kfndf ul/aLsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ kfl/jfl/s ;j]{If0f s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] ;+rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;} s|ddf g]kfndf b'O{j6f
hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f;+rfng eO{;s]sf 5g\ . g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f klxnf] lj=;+= @)%@–%# -;g\ !((%–(^_ df / bf];|f]
lj=;+=@)^)–^! -;g\ @))#–)$_ df ;+rfng ePsf] lyof] . kfl/jfl/s tYofÍx?df cfwfl/t oL ;j]{If0fx?df hg;FflVos ljj/0f,
cfjf;, /f]huf/, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;'ljwfx?df kx'Fr, vfB tyf u}/vfB pkef]u, cfo, cflbsf] af/]df tYofÍ ;+sng u/L ljZn]if0f
ul/Psf] 5 . oL ;j]{If0fx? ;+rfngdf ljZj a}+s / a]nfot ;/sf/sf] cGt/f{li6«o ljefuaf6 k|fljlws tyf cfly]{s ;xof]u /x]sf
lyP . ;+;f/sf w]/} b]zx?df ljZj a}+sn] ;+rfng u/]sf] hLjg:t/ dfkg ;j]{If0f (Living Standard Measurement Survey -
LSMS) sf] 9fFrf / ljlwnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f ;+rfng ePsf] xf] .

g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f k|yd / bf];|f] b'a}df b'O{ r/0f juL{s[t -Two-stage Stratified_ 5gf}6ljlw ckgfOPsf] lyof] . k|fylds
5gf}6 PsfO cyf{t u0fgf If]q (Primary Sampling Unit, PSU) df k/]sf If]qdf j;f]jf; u/]sf 3/kfl/jf/sf] ;"rLs/0f sfo{
;DkGg u/L pQm ;"rLaf6 bf];|f] r/0fdf Jojl:yt gd"gf 5gf}6 (Systematic Sampling) ljlwsf] cfwf/df !@ j6f 3/kl/jf/df
lgwf{l/t 9fFrfsf] k|ZgfjnLaf6 tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . pkef]u, /f]huf/L, cfo h:tf tYofÍdf x'g] df};dL k|efjnfO{ Go"g
ug]{ p2]Zon] jif}{e/L If]qLo sfo{ ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f bf];|f]df Kofng ;j]{If0f ug{ klxnf] hLjg:t/
;j]{If0f -@)%@–%#_ df 5flgPsf u0fgf If]qx? dWo]af6 (% j6f u0fgf If]qx?sf (^@ j6f 3/kl/jf/x?af6 k'gM cGtjf{tf{ u/L
tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] .

∗
lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu . -xfn ko{6g tyf gful/s p•og d+qfnodf sfo{/t_
187
 tflnsf != g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fdf u0fgf ul/Psf 3/kl/jf/ tyf k|fylds 5gf}6 OsfO
ljj/0f NLSS I NLSS II
u0fgf ul/Psf] If]q (PSU) ;+Vof
s'n @&$ $@!
zx/L If]q %( (&
u|fdL0f If]q @!% @@(
Kofgn – (%
u0fgf ul/Psf 3/kl/jf/ ;+Vof
s'n #,#&# %,)&@
zx/L If]q &!^ !,!^$
u|fdL0f If]q @,^%& @,&$*
Kofgn – !,!^) -!(* gofF ;d]t_
;|f]tM Central Bureau of Statistics (2004). Nepal Living Standard Survey 2003/04 Statistical Report Vol.I
Kathmandu, Nepal.

@= g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0f (Nepal Labour Force Survey)

g]kfndf /f]huf/L] l:ylt emlNsg] tYofÍsf] cfk"lt{ hgu0fgf tyf ;j]{If0faf6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 . >dzlQm ;+u ;DjlGwt /f]huf/L,
a]/f]huf/L tyf cw{a]/f]huf/Lsf] tYofÍ >dzlQm ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt x'G5 . o;} p2]Zo kl/k"lt{ ug]{ x]t'n] s]lGb|o tYofÍ ljefun]
lj=;= @)%%÷)%^ df klxnf] k6s >dzlQm ;j]{If0f ;+rfng u/]sf] lyof] . k|yd k6s ;+rfng ePsf] o; ;j]{If0fdf cGt/f{li6«o
>d ;+u7g -ILO_ nufot cGo cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfsf] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . o; ;j]{If0fdf k|o'Qm
ljlw Pj+ kl/efiffx? cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfcg'?k g} lyof] . o; ;j]{If0fn] >d ahf/df x'g] df};dcg';f/sf] ljljwtfnfO{ Go"gLs/0f
ug{ jif}{e/L If]qLo sfo{ ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . o;sf] nflu ;j]{If0fsf] Ps jif{nfO{ hDdf tLg df};ddf ljefhg u/L ;f]cg';f/
g} tYofÍ ;+sngsf] sfo{ ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . of] ;j]{If0fn] b]zsf] s'n kl/jf/ ;+VofdWo] hDdf !$,))) kl/jf/x?af6
>dzlQmaf/] ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm kl/jf/x? ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qx?df 5flgPsf hDdf &@) Primary
Sampling Unit (PSU) af6 5gf}6 ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;j]{If0fdf 5flgPsf kl/jf/x?af6 >dzlQm;+u ;DjlGwt ljleGg k|Zgx?
;+ufn]/ tof/ ul/Psf] k|ZgfjnLaf6 ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;dli6ut tYofÍ of]hgfn] >dzlQmsf] ;j]{If0f k|To]s kfFr kfFr jif{sf] cGt/fndf ;+rfng ug{'kg]{ pNn]v
ul/Pklg cfly{s ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/rfngsf] sl7gfO tyf b]zsf] /fhg}lts kl/l:yltsf sf/0f pQm of]hgfcg';f/ x'g;s]sf]
lyPg . g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0f klxnf]kl5 bf];|f]sf] If]qLo sfo{ cf7 jif{sf] cGt/fnkl5 dfq cfly{s jif{ @)^$÷^% ;+rfng
ePsf] xf] . g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0f bf];|f]n] >dzlQmsf ljleGg ;"rsx?nfO{ ljutsf ;j]{If0f;+u t'ngfof]Uo agfPsf] 5 . o;
;j]{If0fdf klxnf]df h:t} b]ze/Laf6 hDdf *)) j6f u0fgf If]q cyf{t j8f÷j8f v08÷j8f ;d"xx? rog ul/Psf]df tLdWo]]
$)) j6f zx/L If]qdf kb{5g\ . o;/L oL u0fgf If]qx? cyf{t k|f/lDes 5gf}6 PsfO -Primary Sampling Unit_ x?sf] rog
tYofÍLo 5gf}6ljlwcg';f/ ul/Psf] xf] . oL 5flgPsf If]qx?sf] ;Ldfgf :ki6 x'g]u/L gS;fÍg u/L klxnf] r/0fdf ;f] ;Ldfgfleq
cS;/ a;f]af; u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/x?sf] ;"rLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L tof/ u/]sf] ;"rLaf6 tYofÍLo 5gf}6ljlw cg';f/ g}
k|To]s k|f/lDes 5gf}6 PsfOaf6 @) kl/jf/x? rog u/L o; ;j{]If0fsf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] k|ZgfjnL e/]/ tYofÍ ;+sng
ul/Psf] xf] . ctM k|To]s k|f/lDes 5gf}6 PsfOaf6 @) kl/jf/sf] lx;fjn] b]ze/Ldf hDdf !^,))) kl/jf/af6 k|ZgfjnL eg{
5gf}6 u/]sf]] 5 . o; ;j]{If0fsf] nflu Ps jif{nfO{ hDdf tLg df};ddf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 / Ps df};ddf s/Lj !## j6f zx/L
tyf olts} ;+Vofdf u|fdL0f If]qsf j8f÷j8fv08x?df u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 . oL u0fgf If]q -k|f/lDes 5gf}6 PsfO_ ;a} ef}uf]lns
PsfO cyf{t lxdfn, kxf8 tyf t/fO{df 5l/g] u/L 5gf}6ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L rog ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;j]{If0fsf] If]qLo sfo{
;+rfngsf] nflu Ps ;'kl/j]Ifs tyf tLg hgf u0fs;lxtsf] u0fgf 6f]nLsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 / o:tf] 6f]nL hDdf aL;j6f
/x]sf 5g\ .

188
#= kfl/jfl/s ah]6 ;j]{If0f (Household Budget Survey)
ljleGg cfly{s ;"rsx?dWo] b]zsf] ;dli6ut l:ylt emNsfpg] ;"rsf+sx? k|fKt ug{ cfjZos tYofÍ ;+sngsf] nflu g]kfndf
nueu !) jif{sf] cGt/fndf kfl/jfl/s ah]6 ;j]{If0f ;+rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o; ;j]{If0f g]kfndf klxnf] k6s lj=;+=
@)#)÷#@ af6 z'?ePsf] b]lvG5 / xfn;Dd o:tf hDdf rf/j6f ;j]{If0fx? ;+rfng eO;s]sf 5g\ . klxnf] kfl/jfl/s ah]6
;j]{If0fn] b]ze/Ldf hDdf !* j6f ahf/ s]Gb|nfO{ dfq ;d]6]sf] lyof] . tL s]Gb|af6 ;+slnt tYofÍaf6 dfq pkef]Qmf d'b|f:kmLlt
(Consumers Inflation) dfkg ug]{ ;"rsfÍx? tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . o:t} lj=;+= @)$!÷$@ df ;+rflnt bf];|f] kfl/jfl/s ah]6
;j]{If0fn] #% ahf/ s]Gb|nfO{ ;d]6]sf] lyof] eg] lj=;+= @)%@÷%# df ul/Psf] t];|f] ;j]{If0fdf s]jn @! j6f zx/L If]qx?df dfq
s]lGb|t eO{ tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] .

!) jif{sf] cGt/fndf ul/g] kfl/jfl/s ah]6 ;j]{If0fsf] s|ddf lj=;+= @)^@÷^# df g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] rf}yf] ;j]{If0f ;+rfng u/L
k|of]ustf{ ;dIf glthf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . pQm ;j]{If0fdf b]ze/Lsf u|fdL0f / zx/L u/L hDdf $* j6f s]Gb|af6 tYofÍ ;+sng
ul/Psf] lyof] . df};dL k|efjnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ o; ;j]{If0fsf] If]qLo sfo{ jif{e/L -k|To]s qodf;df_ ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] .
o; ;j]{If0fsf] d'Vo p2]Zo pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rsfÍnfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L a9L oyfy{k/s t'Nofpg] /x]sf] 5 . o; ;j]{If0fdf
3/kl/jf/sf ljz]iftfx?, 3/df pknAw ;'ljwfx?, /f]huf/sf] cj:yf, cfo ;|f]t, kfl/jfl/s vr{, ljk|]if0f cflb ljifodf tYofÍ
;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;j]{If0fdf cGt/f{li6«o k|rngcg'?k pkef]u vr{nfO{ COICOP – Classification of Individual
Consumption according to Purpose df cfwfl/t juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf @= kfl/jfl/s ah]6 ;j]{If0fdf u0fgf ul/Psf 3/kl/jf/ tyf s]Gb| ;+Vof
ljj/0f klxnf] bf];|f] t];|f] rf}yf]
@)#)÷#@ @)$!÷$@ @)%@÷%# @)^@÷^#
;j]{If0f ;+rfng If]q u|fdL0f, zx/ u|fdL0f, zx/ zx/ u|fdL0f, zx/
5gf}6 ul/Psf] ahf/ s]Gb| ;+Vof !* #% @! $*
cGtjf{tf{ ul/Psf] 3/kl/jf/ ;+Vof ^,^@% %,#@# @,%)) %,)(%
;|f]tM Nepal Rastra Bank (2064/65). Household Budget Survey 2062/63, Kathmandu, Nepal.

$= g]kfn ax' ;"rsf° ;j]{If0f -Nepal Multiple Indicators Surveillance- NMIS _

g]kfndf afnaflnsf, dlxnf tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;;DjGwL cWofjlws tYofÍx? k|of]ustf{;dIf pknJw u/fpg] p2]Zon] ;g\
!((% b]lv g]kfn ax' ;"rsfÍ ;j]{If0f ;+rfng ePsf] lyof]] . o; ;j]{If0fsf] nflu o"lg;]km g]kfnsf] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws
;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . k|To]s ^–^ dlxgfdf Ps Ps r/0fsf] If]qLo sfo{ ;+rfng ul/Psf]df !((& ;Dd hDdf ^ j6f
r/0fx? ;g\ ;+rfng ePsf] lyof] . oLdWo] klxnf rf/ r/0fx?sf] If]qLo sfo{ ;+rfng Go"P/f (New ERA) gfds u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfaf6 ePsf] lyof] . kfFrf} / 5}7f}+ r/0fsf] ;j]{If0f s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] ;+rfng u/]sf] lyof] . ;j]{If0fsf] x/]s r/0fdf s'g}
Ps ljifonfO{ k|d'vtf lbOPsf] lyof] . o;cg';f/ k|yd r/0fdf :jf:Yo / kf]if0f, bf];|f]df k|fylds lzIff, t];|f]df emf8fkvfnf,
kfgL / ;/;kmfO, rf}yf]df k"j{jfNofj:yf -Early Childhood_, kf]if0f / ljsf;, kfFrf}df ue{jtL cj:yfdf x]/rfx, afns
hlGdg'k"j{ / tt\kZrfsf ;]jfx? tyf 5}7f} r/0fdf :jf:Yo / s[lif;DjGwL ;]jf k|bfg k|0ffnL /x]sf 5g\ .

o; ;j]{If0fdf 5gf}6df k/]sf 3/kl/jf/;+u lgwf{l/t k|ZgjnLsf] cfwf/df cGtjf{tf{ u/L tYofÍ ;+sng ug'{sf] ;fy} nlIft ;d"x
aLr ljifoj:t'df 5nkmn u/fO{ (Focus Group Discussion) ljj/0f ;+sng ug'{sf ;fy} 5flgPsf ufpF j:tLdf a;f]jf; ug]{
hfgLkmsf/ JolQmx?;+u klg cGtjf{tf{ lnO{ tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L o; ;j]{If0fdf u'0ffTds tYofÍ ;+sng ljlwsf]
klg k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;j]{If0fdf tYofÍLo ljlwcg';f/ b]ze/af6 hDdf !$$ j6f ufpF j:tL (PSU) 5fgL k|To]sdf
a;f]jf; ug]{ 3/kl/jf/sf] ;"rLs/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm ;"rLaf6 cGtjf{tfsf] nflu !@) 3/kl/jf/ 5gf}6 ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L
o; ;j]{If0fdf k|To]s 5flgPsf ufpFj:tLaf6 !@) sf b/n] b]ze/df hDdf !&,@&) 3/kl/jf/ 5gf}6 ul/Psf] lyof] . Psrf]6L
5gf}6df k/]sf 3/kl/jf/;+u k|To]s r/0fsf] ;j]{If0fsf] k|ZgfjnLaf6 tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] .

189
%= u0fgfaLrsf] kfl/jfl/s ;"rgf cg'udg Pj+ d"NofÍg k4lt -Between Census Household Information,
Monitoring and Evaluation System – BCHIMES _

g]kfn ax' ;"rsfÍ ;j]{If0f (NMIS) sf] kl/dflh{t :j?kdf s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] o; ;j]{If0f ;+rfng u/]sf] xf] . of] ;j]{If0f
;g\ @))) df ;+rfng ul/Psf] xf] . o; ;j]{If0f ;+rfngfy{ o"lg;]km -UNICEF_ n] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw
u/fPsf] lyof] . o; ;j]{If0fn] ;d]6]sf laifox? ljz]iftM kfl/jf/sf] hg;fFlVos ljj/0f, kl/jf/n] pkef]u u/]sf ;'ljwfx?, z}lIfs
l:ylt, ue{jtL cj:yfsf] x]/rfx, kl/jf/ lgof]hg, dft[lzz' :ofxf/, ;'Ts]/L u/fpg] k|rng, Pr=cfO= le=÷P8\;, k"gh{nLo
pkrf/, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{, emf8fkvfnf, le6fldg P sf] k|of]u, vf]k, cflb x'g\ .

o; ;j]{If0f k|of]hgsf] nflu b]znfO{ hDdf !# j6f ef}uf]lns k|b]zdf ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] . h:tf]M k"jL{ t/fO{, k"jL{ kxf8 cflb
. k|To]s k|b]zaf6 zx/L / u|fdL0f u/L hDdf *)) j6f 3/kl/jf/ 5gf}6 u/L lgwf{l/t k|ZgfjnLsf] cfwf/df cGtjf{tf{ u/L tYofÍ
;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;j]{If0fdf Two Stage Cluster Sampling Design sf] pkof]u ul/Psf] lyof] . o;sf] nflu /fli6«o
hgu0fgf, @)$* af6 k|fKt 3/kl/jf/ ;+VofnfO{ :ofDkn k|m]dsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .

tflnsf #= u0fgfaLrsf] kfl/jfl/s ;"rgf cg'udg Pj+ d"NofÍg k4lt ;j]{If0fdf 5gf}6 ePsf 3/kl/jf/ tyf If]q ;+Vof
gd"gf 5gf}6 3/kl/jf/ ;+Vof
hDdf !),$))
zx/L If]q !,#$*
u|fdL0f If]q *,($&
hDdf PSU (Cluster) @)*
k|lt Cluster 5flgg] 3/kl/jf/ ;+Vof %)

;|f]tM Central Bureau of Statistics (2001). Report on the Situation of Women, Children and Household BCHIMES
March-May 2000, in collaboration with UNICEF Nepal.

^= hg;+Vof tyf :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f (Demographic and Health Sample Survey)

g]kfndf ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsb]lv hg;+Vof ;j]{If0fx? ;+rfng ePsf] xf] . ;g\ !(&$ b]lv ;g\ !(&* ;Dd klxnf] k6s s]Gb|Lo
tYofÍ ljefun] hg;+Vof ;j]{If0f ;+rfng u/]sf] lyof] . ;g\ !(&$ df klxnf] r/0fsf] cfwf/ ;j]{If0f (Baseline Survey)
kZrft k|To]s ^–^ dlxgfdf 5gf}6df k/]sf If]q -PSU) df cGtjf{tf{ u/L tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] / of] s|d ;g\ !(&* df
k"/f eof] . o; ;j]{If0fsf] d'Vo p2]Zo hg;fFlVos ;"rsx? h:tf]M hGd, d[To", a;fO;/fO, cflb tYofÍ k|of]ustf{;dIf pknJw
u/fpg' /x]sf] lyof] . o:t} b'O{j6f hgu0fgfsf] cGt/df hg;fFlVos ;"rsx?df x'g] kl/jt{g yfxf kfpg s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun]
;g\ !(*^÷*& df csf]{ hg;+Vof ;j]{If0f ;+rfng u/]sf] lyof] . o; ;j]{If0fdf hGd, d[To" / a;fO ;/fOsf] cltl/Qm hg;+Vofsf
cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kIf;+u ;DjlGwt ljifox?df klg tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;j]{If0fdf klg ljutsf] hg;fFlVos
;j]{If0fdf h:t} klxnf] r/0fdf cfwf/ tYofÍ (Baseline Data) ;+sng u/L ^–^ dlxgfsf] cGt/fndf bf];|f] / t];|f] r/0fsf If]qLo
sfo{af6 tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf]] lyof] . o;df klxnf] r/0fdf 5flgPsf 3/kl/jf/af6 g} kl5Nnf r/0fdf klg ljj/0f ;+sng u/L
hg;+Vof;+u ;DjlGwt kl/jt{gx? cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] .

o:t} hg;fFlVos Pj+ :jf:Yo;DjGwL ;"rsx? ;+sng ug]{ p2]Zon] :jf:Yo dGqfnocGtu{t g]kfn kl/jf/ lgof]hg tyf dft[
lzz' sNof0f of]hgfdfkm{t ljZj k|hgg\ ;j]{If0f sfo{s|dsf] ;xof]udf ;g\ !(&^ df g]kfn k|hgg\ ;j]{If0f (Nepal Fertility
Survey) ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm ;j]{If0fdf tLg txsf] 5gf}6ljlw (Three Stage Sampling Design) sf] k|of]u ePsf]
lyof] . o;cg';f/ ;j]{If0fdf 5flgPsf 3/kl/jf/af6 !%–$( jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf %,))) ljjflxt dlxnfx?;+u cGtjf{tf{ u/L tYofÍ
;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . o:t} ;g\ !(*! df :jf:Yo dGqfnocGtu{t g]kfn kl/jf/ lgof]hg tyf dft[ lzz' of]hgfaf6 g]kfn
kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;fwg ;j]{If0f (Nepal Contraceptive Prevalence Survey) ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . of] ;j]{If0f rf/ txsf]
5gf}6 ljlw (Four Stage Sampling) df cfwfl/t lyof] / o;cg';f/ b]ze/af6 hDdf ^,**@ -!,$&^ zx/L / $,$)^ u|fdL0f_
!%–$& jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf ljjflxt dlxnfx?;+u cGtjf{tf{ lnO{ tYofÍ ;+sng u/]sf] lyof] .

190
g]kfndf k|hgg\ l:yltaf/] tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ s|ddf :jf:Yo dGqfnon] ;g\ !(*^ df g]kfn k|hgg\ tyf kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;j]{If0f
;+rfng u/]sf] lyof] . o; ;j]{If0fn] !%–$( jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf ljjflxt dlxnfx?;+u cGtjf{tf{ u/L k|hgg\, lzz' tyf afn d[To'
/ kl/jf/ lgof]hgaf/] tYofÍ ;+sng u/]sf] lyof] . ;g\ !((! df ;+rflnt g]kfn k|hgg\, kl/jf/ lgof]hg tyf :jf:Yo ;j]{If0fdf
k|hgg\, lzz' tyf afn d[To', kl/jf/ lgof]hg, dft[ tyf afn :jf:Yo tyf 3/kl/jf/df pknJw ;'ljwfx? cflbaf/] tYofÍ
;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;j]{If0fdf !%–$( jif{ pd]/sf @$,&$% ljjflxt dlxnfx?;+u cGtjf{tf{ ul/Psf] lyof] . k|To]s kfFr
jif{sf] cGt/fndf ug]{ ;j]{If0fsf] s|ddf ;g\ !((^ df g]kfn kl/jf/ :jf:Yo ;j]{If0fsf] ;+rfng eof] . o; ;j]{If0fdf !%–$( jif{
pd]/ ;d"xsf *,)*@ hgf ljjflxt dlxnf;+u cGtjf{tf{ lnO{ ;g\ !((! df ;+rflnt ;j]{If0fdf h:t} 5gf}6 Pj+ ;+sng ljlw
pkof]u u/L tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;j]{If0f ;+rfngsf] kfFr jif{ kZrft ;g\ @))! df csf]{ g]kfn hg;fFlVos
;j]{If0f ;+rfng eof] . o;df klg *,^)@ hgf ljjflxt !%–$( jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfx?af6 ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] .
o; ;j]{If0fdf klxnf] k6s ljjflxt k'?ifx?;+u klg k|hgg\af/] cGtjf{tf{ u/L tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] .

g]kfndf hg;fFlVos tyf :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f ug]{ s|ddf ;jeGbf kl5Nnf] ;j]{If0f ;g\ @))^ df ;+rfng ePsf] xf] . o; ;j]If0fdf
ljutsf ;j]{If0fx?;+u t'ngfof]Uo ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;j]{If0fdf d'Votof k|hgg l:ylt, dft[ :jf:Yo, dft[ d[To',
Pr=cfO{=le=÷P8;\, dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f, lzz' tyf afn d[To', afnaflnsfsf] kf]if0f l:ylt, vf]k, kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwgsf]
k|of]u cflbaf/] ;"rgfx? ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . b]ze/Laf6 tYofÍLo 5gf}6ljlwaf6 5flgPsf s'n (,)#^ 3/kl/jf/af6 !%–$(
jif{ pd]/sf hDdf !),(&# dlxnfx?;+u cGtjf{tf{af6 dfly pNn]v ePsf ljleGg ;"rgfx? ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . o:t} s'n
$,%#) 3/kl/jf/sf $,%*@ k'?if;+u ;"rgfx? ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] .

pk;+xf/
g]kfndf /fli6«o:t/sf lgoldt Pj+ k6s] ;j]{If0fx? ;+rfng x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5tfklg ljsf; k|ls|ofsf] tLa|tfsf] ;fy} a9\bf]
tYofÍsf] dfusf] k"lt{sf] ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ b]zdf kof{Kt ;j]{If0fx? ;+rfng ePsf] dx;'; ug{ cem} w]/} k|of;x? x'g cfjZos
b]lvG5 . x'gt b]zdf dfly plNnlvt lgoldt Pj+ k6s] ;j]{If0fx?sf cltl/Qm ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] cfjZostfcg'?k klg ;j]{If0f
;+rfng x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o:t} /fli6«o:t/sf cltl/Qm :yfgLo tyf If]qLo:t/df klg tYofÍ ;+sngsf] nflu ;j]{If0fx? ;+rfng x'g]
u/]sf] 5 . t/ b]zdf ;j]{If0fsf] :t/Lotf sfod ug{, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] clwstd pkof]usf] nflu tyf tYofÍ ;+sngdf bf]xf]/f]kgf
x6fpg cg'udg Pj+ ;dGjo ug]{ Ps ;zQm lgsfosf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o; cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf] nflu tYofÍ P]g, @)!%
af6 :yflkt s]Gb|Lo tYof«Í ljefusf] e"ldsfnfO{ cem ;zQm t'Nofpg' clt cfjZos 5 . o;sf] ;fy} ;dli6ut tYofÍ of]hgf
sfof{Gjog u/L :t/Lo tYofÍ cfk"lt{ ug]{tkm{ clw a9\g' jt{dfgsf] ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf xf] .
;Gbe{ ;"rL
!= jf:tf]nf, t'Í -@)^!_ ;j]{If0f ;~rfngsf lgodx?, hg;+Vof / k|hgg :jf:Yo PsLs[t kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf lhNnfx?sf]
nflu tYofÍ ljifos k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f lgb]{lzsf, >L % sf] ;/sf/ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu,
yfkfynL, sf7df08f} .
@= Central Bureau of Statistics (2004). Nepal Living Standard Survey 2003/04 Statistical Report Vol. I
Kathmandu, Nepal.
#= Central Bureau of Statistics (2001). Report on the Situation of Women, Children and Household BCHIMES
March-May 2000, in collaboration with UNICEF Nepal.
$= >]i7, g]ljg nfn -@)^!_ g]kfndf hg;+Vof tyf k|hgg :jf:Yo ;DjGwdf ul/Psf /fli6«o:t/sf ;j]{If0fx?, hg;+Vof /
k|hgg :jf:Yo PsLs[t kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf lhNnfx?sf] nflu tYofÍ ljifos k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f lgb]{lzsf, >L % sf]
;/sf/ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, yfkfynL, sf7df08f} .
%= Central Bureau of Statistics (1998/99). Report on the Nepal Labour Force Survey, National Planning
Commission Secretariat, His Majesty's Government, Nepal.
^= Nepal Rastra Bank (2064/65). Household Budget Survey 2062/63, Kathmandu, Nepal.

191
 @$M /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnL M Ps kl/ro
(System of National Accounts : An Introduction)

pQdgf/fo0f dNn ∗

!= ljifo k|j]z
cy{tGq s'g lbzflt/ pGd'v 5 eGg] cg'udg tyf d"Nofsg ug{ ;dli6ut cfly{s ;"rs kl/;"rsx¿ cfjZos x'G5g\
h'g /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnLaf6 pknAw x'G5g\ . /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnL jf:tjdf cfly{s tYofÍx¿ / ;"rs kl/;"rsx¿sf] Ps
Jojl:yt vfsf xf] h;af6 ;a} k|sf/sf cfly{s k|lti7fgx¿ Jff sf/f]jf/stf{x¿sf ;a} k|sf/sf ls|ofsnfkx¿ / sf/f]jf/x¿
cf+sng u/L s'g} lglZrt cjlwdf cy{tGqleqsf] pTkfbg, d"No clej[l4, cfo, clGtd pkef]u, art, nufgL k"FhL lgdf{0f tyf
cy{tGqs} jf;nft;DaGwL cg'dfgx¿ tof/ x'G5g\ . o;/L /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnLaf6 k|fKt x'g] dfly plNnlvt ;a} vfnsf tYofÍ
/ cg'dfgx¿ /fli6«o n]vf tYofÍ x'g\ .

Pp6f :t/Lo /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnL (System of National Accounts) sf] ljsf; / ljZje/L o;sf] k|of]usf] nflu
tTsfnLg lnu ckm g]zG;n] / tTkZrft\ ul7t ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] k|of; ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . 1953 SNA, 1968 SNA xF'b} xfn k|foM
h;f] d'n'sn] 1993 SNA sf] cfwf/df /fli6«o n]vf tYofÍsf] tof/L tyf k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . oxL s|ddf 1993 SNA df
klg ;'wf/ u/L 2008 SNA sf] tof/L ;d]t eO;s]sf] 5 .

@ cy{tGqdf x'g] sf/f]jf/ / sf/f]jf/stf{x¿

k|rlnt /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnLcGtu{t dfgjLo ;+nUgtfsf ;a} k|sf/sf cfly{s ls|ofsnfkx¿ / To;jf6 x'g] j:t' tyf
;]jfsf] pTkfbg, pkef]usf ls|ofsnfkx¿ ;d]l6g'sf ;fy} k"FhL lgdf{0f / To;sf ljQLo sf/f]jf/sf] n]vfhf]vf ;d]t x'G5g\ . t/
/fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnLn] cy{zf:qsf cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ffnfO{ eg] pNn+3g ub}{g . pTkfbg sfo{sf] kl/efiffleq pkef]QmfnfO{ ;Gt'li6
k|bfg ug]{ j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf] ;[hgfsf ls|ofsnfkx¿ ;dfj]z x'G5g\ h'g gub sf/f]jf/df jf j:t' jf ;]jfsf] ;f6f;f6df jf
cfˆgf] pTkfbg cfk}m pkef]u ug]{ l:yltdf ePsf] xf];\ . o;df s[ifssf] jfnL pTkfbg, kz'k+IfL pTkfbg, s'g} pBf]ukltsf
cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg, lgdf{0f, Jofkf/ ;]jf, ljQLo ;]jf, ;/sf/L ;]jf / ;fd'bflos ;]jf cflbsf pTkfbg sfo{x¿ ;dfj]z x'G5g\ .
o:t} cfk\mgf] v]tjf/Ldf u/]sf] sfd, ePsf] pTkfbg cfk\mg} 3/]n' pBf]udf jf k;ndf a]tnjL sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf u/]sf] sfd jf
pTkfbgx¿ klg ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . sltko cgf}krfl/s vfnsf sfdx¿ h:t}M jgaf6 bfp/f :ofpnf a6'Ng], kfgL cf];fg]{, 3/leq
w"kalQ af6\g], 8f]sf] gfDnf] a'Gg] h:tf sfdx¿ klg æsfdÆ sf] ¿kdf u0fgf u/L pTkfbgdf ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/G5g\ . t/ sltko
ufx{:y ;]jfx¿ jf ls|ofsnfkx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5}gg\ . h:t}M cfk\mgf] nflu cfk}m vfgf ksfpg], 3/ ;kmf ug]{ jf cfk\mgf]
jfnaRrf :ofxfg]{ cflb ;]jfsf] d"Nof+sg u/L /fli6«o pTkfbg jf cfodf ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5}gg\ . t/ To:t} lsl;dsf ;]jfx¿
gub jf lhG;L Kffl/>ldssf] cfwf/df s;}af6 pknJw u5{g\ u/fpF5g\ eg] n]vf k|0ffnLleq ;dfj]z x'G5g\ .

cy{tGqleq pTkfbg x'g] To:tf j:t' jf ;]jfx¿sf] k"0f{ u0fgfsf] nflu s;n], s;/L, s] p2]Zon] pTkfbg jf pkef]u
u5{g\ eGg] :ki6 x'g' h?/L x'G5 . o;df "s;n]" eGg] OsfO kl/jf/, Joj;flos k|lti7fg/sDkgL, ;/sf/, kl/jf/ jf gfkmf /lxt
k|lti7fgx¿ x'g;S5g\ h;nfO{ o; k|0ffnLdf ;+:yfut OsfO jf ltgsf ;d"xnfO{ ;+:yfut If]q (Institutional Units and
Sectors) elgG5g\ h'g lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .

@=! u}/ljQLo skf]{/]zg (Non-Financial Corporation) M d'Votof jhf/sf] nflu u}/ljQLo ls|ofsnfkx¿ u/L j:t' jf
;]jfx¿sf] pTkfbg -h:t}M sRrf kbfy{ k|zf]wg u/L j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ OsfOx¿, oftfoft / Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgx¿, lgdf{0fsf]
sfd ug]{ k|lti7fgx¿ cflb_ ug]{ OsfOx¿nfO{ u}/ljQLo skf]{/]zg (Non Financial Corporation) elgG5 .

∗
dxflgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
@=@= ljQLo skf]{/]zg (Financial Corportion) M d'VotofM ljQLo Joj:yfkg tyf dWo:ytfsf sf/f]jf/df ;+nUg x'g]
k|lti7fgx¿ -h:tf]M jfl0fHo j}+s jf To:t} ljQLo sf/f]jf/ ug]{ k|lti7fgx¿, jLdf sDkgLx¿ ;+rosf]if jf To:t} cGo sf]ifsf]
Joj:yf ug]{ OsfOx¿ cflb_ nfO{ ljQLo skf]{/zg (Financial Corporation) elgG5 .

@=#= ;/sf/ (Government) M cy{tGqnfO{ lgodg ug]{, cfo / wgsf] ljt/0f k'glj{t/0fsf] p2]Zon] sfd ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs
;'/Iff h:tf ;fd"lxs pkef]usf ;fy} j}olQms pkef]usf sfddf ;d]t ;3fpg] /fhgLlts lhDd]jf/L;lxtsf] s]Gb|Lo jf :yfgLo
;/sf/nfO{ klg /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnLdf Ps ;+:yfut OsfO / If]qsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 .

@=$= 3/kl/jf/ (Households) M cy{tGqleqsf JolQm jf JolQmx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ klg ;+:yfut If]q jf OsfOsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .
3/kl/jf/n] cy{tGqleq >dsf] cfk"lt{, kfl/jfl/s jf JolQmsf] txdf x'g] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg tyf clGtd pkef]u (Final
Consumption) sf] sfd ub{5 . 3/kl/jf/sf] ef}lts kl/efiff c? ;fdflhs cfly{s ;j]{If0fsf] p2]]Zosf] nflu lgwf{l/t
kl/efiff;+u d]n vfG5 . h:t}M 3/kl/jf/ eGgfn] æPp6} 5fgfd'gL Pp6} cfly{s Joj:yfkgdf, Pp6} efG5fdf vfg] / cS;/
j;f]jf; ug]{ gftf kg]{ jf gkg]{ JolQmx¿sf] ;d"xÆ a'lemG5 .

@=%= 3/kl/jf/nfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg] gfkmf/lxt ;+:yfx¿ (Non-Profit Institution Serving Households)M gfkmf glnO{
ljz'4¿kdf 3/kl/jf/nfO{ ;]jf k''¥ofpg] p2]Zon] u}/ahf/Lo ;]jfx¿ pTkfbg / cfk"lt{ ug]{ OsfOx¿nfO{ …3/kl/jf/nfO{ ;]jf
k''¥ofpg] gfkmf/lxt ;+:yfÚ sf] ¿kdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf ;+:yfx¿ d"ntM :jo+ ;]jf (Voluntary Services) sf] cfwf/df
;~rflnt x'G5g\ . jf:tjdf o:tf ;+:yfn] j:t' jf ;]jf d"No lnP/ pknJw u/fP klg k|rlnt jhf/ d"NoeGbf sd jf
nfuteGbf sddf pknJw u/fPsf klg x'g;Qm5g\ .

#= cy{tGqleq / z]if ljZj (Rest of the World) sf] ;Ldf

cfly{s sf/f]jf/ cy{tGqleqsf ;+:yfut OsfOx¿aLr / cy{tGqaflx/ afFsL laZjsf OsfOx¿;Fu klg x'G5g\ . o;nfO{
k|i6\ofpg /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnLdf sf/f]af/sf] n]vf /fVg cfjf;Lo OsfO (Resident Units) / u}/cfjf;Lo OsfO (Non-Resident
units) sf] ¿kdf 5'6\ofOPsf 5g\ . tL OsfOx¿nfO{ ;fdfGotof cy{tGqleq ! jif{eGbf a9L hxfF /xG5 ToxfFsf] cfjf;Lo OsfO
dflgG5 / Jojxf/df pgLx¿sf] cfly{s :jfy{sf] s]Gb| (Centre of Economic Interest) h'g cy{tGqdf /xG5 To;}sf] cfjf;Lo
OsfO x'G5g\ .

o; ljifodf csf]{ :ki6 x'g'kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] ljwfgtM JolQm u}/gful/s ePklg j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbgdf hxfF ;+nUg
x'G5 To; cy{tGqsf] cfjf;Lo OsfO x'g;Qm5 . To:t} Ps cy{tGqsf dfp sDkgLsf zfvf jf OsfOx¿ klg cs}{ cy{tGqsf
cfjf;Lo OsfO x'g;Qm5g\ / ltgLx¿sf j:t' jf pTkfbgsf] u0fgf hxfF pTkfbgdf ;+nUg x'G5g\ ToxLsf] n]vfdf u0fgf x'G5g\ .
oxL cjwf/0ff;Fu d]n vfg]u/L Pp6f cy{tGqsf JolQm ko{6ssf] ¿kdf csf]{ cy{tGqdf/d'n'sdf e|d0f ubf{ vl/b u/]sf] j:t' jf
;]jf j:t' ;]jf k|bfos cy{tGqsf] lgof{t / pkef]Qmf OsfOsf] cy{tGqsf] cfoftsf] ¿kdf u0fgf ul/G5 .

$= n]vfsf lgodx¿
/fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnLdf n]vfsf] 9fFrf 'T' cfsf/sf] b'O{tkmL{ x'G5 . rfn" vftf (Current Account) sf] n]vfsf] bfofF kIfdf
;|f]t (Resources) sf] k|ljli6 (Entry) x'G5g eg] afFofkl§ pkof]u (Uses) sf] k|ljli6 (Entry) x'G5g\ . jf;nft (Balance
Sheet) df bfofFlt/ bfloTj (Liabilities) / jfofFlt/ ;DklQ (Assets) sf] ljj/0f lbOPsf x'G5g\ . /fli6«o n]vf klg Jofj;flos
n]vf (Business Accounting) h:t} bf]xf]/f] k|ljli6 (Double Entry) sf] cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf]] x'G5 . Psftk{m pkof]u k|ljli6
x'G5 eg] ;f]sf] ;|f]t s] xf] ;f] csf]{lt/ v'n]s} x'g'k5{ . Pp6} ;+:yfut OsfOsf] vftfdf bf]xf]/f] k|ljli6 x'G5 eg] /fli6«o n]vfsf]
sf/f]jf/ ;+:yfut OsfOx¿aLr x'g] ePsfn] :jefjtM b'O{ OsfOsf] b'O{ vftfdf u/L rf/k6s k|ljli6 (Quadraple Entry) x'G5g\.

b'O{ OsfOx¿aLrsf] sf/f]jf/sf] n]vg j:t' tyf ;]jf pknJw u/]s} ;dodf (Accrual Basis) ul/Psf] x'G5 gls
e'QmfgLsf] ;dodf . To:t} /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnLsf] l;4fGtcg';f/ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] d"No sf/f]jf/sf] ;dosf] d"Nodf dfkg ul/G5.
jhf/ d"NoeGbf km/s ePklg b'O{ sf/f]jff/stf{aLr ;Demf}tf ePsf] d"Nodf u0fgf ul/G5 . To:t} e08f/df /x]sf] jf hu]8fdf
/x]sf] j:t'sf] d"No u0fgf ubf{ klg vl/b ubf{sf] k'/fgf] d"Nodf geO{ jhf/sf] k|rlnt d"Nodf d"Nof+sg ul/G5 . To;}u/L
cy{tGqsf] s'n pTkfbg jf d"No clej[l4sf] cg'dfg tof/ ubf{ pTkfbg k|lqmofsf] cfwf/df k|ydtM cfwf/e"t d"No (Basic
Price) df tof/ ul/G5 . tTkZrft pTkflbt j:t'sf] 9'jfgL vr{ / ljt/0ffTds Jofkf/sf] dflh{g;lxt qmdzM pTkfbgstf{sf]
d"No (Producer's Price) / jhf/ d"No (Market Price) df tof/ ul/G5 . t/ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pkef]u / k"FhL lgdf{0fsf
cg'dfgx? q]mtf d"No (Purchaser's Price) df tof/ ul/G5 .

%= /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnLsf lgwf{l/t n]vfx¿

/fli6«o n]vfsf] ;du| k|0ffnLdf tLg ;d"xdf n]vfx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf 5gM (s) rfn" n]vf (Current Accounts) (v) ;+ro
n]vf (Accumulation Accounts) / (u) jf;nft (Balance Sheet) .

%=! Rfn" n]vf / cGtu{tsf n]vfx¿ (Current Accounts)

Rffn" n]vfcGtu{t Ps n]vf cjlw (Accounting Period) leqsf] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, To;af6 ;[lht d"No
clej[l4, cfDbfgL / cfDbfgLsf] pkof]u ;Ddsf cg'dfgx¿ k|ljli6 x'G5g\ . …rfn"Ú zAbn] g} s] a'lemG5 eg] o;df ;+roLs[t d"No
(Accumulated Value) dfkg x'Fb}g . o;y{, o; n]vfaf6 ufx{:y pTkfbg (GDP), s'n /fli6«o cfo (GNI), v'b /fli6«o cfo
(NNI), vr{of]Uo cfo (Disposable Income), pkef]u, /fli6«o art cflb k|d'v ;dli6ut ;"rsx¿ (Main Macroeconomic
Aggregates) tof/ x'G5g\ .

Rffn" n]vfsf] ;+/rgf

I. Production I. Production account
account
II. Distribution II.1 Primary distribution
and use of of income accounts
income accounts
II.2 Secondary distribution
of income accounts
II.3 Redistribution of
income in kind account
Balancing items Main aggregates
II.1.1 Generation of Value added Domestic product
income account operating (GDP/NDP)
II.1.2 Allocation of surplus/Mixed income national income
primary income balance of primary (GNI,NNI)
account incomes
Disposable income National
disposable income
Adjusted Disposable
income

II.4 Use of income Saving National saving

account
II.4.1 use of disposable
income account
II.4.2 Use of adjusted
disposable income account

%=!=! pTkfbg n]vf (Production Account)M

/fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnL cy{tGqsf sf/f]jf/ n]vf pTkfbg n]vf (Production Account) af6 k|f/De x'G5 . h;df n]vfsf]
bfFoftkm{sf] ;|f]tcGtu{t s'n pTkfbg cyf{t lglZrt cjlwleq ljleGg OsfOx¿n] u/]sf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] hDdf hDdL pTkfbg
(Gross Output) ;dflji6 x'G5 . To:t} afFoftkm{ pQm pTkfbg cGt/lglxt nfutx? (Inputs) x'G5g\ . pQm n]vfsf] z]if
(Balancing Items) sf] ¿kdf v'b d"No clej[l4 (Net Value Added) /xG5 . d"No clej[l4 eg]sf] s'n pTkfbg d"Nosf]
sf/f]jf/af6 k|fKt x'g] cfDbfgL xf] . o;}sf] ;dli6 of]unfO{ s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg (GDP) elgG5 .

pTkfbg n]vf (Account I)

pkef]u ;|f]t/;fwg
P=@ dWojtL{ pkef]u (Intermediate Consumption) P.1 s'n pTkfbg (Gross Output)
B.1g d"No clej[l4, s'n
Value added, gross
K.1 l:y/ k"FhLsf] pkef]u
Consumption of fixed capital
B.1n d"No clej[l4, v'b
Value added, net
%=!=@ cfDbfgL ljt/0fsf] n]vf (Distribution of Income Account)
o; n]vf cGtu{t j:t'tM d"No clej[l4 jf s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] ljt/0f s;/L ePsf] 5 eGg] b]vfOG5 . o; n]vfnfO{
tLg pkn]vfx?df juL{s/0f ul/Psf 5g\ . -s_ cfDbfgLsf] k|fylds ljt/0f n]vf (Primary Distribution of Income Accounts)
-v_ cfDbfgLsf] låtLos ljt/0f n]vf (Secondary Distribution of Income Accounts) / -u_ cfDbfgLsf] k'glj{t/0f n]vf
(Redistribution of Income Accounts) . k|fylds ljt/0f n]vfn] jf:tjdf cfDbfgLsf] ;[hgf s'g¿kdf eO/x]sf] 5 eGg]
b]vfpF5 . h:tf]M s'n ufX{:y pTkfbg cyjf d"No clej[l4, pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿ >d, kF"hL / ;/sf/nfO{ s|dzM kfl/>ldssf]
¿kdf / ldl>t cfosf] ¿kdf 3/kl/jf/nfO{, ;DklQ cfosf] ¿kdf k"hLnfO{ / s/sf ¿kdf ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt ePsf] x'G5 . oL
n]vfx¿cGtu{t g} v'b pkef]uof]Uo cfo (Disposable Income _ ;Ddsf] cg'dfg pknAw x'G5g\ . ;du| cy{tGqsf] cfDbfgLaf6
cfo / ;DklQdflysf] k|ToIf s/x¿ -Taxes on Income and Wealth), ;fdflhs If]qdf of]ubfg tyf 3/kl/jf/, gfkmf/lxt
;+:yfx¿ / ;/sf/nfO{ ;d]t k|fKt x'g] jf pknJw u/fpg] rfn" lsl;dsf cg'bfg ;xof]ux¿ -:yfgfGt/0f_ (Current Transfers)
nfO{ ;dfof]hg u/]/ pkef]uof]Uo cfDbfgLsf] cg'dfg tof/ x'G5 .

%=!=# cfDbfgLsf] pkof]u n]vf (Use of Income Account)

cfosf] pkof]u n]vf clGtd pkof]u (Final Consumption) cyf{t j:t' jf ;]jfsf] pkef]u;+u ;DjlGwt 5 . o;df Jofj;flos
pBf]u jf k|lti7fgn] k|of]u ug]{ dWojtL{ pkef]u (Intermediate Consumption) ;dfj]z x'Fb}g . /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnLcg';f/
3/kl/jf/, gfkmf/lxt ;+:yfx¿ -3/kl/jf/nfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg]_ / ;/sf/n] dfq} clGtd pkef]u ub{5 . o:tf] lsl;dsf] pkef]udf
vfB j:t'sf] pkef]u, u}/vfB j:t'x¿, cfjf;, ljB't, nQf sk8f cflbsf] pkef]u, lzIff, :jf:Yo, dgf]/~hg cflb ;]jfsf]
pkef]u, ;d'bfon] pkof]u ug]{ 9n lgsf;, af6f]sf] ;'ljwf ;fy} ;fd"lxs ;'/Iff ;]jfsf] pkof]u cfflb ;d]t kb{5g\ . ;fdfGotof
3/kl/jf/n] ug]{ vfB tyf u}/vfB j:t'sf] pkef]usf cltl/Qm ;d'bfon] ;d"xdf ug]{ j}olQms pkef]usf ;fy} ;d'bfon] ;d"xdf
ug]{ pkef]u ;d]tsf] ;dfof]hgkl5 jf:tljs clGtd pkef]u (Actual Final Consumption) sf] cg'dfg k|fKt x'G5 .

cfDbfgL ljt/0fsf] n]vfdf plNnlvt ;du| cy{tGqsf] cg'dfgdf pkef]uof]Uo cfo (Disposable Income) / ;dfof]lht
pkef]uof]Uo cfo (Adjusted Disposable Income) Pp6} x'G5, s]jn If]qut cg'dfgdf dfq} km/s x'G5 . To:t} ;dli6df clGtd
pkef]u vr{ (Final Consumption Expenduture) / jf:tljs pkef]u vr{ (Actual Final Consumption Expenduture) klg
;dfg x'G5 . o;y{, cfDbfgLsf] pkof]u n]vf (Use of Income Account) cGtu{tsf] b'j} n]vfsf] cGTodf z]if (Balancing Item)
sf] ¿kdf b]lvg] 'art' (Saving) klg Pp6} x'G5 .

pkef]uof]Uo cfosf] pkof]u n]vf

(Use of Disposable Income Account)
pkef]u ;|f]t/;fwg
P.8 clGtd pkef]u vr{ B.6 pkef]uof]Uo cfo
D.8 3/kl/jf/sf] k]G;g cflb sf]ifdf bfjLsf] kl/jt{g D.8 3/kl/jf/sf] k]G;g cflb sf]ifdf bfjLsf] kl/jt{g
B.8 art

%=@ ;~ro n]vfx? (Accumulation Accounts)

;~ro n]vfn] cy{tGqsf] k"FhLut ;DklQ / bfloTjdf x'g] kl/jt{gnfO{ O+lut ub{5 . /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnL PsLs[t¿ksf]
ePsf]n] Ps n]vfsf] csf]{;+u tfls{s ;DaGw / ;dGjo /xG5 . x/]s n]vfsf] …z]ifÚ csf]{ n]vfsf] …k|f/lDes k|j]zÚ (Starting
Element) sf] ¿kdf /xG5 . o;y{, dfly cfosf] pkof]u n]vfsf] z]ifsf] ¿kdf cfpg] …jrtÚ ;+ro n]vfsf] …k|f/DeÚ sf] ¿kdf
/xG5 . o;nfO{ ;/n¿kdf k|:t't ubf{ cy{tGqleqsf] cfDbfgLdWo]af6 pkef]u vr{ s6fpFbf z]if …artÚ x'G5 / ;f] art kF"hL
lgdf{0fdf pkof]u x'G5 . o; ;d"xsf n]vfx¿cGtu{t rfn" vftfaf6 z]if (Balancing Item) sf] ¿kdf cfpg] 'art' (Saving)
sf] pkof]u / cGo ;|f]tjf6 k|fKt k+F"hLsf] cfwf/df kF"hL lgdf{0fsf] n]vf tof/ x'G5 . ;~ro n]vfcGtu{tsf] kF"hL n]vf (Capital
Account) n] ef}lts kF"hL lgdf{0fsf] cfFs8fdf ePsf] kl/jt{g (Change in Assets) / To;sf kF"hLut ;|f]tx¿ (Change in
Liabilities) sf] kl/jt{gnfO{ k|:t't ub{5 . ;+ro n]vfsf] csf]{ efu ljQLo n]vf (Financial Account) cGtu{t ljQLo
;DklQdf v'b kl/jt{g / bfloTjdf v'b kl/jt{g n]vf k|:t't x'G5g\ . kF"hL n]vf / ljQLo n]vfsf] z]if (Balancing Item) sf]
¿kdf "v'b C0f lnPsf] jf lbPsf]" (Net Lending (+)/Net Borrowing (-) k||:t't x'G5 . ;+ro n]vfsf oL b'j} efusf] z]if
;Gt'ng (Balancing Item) Pp6} x'g'k5{ .
 ;~ro n]vfx? (Accumulation Accounts)

Accumulation III.1 Capital Changes in net worth due to

accounts account saving and capital transfers
net lending/borrowing
III.2 Financial Net lending/borrowing
accounts
III.3 Other III.3.1 Other changes in volume Changes in net worth due to
changes in assets of assets account other changes in volume of
accounts III.3.2 Revaluation account assets
neutral holding gain /losses Changes in net worth due to
real holding gain /losses neutral holding gain /losses

%=@=@= k"“hL n]vf (Capital Account), ljQLo n]vf (Financial) tyf k'gd{"Nof+sg n]vf (Revaluation Account)
kF"hL n]vfn] u}/ljQLo ;DklQsf] k|flKt / kF"hL :yfgfGt/0f (Capital Transfer) sf] ljj/0f k|:t't ub{5 . o; n]vfsf]
bfFofkl§ art / v'b k"FhL :yfgfGt/0f k|:t't x'G5 eg] afFofkl§ s"n l:y/ kF"hL lgdf{0f (Gross Fixed Capital Formation), l:y/
kF"hLsf] pkef]u -X|f; s§L h:t}_ (Consumption of Fixed Capital), hu]8fdf kl/jt{g (Changes in Inventories) / d"Nojfg\
cGo j:t'sf] d"Nodf kl/j{tgsf ;fy} cGo pTkfbg gul/Psf u}/ljQLo ;DklQ (Non Produced Non-financial Assets) cflb
kb{5g\ . o;/L oL b'O{ kIfaLrsf] cGt/ -cyf{t bfloTjdf kl/jt{g / ;DklQdf kl/jt{gsf] cGt/_ eg]sf] v'b ;fk6L lnPsf] jf
lbPsf] (Net Lending (+))/Net Borrowding (-) ?kdf z]if /xg hfG5 .

kF"hL n]vf (Capital Account)

Changes in Assets
P.51 Gross fixed capital formation
K.1 Consumption of fixed capital (-)
P.52 Changes in inventories
P.53 Acquisition less disposals of valuables
K.2 Acquisition less disposals of non-
produced non-financial assets
B.9 Net lending (+)/net borrowing (-)
Changes in Liabilities and Net Worth
B.8 Saving
D.9 Capital transfers, receivable (+)
D.9 Capital transfers, payable (-)
10.1 Changes in net worth due to saving and capital
transfers
(it is not an balancing item but corresponds to the total
of the right hand side of the capital account)

kF"hL n]vfdf kl/jt{gsf] c+s ljQLo n]vfdf klg k|:t't x'G5 . kF"hL n]vfdf ef}lts kF"hL h:tf] ejg, ;8s lgdf{0f,
d]l;g/L cf}hf/ cflb kF"hL lgdf{0fsf] cfotg jf d"Nof+sg / ltgsf ;|f]tx¿ -h:tf]M art / v'b kF"hL :yfgfGt/0fsf] ¿kdf_
k|:t't x'G5g\ eg] ljQLo n]vfdf ;f]xL cfotg jf d"Nosf] kl/jt{g ljQLo cf}hf/x¿ -h:tf]M df}lb|s ;'g / Special Drawing
Rights, gub / lgIf]k, lwtf]kqx¿, C0f cflb_ df s:tf] kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 eGg] k|:t't x'G5g\ .

ljQLo n]vf (Financial Account)

Changes in Assets Changes in Liabilities and Net Worth
F. Net acquisition of financial assets F Net incurrence of liabilities
F.1 Monetary gold and SDRs
F.2 Currency and deposits F.2 Currency and deposits
F.3 Securities other than shares F.3 Securities other than shares
F.4 Loans F.4 Loans
F.5 Shares and other equity F.5 Shares and other equity
F.6 Insurance technical reserves F.6 Insurance technical reserves
F.7 Other accounts receivable F.7 Other accounts payable
B.9 Net lending (+)/net borrowing (-)

;~ro n]vfcGtu{tsf] csf]{ n]vf k'gd{"Nof+sg n]vf (Revaluation Account) xf] h;df cy{tGqleq ;+:yfut OsfOx¿
(Institutional Sectors) sf] :jfldTj jf rngdf /x]sf] ;DklQsf] d"Nof+sgdf x'g] 36a9n] s'n ;DklQsf] d"Nof+sgdf klg 36a9
x'g] x'Fbf (Holding Gain or Loss) ;f]sf] Ps cnu n]vfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . jf:tjdf k'g{d"Nof+sg n]vfn] /fli6«o n]vf
k|0ffnLleq ;~ro n]vf / jf;nft (Balance Sheet) aLrsf] ;Dks{sf] sfd ub{5 .

%=# jf;nft (Balance Sheet)

Jff;nftn] u0fgf cjlwsf] cGTosf] cy{tGqsf] ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] ljj/0f / ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQdf ePsf] kl/jt{g pknAw
u/fpFb5 .
jf;nft (Balance Sheet)
IV. Balance Opening Balance sheet Net worth
sheets Changes in balance sheet Changes in Net worth
Closing balance sheet Net worth

^= k|d'v ;dli6ut rn (Main Macroeconomic Aggregates) x?sf] cjwf/0ff / cg'dfg ljlw

pk/f]Qm n]vfx¿sf] k|lji6L (Entries) x¿sf] of]u4f/f cy{tGqsf] s'g} cjlwsf] s'n pTkfbg (GO), dWojtL{ pkef]u
(IC), d"No clej[l4 (GVA), ufX{:y pTkfbg (GDP), /fli6«o cfo (GNI), pkef]u (C), art (S), nufgL (I), kF"hL lgdf{0f (K) /
;|f]t ;fwgsf] cGt/ (Resource Gap) cflb ;dli6ut cfly{s rnx¿ / ;"rsx¿ tof/ x'G5 . oL ;dli6ut rnx¿sf]
ljZn]if0fsf] nflu o;sf cjwf/0ff, kl/efiff / cg'dfg ljlwaf/] :ki6 x'g' dxTjk"0f{ ePsf]n] ltgnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf
5g\ .

^=! s"n pTkfbg (Gross Output)

s"n pTkfbg eg]sf] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] hDdf hDdL pTkfbg xf] h;df nfut kIfaf6 x]bf{ dWojtL{ pkef]u jf nfut,
Hofnf, ;+rfng gfkmf (Operating Surplus) / pTkfbg k|ls|ofsf s/x¿ ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf x'G5g\ . Jojxf/df o;sf] cg'dfg
pTkfbg kl/df0f (Q) / d"No (P) sf] u'0fgåf/f k|fKt x'G5 . ;]jf;DaGwL ls|ofsnfksf] ;Gbe{df ;]jf laqmLaf6 k|fKt hDdf hDdL
d"No / hDdf hDdL pTkfbg a/fj/ x'G5 .
GO = Q * P

^=@ dWojtL{ pkef]u (Intermediate Consumption)

j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbgsf] k|ls|ofdf sRrf kbfy{, oftfoft vr{, d;nGb, ljB't vr{ cGo ;fdfGo ;]jf vl/b cflb vr{
x'G5g\ . h;nfO{ dWojtL{ pkef]u cyjf dWojtL{ nfut elgG5 . o;df tnj, Hofnf, gfkmf, j:t' dflysf] s/ ;dfj]z x'Fb}g .

^=# d"No clej[l4 (Gross Value Added)

sRrf kbfy{ k|zf]wg sfo{ / j:t' pkef]u of]Uo jgfpg] jf pkef]Qmf / s|]tf;dIf ;]jf pknJw u/fpg] k|ls|ofdf d"No yk
ePsf] x'G5 h;nfO{ d"No clej[l4 (Gross Value Added) elgG5 . ux'Fsf] k|zf]wgaf6 lk7f], lk7f] k|zf]wgaf6 kfp/f]6L agfpg]
k|ls|ofdf tL sRrf kbfy{sf] d"Nodf c? nfut yk eO{ d"No clej[l4 ePsf] x'G5 . k|fljlws ¿kdf d"No clej[l4sf] u0fgf s'n
pTkfbg (GO) af6 dWojtL{ pkef]u (IC) 36fpFbf k|fKt x'G5 .

GVA = GO - IC

^=$ s'n ufX|{:y pTkfbg (Gross Domestic Product)

cy{tGqleq s'g} Ps cjlwdf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbgdf bf]xf]/f] u0fgf gx'g] u/L ;Dk"0f{ cfjf;Lo OsfO (Residential
Units) x?af6 ePsf] ;dli6 d"No clej[l4nfO{ s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg elgG5 . jf:tjdf GDP eg]sf] d"No clej[l4 g} xf] c6ft
x/]s pTkfbg OsfOx¿sf] d"No clej[l4 / v'b s/ (Taxes Less Subsidies) sf] of]ukmn g}} GDP xf] .
GDP = ∑GVA

/fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnLdf GDP sf] u0fgf tLg ljlwaf6 x'G5g\ . pTkfbg ljlw (Production Approach) cg';f/ ufx{:y
pTkfbg eg]sf] s"n pTkfbgaf6 dWojtL{ pkef]u 36fO{ k|fKt x'G5 .

GDP (Y) = GO – IC
 Joo ljlw (Expenduture Approach) cg';f/ ufx{:y pTkfbg eg]sf] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] clGtd pkof]u a/fj/ x'G5 .
h:tf] M
GDP (Y) = C + I + X – M

h;df clGtd pkef]u, nufgL -l:y/kF"hL lgdf{0f / d"Nojfg j:t'x?sf] v'b k|flKt / hu]8fdf kl/jt{g_ / j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
cfoftsf] d"Noaf6 j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] lgof{t d"No 36fO{ s"n ufx{:y pTkfbg k|fKt x'G5 . o:tf] cg'dfg qm]tf d"No (Purchases's
Price) df s'n ufx{:y Joo (Gross Domestic Expenditure) sf] ?kdf k|fKt x'G5 . t];|f] ljlw, cfo dfkg ljlw (Income
Approach) cg';f/ cfjf;Lo pTkfbg OsfO (Resident Producer Unit) af6 latl/t k|fylds cfox¿sf] of]ukmnsf] ?kdf s'n
ufx{:y pTkfbg cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . h;df tna Hofnf (Compensation of Employees), v'b s/ (Taxes Less Subsidies),
ldl>t cfo (Mixed Income) / ;Grfng art (Operating Surplus) kb{5g\ .

^=% s'n /fli6«o cfo (Gross National Income)

;/n efiffdf …s'n /fli6«o cfoÚ n] cy{tGqsf] s'g} tf]lsPsf] cjlwsf] hDdf hDdL cfDbfgLnfO{ hgfpF5 h'g k|fljlws
¿kn] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf (GDP) df afFFsL ljZj (Rest of the World) - cyf{t, u}/cfjf;Lo OsfOsf Non Residential
Units af6 cfjf;Lo OsfO{x¿nfO{ k|fKt x'g] / cfjf;Lo OsfOx¿af6 u}/cfjf;Lo OsfO{x¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] k|fylds cfo_ af6
k|fKt x'g] v'b k|fylds cfo (Primary Income) hf]8]/ k|fKt x'G5 .

^=^ v'b /fli6«o cfo (Net National Income-NNI)

s'n /fli6«o cfoaf6 l:y/kF"hLsf] pkef]u -X|f; s§L h:t}_ 36fpFbf v'b /fli6«o cfo cyjf …/fli6«o cfoÚ sf] cg'dfg k|fKt
x'G5 .
NNI = GNI – consumption of fixed Capital

oL afx]s cGo rnx¿ h:tf], clGtd pkef]u, jrt, k"hL lgdf{0f cflbsf] cjwf/0ff dfly pNn]v eO;s]sf 5g\ .

s]xL ;dli6ut ;"rsx?sf] ;+/rgf

s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg -jhf/ d"Nodf_ s'n pTkfbg + pTkfbgdf v'b s/ - dWojtL pkef]u
(GDP at market prics) = GO + Taxes less subsidies - IC
s'n ufx{:y Joo clGtd pkef]u vr{ + hu]8fdf kl/jt{g + s'n l:y/ kF"hL lgdf{0f + d"Nojfg cGo
(Gross Domestic Expenditure) = j:t'x¿sf] v'b k|flKt + j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf] lgof{t – j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf] cfoft
s'n /fli6«o cfo s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg + pTkfbg k|ls|of / cfoftdf nufOPsf] v'b s/ + kfl/>lds
(Gross National Income) = cfDbfgL -v'b_ + ;DklQaf6 ePsf] cfDbfgL -v'b_
GDP + Primary incomes receivable from ROW (non resident units –
primary incomes payable to non resident units)
Gross National Disposable s'n /fli6«o cfo (GNI) + cfDbfgL / ;DklQdfly nufOPsf] s/ -cy{tGq aflx/jf6
Income (GNDI) = k|fKt / e'QmfgL, v'b_ + cy{tGq aflx/af6 k|fKt / e'QmfgLsf] v'b, ;fdflhs
of]ubfg / rfn" lsl;dsf :yfgfGt/0f /sd

&= rfn" / l:y/ d"Nodf /fli6«o n]vf tYof+s

cy{tGqsf] pTkfbg, pkef]u, art, kF"hL lgdf{0f cflb rfn" tyf l:y/ d"Nodf (Current/Constant Prices) tof/ ul/G5 .
rfn" d"Nodf tof/ ul/+bf ;Gbe{ jif{sf] jf:tljs l:ylt k|:t't x'G5 . t/ rfn" d"Nodf tof/ ul/Psf] >[+vnfaf6 jflif{s
kl/jt{gsf] oyfy{ k|ltljlDjt x'Fb}g . sf/0f, j[l4 jf kl/jt{g pTkfbgsf] kl/df0fdf x'g] kl/jt{gn] jf d"Nodf x'g] kl/jt{gn] jf
b'j}df x'g] kl/jt{gn] eO/x]sf] x'G5 . t;y{, oyfy{ j[l4 (Real Growth) kQf nufpg d"No j[l4sf] c;/nfO{ k~5fP/ dfkg ug'{kg]{
x'G5 . /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnLdf o;/L d"No j[l4sf] c;/nfO{ k~5fpg s'g} Ps cfwf/ jif{sf] d"Nodf cfwfl/t eP/ kl/jt{gsf] dfkg
jf cg'dfg tof/ ul/G5 . h;nfO{ l:y/ d"Nosf] cg'dfg (Constant Price Estimates) elgG5 . Jojxf/df l:y/ d"Nodf cg'dfg
tof/ ug{ ljleGg ljlwx? ckgfOPsf x'G5g\ . ;/n¿kdf a'lemg] ljlw eg]sf] d"No ;"rsf+s tof/ ug'{ xf] . s'g} cfwf/ jif{df
pTkfbgsf] d"NonfO{ !)) dfGbf cufl8sf jif{df s;/L ;"rsf+s kl/jt{g x'G5 ;f] tof/ ul/G5 . tTkZrft, rfn" d"Nosf
cg'dfgnfO{ d"No ;"rsf+sn] efu ubf{ d"No kl/jt{gsf ;fna;fnL c;/ x6\5 / cfwf/ jif{s} d"Nodf cg'dfg pknJw x'G5 .
o;/L k|of]u ul/g] d"No ;"rsf+s (Price Index) nfO{ cy{zf:qdf d"No efhs (Deflator) elgG5 . d"No ;"rsf+ssf] cg'kl:yltdf
sltko If]qsf] pTkfbgsf] oyfy{ kl/jt{gnfO{ dfkg ug{ kl/df0f k|If]k0f (Volume Extrapolation) ug{' klg l:y/ d"Nosf
cg'dfgsf] Jojxfl/s kIf xf] .

*= j:t' tyf ;]jf n]vf (Goods and Services Accounts) / cfk"lt{ pkof]u tflnsf (Supply and Use Table)
;dli6ut cy{{tGqsf] sf/f]jf/x¿ ljz]iftM j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] dfu cfk"lt{sf] ljZn]if0f, cfly{s gLlt tyf sfo{s|dx¿sf]
cg'udg, d"Nof+sg / ;dli6ut cfly{s of]hgfsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . To:tf] dfu cfk"lt{sf] ljZn]if0fsf] nflu cfjZos tYofÍ
/ vfsf /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnLn] pknJw u/fpFb5 . j:t' tyf ;]jf n]vfn] j:t'tM ufx{:y pTkfbg / cfoftnfO{ ;|f]t ;fwgtkm{ /
pkef]u, kF"hL lgdf{0f / lgof{tnfO{ pkof]utkm{ b]vfpFb5 . of] n]vfn] ;du|df /fli6«o n]vf tYofÍsf] cjwf/0ffut ;Gt'ngnfO{
lglZrt ub{5 . ;fy} b'O{ leGg ljlwaf6 ul/Psf cg'dfgx¿sf] cGt/nfO{ ;d]t O+lut ub{5 .
GO + M = IC + C + I + X
-cfk"lt{_ = -pkof]u_

cfk"lt{ pkef]u tflnsfn] j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] lj:tfl/t ?kdf s'g s'g cfly{s If]qaf6 pTkfbg / cfk"lt{ eO/x]sf 5g\ / tL
j:t'x?sf] pkof]u klg dWojtL{ pkef]usf] ?kdf, clGtd pkef]u, k"FhL lgdf{0f jf lgof{tdf s;n] s'g s'g cfly{s
ls|ofsnfkcGtu{t jf s'g j:t' pkof]u u/]sf] 5 eGg] lrqf+lst ub{5 . o:tf] k|:tl'tn] cGttM Input - Output Table sf] nflu
;d]t cfwf/ tof/ ub{5 . cfk"lt{ pkof]u tflnsf j:t' tyf ;]jf n]vfsf] lj:tfl/t ¿k xf] . cfk"lt{ pkof]u tflnsfnfO{ k|ydtM
b'O{ efu -cfk"lt{ / pkof]u tflnsf_ df k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . cfk"lt{ tflnsfdf dxn (Columm) tkm{ cf}Bf]lus juL{s/0f (ISIC)
cg';f/ s'n pTkfbg (Gross Output) nfO{ k|:t't ul/G5 h'g d"ntM cfwf/e"t d"No (Basic Price) d} x'G5 ;fy} Jofkf/ tyf
oftfoftsf] vr{ (Margin) nfO{ hf]8]/ hDdf hDdL s|]tf d"No (Purchaser's Price) df k|:t't ul/G5 . o;df yk cfoft ;d]t
hf]8\bf s'n cfk"lt{ x'ghfG5 . o; tflnsfsf] d'Vo ljz]iftf ISIC cg';f/ x/]s juL{s/0fsf] yk cg'dfgx¿ j:t' juL{s/0f
(CPC) cg';f/ lbOG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, tflnsfsf] dxntkm{ pBf]u (Manufacturing) If]qsf] ljleGg vfn] j:t'x¿ -s[lifdf
cfwfl/t jf vlgh j:t'df cfwfl/t cflb_ lbOPsf] x'G5 h;sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f (Breakdown) tflnsfsf] x/]s x/km (Row) tkm{
lbOPsf] x'G5 cyf{t s'g} Pp6f pBf]un] s:tf s:tf j:t'x¿ s] slt d"No j/fj/ pTkfbg u5{g eGg] hgfpFb5 .

pkof]u tflnsftkm{ s'n cfk"lt{ dWojtL{ pkof]usf] ¿kdf, clGtd pkef]usf] ¿kdf, kF"hL lgdf{0fdf / lgof{tdf s'g s'g
j:t' slt d"No a/fj/ pkof]u eof] eGg] b]vfpF5 . o; tflnsfdf dxntkm{ IC sf] ¿kdf s'g pBf]un] s'g j:t' pkof]u u5{
eGg] hgfpF5 . o;y{, o;df klg x/kmtkm{ CPC cg';f/s} j:t'sf] juL{s/0fx¿ k|:t't ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;fy} dxntkm{ g} ;:yfut
If]qx¿sf] 3/kl/jf/, 3/kl/jf/nfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg] gfkmf/lxt ;+:yf / ;/sf/sf] -Jofj;flos ;+:yf afx]s_ clGtd pkef]unfO{
k|:t't ul/G5 , h'g km]l/ CPC cg';f/s} x'G5 . pkof]usf] t];|f] efudf k"FhL lgdf{0fcGtu{t j:t'x¿sf] pkof]unfO{ b]vfpF5 . ;fy}
rf}yf] efudf CPC cg';f/s} lgof{tsf] c+sx¿ k|:t't ul/G5 .

cfk"lt{ pkof]u tflnsf cGtu{t s'n pTkfbg (GO) / dWojtL{ pkef]u (IC) k|fKt x'g] ePsf]n] ISIC cg';f/ d"No clej[l4
(GVA) klg pknJw x'G5 . h;sf cGt/lglxt tTjx¿ Kffl/>lds cfDbfgL (CE), v'b s/, ldl>t cfDbfgL, ;~rfng jrt tyf
l:y/kF"hL pkef]u ;d]t o; tflnsfdf k|:t't x'G5 .

o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ tflnsf tof/Lsf] nflu tYofÍsf] cfk"lt{ g} lg0ff{os x'G5 . lj:t[t¿kdf pTkfbgsf ;j]{If0fx¿ kfl/jfl/s
vr{x¿sf] ;j]{If0f tyf cfoft lgof{tsf tYofÍx¿ cflb hlt lj:t[t¿kdf pknJw x'G5g\ ToxLcg';f/sf] sfdnfUbf] tl/sfn]
cfk"lt{ pkof]u tflnsf tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] tflnsf tof/Lsf] s|ddf k|ydtM ;dfg k|s[ltsf pBf]ux¿ Ps} lsl;dsf
juL{s/0fx¿df ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;fy} j:t' klg pTklQsf] (Origin) cfwf/df Ps} ju{df ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . c? yk s'/f,
dxndf k|:t't x'g] ISIC sf] juL{s/0fnfO{ klg j:t' (Product) cg';f/ yk juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsof] eg] Input Output Table,
Product by Product tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . h'g ;j{k|yd k|l;4 cy{zf:qL Leontiff n] tof/ u/sf lyP .
 cfk"lt{ pkof]u tflnsfsf] vfsf
;fwg (Resources)
Goods Gross Output

Total Industry at
purchase's price

Total Transport
Total Supply at
and

Goods and
basic price

Imports of
Taxes less
Substidies

Services
Margin
Services ISIC divisions
(CPC)
A B ......
0
1
2
.
9
Total
Supply

j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pkof]u -qm]tfsf] d"Nodf_

pkof]u (Uses)

Goods and Intermediate Final Consumption Gross Capital Exports of

Services (CPC) Consumption Formation Goods and
Household NPISH Government Services

Total Uses
GVA/GDP

(= /fli6«o n]vfdf cGt/f{li6«o juL{s/0fx¿sf] pkof]u

/fli6«o n]vf tYofÍsf] tof/L / k|:t'ltdf ;/ntf / Ps¿ktfsf] nflfu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 nufotsf ljZj ;+:yfx¿n]
laleGg cGt/f{li6«o juL{s/0fx¿ tof/ u/]sf 5g\ h;dWo] s]xL juL{s/0fx¿sf] kl/ro lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .

(=! cGt/fli6«o :tl/s[t cf}Bflus juL{s/0f (International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic
Activities (ISIC))

o; juL{s/0fsf] p2]Zo cy{tGqleqsf j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbg ug]{ ;a} cfly{s ls|ofsnfkx¿ ;d]6\g] / ;se/ ldNbf]
ls|ofsnfkx¿df ;d"xLs[t u/L tYofÍsf] k|:t'tLdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' xf] . ISIC Rev 3.1 cg';f/ k|d'v !& juL{s/0fx¿cGtu{t
rf/ c++s;Ddsf juL{s/0fx¿ tof/ ul/Psf 5g\ .

(=@ s]Gb|Lo pTkfbg juL{s/0f (Central Product Classification (CPC))

cy{tGqleqsf ls|ofsnfkx¿af6 laleGg lsl;dsf j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿ pTkfbg eO/x]sf x'G5g\, . h:tf], cGgv]tLsf]
ls|ofsnfkaf6 wfg, uxF' cflb pTkfbg eO/x]sf x'G5g\, cf}Bf]lus ls|ofsnfkaf6 vfB tyf u}/vfB j:t'x¿ pTkfbg eOx]sf
x'G5g\ . To:t} lgdf{0f ;]jfaf6 cfjf;Lo 3/, sfof{no 3/, af6f]3f6f] lgdf{0f ePsf x'G5g\ eg] Aofkf/, :jf:y jf lzIff ;]jfsf
;fy} ;fd'bflos ;]jfx¿af6 tt\ tt\ ;]jf pTkfbg eO{ pkef]Qmfn] pkef]u ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . t;y{, cy{tGqsf] hDdf hDdL
pTkfbgx¿sf] cg'dfgsf] nflu ;a} j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿ ;d]6\g' kg]{ ePsf]n] Pp6f :t/Ls[t pTkfbg -j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿_ sf]
juL{s/0f tof/ ul/Psf] x'G5 h'g tof/ ug{ ;se/ Ps} lsl;dsf] ef}lts ;+/rgf, Ps} lsl;dsf] pTklQsf] ;|f]tnfO{ Wofgdf
/flvPsf] x'G5 .

(=# p2]Zocg';f/sf] JolQmut pkef]usf] juL{s/0f (Classification of Individual Consumption by purpose (COICOP))
3/kl/jf/n] ug]{ pkef]u vr{sf] tfls{s ;d"xLs/0fsf] p2]Zon] tof/ ul/Psf] o; juL{s/0fcGtu{t j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿,
u}/l6sfp j:t', cw{l6sfp, l6sfp j:t' ;fy} ;]jfx¿ ;d]tnfO{ !) k|d'v ;d"xx?df laefhg ul/Psf x'G5g\ . vfB, k]o tyf
;'lt{b]lv nQf sk8f, :jf:Yo, oftfoft, dgf]/~hg, lzIff tyf /]i6'/fF cflb ;]jfx¿nfO{ juL{s/0f ul/Psf x'G5g\ .
(=$ ;/sf/sf] sfo{x¿sf] juL{s/0f (Classification of the Functions of the Government - COFOG)
;fdfGotof ;/sf/n] 3/kl/jf/ jf Jofj;flos k|lti7fgn] ug]{eGbf leGg k|sf/sf ;]jf pTkfbg ul//x]sf xG5g\ . s]Gb|Lo
;/sf/ / :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿n] ;d'bfo, 3/kl/jf/ tyf Joj;fosf] ;'/Iffb]lv lgod sfg"g agfpg] / nfu" ug]{, ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f,
;fdflhs ;'/Iff, ljQLo lgodg;Ddsf ls|ofsnfkx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL tof/ ul/Psf] kl5Nnf] cGt/f{li6«o juL{s/0fdf hDdf
hDdL !$ k|d'v ;d"x cGtu{tsf pkjuL{s/0fx? ;dfj]z 5g\ .

o;sf ;fy} /fli6«o n]vf tYofÍsf] tof/L / k|:t'tLdf sf/f]jf/sf cfwf/df, ;DklQsf] k|sf/sf cfwf/df, ;+:yfut If]qsf
cfwf/df c? ljleGg juL{s/0fx¿ klg k|of]u ul/Psf 5g\ .

!)= g]kfnsf] /fli6«o n]vf tYof° tof/Lsf] ;+lIfKt ljlw

s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] g]kfnsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg, pkef]u / kF"hL lgdf{0fsf] k|yd cg'dfg O{=;++= 1961/62 sf] nflu
tof/ u/]sf] lyof] . t/ cljl5Gg >[+vnf rfFlx O{=;+= 1964/65 -lj=;+=@)@!/@@_ af6 dfq pknJw 5 . g]kfnsf] xfn k|rngdf
/x]sf] /fli6«o n]vf tYofÍ 1993 SNA cg';f/ ;g 2000/01 nfO{ cfwf/ aif{sf] ¿kdf lnO{ tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . xfnsf] /fli6«o
n]vf tYofÍ d"ntM pTkfbg ljlwåf/f tof/ ul/Psf] ufx{:y pTkfbg (GDP) sf]] cg'dfg tyf Joo ljlwåf/f tof/ ul/Psf] clGtd
pkef]u, kF"hL lgdf{0f tyf v'b lgof{tdf ;Lldt 5 . oL cg'dfgx¿ k|rlnt tyf l:y/ d"Nodf pknJw 5g\ . oL k|d'v ;dli6ut
rnx¿ s} cfwf/df cy{tGqsf d'Vo ;"rsx¿, cfly{s j[l4 b/, pkef]u b/, art b/, nufgL b/ k|ltAolQm cfDbfgL tyf cfoft
lgof{tsf] cg'kftx¿ tof/ ul/G5g\ . UffX|{:y pTkfbgsf cg'dfgx¿ k|rlnt tyf l:y/ d"Nodf ISIC tyf ;+:yfut If]qsf]
juL{s/0fcg';f/ pknJw 5g\ . o:t} pkef]u / kF"hL lgdf{0fsf cg'dfgx? klg ;f]xL juL{s/0fcg';f/ pknJw 5g\ .

oL cg'dfgx¿ tof/Lsf] nflu laleGg ;|f]taf6 ;fna;fnL tYofÍ ;+sng ul/G5g\ . s[lif If]qsf] ufx{:y pTkfbgsf]
cg'dfgsf] nflu d'Votof s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnoaf6 afnLgfnL, kz'k+IfL tyf dT:o pTkfbgsf cfFs8fx¿ K|ffKt x'G5g\ . s[lif
If]qsf dWojtL{ pkef]usf] cg'dfg s]= t= lj= n] ;~rfng u/]sf cWoog ;j]{If0fx¿df cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . s[lif j:t'sf] yf]s d"No,
v'b|f d"No s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnoaf6 k|fKt x'G5g\ eg] s]xL s]=t=lj=af6 klg ;+sng ul/G5g\ . k|foM vlgh pTkfbg cflbsf]
tYofÍ vfgL laefuaf6 k|fKt x'G5g\ . cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgsf] tYofÍ s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ laefujf6 k|To]s kfFr jif{df ;DkGg x'g]
cf}Bf]lus u0fgf / bz bz jif{df x'g] ;fgf pBf]u ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt x'g] tYofÍsf] cfwf/df / s]=t=lj= af6} q}dfl;s ¿kdf
;~rfng x'g] ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt x'G5g\ . pk/f]Qm tYofÍsf] cfwf/df cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] d"No clej[l4sf] cg'dfg tof/ ul/G5 .
ljB't, kfgL tyf Uof;sf d"No clej[l4sf] cfFs8fx¿ ;DjlGwt lgud / k|lti7fgx¿af6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwf/df tof/
ul/G5g\ .

lgdf{0ftkm{sf] pTkfbg / d"No clej[l4sf] cg'dfg j:t' k|jfx ljlw (Commundity Flow Approach) sf] cfwf/df tof/
ul/G5 / o;nfO{ ;/sf/L vr{ / k6s] ;j]{If0fx¿sf] glthfsf] cfwf/df hfFr ul/G5 . h:tf]M d'n'sleqsf] lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx¿sf]
pTkfbg -l;d]G6, 58\, O{6f cflb_ / cfoftsf] cfwf/df s'n cfk"lt{sf] cg'dfg tof/ u/L To;sf] k|of]u k|fljlws cg'kftsf
cfwf/df tof/ ul/G5 . Jofkf/, xf]6n, /]i6'/fF cflbsf] of]ubfg tt\ If]qsf ;–;fgf ;j]{If0fx¿ / 7"nf xf]6nx¿sf] ;Gbe{df tL
OsfOx¿af6 k|fKt gfkmf gf]S;fgL ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df d"No clej[l4sf] cg'dfg tof/ ul/G5 . oftfoft, ;+rf/ If]qsf] of]ubfgsf]
cg'dfgsf] nflu oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿sf] ;+Vof / kF"hL / b"/ ;+rf/, x'nfs ;]jf cflb;Fu ;DjlGwt k|lti7fgx¿af6 tYofÍ ;+sng
ul/G5 . ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] tYofÍ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s tyf cGo a}+sx?, jLdf sDkgL cflbaf6 k|fKt x'G5 . To:t}, ;/sf/L
vr{x¿sf] ;+zf]lwt tyf oyfy{ vr{ dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] sfof{noaf6 k|fKt x'G5 . pkef]u vr{sf] cg'dfg g]kfn hLjg:t/
;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt tYofÍ / g]kfn /fi6« a}+sjf6 k|fKt x'g] pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rsf+ssf cfwf/df cBfjlws ul/Psf 5g\ . kF"hL
lgdf{0fsf] cg'dfg lgdf{0f If]qsf] tYofÍ -s]=t=lj= sf]_ / cfoft lgof{t tYofÍaf6 k|fKt x'g] cf}hf/x¿, kF"hLut ;fdfgx¿sf
tYofÍ Psq u/L tof/ ul/G5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}+saf6 k|fKt x'g] zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt (Balance of Payments) sf] tYofÍaf6 k|fKt
;]jf cfoft / rfn" lsl;dsf ;xof]u :yfgfGt/0f (Current Transfers) sf] tYofÍ ;dfof]hg u/L s'n /fli6«o cfo (GNI) sf]
cg'dfg tof/ ul/G5 . l:y/ d"Nodf oL cg'dfg tof/Lsf] nflu If]qut d"No ;"rsf+sx¿ klg tof/ ul/G5g\ .

;fna;fnL ;j]{If0fx¿sf] ckof{Kttf / cJojl:yt k|zf;sLo ;"rgfx?sf sf/0fn] /fli6«o n]vf tYof+ssf] cg'dfgdf sdL
sdhf]/Lx? /x]sf 5g\ / To;af/] j]nfavt k|Zgx? p7\g] u/]sf 5g\ . t;y{, cy{tGqdf eO/xg] kl/jt{gx? h:tf] pkef]u
k|j[ltdf kl/jt{g, k|ljlw kl/jt{g, ls|ofsnfkx?sf] lj:tf/ cflb /fli6«o n]vf tYofÍdf k|ltlalDjt x'g] cg]sf}+ tYofÍLo
;j]{If0fx¿sf] ;~rfng / ;/sf/L u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿df ;"rgf Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf 5 . ;du|df, /fli6«o tYofÍ
k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf 68\sf/f] /x]sf] 5Ù lsgeg], e/kbf]{ /fli6«o n]vf tYofÍ s'zn tYofÍ k|0ffnLaf6 dfq k|fKt x'G5 .
cg';"rL !
/fli6«o n]vfsf >[+vnf
Sequence of Accounts
Production Account
2006/07 20005/06 2004/05 2003/04 2002/03 2001/02 2000/01 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Output 697626 721924 767582 837682 914088 1013977 1126289
421331 381655 348317 319689 293936 277872 272201 Intermediate consumption
704958 632322 565771 517993 473646 444052 425425 GVA
20971 19412 18094 17294 13221 13655 12026 FISIM
48888 42798 40927 36050 31906 29046 28090 Tax on products
732875 655708 588604 536749 492331 459443 441489 GDP

Uses Generation of income account Resources

2006/07 20005/06 2004/05 2003/04 2002/03 2001/02 2000/01 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 20005/06 2006/07

GDP 441489 459443 492331 536749 588604 655708 732875

282676 270245 249889 232078 217727 206044 198834 Compensation of employees
Taxes on production and imports
Subsidies(-)
450199 385463 338715 304671 274604 253399 242655 Operating surplus/ mixed income
 Allocation of Primary Income Account
2006/07 20005/06 2004/05 2003/04 2002/03 2001/02 2000/01 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 20005/06 2006/07
6870 6468 6115 5525 5163 4902 3770 Property Income Operating surplus/ mixed income 242654.9 253399 274604 304671 338715 385463.3 450198.6
Compensation of employees 198834 206044 217727 232078 249889 270245 282676
Tax on production and imports 28090 29046 31906 36050 40927 42798 48888
Subsidies(-)
Property income 5471 4297 4487 3842 7752 11423 11314
786207 703462 631167 571115 523561 487884 471280 Blance of primary incomes(GNI)

Secondary Distribution of Income Account

2006/07 20005/06 2004/05 2003/04 2002/03 2001/02 2000/01 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 20005/06 2006/07
Current taxes on income and
wealth Blance of primary incomes (GNI) 471280 487884 523561 571115 631167 703462 786207
Social contributions Current taxes on income and wealth
4802 4557 3606 4273 2232 1971 1433 Other current transfers Social contributions
Social contriutions and current
transfers 67028 70157 77765 89162 101310 130703 138500

919905 829608 728871 656004 599094 556070 536875 Disposable Income

2006/07 20005/06 2004/05 2003/04 2002/03 2001/02 2000/01 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Use of Disposable Income Account
2006/07 20005/06 2004/05 2003/04 2002/03 2001/02 2000/01 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 20005/06 2006/07
Disposable income 536875 556070 599094 656004 728871 829608 919905
652170 595355 521301 473685 450090 415843 390017 Final consumption expenditure
267735 234253 207570 182319 149004 140227 146858 Saving

Capital Account
2006/07 20005/06 2004/05 2003/04 2002/03 2001/02 2000/01 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 20005/06 2006/07
146196 135375 117539 109181 98073 89889 84751 Gross FixedCapital Formation Saving 146858 140227 149004 182319 207570 234253 267735
36186 32616 38368 22489 7311 3130 13899 Change in inventories

Acqiosition less disposas of non-

produced non-financial assets

85353 66262 51663 50649 43620 47208 48208 Net lending (+) borrowing (-)
 @%M :of6nfO6 n]vf
?b| ;'jfn∗

kl/ro
/fli6«o n]vfsf] s]Gb|Lo ;+/rgfaf6 ;dli6ut ;"rsfÍx? dfq pknJw x'g] x'Fbf cy{tGqsf] vf; If]qsf] la:t[t laj/0f k|fKt gx'g
;Sb5 . ;dli6ut /fli6«o n]vfdf kfpg g;lsg] sltko cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs laifox?nfO{ ljz]if?kdf s]lGb|t (Focus) u/L
ljZn]if0f ug{'kg]{ x'g;Sb5 . o:tf] l:yltdf vf; If]qsf] ljz]if n]vf tof/ ug{'k/]df :of6nfO6 n]vfsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

/fli6«o n]vfsf] s]Gb|Lo ;+/rgfdf /x]sf] ;LldttfnfO{ x6fp+b} :of6nfO6 n]vfn] vf; If]qsf] lj:tf/df hf]8 lbG5 . t/ o;/L
lj:tf/ ul/Psf] n]vfsf] s]Gb|Lo ;+/rgf;+u tfnd]n /x]sf] x'G5 . :of6nfO6 n]vf tof/ ul/+bf s]Gb|Lo ;+/rgfnfO{ glauf/L tyf
clws ef/ (Over load) glbO{ vf; If]qsf] lj:t[t n]vf tof/ ul/G5 . o;sf] ;+/rgf s]Gb|Lo n]vf k|0ffnLs} cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t
/x]sf] x'G5 . :of6nfO6 n]vfn] lgDg s'/fx? ;d]6\g ;lsG5 .
-s_ vf; If]qsf] yk ;+/rgf tyf tYofÍ pknJw x'g;Sb5 .
-v_ /fli6«o n]vfsf] ;+/rgfdf k"/s tyf j}slNks cfofd (Dimension) yKg ;lsG5 .
-u_ dfgj ls\ofsnfkx?sf] nfut tyf kmfObfsf yk bfo/fsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g;Sb5 .
-3_ ef}lts / df}lb|s sf/f]af/sf] n]vfsf] aLrdf ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 .
-ª_ vf; If]qsf] gLltut ljZn]if0f ug{ cfwf/ tof/ x'g;Sb5 .

:of6nfO6 n]vfdf s]Gb|Lo ;+/rgfdf h:t} cfly{s sf/f]af/sf ljljw kIfx?nfO{ l;nl;n]jf/?kdf k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . /fli6«o
n]vfsf] >[+vnfx? (Sequence of Accounts) df :of6nfO6 n]vfsf] dfWodaf6 lgDg ljifox?df kl/jt{g x'g;Sb5 .

!_ pTkfbg tyf pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jfx? (Production of Goods and Services )
@_ cfDbfgLx? (Income)
#_ j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] k|of]ux? (Use of Goods ad Services)
$_ ;DklQ tyf bfloTjx? (Assets and Liabilities)
%_ 6«fG;km/ tyf vr{of]Uo cfox? (Transfer and Disposable Income)
^_ cGo kIfx? (Other Aspects)

:of6nfO6 n]vf Psftk{m s]Gb|Lo /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnL;+u PsLs[t ePsf] x'G5 eg] csf]{tk{m vf; cfly{s If]q;+usf] la:t[t
laifoj:t';+u ;DalGwt x'G5 . :of6nfO6 n]vfaf6 ;dli6ut cfly{s tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0f ;xh klg x'g;Sb5 . o; cy{df
:of6nfO6 n]vfsf], ljZn]if0fsf] dfWod / tYofÍLo ;DaGwsf] :yfkgfdf bf]xf]/f] e"ldsf x'g;Sb5 .

:of6nfO6 n]vfaf6 s]Gb|Lo n]vf -/fli6«o n]vf_ k|0ffnLsf laleÌ kIfx?df k|efj kg{;Sb5 . o;af6 j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf]
pTkfbg, tyf pTkfbgdf ;+nUg OsfOx?, pTkfbgsf] qmddf k|fKt x'g] cfo (Income), 6«fG;km/ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pkef]u (Use
of Goods and Services) ;DklQ tyf bfloTj (Assets and Liabilities) cflbdf ljleGg lsl;dn] c;/ kg{;Sb5 .

pTkfbg tyf pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jfx? (Production and Products)

s]Gb|Lo /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnLdf ;dfg k|s[ltsf (Homogenous) k|lti7fgx?af6 pTkfbg ePsf ;a} j:t' tyf ;]jfx? -k|fylds,
l4tLo tyf ;xfos_ Pp6} d'Vo pTkfbg ;d"xdf hf]8]/ /flvG5 . t/ oL j:t' tyf ;]jfx?nfO{ km/s?kdf lx;fa ul/g' cfjZos
kg{ ;Sb5 . Input output tflnsf lgdf{0f ubf{ klg oL laleÌ pTkfbgx?nfO{ cnu–cnu?kd} k|:t't ug'{kb{5 . o;sf] ljkl/t
slxn]sfxL+ pTkfbgdf ;+nUg ePsf ;a} ls|ofsnfkx?nfO{ Psd'i6?kdf klg x]l/g' kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu oftfoft ;]jfnfO{
lng ;lsG5 . /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnLdf t];|f] ;d"xaf6 k|fKt oftfoft ;]jf dfq ;dfj]z ePsf] x'G5 eg] 3/ kl/jf/n] cfˆgf] nflu

∗
lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
205
k|of]u u/]sf] ;]jf ;dfj]z x'Fb}g . olb ;du| oftfoft ;]jfnfO{ Psd'i6?kdf cfFsng ug{'k/]df b'j} lsl;dsf] oftfoft ;]jfnfO{
hf]8\g'kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L hf]l8Psf] ;]jfsf] cg'dfg oftfoft ;]jfsf] s'n pTkfbgsf] dfqf kl/jt{g x'G5 .

ctM s]xL ls|ofsnfkx?nfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf ;dfj]z ubf{ pTkfbgsf] tx (Level) df x]/k]m/ eO{ kl/jt{g cfpg;Sb5 . ctM sltko
cj:yfdf s]Gb|Lo /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnLsf] pTkfbg ;Ldfdf kl/jt{g eO{ lj:tf/ x'g;Sb5 . t/ cGt/fli6«o ?kdf t'ngfof]Uo
agfpgsf] nflu /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnLsf] pTkfbg ;LdfeGbf aflx/ k/]sf] laifonfO{ 5'§}?kdf k|:t't ul/g'kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ /fli6«o
n]vfsf] s]Gb|Lo ;+/rgf lju|b}g / t'ngfTdtf (Comparibility) sfod /xG5 .

cfDbfgL (Income)
olb pTkfbgsf] ;Ldf dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] h:t} kl/jt{g eof] eg] k|fylds cfDbfgLsf] (Primary Income) tx klg kl/jt{g
x'g ;Sb5 . ;du| pTkfbgdf (Output) kl/jt{g ePsf] sf/0fn] d"No clej[lb Value Added df kl/jt{g eO{ >d tyf k"FhLut
cfDbfgLdf (Return to Labour Return to Capital) kl/jt{g cfpg;Sb5 .

j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] k|of]u (Uses of Goods and Services)

dWojtL{ pkef]u, clGtd pkef]u tyf k"FhL lgdf{0fsf] bfo/f klg pTkfbgsf] dfqfdf ePsf] lj:tf/;+u} kl/jt{g x'g;Sb5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu 3/ kl/jf/df pTkfbg ePsf] ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ xf] eg] ;f] pTkfbg vr{df klg ;dfj]; eO{ j:t' tyf
;]jfsf] k|of]usf] dfqfdf kl/jt{g x'G5 . :of6nfO6 n]vfdf s]Gb|Lo /fli6«o n]vfdf eGbf km/s cjwf/0fsf] k|of]u u/]/ klg
ljZn]if0f ug{;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu 3/ kl/jf/n] lzIff tyf :jf:Yodf u/]sf] vr{nfO{ dfgj kF"hL lgdf{0f (Human Capital
Formation) vr{ u/L x]g{;lsG5 . To:t} k|sf/n] 3/fo;L k|of]usf] nflu vl/b ul/Psf] k"FhLut j:t'x?nfO{ -kmlg{r/, df]6/ cflb_
k"FhLut j:t'x? tyf logLx?af6 k|fKt ;]jfnfO{ clGtd pkef]usf] (Final Consumption) ?kdf x]g{;lsG5 . clGtd pkef]udf
k/]sf] km/ssf] sf/0f :of6nfO6 n]vfdf ;du|| artdf (Saving) klg kl/jt{g cfpg;Sb5 .

;DklQ tyf bfloTj (Assets and Liabilities)

pTkfbg, pkef]u tyf k"FhL lgdf{0fsf] bfo/fdf ePsf] kl/jt{g;u} ;DklQ tyf bfloTjdf klg kl/jt{g cfpg;Sb5 . olb ljQLo
;fwgx? (Financial Instruments) yk ul/Psf] v08df, ljQLo ;DklQ tyf bfloTjdf lj:tf/ x'g;S5 . k|fs[lts s]Gb|Lo /fli6«o
n]vfdf ;dfj]z gx'g] ;DklQx? ;dfj]z u/L :of6nfO6 n]vf tof/ ul/Psf] v08df ;DklQ tyf bfloGjsf] tx tyf cg'kftdf
klg km/s kg{;Sb5 .

juL{s/0f tyf p2]Zox?

/fli6«o n]vfsf] s]Gb|Lo ;+/rgfdf p2]Zo (Purpose) cg';f/sf] sf/f]af/x? :ki6 x'G5 t/ :of6nfO6 n]vfdf o:tf] juL{s/0f :ki6
gx'g;S5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ko{6g;DaGwL sf/f]af/sf juL{s/0f :ki6 5}g . t/ ko{6g;+u ;DalGwt sf/f]af/ laleÌ If]qx?df
kg{;Sb5g\ . h;nfO{ ;d]6]/ Ps ko{6g :of6nfO6 n]vf tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L sf/f]af/sf p2]Zout juL{s/0fx?nfO{ k'gM
juL{s/0f u/L :of6nfO6 n]vfdf k|:t't ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . :of6nfO6 n]vfdf cGo ljljw kIfx? ;d]6]/ /fli6«o n]vfnfO{ lj:tf/ ug{
;lsG5 . ;fdfGotof s]Gb|Lo /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnLdf k|of]u ul/g] d"Nof+sgsf ljlw tyf tl/sfx? :of6nfO6 n]vfdf km/s klg x'g
;Sb5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu /fli6«o n]vfsf k4ltdf k|of]u gul/g] df}sf nfut (Opportunity Cost) k4lt :of6nfO6 n]vf
k4ltdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ s]Gb|Lo n]vfsf] cjwf/0ffeGbf km/s ljifoj:t'nfO{ 5'6\ofpg ldNn]u/L k|:t't ug'{kb{5 .

6«fG;km/ tyf vr{of]Uo cfo (Transfer and Disposable Income)

:of6nfO6 n]vf tof/ ubf{ s]Gb|Lo n]vf k|0ffnLdf ;dfj]z gePsf s'/fx? klg ;dfj]z x'g] x'Fbf 6«fG;km/ tyf vr{of]Uo cfodf
klg kl/jt{g cfpg;Sb5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu k|b"if0fsf] sf/0fn] dflg;x?sf] :jf:Yo l:ylt lau|]/ vr{ a9\5 . kmn:j?k vr{of]Uo
cfo tyf 6«fG;km/df gsf/fTds c;/ kb{5 .
206
cGo kIfx? (Other Aspects)
;du|df x]bf{ :of6fnfO6 n]vfnfO{ k|d'v b'O{ ?kdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . s]Gb|Lo /fli6«o n]vfsf] ;+/rgfdf ;fdfGo kl/jt{g cyjf
k'gJoj:yfkg (Rearrangement) ug]{ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu k|d'v pTkfbgaf6 cnu u/L ;xfos pTkfbgsf] (Ancillary Product)
ljj/0f k|:t't ug]{ . bf]>f] k|sf/sf] :of6nfO6 n]vfdf rfFlx /fli6«o n]vfsf] cjwf/0ffeGbf km/s wf/0ffcg';f/ n]vf tof/ ug]{ .
o;sf] nflu pTkfbg pkef]u tyf k"FhL lgdf{0fsf ;Ldfx? kl/jt{g u/L j}slNks kl/efiffx? lbOG5 tyf cfly{s sf/f]af/sf]
kl/efiff tyf juL{s/0f kl/jt{g x'g;Sb5 . of] bf];|f] k|sf/sf] :of6nfO6 n]vf a9L lajfbu|:t x'g;Sb5 t/ klg gLltut
ljZn]if0fsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ rflx x'G5 . h;n] cfly{s ljZn]if0fsf] nflu pkef]uL glthfx? k|bfg ub{5 . jftfj/0f n]vf o;sf]
HjnGt pbfx/0f xf] . o:tf] sfo{af6 /fli6«o n]vfsf] s]Gb|Lo ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;xof]u k'Ub5 .

dflysf] ljZn]if0faf6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] :of6nfO6 ljZn]if0faf6 /fli6«o n]vfsf ljljw kIfx? ;d]6\g tyf vf; If]qsf] k"0f{ t:aL/
k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] n]vf s]Gb|Lo /fli6«o n]vf ;+/rgfdf cfwfl/t x'G5 .

o:tf] :of6nfO6 n]vfdf ;Dk"0f{ cytGqnfO{ ;d]l6b}g j? vf; If]qnfO{ lj:t[t?kdf k|:t't ul/G5 . o;df cf+lzs If]qsf]
ljifoj:t'nfO{ lnP/ s]Gb|Lo ;+/rgfdf Psa4 ul/G5 . o:tf :of6nfO6 n]vfn] w]/} kIfx? (Cases) ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . o:tf If]qx?
ljljw ;+:s[lt, lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;fdflhs ;'/If0f, ko{6g, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;, oftfoft, nut k|zf]wg,
;+rf/ cflb x'g;Sb5g\ .

cfly{s tyf jftfj/0fLo n]vfsf] PsLs[t :of6nfO6 n]vf

:of6nfO6 n]vfsf] dfWodaf6 cfly{s n]vf -/fli6«o n]vf_ / jftfj/0fLo n]vfnfO{ Plss[t u/L k|:t't ul/G5 . o:tf] wf/0ff
cg';f/ /fli6«o n]vfdf ;di6Lut cfFs8fx?df k|fs[lts ;fwg / ;|f]tnfO{ k"FhLsf] ?kdf ;dfj]z u/L j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbg;+u
;DaGw :yflkt ul/G5 . /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnLdf pTkflbt ;DklQx? dfq ;dfj]z ul/G5 . o:tf ;DklQx?sf] k|of]usf] vr{,
dWojtL{ vr{sf] (Intermediate Consumption) ?kdf lnOG5 . t/ pTkfbg gul/Psf k|fs[lts ;DklQx? eg] pTkfbg nfutdf
;dfj]z ePsf x'+b}gg\ . :of6nfO6 n]vfsf] dfWodaf6 o:tf nfutx? ;dfj]z u/L z'4 d"No clea[l4sf] (Net Value Added)
cg'dfg ul/G5 .

cy{tGqsf] vf; kIfsf] ljz]if cWoog ug{, /fli6«o n]vfsf] s]Gb|Lo ;+/rgfdf ;dfj]z x'g g;s]sf] dxTjk"0f{ ljifonfO{ klg
;dfj]z u/L ljZn]if0f ug{sf] nflu :of6nfO6 n]vf k4lt pkof]uL dfWodsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . o;af6 /fli6«o n]vfsf] s]Gb|Lo
;+/rgfsf] lj:tf/ tyf u'0f:t/ ;'wf/df klg of]ubfg k'Ug;Sb5 . o;}n] jt{dfg ;dodf :of6nfO6 n]vfnfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbO{
tof/ ug]{ qmd ljZjsf w]/} b]zx?df z'? ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf klg cy{hutsf dxTjk"0f{ If]qx? h:t}M jftfj/0f, ko{6g, jg,
:jf:Yo, lzIff dlxnfx?sf] 3/fo;L ;]jf cflbnfO{ klxrfg u/L lj:t[t?kdf gLlt th'{df tyf ljZn]if0f ug{ :of6nfO6 n]vf
k4ltnfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?
Statistics Canada (1994) : The Tourism Satellite Account, Ottawa Canada.
United Nation, IME, World Bank, OECD, CFC (1993) : System of National Accounts, New York, Paris,
Washington DC.
United Nations, OECD, WTO, CEC (2001) : Tourism Satellite Account, Recommended Methodological
Framework.
United Nations (2000) : Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting, An Operational Manual, New York.

207
 @^M Aofkf/ tYof° (Trade Statistics)

z+s/nfn >]i7∗

kl/ro M
j:t’ jf ;]jfsf] vl/b tyf ljqmL;DaGwL lqmofsnfknfO{ Aofkf/ elgG5 . Aofkf/ If]q d'n'ssf] cy{tGqsf k|d'v :tDex?dWo] Ps
xf] . o;cGt/ut cfGtl/s / j}b]lzs Aofkf/ kb{5 . j:t' jf ;]jfsf] vl/b tyf ljqmL d'n'sleqs} jfl;Gbf, Aofkf/Lju{ jf
;/sf/L lgsfox?aLr ;Lldt /xg] Jofkf/ cfGtl/s Aofkf/ xf] eg] ljleGg b]zsf jfl;Gbf, Aofkf/Lx? Jff ;/sf/x?aLr x'g]
Jofkf/ j}b]lzs Aofkf/ xf] . cfGtl/s tyf j}b]lzs Aofkf/sf] n]vfhf]vf u/L o; If]qsf] j:t'ut cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg]
;"rgf jf tYofÍnfO{ Aofkf/ tYofÍ elgG5 . Psftkm{ d'n'sleqsf] Jofkf/ If]qdf eO/x]sf] kl/jt{g / ljBdfg cj:yfsf] af/]df
oyfy{k/s hfgsf/L /fVg cfGtl/s Jofkf/ tYofÍ clt cfjZos x'G5 eg] csf]{tkm{ d'n'ssf] cGo b]zx?;Fusf] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
cfoft lgof{tsf] cj:yf tyf b]zsf] zf]wgfGt/ l:yltsf] jf/]df hfgsf/L /fVg j}b]lzs Aofkf/ tYofÍ TolQs} h?/L x'G5 .
lgoldt, e/kbf]{ / ljZj;gLo Aofkf/ tYofÍsf] pknAwtf ;'lglZrt x'g;s]df To;n] ;/sf/nfO{ afl0fHo gLltdf ;fdlos
;'wf/, kl/dfh{g / Aofkf/ k|j4{g ug{ a:t'lgi7 cfwf/ k|bfg u5{ . ctM Aofkf/ tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0f u/L]] Aofkf/ If]qdf ljBdfg
;d:of, r'gf}tL, ;+efjgf / cj;/ ;d]tsf] hfgsf/L x'g] ePsf]n] o; If]qdf k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] pBf]uklt, Aofkf/L,
cg';Gwfgstf{, of]hgfljb\ tyf gLlt lgdf{tfx?nfO{ Aofkf/ tYofÍ cToGt pkof]uL x'G5 .
g]kfndf Aofkf/ tYofÍsf] cfwf/ Tolt ;'b[9 5}g . cfGtl/s Aofkf/ tYofÍsf] ;|f]t Tolt lgoldt, e/kbf]{ / ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g .
j]nfjvt o; If]qsf] nflu cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{ ul/g] ;–;fgf cWoog tyf Trade Margin Surveys cfGtl/s Jofkf/ tYofÍsf
;|f]t x'g . cfGtl/s Aofkf/ tYofÍsf] j:t'lgi7 cfwf/ k|bfg ug]{ g]kfndf klxnf] k6s s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] Aofkf/ ;j]{If0f,
@)^% sf] gfdaf6 Distributive Trade Survey ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . lgoldt?kdf Aofkf/ ;j]{If0f ug{ ;lsPdf w]/} xb;Dd
cfGtl/s Aofkf/ tYofÍsf] cefj k"lt{ x'g;Sb5 .
o;}u/L g]kfndf j}b]lzs Jofkf/ tYofÍsf] ;Dkfbg u/L k|sfzg ug]{ sfo{ w]/} klxnfb]lv g} x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . eG;f/ clen]vaf6
k|fKt ljj/0fx?sf] cfwf/df j}b]lzs Aofkf/ tYofÍsf] pTkfbg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o; sfo{df eG;f/ ljefu, g]kfn /fi6« a}Fs /
Aofkf/ tyf lgsf;L k|j4{g s]Gb| u/L tLgj6f lgsfox? ;+nUg x'Fb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ .

cfGtl/s Aofkf/ tYof° (Inland Trade Statistics)

cfGtl/s Aofkf/ d'n'ssf] cy{tGqdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] If]q xf] . g]kfnsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf s[lif If]qkl5 yf]s tyf
v'b|f Jofkf/ If]qsf] of]ubfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . cfGtl/s Aofkf/cGt/ut d'n'sleq x'g] ljleGg j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] Aofkf/;DaGwL
lqmofsnfkx? kb{5g\ . d'n'ssf] cy{tGqdf o:tf cfly{s lqmofsnfkx?n] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofO/x]sf x'G5g\ . Jofkf/ If]qdf
eO/x]sf] kl/jt{g / ljBdfg cj:yfsf] af/]df oyfy{k/s hfgsf/L /fVg cfGtl/s Jofkf/;DaGwL tYofÍsf] pTkfbg clt
cfjZos x'G5 .
g]kfndf cfGtl/s Aofkf/ tYofÍsf] ;|f]t Tolt lgoldt / e/kbf]{ ePsf] kfOb}g\ . j]nfjvt /fli6«o n]vf cg'dfg k|of]hgsf] nflu
s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefuaf6 ;;fgf cWoog tyf Trade Margin Surveys x'Fb} cfO/x]tfklg cfGtl/s Aofkf/ tYofÍsf] cfwf/
;'lglZrt gePsf]n] o; If]qsf] e/kbf]{ cfwf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ lgoldt?kdf o;;DaGwL ;j]{If0f ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ dWogh/
/fVb} g]kfndf klxnf] k6s s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefuåf/f Aofkf/ ;j]{If0f, @)^% sf] gfdaf6 Distributive Trade Survey ;~rfng
eO/x]sf] 5 . o; ;j]{If0faf6 cfGtl/s Aofkf/ If]qcGt/ut j:t'x?sf] yf]s tyf v'b|f Aofkf/;DaGwL tYofÍsf] cefj s]xL
xb;Dd k"lt{ x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . ;j]{If0f;DaGwL ;fdfGo hfgsf/L tn lbOPsf] 5 .

Aofkf/ ;j]{If0f, @)^% (Distributive Trade Survey)

Aofkf/ ;j]{If0f, @)^% d'n'sleq x'g] j:t'x?sf] yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/;DaGwL cfly{s lqmofsnfkx?sf] (Economic Activities
on Wholesale and Retail Trade) af/]df n]vfhf]vf ug{ ul/Psf] ;j]{If0f xf] . of] ;j]{If0f d'VotofM d'n'sleqsf] yf]s tyf v'b|f
Jofkf/;DaGwL lqmofsnfksf af/]df s]lGb|t x'g] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ ;j]{If0f (Wholesale and Retail Trade
Survey) klg eGg ;lsG5 .

∗
lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
208
o; ;j]{If0fsf] k|d'v p2]Zo o; If]qsf] /f]huf/L tyf /fli6«o n]vfdf oyfy{k/s of]ubfg olsg ug]{ /x]sf] 5 . o; ;j]{If0fjf6
j:t'sf] yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ If]qdf ePsf] nufgL, d"No clea[l4, tnj tyf Hofnf, df}Hbft, /f]huf/L, a:t'x?sf] qmo ljqmosf]
kl/df0f / cGo cfly{s sf/f]jf/x?sf] cg'dfg k|fKt x'g]5 . xfd|f] h:tf] ljsf;zLn b]zdf zx/L If]qdf j9bf] Department Store
h:tf ljsl;t Jofkf/ / u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d If]qdf ljBdfg k/Dk/fut Aofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] ;Gbe{df Distributive Trade Survey
gul/P;Dd Jofkf/;Ë ;DjlGwt cfly{s tYofÍnufot pTkfbsTj tyf /f]huf/L;DaGwL tYofÍsf] e/kbf]{ ljsNk pknAw x'g]
cj:yf gePsf]n] of] ;j]{If0f ul/g nfu]sf] xf] .
Jofkf/ ;j]{If0f, @)^% sf p2]Zox? lgDglnlvt /x]sf 5g\ .
!= d'n'sleq yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ ug]{ Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgx?sf] cfl{y{s tyf ljQLo ljj/0fx? ;+sng u/L o; If]qsf] /fli6«o
cy{tGq tyf /f]huf/Ldf of]ubfg olsg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ tYofÍ pTkfbg ug]{ .
@= k|d'v j:t'x? tyf Jofkf/sf] lsl;d -yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/_ cg';f/ Trade Margin cg'dfgsf] nflu tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ .
#= /fli6«o n]vf k|of]hgsf] nflu o; If]qsf] ljBdfg cfDbfgL tyf vr{, d"No clej[l4, nufgL, /f]huf/L, tnj tyf Hofnf,
df}Hbft / cGo cfly{s ljj/0fx? ;+sng ug]{ .
$= of]hgfljb\ Pj+ gLlt lgdf{0fstf{x?, pBf]uklt, Jofkf/L, cg';Gwfgstf{ tyf o; If]qdf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] JolQmx?sf] nflu
cfjZos kg]{ Jofkf/ tYof+ssf] vfFrf] k"lt{ ug]{ .

;j]{If0fsf] If]q tyf bfo/f (Scope and Coverage of Survey)

s'g} klg d'n'ssf] cy{tGqsf] :t/Lo tyf t'ngfTds cWoogsf nflu tof/ ePsf ljleGg juL{s/0fx?dWo] cGt/fli6«o :t/Lo
cf}Bf}lus juL{s/0f (International Standard Industrial Classification-ISIC) klg Ps xf] . o;n]] ;Dk"0f{ cy{tGqnfO{ ljleGg
v08 tyf ju{x?df ljefhg u/L cfly{s ultljlwx?sf] JofVof;d]t u/]sf] 5 . ISIC Revision 3 cg';f/ /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{
!& j6f d'Vo v08x?df ljefhg u/]sf] kfOG5 . oL !& j6f v08x?sf] d'Vo ljefhg G cGt/ut a:t'x?sf] yf]s / v'b|f
Aofkf/ tyf df]6/uf8L, df]6/;fOsn tyf AolQmut / 3/fo;L pks/0fsf] dd{t sfo{ (Wholesale and retail trade; repair of
motor vehicles, motorcycles and personal and household goods) h:tf cfly{s lqmofsnfkx? kb{5g\ . Jofkf/ ;j]{If0fdf
a:t'x?sf] yf]s / v'b|f Aofkf/ ug]{ Aofkl/s k|lti7gx?sf] dfq cWoog ug]{ nIo /x]sf] 5 . ISIC Revision 3 s} cfwf/df tof/
ul/Psf] g]kfn :t/Lo cf}Bf}lus juL{s/0f (Nepal Standard Industrial Classification-NSIC) sf] d'Vo ljefhg G cGt/ut
kg]{ a:t'x?sf] yf]s / v'b|f Aofkf/ (Wholesale and Retail Trade) ug]{ Aofkfl/s k|lti7fgx? o; ;j]{If0fdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
5.
o; ;j]{If0fdf ISIC sf] d'Vo ljefhg G df kg]{ df]6/uf8L, df]6/;fOsn tyf AolQmut / 3/fo;L pks/0fsf] dd{t sfo{ h:tf
cfly{s lqmofsnfkx? x6fOPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ;/sf/L lgsfodf btf{ gePsf k;nx?, 3'DtL k;n, xf6 ahf/sf k;nx?,
;8s tyf k]6L 5]+psf k;nx?, gfª\nf] k;n, c:yfoL?kdf 6x/f] jf 5fk|f] agfO{ ;+rflnt k;nnfO{{ ;d]t o; ;j]{If0fdf ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] 5}g .

;+sng ul/Psf ljj/0fx? M

• Aofkfl/s k|lti7fgsf] kl/rofTds ljj/0f
• Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgsf] j}wflgs l:ylt
• d'Vo d'Vo Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfkx?
• Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgsf] k|sf/
• Jofkf/sf] lsl;d
• /f]huf/L, tnj tyf Hofnf / cGo ;'ljwf;DaGwL ljj/0f
• Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgsf] :yfoL ;DklQ;DaGwL ljj/0f
• j:t'x?sf] vl/b tyf ljqmL;DaGwL ljj/0f
• k|lti7fgn] u/]sf] cGo cfDbfgL;DaGwL ljj/0f
• Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgsf] df}Hbft;DaGwL ljj/0f
• Jofkfl/s k|lti7fg ;+rfng vr{;DaGwL ljj/0f

209
 • s/ tyf z'Ns;DaGwL ljj/0f
• k|lti7fgsf] ljQLo sf/f]jf/;DaGwL ljj/0f
• Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgdf ljBdfg ;d:ofx?;DaGwL ljj/0f

;j]{If0f ljlw (Survey Methodology)

Aofkf/ ;j]{If0f, @)^% 5gf}6 ljlwdf cfwfl/t /fli6«o:t/sf] ;j]{If0f xf] . ;j]{If0fsf] klxnf] r/0fdf kl/efiffn] ;d]6\g] d'n'sleq
/x]sf ;Dk"0f{ yf]s jf v'b|f Aofkf/ ug]{ Aofkfl/s k|lti7fgx?sf] ;"rLs/0f sfo{ u/L bf];|f] r/0fdf pQm ;"rLs[t k|lti7fgx?sf]
cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] nut ;"rL -Sampling Frame_ af6 gd"gf 5gf}6ljlwåf/f Aofkfl/s k|lti7fgx?sf] 5gf}6 ul/Psf] 5 .
o; ;j]{If0fdf juL{s[t b}jL gd"gf ljlw -Stratified Random Sampling Method_ åf/f Aofkfl/s k|lti7fgx? 5gf}6 ul/Psf] 5
. ;"rLs[t ePsf ;a} k|lti7fgx?nfO{ jflif{s sf/f]jf/, Aofkfl/s k|lti7fgsf] cjl:ylt -zx/L jf u|fdL0f If]q_ / cGt/fli6«o :t/Lo
cf}Bf}lus juL{s/0f (ISIC) cg';f/sf] cfly{s lqmofsnfk -yf]s jf v'b|f Aofkf/_ sf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f -Stratification_ u/L
gd"gf 5gf}6ljlwåf/f Aofkfl/s k|lti7fgx?sf] 5gf}6 ul/Psf] 5 .

k|d'v zAbfjnLx?sf] kl/efiff

Aofkfl/s k|lti7fg (Trade Establishment)
o; ;j]{If0fdf u0fgfsf] PsfO Aofkfl/s k|lti7fgnfO{ (Trade Establishment) dflgPsf] 5 . s'g} ;/sf/L lgsfodf btf{ eO{
(Registered) lglZrt 7fFp (Fixed Location) af6 d'n'sleq a:t'x?sf] yf]s jf v'b|f Aofkf/ ug]{ (Wholesale or retail trade
of goods within the national territory) cfly{s PsfOnfO{ Aofkfl/s k|lti7fg elgG5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGbf Aofkfl/s k|lti7fg
eGgfn] Pp6} k|zf;lgs lgoGq0fdf s'g} lglZrt 7fFpaf6 cfGtl/s?kdf a:t'sf] yf]s jf v'b|f Aofkf/ ug]{ btf{jfn Aofkfl/s
PsfOnfO{ a'lemG5 .
Trade Establishment: An economic unit engaged in wholesale or retail trade of goods within the national territory
under a single ownership or control, i.e., under a single legal entity at a single fixed location.
Characteristics:
• Economic Activity ( Trading)
• Legal Status (Registered one)
• Fixed location (Housed in fixed structure)

yf]s Jofkfl/s k|lti7fg (Wholesale Trade Establishment)

gofF cyjf k|of]u eO;s]sf j:t'x?sf] ?kfGt/ gu/L vl/b ul/Ps} xfntdf v'b|f Jofkf/L, cf}Bf]lus Joj;foL, ;+:yfut tyf
Joj;flos k|of]ustf{x? tyf yf]s Jofkf/Lx?;d]tnfO{ 7"nf] kl/df0fdf a:t'x?sf] ljs|L ul/g] sfo{ g} yf]s Jofkf/ xf] . o;sf
cltl/Qm cf}krfl/s?kn] l8n/ / sld;g Ph]G6af6 x'g] Jofkf/;d]t yf]s Aofkf/cGt/ut kb{5 . o:tf k|s[ltsf sf/f]jf/ ug]{
k|lti7fgnfO{ yf]s Jofkf/ k|lti7fg elgG5 .

v'b|f Jofkfl/s k|lti7fg (Retail Trade Establishment)

yf]s Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgjf6 vl/b ul/Ps} xfntdf j:t'nfO{ ;–;fgf kf]sf jf PsfOdf 5'6\ofO{ pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ JolQmut jf
3/fo;L pkef]u -Final Consumption_ sf] lgldQ ;fgf] kl/df0fdf ljleGg k|sf/sf k;nx?dfkm{t a:t'x?sf]] ljqmL ul/g] sfo{
g} v'b|f Jofkf/ xf] . o:tf k|s[ltsf sf/f]jf/ ug]{ k|lti7fgnfO{ v'b|f Jofkf/ k|lti7fg elgG5 . ls/fgf k;n, l8kf6{d]06n :6f]/,
k]6«f]lnod kDk, :6f]/, :6n h:tf k;nx? v'b|f Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgcGt/ut kb{5g\ .

j}b]lzs Aofkf/ tYof° (Foreign Trade Statistics)

j}b]lzs Aofkf/ (Foreign Trade) d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ If]q xf] . j}b]lzs Aofkf/cGt/ut Ps /fi6«af6 csf]{
/fi6«df x'g] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] Aofkf/;DaGwL cfly{s lqmofsnfkx? kb{5g\ . d'n'sleq cfoft x'g] tyf d'n'saf6 cGo d'n'sx?df
lgof{t x'g] ljleGg j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] Aofkf/;DaGwL cfly{s lqmofsnfkx?x?sf] oyfy{ ljj/0fx? ;+sng u/L k|sfzg ul/g]
tYofÍ g} j}b]lzs Aofkf/ tYofÍ (Foreign Trade Statistics) xf] . o:tf tYofÍn] b]zsf] gLlt lgdf{0f, of]hgf tyf Aofkf/
k|j4{gsf] nflu cToGt dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . dfly pNn]v ul/Pjdf]lhd g]kfndf j}b]lzs Aofkf/ tYofÍ k|sfzg ug]{

210
eG;f/ ljefu, g]kfn /fi6« a}Fs / Aofkf/ tyf lgsf;L k|j4{g s]Gb| u/L tLga6f lgsfox? /x]sf 5g\ . oL tLgj6} lgsfon] eG;f/
clen]v (Customs Documents) nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL j}b]lzs Aofkf/ tYofÍ k|sfzg ug]{ ub{5g\ .
eG;f/ ljefun] ljleGg eG;f/ gfsfaf6 ;+sng ul/Psf eG;f/ clen]vaf6 k|fKt cfFs8fsf] cfwf/df j}b]lzs Aofkf/;DaGwL
tYofÍ k|sfzg ub{5 . o;n] b]zleq cfoft x'g] tyf b]zaflx/ lgof{t x'g] ljleGg j:t'x?sf] cfoft lgof{t ;DaGwL ljj/0f
pknAw u/fpg] ub{5 . o;n] cGt/fli6«o :t/df t'ngfof]Uo Harmonized System cg';f/ ljleGg j:t'x?sf] cfoft
lgof{t;DaGwL tYofÍ x/]s ;fn b'O{ aif{cl3sf] tYofÍ k|sfzg ub{5 .
o;}u/L j}b]lzs Aofkf/ tYofÍ pTkfbg ug]{ csf]{ lgsfo g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt (Balance of Payment) k|of]hgsf]
nflu d'Vo ;ftj6f eG;f/ gfsfaf6 j}b]lzs Jofkf/ tYofÍ ;+sng ub{5 . a}+sn] ;Gbe{ cjlwsf] ^ xKtfkl5 dfl;s?kdf /
;Gbe{ aif{sf] Ps aif{kl5 dfl;s tYofÍnfO{ PsLs[t u/L ;dli6ut aflif{s tYofÍ k|sfzg ub{5 . o;n] :t/Lo cGt/fli6«o
Aofkf/ juL{s/0f (Standard International Trade Classification- SITC) cg';f/ ljleGg j:t'x?sf] cfoft tyf lgof{t;DaGwL
tYofÍ k|sfzg ub{5 .
o:t} j}b]lzs Jofkf/ tYofÍsf] csf]{ d'Vo ;|f]t Aofkf/ tyf lgsf;L k|j4{g s]Gb|n] ljleGg eG;f/ gfsfaf6 cfFs8f ;+sng u/L
;Gbe{ dlxgfsf] $-^ xKtfkl5 dfl;s?kdf j}b]lzs Jofkf/ tYofÍ k|sfzg ub{5 . o;n] ef/t;Fu ul/Psf] j}b]lzs
Jofkf/;DaGwL tYofÍ k|sfzg gu/L cGo d'n'sx?sf] dfq j}b]lzs Jofkf/;DaGwL tYofÍ k|sfzg ub{5 . o;n] eG;f/ ljefun]
h:t} Harmonized System cg';f/ j}b]lzs Aofkf/ tYofÍ k|sfzg ub{5 .
g]kfndf j}b]lzs Aofkf/ tYofÍsf] pTkfbg oL tLg leGg leGg lgsfox?aLr cfk;L ;dGjosf] cefjdf eO/x]sf]n] pTkflbt
tYofÍdf Ps?ktf gePsf], sfddf bf]xf]/f]kg ePsf], ;/sf/L ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] dxQd pkof]u x'g g;s]sf] / cfk;df jflemg]
tYofÍsf] pTkfbg x'Fbf k|ofustf{x?nfO{ tYofÍsf] pkof]u ug{ l‹ljwf x'g] l:ylt l;h{gf ePsf] b]lvG5 .

Aofkf/ If]qsf] ljBdfg cj:yfsf] cg'udg ug{, ljutsf] l:yltsf] ;dLIff ug{, d'n'ssf] cfly{s ultljlwsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog
ug{, /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o gLlt th'{dfsf] nflu cfjZos ;"rgf k|fKt ug{, /fli6«o n]vf cg'dfgsf] cfwf/ ;'b[9 ug{, s/
k|0ffnL;DaGwL gLlt th'{dfdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg / o; If]qdf k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] pBf]uklt, Aofkf/L, cg';Gwfgstf{, of]hgfljb\
tyf gLlt lgdf{tfx?nfO{ Aofkf/ tYofÍsf] pknAwttf ;'lglZrt ug{ lgoldt, e/kbf]{ / ljZj;gLo Aofkf/ tYofÍsf] pTkfbg
ug]{tkm{ ;/f]sf/jfnf ;a}sf] k|of; x'g h?/L 5 .
Psftk{m xfn ;~rflnt Aofkf/ ;j]{If0fnfO{ lgoldt ug{ ;lsPdf cfGtl/s Aofkf/ tYofÍsf] cefj w]/} xb;Dd k"lt{ ug{ ;lsG5
eg] csf]{tkm{ tLgj6f lgsfox? -eG;f/ ljefu, g]kfn /fi6« a}+s / Aofkf/ tyf lgsf;L k|j4{g s]Gb|_ aLr sfg"gL / ;+:yfut
;+/rgf;lxt cfk;L ;dGjo sfod u/L cGt/fli6«o dfkb08cg';f/ j}b]lzs Aofkf/ tYofÍ pTkfbg ug{;s]df k|of]ustf{d}qL
(User Friendly) u'0f:t/Lo Aofkf/ tYofÍsf] pknAwtf ;'lglZrt x'g] b]lvG5 .

211
cg';"rL !

FOREIGN TRADE COMPOSITION OF NEPAL

Value in '000 Rs.

Direction F.Y 2002/03 % in F.Y 2003/04 % in Total F.Y 2004/05 % in F.Y 2005/06 % in F.Y 2006/07* % in
Total Total Total Total

Exports

India 26,430,000 52.8 30,777,100 57.0 38,916,900 66.6 40,714,700 68.1 41,874,800 70.9

Overseas 21,863,380 43.7 20,747,140 38.5 17,509,020 30.0 18,057,817 30.2 15,995,514 27.1

# China P.R 1,717,742 3.4 2,425,174 4.5 2,017,901 3.5 1,004,357 1.7 1,202,783 2.0

Total 50,011,122 100.0 53,949,414 100.0 58,443,821 100.0 59,776,874 100.0 59,073,097 100.0

Imports

India 70,924,200 55.3 78,739,500 58.0 88,675,500 59.8 107,143,100 66.7 117,740,400 59.6

Overseas 45,927,961 35.8 46,159,362 34.0 45,473,120 30.7 40,520,397 25.2 62,217,948 31.4

# China P.R 11,375,973 8.9 10,941,473 8.0 14,145,609 9.5 13,014,427 8.1 17,718,164 9.0

Total 128,228,134 100.0 135,840,335 100.0 148,294,229 100.0 160,677,924 100.0 197,676,512 100.0

Trade Deficit

India 44,494,200 47,962,400 49,758,600 66,428,400 75,865,600

Overseas 24,064,581 25,412,222 27,964,100 22,462,580 46,222,434

# China P.R 9,658,231 8,516,299 12,127,708 12,010,070 16,515,381

Total 78,217,012 81,890,921 89,850,408 100,901,050 138,603,415

* Provisional
# Includes overland trade with Tibet, an Autonomous Region(TAR) and overseas trade with Hongkong SAR and Macau
Source : Trade and Export Promotion Center

212
 @&M Zff]wgfGt/ tYof°
;'dg cof{n∗

;dli6ut cfly{s tYof°

s'g} klg d'n'ssf] cfly{s, df}lb|s tyf ljQLo gLltx? d"ntM ;dli6ut cfly{s ;+/rgfnfO{ ultzLn jgfO{ hgtfsf cfwf/e"t
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Dj4{g ub}{ /fi6«sf] ;du| pGgltk|lt nlIft ul/Psf x'G5g\ . gLltx? ;"rgfdf cfwfl/t x'g' cfjZos 5 .
gLlt ljZn]if0f, th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, d"Nof+sg tyf k|efj ljZn]if0fsf nflu tYof+ssf] clws dxTj /xg]df b'O{dt b]lvGg
. gLlt tyf of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf cfwf/ :tDesf ?kdf /x]sf ;dli6ut cfly{s tYof+s ljz]ifu/L /fli6«o n]vf, zf]wgfGt/,
df}lb|s tyf ljQLo / ;/sf/L ljQ If]qx?df jFfl8Psf] 5 . oL rf/j6} cfly{s tYof+sx?sf] ;femf cfzo lg0f{ostf{x? (Decision
Makers) nfO{{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' xf] . ;dli6ut cfly{s tYof+sdfkm{t d"ntM k|jfx (Flows) tyf df}Hbft (Stock) ;DjGwL b'O{
k|sf/sf ;"rgfx?nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ ul/G5 .

/fli6«o n]vfn] s'g} klg cfly{s If]qdf (Economic Territory) tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlw leq eP u/]sf] cfly{s sfo{snfkx?sf]
tYof+sLo ljj/0fnfO{ hgfpF5 . cfly{s sfo{snfk eGgfn] pTkfbg, pkef]u, jrt, nufgL cflbnfO{ hgfpF5 . o; k|0ffnLdfkm{t
k|jfx tyf df}Hbft ;DjGwL b'j} ultljlwnfO{ dfkg ul/G5 . o;}u/L zf]wgfGt/ tYof+sn] s'g} Ps d'n'ssf] ljZjsf cGo z]if
d'n'sx?;+u ePsf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/sf] tYof+sLo ljj/0fnfO{ b]vfFp5 . of] k|0ffnLn] d'VotM ;dli6ut cfly{s ;"rgfsf] k|jfx
kIfnfO{ x]b{5 . t/ cGt/fli6«o sf/f]jf/df df}Hbft kIfsf] ;"rgf Joj:yfkg dxTjk"0f{ x'g] x'Fbf To;;DjGwL ljj/0fx? cGt/fli6«o
nufgL cj:yf (International Investment Position-IIP) jf6 Jojl:yt ul/G5g\ . df}lb|s tyf ljQLo tYof+sn] s'g} klg ljQLo
If]q OsfOsf] ljQLo tyf u}/ ljQLo ;DklQ tyf bfloTjx?sf] df}Hbft tyf Flow cfFs8fx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 .
;/sf/ s'g} klg d'n'ssf] Pp6f clgjfo{ tyf dxTjk"0f{ cfly{s OsfO xf] . cGo OsfOx?eGbf o;sf] rl/q km/s b]lvG5 . d'nt
o:fn] JolQmut jf ;fd"lxs pkef]usf nflu j:t' tyf ;]jfx? pknJw u/fpg] tyf cfDbfgL / ;DklQsf] (Income and
Wealth) sf] k'glj{t/0f ug]{ sfo{x? ub{5 . ;/sf/sf o:tf cfly{s sfo{snfkx?sf] ljj/0fnfO{ ;/sf/L ljQ tYof+s k|0ffnLjf6
Jojl:yt ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

tYof+sdf Quality Aspect jx' cfolds ljifo xf] . h;dWo] k|o'Qm kl/efiff, juL{s/0f, Methodology cflb :tl/o tyf
cGt/fli6«o:t/df t'ngfof]Uo x'g' clgjfo{ 5 . dfly pNn]v ePsf ;dli6ut cfly{s tYof+sx?sf] :tl/otf tyf t'ngfof]Uosf
nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 tyf cGt/fli6«o d'b|f sf]if h:tf cGt/fli6«o ;+:yfx?sf] kxndf lgb]{lzsfx? tof/ ul/Psf 5g\ . tL
lgb]{lzsfx?nfO{ k|ljlw tyf cy{tGqdf eO/xg] ljsf;;Ë ;fk]lIfs jgfpg ;do ;dodf kl/dfh{g ;d]t ul/g] ul/Psf] 5 .
o;jfx]s oL tYof+sLo k|0ffnLx?sf jLr cjwf/0fut Consistency nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 .

;dli6ut cfly{s tYof+s tyf lgb]{lzsf1

;dli6ut cfly{s tYof+s lgb]{lzsf
/fli6«o n]vf System of National Accounts (SNA)
zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt Balance of Payments Manual (BPM)
df}lb|s tyf ljQLo Monetary and Financial Statistics Manual (MFSM)
;/sf/L ljQ Government Finance Statistics Manual (GFS)

k|:t't n]v zf]wgfGt/ tYof+sdf s]lGb|t /xg] x'Fbf cfjZos ePsf] :yfgdf jfx]s ;dli6ut cfly{s tYof+ssf cGo k|0ffnLsf]
rrf{ ul/g]5}g\ .

∗
lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
213
ljifo k|j]z
ljZjsf] s'g} klg d'n's cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] cGo z]if d'n'sx?;Ë lg/k]If?kdf PSn} /xg ;Sb}g . Pp6f d'n'sn] cGo z]if
d'n's;+u u/]sf] cGt/fli6«o cfly{s sf/f]jf/sf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ sfo{ zf]wgfGt/ tYof+s k|0ffnLdfkm{t ul/G5 . zf]wgfGt/ tYof+sn]
cGt/fli6«o sf/f]jf/sf] df}HbfteGbf k|jfx kIfsf] ;"rgfnfO{ Jojl:yt ub{5 . t;y{ o; k|0ffnLdf tf]lsPsf] ;dosf] (Point of
Time) cfly{s ;DklQ tyf bfloTj;DjGwL ljj/0fsf] ;§f lglZrt ;dofjlw (Reference Period) leq ul/Psf sf/f]jf/x?
h:t}M j:t' / ;]jfsf] cfoft tyf lgof{t, k|fylds cfo (Primary Income), rfn" tyf k'FhLut x:tfGt/0f (Current and
Capital Transfers) , ljlQo n]gb]g (Financial Transactions) h:tf cfly{s ;"rgfx?sf] ljZn]if0ffTds (Analytical) tyf
;+/rgfTds (Structural) k|:t't ul/G5g\ .

zf]wgfGt/ tYof+ssf] Compilation sf] d"n cfwf/ cGt/fli6«o?kdf :jLsfl/Psf] Balance of Payment Manual xf] . zf]wgfGt/
tYof+s cGt/fli6«o sf/f]jf/sf] tYof+s klg ePsfn] o; tYof+sdf k|of]u x'g] cjwf/0ffdf ljZjJofkL ;dfgtf x'g' h?/L 5 .
o;}sf] vflt/ cGt/fli6«o d'b|f sf]ifn] ;g\ !($* df klxnf] k6s Balance of Payment Manual tof/ u¥of] . ljZj cy{tGqdf
eO/xg] kl/jt{g tyf cGo k|ljlw tyf ljsf;sf cfofddf x'g] k|ultn] Manual df ;fdlos kl/jt{g u/L gFof cjwf/0ffx?nfO{
:yfg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;f]xLcg';f/ pQm Manual nfO{ ;g\ !(%) df ;+zf]wg u/L bf];|f] ;+:s/0fsf] ljsf; ul/of] . ;+zf]wgsf]
l;nl;nf sfod} /xof] . ;g\ !(^! df t];|f] ;+:s/0f tyf ;g\ !(&& df rf}yf]+ ;+:s/0f ;fj{hlgs ul/of] . ;g\ !((# df ul/Psf]
kfrf}+ ;+zf]wgsf] cfly{s tYof+sdf ljz]if dxTj /x]sf] 5 . o; ;+zf]wgnfO{ cGo cfly{s tYof+s;+u juL{s/0f, kl/efiff,
cjwf/0ffut ;dfgtf x'g]u/L ljsl;t ul/Psf] lyof] . xfn ljZjsf clwsf+z d'n'sx?sf] zf]wgfGt/ tYof+s Balance of
Payment Manual 5th Edition sf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t 5 . xfn cGt/fli6«o d'b|f sf]if Balance of Payment Manual 5th
Edition nfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L 5}7f}+ ;+:s/0f nfu" ug{ cfjZos sfo{jfxLsf] clGtd r/0fdf k'u]sf] 5 .

cGt/fli6«o sf/f]jf/sf k|sf/x?

zf]wgfGt/ clen]v cGt/fli6«o sf/f]jf/sf] tYof+sLo k|:t'lt xf] . o;df ;dfj]z x'g] sf/f]jf/x? ljleGg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
;fdfGotof rGbf, cg'bfg, pkxf/x?jfx]s cGo ;j} sf/f]jf/x? b'O{ kIfLo x'G5g\ . b'O{ kIfLocGtu{t j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] j:t'
tyf ;]jfx?;+u} ul/g] ljlgdo kb{5 . o:tf] cj:yfsf b'j} kIfsf] sf/f]jf/nfO{ jf:tljs sf/f]jf/ elgG5 . j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf]
d'b|f;+u ul/g] ljlgdon] jf:tljs / ljQLo sf/f]jf/nfO{ hgfFp5 . o;jfx]s ljQLo bfjLx?sf] ljQLo bfjLx?;+u} ljlgdo
x'g;Sb5 . o;k|sf/sf] sf/f]jf/x?nfO{ ljQLo sf/f]jf/ elgG5 .

Psfpl06· l;4fGt (Accounting Principles)

zf]wgfGt/ Systematic Fashion df tof/ ul/Psf] tYof+sLo ljj/0f xf] . o; tYof+sdf k|:t't ul/Psf cfFs8fx? lglZrt
l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t /x]sf x'G5g\ . tLdWo]sf d'Vo d'Vo l;4fGtx? lgDgjdf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ .
!= cfjf;Lo l;4fGt
@= n]vf k|0ffnL l;4fGt
#= d"NofÍg l;4fGt
$= clen]v ;do l;4fGt

!= cfjf;Lo l;4fGtM zf]wgfGt/ s'g} Ps b]z / jfFsL cGo b]zjLrsf] sf/f]jf/sf] kl/0flt xf] . o; l;4fGtn] b]znfO{ ef}uf]lns
;Ldfgfsf] b[li6sf]0fjf6 gx]/L cfly{s rf;f]sf] s]Gb|ljGb' (Center of Economic Interest) sf] cfwf/jf6 x]l/G5 . h:t}M g]kfndf
/x]sf s'g} cGo b]zsf] /fhb"tfjf;x?sf] cfly{s rf;f]sf] s]Gb|ljGb' p;sf] cfkm\g} d'n's x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf To;
/fhb"tfjf;jf6 x'g] sf/f]jf/x? ;DjlGwt d'n'sd}} ePsf] dflgG5 .

1
System of National Accounts 1993 x]g{ ;Sg'x'g]5 .

214
@= n]vf k|0ffnL l;4fGtM zf]wgfGt/ clen]v k|0ffnL bf]xf]/f] n]vf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . cfly{s sf/f]jf/x?nfO{ 8]lj6 tyf
qm]l8t leGgtfcg';f/ k|lji6 u/fOG5 . zf]wgfGt/ tYof+s / cGo cfly{s tYof+sx?jLr cjwf/0fut ;dfgtf /x]sfn] o;df
k|o'Qm 8]lj6 tyf qm]l86 zJbfjnLn] tn tflnsfdf pNn]v ePjdf]lhdsf sf/f]jf/nfO{ hgfpF5 .

sf/f]jf/sf k|lji6L leGgtf

8]lj6 qm]l86
j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfoft j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] lgof{t
lbg'kg]{ cfDbfgL k|fKt x'g] cfDbfgL
lbO{Psf] rfn" tyf k"FhLut cg'bfg k|fKt ePsf] rfn" tyf k"FhLut cg'bfg
bfloTjdf sdL bfloTjdf j9f]Q/L
cfly{s ;DklQdf j9f]Q/L cfly{s ;DklQdf sdL

t/ PskIfLo x:tfGt/0fx? h:t}M pkxf/, cg'bfg, rGbf cflb sf/f]jf/x? o; l;4fGtsf ckjfb x'g\ . o;/L Ps kIfLo
k|ljli6jf6 x'g] c;Gt'ngnfO{ x6fpg csf]{ kIfdf Unilateral Transfer Account egL pNn]v u/L b'j} 8]lj6 / qm]l86 kIf ;dfg
kfl/G5 .

#= d"Nof+sg l;4fGtM zf]wgfGt/ clen]v sf/f]jf/x?nfO{ d'VotM jhf/ d'Nodf dfkg ul/G5 .
w]/} h;f] Flows sf clen]v x? lgik|jfx (Accrual Basis) df cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . lgik|jfxdf cfwfl/t clen]vn] gub k|jfxeGbf
cfly{s pQ/bfloTj (Economic Ownership) kl/jt{g eO;s]kl5sf] cj:yfsf] clen]vnfO{ eGg] j'lemG5 . t}klg cg'bfg,
cfDbfgL h:tf sf/f]jf/x?nfO{ gub k|jfxdf cfwfl/t eP/ d"Nof+sg ul/G5 .

$= clen]v ;do l;4fGtM ;fdfGotof sf/f]jf/x?sf] clen]v sf/f]jf/ h'g ;dodf ePsf] xf] ;f]xL ;dodf clen]v /fVg'kb{5 .

n]vf ;+/rgf (Accounting Structure)

d'Votof zf]wgfGt/sf n]vf ;+/rgfnfO{ b'O{ n]vf zLif{sx? rfn" n]vf (Current Account) / k"FhLut tyf ljQLo n]vf
(Capital and Financial Account) x?df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . oBlk zf]wgfGt/df e"nr"s vftf klg /x]sf] x'G5 .

vftf ;+/rgf

rfn" k"FhLut tyf ljQLo

k"FhLut tyf ljQLo

j:t' / ;]jf
k"FhLut

cfo
ljQLo

x:tfGt/0f

e"nr"s vftf

215
rfn" vftfM rfn" vftfnfO{ d'Votof tLg efudf jfl8Psf] 5 .
!= j:t' tyf ;]jf
@= cfo
#= rfn" x:tfGt/0f
!= j:t' tyf ;]jfM o;cGt{ut j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfoft lgof{t clen]v /flvG5 . zf]wgfGt/ k|:t'ltdf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfoft
lgof{t sf/f]jf/x?nfO{ j]Unf j]Un} pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . z]if d'n'sjf6 s'g} b]zn] j:t' cfoft ubf{ d'b|f vr{ x'g]u5{ . To:t} z]if
d'n'sdf j:t' lgof{t ubf{ d'b|f cfDbfgL x'G5 . zf]wgfGt/sf] n]vf k|0ffnL l;4fGtcg';f/ tt\;DjGwL sf/f]jf/x?nfO{ 8]lj6 tyf
qm]l86 kIfdf clen]v ug'{kb{5 . cfoft ubf{ d'b|f vlr{g] ePsfn] ;f] sf/f]jf/ 8]lj6 kIfdf hfG5 . To;}u/L lgof{t ubf{ d'b|f
cfDbfgL x'g] xF'bf To;sf] clen]v qm]l86 kIfdf pNn]v ul/G5 .

s'g} z]if d'n'sjf6 jf d'n'sdf j}+s, ljdf, 9'jfgL tyf cGo s'g} ;]jfx?sf] cfoft jf lgof{t ubf{ d'b|fsf] ljlgdo x'g] ub{5 .
o:tf sf/f]jf/x?nfO{ klg rfn" vftfcGtu{t /fvL d"Nof+sg ul/G5 . j:t'df h:t} ;]jfsf] qm]l86 tyf 8]lj6 k|ljli6sf] l;4fGt
;dfg /x]sf] 5 .

j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfoft lgof{tjf6 Jofkf/ ;Gt'ngsf] cj:yf yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng e'QmfgL ;Gt'ngsf] Pp6f
k|d'v kIf xf] .

@= cfoM o;cGtu{t sfdbf/x?sf] cfo tyf cGo ;'ljwf (Compensation Of Employees) / ljQLo nufgL jf6 k|fKt cfo
h:t}M Jofh, l8le8]G8\;x?sf] clen]v /flvG5 . z]if d'n'sdf hfg] o:tf sf/f]jf/df d'b|f vlr{g] x'Fbf ;f] sf/f]jf/nfO{ 8]lj6 tyf
z]if d'n'sjf6 cfo x'Fbf o:tf d'n'snfO{ d'b|f k|fKt x'g] x'Fbf o;sf] sf/f]jf/nfO{ qm]l86 kIfdf pNn]v ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;fdfGotof
sfdbf/x?sf] cfo tyf cGo ;'ljwfnfO{ cGo cfojf6 k[ys /fVg Ps jif{sf] ;dofjlwnfO{ Threshold dflgPsf] 5 . o;sf] cy{
s'g} z]if d'n'sdf /x]sf] sfdbf/sf] ToFxf uO{ sfd u/]sf] Ps jif{ gljt]sf] eP ;f] ;do cjlwdf p;n] kfpg] tnj tyf
;'ljwfx? o;} cfocGt{ut pNn]v ul/G5g\ . cGoyf x:tfGt/0f cfotkm{ To; cfonfO{ k|lji6 u/fpg'kb{5 .

o; zLif{sjf6 v'b cfo;DjGwL hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 . /fli6««o n]vf tYof+scGtu{t s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf oxL cfosf] lx;fj
lstfjnfO{ ;dfof]hg u/]kl5 s'n /fli6««o cfDbfgLsf] cg'dfg ul/G5 .

#= rfn" x:tfGt/0fM z]if d'n'sjf6 k|fKt x'g] jf nfO{ lbg] cg'bfg, ;xof]u, rGbf cflb cfox? rfn" x:tfGt/0f zLif{scGtu{t
clen]v ul/G5g\ . o:tf cfo k|fKt ug]{ d'n'sn] ;f] cg'bfg jf ;xof]u kfP jfkt z]if d'n'snfO{ s]xL ltg'{ jf lbg' kb}{g . Ps
jif{eGbf j9L ;do sfd u/L d'n'sdf k7fPsf] k]G;g jf o:t} /sdx? klg o;} cfocGt{ut kb{5g\ . :jefj}n] o:tf k|sf/sf
sf/f]jf/x? Ps kIfLo x'G5g\ . d'n'snfO{ ;xof]u jfkt s]xL k|fKt ePsfn] To;nfO{ qm]l86 kIfdf clen]v ul/G5 .

k"FhLut tyf ljQLo vftf

o; vftfnfO{ b'O{ cGo vftfx?df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
!= k"FhLut vftf @= ljQLo vftf

!= k"FhLut vftfM o; vftfdf s'g} d'n's / z]if d'n'sjLRfsf] k"FhLut cg'bfg tyf pTkfbg gul/Psf] tyf u}/ljQLo k"FhLsf]
sf/f]jf/sf] clen]v /flvG5 .

@= ljQLo vftfM ljQLo vftfcGtu{t l/he{ vftfjfx]ssf cGo ljQLo sf/f]jf/x? kb{5g\ . k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL, kf]6{kmf]lnof]
nufgL qm[0f k|flKt tyf ;fFjf e'QmfgL h:tf sf/f]jf/x?sf] clen]v o; vftfdf /flvG5 .

e"nr"s vftfM l;4fGttM zf]wgfGt/ ;w}+ ;Gt'ngdf /xg'kb{5 . t/ Psf]xf]/f] k|ljli6, cj}w sf/f]jf/, k"FhL knfog tyf cGo
tYof+sLo e|d tyf q'6Lx?n] ubf{ ;Gt'ngsf] cj:yf Jojxfl/s?kdf ;Dej b]lvb}g . t;y{ e"nr"s vftfdfkm{t zf]wgfGt/nfO{
;Gt'ngdf Nofpg] sfd ul/G5 .

216
zf]wgfGt/sf cfwf/e"t tYof+s cfwf/♣
zf]wgfGt/ Compile ug{sf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf sf/f]jf/sf cfFs8fx?sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . tYof+s ;'b[9 ePsf d'n'sx?df
;"rgf k|0ffnL ljsl;t ePsf x'gfn] Data Gather ug{ Tolt uf¥xf] b]lvb}g t/ cGo d'n'ssf xsdf Input Database ;d:ofsf]
?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cGt/fli6«o d'b|f sf]ifn] sf/f]jf/sf cfFs8fx?sf nflu s]xL cfwf/e"t k|0ffnLx?sf] cg'z/0f tyf ljsf;sf
nflu ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 .

!= cGt/fli6«o sf/f]jf/ l/kf]l6{+u k|0ffnL (International Transactions Reporting Systems-ITRS)

@= j}b]lzs Jofkf/ tYof+s
#= OG6/k|fO{h]h ;j]{If0f
$= cGt/fli6«o oftfoft ;j]{If0f
%= Household Income and Expenditure Survey
^= cGt/fli6«o j;fOF ;/fO ;j]{If0f

zf]wgfGt/ tYof+ssf] dxTj

df}lb|s, ljQLo tyf ljlgdo b/;DjGwL plrt gLlt tyf lg0f{o nfu" ug{ cGt/fli6«o cfly{s ultljlwx?sf] ;"Id cWoog
dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . d"ne"t?kdf ljlgdo b/sf] :yfloTj tyf 8]J6/ /fi6««x?n] qm]l86/ /fi6«x?nfO{ e'QmfgL ;f]w ug{ slt sl7gfO{
k/]sf] 5 eGg] hfgsf/L zf]wgfGt/jf6 kfpg ;lsG5 . ;fdfGotof ljb]zL d'b|fsf] jlxu{dgeGbf cfudg j9L eof] eg] zf]wgfGt/
l:ylt cg's"n ePsf] dflgG5 . cGoyf zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt k|lts"n x'ghfG5 . zf]wgfGt/df rfn" vftfsf] dxTj clws /xG5 . rfn"
vftfdf wgfTds;lxt jrt k|z:t 5 eg] /fi6««sf] nflu lxts/ x'G5 . t/ rfn" vftf 3f6fdf tyf k"FhL vftf jrtsf] cj:yfdf
cfof] eg] d'n'sdf ljb]zLsf] k"FhL j9L 5 eGg] j'lemG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdff ljb]zL k"FhLsf] pTkfbgzLntf j9fpg]tkm{ Wofg lbg'
cfjZos x'G5 .

g]kfndf zf]wgfGt/ tYof+s l:ylt tyf cEof;

Balance of Payment Manual

g]kfndf ;g\ !(&$÷&% b]lv zf]wgfGt/ tYof+s tof/ ul/+b}+ cfOPsf] 5 . o; tYof+ssf] ;+:yfut lhDd]jf/L g]kfn /fi6« j}+sn]
lnPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] zf]wgfGt/ tYof+ssf] Compilation Process sf] cGt/ cGt/fli6«o d'b|f sf]ifn] tof/ u/]sf] Balance of
Payment Manual sf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t 5 . g]kfn /fi6 j}+sn] Time Lag @ dlxgfsf] x'g]u/L k|To]s dlxgfsf] zf]wgfGt/
l:ylt b]zsf] jt{dfg cfly{s l:ylt;lxt k|sfzg ub{5 . g]kfnsf] klxn{f] zf]wgfGt/ Balance of Payment Manual sf] t]>f]
;+:s/0fsf] cjwf/0ffdf tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . cGt/fli6«o d'b|f sf]ifn] ;g\ !(&& df Balance of Payment Manual sf] rf}yf]]
;+:s/0f tof/ u/of] . ;f]xLjdf]lhd ljZjsf w]/} /fi6«x?n] ;f]xL ;+:s/0fsf cjwf/0ffx?jf6 zf]wgfGt/ tof/ u/] . Balance of
Payment Manual sf] kl/dfh{g ug]{ sfo{ k'g !((# df cfP/ eof] . To; ;dodf ;dli6ut cfly{s tYof+ss} Oltxf;df klxnf]
k6s /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnL ;+u consistent x'g] u/L Balance of Payment Manual sf] kfFrf} ;+:s/0f cl:tTjdf cfof] . t/
g]kfndff Balance of Payment Manual kfFrf} ;+:s/0f hf/L ePsf] !) jif{ kl5 cyf{t ;g\ @))# sf] d] dlxnf b]vL dfq pQm
;+:s/0fsf] cjwf/0ff / Accounting Structure cg';f/ zf]wgfGt/ tYof+s tof/ ul/of] . xfn;Dd klg ;f] sfod} /x]sf] 5 .

n]vf ;+/rgf tyf tYof+s ;|f]t

dfly pNn]v ul/Pem}+ /fi6« j}+sn] Balance of Payment Manual kfFrf} ;+:s/0fsf] lgb]{zcg'?ksf] Accounting Structure df
zf]wgfGt/ tYof+s tof/ ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . t}klg g]kfnsf] xsdf ljz]if k|s[ltsf] sf/f]jf/sf] ?kdf b]lvg] s]xL sf/f]jf/sf]
zLif{sx?nfO{ Manual sf] cjwf/0ff tyf juL{s/0f;+u tfnd]n x'g] ul/ k|sfzg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} s]xL zLif{sx?sf] cg'dfg
z]if ljlwjf6 lgsflnPsf] kfOG5 .

♣
lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu Balance of Payments Compilation Guide, 1995, IMF x]g{ ;Sg'x'g]5 .

217
Balance of Payment Manual kfFrf} ;+:s/0fsf] n]vf ;+/rgf cg'dfg l:ylt;lxt tYof+ssf ;|f]tx?sfjf/] tnsf] tflnsfdf
;+If]kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

rfn" vftfM j:t' tyf ;]jf

n]vf zLif{s qm]l86 ljj/0f 8]lj6 ljj/0f tYof+ssf] ;|f]t
j:t' • lgof{t • cfoft • j}b]lzs Jofkf/
• k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] lgof{t • k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] cfoft tYof+s
• g]kfn ef/t ;Ldf Jofkf/ lgof{t • g]kfn ef/t ;Ldf Jofkf/ cfoft • Survey on IC
notes in the
• ef/ttkm{ ljB't lgof{t • ef/tjf6 ljB't cfoft Indo-Nepal
• ljb]zL ljdfgn] g]kfndf e/]sf] xjfO{ • :jb]zL ljdfgn] ljb]zdf e/]sf] Boarder Areas
OGwg xjfO{ O{Gwg • ITRS

oftfoft ;]jf
• g]kfnL ljdfgn] u}/cfjf;Lo ofq'x? • ljb]zL ljdfgn] cfjf;Lo ofq'x? • ITRS
tyf sfuf]{ ;]jf lgof{t u/]jfktsf] tyf sfuf]{ ;]jf cfoft • g]kfn jfo';]jf
cfDbfgL u/]jfktsf] cfDbfgL lgud

6«fen
• u}/cfjf;Lox?n] ko{6g, lzIff, • cfjf;Lox?n] ko{6g, lzIff, • ITRS
tflnd, ;]ldgf/, :jf:Yo ;]jf tflnd, ;]ldgf/, :jf:Yo ;]jf
cflbdf g]kfndf u/]sf] vr{ cflbdf ljb]zdf u/]sf] vr{

;/sf/L ;]jf
• j}b]lzs lgof]u tyf cGt/fli6«o ;+3 • g]kfnL lgof]ux?n] ljb]zdf • ITRS
;+:yfx?n] g]kfndf u/]sf] vr{ u/]sf] vr{

cGo ;]jf
• u}/cfjf;Lox?n] g]kfndf ;+rf/, • cfjf;Lox?n] ljb]zdf ;+rf/, •
ljdf, Joj;flos ;]jf, /f]oN6L, ljdf, Joj;flos ;]jf, /f]oN6L,
nfO;]G;, ;f+:s[lts ;]jf, dgf]/~hg nfO;]G;, ;f+:s[lts ;]jf,
cflbdf u/]sf] vr{ dgf]/~hg cflbdf u/]sf] vr{

rfn" vftfM cfDbfgL

n]vf zLif{s qm]l86 ljj/0f 8]lj6 ljj/0f tYof+ssf] ;|f]t
Compensation of
Employees • g]kfnL sfdbf/n] ljb]zdf uP/ • u}/cfjf;Lon] g]kfndf cfP/
sfd ubf{ k|fKt u/]sf] tnj, Hofnf, sfd ubf{ k|fKt u/]sf] tnj,
tyf cGo ;'ljwf Hofnf, tyf cGo ;'ljwf
nufgL cfDbfgL
• g]kfn /fi6« j}+s tyf cGo j}+sx?df • ljb]zLx?sf] clwgdf/x]sf]
/x]sf c? b]]zsf ;/sf/sf] ljB't k|0ffnLjf6
ePsf]
Foreign Government Bills tyf cfDbfgL
Securities x?df k|fKt Jofh • j}b]lzs qm[0fsf] Jofh e'QmfgL

218
rfn" vftfM rfn" x:tfGt/0f
n]vf zLif{s qm]l86 ljj/0f 8]lj6 ljj/0f tYof+ssf] ;|f]t
cg'bfg
• j}b]lzs ;/sf/ tyf u}/;/sf/L • g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf g]kfnL • j:t'ut cg'bfgM
;+:yfjf6 k|fKt vfB ;xof]u, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfjf6 j}b]lzs j}b]lzs tYof+s
cfsl:ds ;]jf ;xof]u, u}/nufgL ;/sf/nfO{ lbOPsf] vfB • gub cg'bfgM
k|s[ltsf cGo j:t'ut tyf gub ;xof]u, cfsl:ds ;]jf ITRS
cg'bfg ;xof]u, u}/nufgL k|s[ltsf
cGo j:t'ut tyf gub cg'bfg
ljk|]if0f
• g]kfnL sfdbf/n] ljb]zjf6 k7fPsf] • ljb]zL sfdbf/n] g]kfnjf6 • ;+:yfut ljk|]if0fM
/sd -Ps jif{eGbf j9L cjlwsf]_ k7fPsf] /sd -Ps jif{eGbf j}+s
j9L cjlwsf]_ • JolQmutM /fi6«
j}+sn] tof/ u/]sf]
ljlw
k]G;g • g]kfnL ef/tLo tyf lj|l6z ;]gfdf • NA • ITRS
sfd u/]jfktsf] k]G;g
cGo • ef/tLo cGtz'Ns lkmtf{ • NA • ITRS

k"FhL vftfM k"FhL x:tfGt/0f

n]vf zLif{s qm]l86 ljj/0f 8]lj6 ljj/0f tYof+ssf] ;|f]t
k"FhL x:tfGt/0f • ljb]zjf6 k|fKt nufgL k|s[ltsf • g]kfnjf6 lbOPsf] nufgL ITRS
j:t'ut tyf gub cg'bfg k|s[ltsf j:t'ut tyf gub
cg'bfg
• j}b]lzs qm[0f ldgfxf ePsf]
• j}b]lzs ;/sf/nfO{ lbOPsf]
qm[0f ldgfxf ul/Psf]

ljQLo vftf
n]vf zLif{s qm]l86 ljj/0f 8]lj6 ljj/0f tYof+ssf] ;|f]t
k|ToIf nufgL
• • ljb]zLn] g]kfndf u/]sf] k|ToIf • cy{ dGqfno
nufgL,
cGo nufgL •
• • 6«]8 qm]l86, qm[0f,
d'b|f, lgIf]k, tyf
cGo bfloTj /
;DklQsf] cfwf/df
to ul/Psf] z]if
ljlw

;'wf/sf ug'{kg]{ If]qx?M

!= g]kfnsf] zf]wgfGt/ tYof+sdf gful/s tyf u}/gful/s cy{ nfUg] lsl;djf6 cfjf;Lo l;4fGtsf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 .
cfjf;Lo tyf u}/cfjf;Lo cjwf/0ffcg';f/ sf/f]jf/nfO{ clen]v ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .
@= ;]jf If]qsf w]/} dxTjk"0f{ Components x?nfO{ cGo ;]jfdf Lumped ul/Psf] 5 . dxTjk"0f{ Components x?nfO{ 5'6§}
zLif{sdfkm{t clen]v ug'{ cfjZos 5 ,
#= sfdbf/x?sf] ljk|]if0fnfO{ ;do;fk]If jgfpg g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f jf 3/kl/jf/ jh]6 ;j]{If0fx? lgoldt ?kdf ug'{kg]{
b]lvG5 .
$= j}b]lzs k|ToIf nufgLsf] tYof+snfO{ pBf]u dGqfno jf ljefujf6 ;+sng ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

219
 g]kfnM zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt
?= s/f]8df
ljj/0f 2057/58 2058/59 2059/60 2060/61 2061/62 2062/63 2063/64*

-s_ rfn" vftf 2014.85 1816.11 1161.47 1459.80 1154.46 1422.45 349.60

lgof{t, Pkm=cf]=aL= 6978.85 5798.35 5076.07 5522.83 5995.61 6148.24 6290.08

t]n 1383.70 1045.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

cGo 5595.15 4753.14 5076.07 5522.83 5995.61 6148.24 6290.08

cfoft, Pkm=cf]=aL= -12623.80 -11134.20 -12105.30 -13291 -14572 -17154 -18745

t]n -2494.1 -2213.7 -1881.2 -2016.7 -2665.4 -3365.7 -3354.9

cGo -10130 -8920.6 -10224 -11274 -11906 -13788 -15390

Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng -5645 -5335.9 -7029.2 -7768.2 -8576.2 -11006 -12455

v'b ;]jf cfo 930.23 393.84 704.97 907.49 -203.42 -681.83 -837.73

;]jf cfo 2982.17 2350.82 2651.89 3431.59 2600.19 2646.97 3207.89

ofqf 1171.70 865.43 1174.77 1814.74 1046.38 955.58 1012.53

cGoq gk/]sf] ;/sf/L
cfo 761.42 889.45 662.40 714.39 680.49 744.15 1233.64

cGo 1049.05 595.94 814.72 902.46 873.32 947.24 961.72

-
;]jf e'QmfgL -2051.9 -1957 -1946.9 2524.10 -2803.6 -3328.80 -4045.6

oftfoft -930.87 -885.44 -861.84 -938.21 -1060.2 -1259.2 -1455.7

e|d0f -552.04 -573.11 -617.15 -1002.2 -969.19 -1196.1 -1578.50

cGo -569.03 -498.43 -467.93 -583.74 -774.20 -873.49 -1011.4

Jofkf/ tyf ;]jf If]qsf] -4714.7 -4942 -6324.3 -6860.7 -8779.6 -11688 -13293
;Gt'ng
v'b cfo 170.07 -60.49 -67.57 -168.39 163.65 495.55 743.18

cfo k|fKtL 547.05 429.70 448.70 384.15 775.16 1143.23 1450.08

cfo e'QmfgL -376.98 -490.19 -516.27 -552.54 -611.51 -647.68 -706.90

Jofkf/, ;]jf tyf cfo -4544.7 -5002.50 -6391.8 -7029.1 -8616 -11192 -12549.60
;Gt'ng
v'b 6«fG;km/ 6559.50 6818.61 7553.30 8488.86 9770.44 12614.6 12899.20

6«fG;km/ cfo 6702.77 7015.73 7776.51 8916.18 10131 13086.2 13319.7

cg'bfg 1204.64 1265.05 1384.22 1955.78 2107.19 1885.11 1821.82

lghL If]qsf] ljk|]if0f 4721.61 4753.63 5420.33 5858.76 6554.12 9768.85 10014.5

k]G;g 630.91 826.96 732.73 790.62 1250.22 1200.76 1293.70

cGo 145.61 170.09 239.23 311.02 219.48 231.45 189.68

6«fG;km/ e'QmfgL -143.27 -197.12 -223.21 -427.32 -360.57 -471.60 -420.48

-v_ k"FhL vftf -k"FhL
6«fG;km/_ 617.31 569.40 539.39 145.22 157.36 310.70 444.99

hDdf -s + v_ 2632.16 2385.51 1700.86 1605.02 1311.82 1733.15 794.59

220
 ljj/0f 2057/58 2058/59 2059/60 2060/61 2061/62 2062/63 2063/64*
-u_ ljQLo vftf -;d"x ª
afx]s_ -2852.2 -3733.3 -1719.90 -2154 -2553.7 -132.45 -236.21
k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL -3.30 -28.23 96.14 0.00 13.60 -46.97 36.23
cfk|jfx
kf]6{kmf]lnof] nufgL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

cGo nufgL ;DklQ -3019.1 -3513.7 -3463 -3259.1 -2186.3 -1400.9 -1069.00

Jofkfl/s ;fv 110.82 -129.45 104.10 -224.76 -32.38 -162.95 -512.76

cGo -3129.9 -3384.2 -3567.1 -3034.4 -2153.9 -1237.9 -556.24

cGo nufgL bfloTj 170.19 -191.42 1646.92 1105.11 -380.97 1315.40 796.56

Jofkfl/s ;fv -931.90 -527.90 1689.93 362.98 -448.90 923.25 172.78

C0f 669.34 289.96 -5.24 332.52 74.44 52.69 145.56

;/sf/ 697.65 296.35 -43.28 347.91 130.04 70.37 215.07

C0f k|fKtL 1171.51 804.03 523.60 924.47 725.37 769.10 968.97

;fFjf e'QmfgL -473.86 -507.68 -566.88 -576.56 -595.33 -698.73 -753.90

cGo If]q -28.31 -6.39 38.04 -15.39 -55.60 -17.68 -69.51

s/]G;L tyf l8kf]lh6 432.75 46.52 -37.77 409.61 -6.51 339.46 478.22

/fi6« a}+s 13.84 -19.74 -2.34 -7.74 4.62 -11.65 0.24

jfl0fHo a}+s 418.91 66.26 -35.43 417.35 -11.13 351.11 477.98

cGo bfloTj 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

hDdf -s±v±u_ -220.06 -1347.8 -19.03 -548.99 -1241.9 1600.70 558.38

-3_ ljljw k"FhL tyf e'nr's 1174.95 1060.06 417.61 2559.12 1809.57 1298.54 510.27

hDdf -s±v±u±3_ 954.89 -287.77 398.58 2010.13 567.70 2899.24 1068.65

-ª_ l/he{ tyf ;DalGwt
lzif{s -954.89 287.77 -398.58 -2010.1 -567.70 -2899.2 -1068.7
-
l/he{ ;DklQ -922.41 320.34 -368.52 2065.80 -646.22 -2899.2 -1341

g]kfn /fi6« a}+s -744.51 -171.27 -780.99 -1950.8 -325.13 -2129.7 -1096.3

jfl0fHo a}+s -177.90 491.61 412.47 -115.02 -321.09 -769.52 -244.70

cfO{=Pd=Pkm= shf{ -32.48 -32.57 -30.06 55.67 78.52 -0.01 272.37
pkof]u
v'b j}b]lzs ;DklQdf -522.14 334.29 -436.35 -1600.5 -574.21 -2559.8 -590.43
kl/jt{g -j[l4_
* ckl/is[t
;|f]t M g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
System of National Accounts 1993. 1993. United Nations.
Balance of Payments Manual Revision 5, 1993. International Monetary Fund.
Balance of Payments Compilation Guide. 1995. International Monetary Fund.
:j0f{ hoGtL :dfl/sf @)^#, g]kfn /fi6« j}+s .
zf]wgfGt/ tYof+s k|ZgfjnL, @)^) g]kfn /fi6« j}+s .

221
 @*M cf}Bf]lus u0fgf Pj+ ;fgf pBf]u k|lti7fg ;j]{If0f
∗
u+uf b]jL bjf8L
kl/ro
cfly{s gLlt, of]hgf Pj+ sfo{qmdsf] th'{df / cy{tGqsf] ;d;fdlos ljZn]if0fsf nflu cy{tGq;DaGwL tYof+ssf] cfjZostf
/xG5 . cy{tGqsf] k|d'v If]qx?dWo] pBf]u Ps ePsf]n] cfly{s tYofÍdf cf}Bf]lus tYofÍn] dxTjk"0f{ lx:;f cf]u6\b5 . tYofÍ
;+sng ug]{ ljlw eg]sf] ;j]{If0f Pj+ u0fgf g} x'g\ . ;+;f/sf ;a}h;f] d'n'sdf lgoldt?kdf o:tf u0fgf Pj+ ;j]{If0f ul/G5 .
cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] tYofÍ ;+sngsf nflu g]kfndf k|To]s kf+r jif{df cf}Bf]lus u0fgf / k|To]s bz aif{df ;fgf pBf]u k|lti7fg
;j]{If0f ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . of] sfo{ s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] ub}{] cfPsf] 5 . o:tf u0fgf tyf ;j]{If0fdf g]kfn cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo
juL{s/0f (Nepal Standard Industrial Classification - NSIC) cg';f/ k|d'v v08 D sf] v08 !% b]lv #& ;Ddsf cf}Bf]lus
k|zf]wg / pTkfbg sfo{ tyf l/;fOlNsË -Manufacturing and Recycling_ ug]{ pBf]u k|lti7fgx? ;dfj]z ul/G5 . cf}Bf]lus
u0fgfdf !) jf !) eGbf a9L AolStx? pTkfbg sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sf pBf]u k|lit7fgx?nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/G5 eg] ;fgf pBf]u
k|lti7fg ;j]{If0fdf ( jf ( eGbf sd AolStx? pTkfbg sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sf pBf]u k|lti7fgx?nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/G5 . cf}Bf]lus
u0fgf b]zleq cf}Bf]lus Joj;fodf sfo{/t ;j} pBf]u k|lti7fgx?nfO{ ;dfj]; u/]/ tYofÍ ;+sng ul/g] u0fgf xf] . cf}Bf]lus
u0fgfdf gkg]{ pBf]ux?sf] nut jgfO{ ltgaf6 :ofDkn 5gf]6 u/L ul/g] ;j]{If0fnfO{ ;fgf pBf]u ;j]{If0f eGg] ul/Psf] 5 .
cf}Bf]lus u0fgf Pj+ ;j]{If0fdf pBf]u k|lti7fgsf] l:ylt, pBf]usf] pTkfbg, pBf]un] lbg] /f]huf/L, pBf]un] k|of]u ug]{ j:t' tyf
;]jfx?, pBf]udf ePsf] nufgL cflbsf] jf/]df ;"rgf ;+sng tyf k|zf]wg ul/G5 .

p2]Zo
;du|df cf}Bf]lus u0fgf Pj+ ;fgf pBf]u k|lti7fg ;j]{If0fsf] p2]Zo ;Gbe{ aif{df ;~rfng e}/x]sf pBf]u k|lti7fgx?sf] tYof+s
;+sng, k|zf]wg, ljZn]if0f tyf k|sfzg ug'{ xf] . laz]iftM u0fgf Pj+ ;j]I{ f0fcGt{ut lgDg lsl;dsf ;"rgfx? ;+sng tyf
k|zf]wg ul/G5 .

! rfn" cj:yfdf /x]sf pBf]u k|lti7fgx¿sf] ;+/rgfut l:ylt klxNofpg' Pj+ g]kfn :t/Lo cf}Bf]lus juL{s/0fcg';f/
tYofÍx¿ k|:t'lt ug'{ .
@= cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgn] s] s:tf j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿ ;Gbe{ jif{df pTkfbg ul//x]sf 5g\ tL j:t'x¿sf] CPC (Central
Product Classification) cg';f/ tflnsLs/0f, ljZn]if0f u/L k|:t't ug'{ .
#= pBf]u k|lti7fgx¿sf] /f]huf/Lsf] l:yltaf/] tYofÍ k|:t't ug'{ .
$= pBf]ux¿sf] nufgL, sRrfkbfy{sf] vkt, OGwg lah'nLsf] vkt, s/, cflbdf ePsf] nfut tyf ;+/rgfut ¿kdf
pTkflbt j:t'sf] laqmL, df}Hbft, cflb] af/]df hfgsf/L pknJw u/fpg' .
%= pBf]u k|lti7fgsf] cfut d"No (Output) / lgu{t d"No (Input) cg'dfgx¿ tof/ u/L k|sflzt ug'{ .
^= jftfj/0f lgoGq0f;DaGwL pBf]ux¿sf] k|of;af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug'{ .
&= sRrfkbfy{ vl/bb]lv pTkflbt j:t'sf] ahf/ Joj:yfkg;Dd s] s:tf ;d:ofx¿ ef]u]sf 5g\ To:tf ef]luPsf
;d:ofx¿ klxNofpg' .

cf}Bf]lus tYof° ;+sngsf] Oltxf;M

g]kfndf cf}Bf]lus sfd;DaGwL tYofÍ ;+sngsf] klxnf] k|of; /f0ff k|wfgd+qL h'4 ;dz]/sf] kfnfdf ePsf] lyof] . t/ To;a]nf
g]kfne/L geP/ sf7df08f} / o;sf j/k/ /x]sf ;–;fgf s'6L/ Joj;fosf] ;"rgf ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . of] k|of; cf}Bf]lus
tYofÍ ;+sngeGbf klg pknJw ;|f]t ;fwgsf] clen]v tof/ kfg]{ (Resource Mapping) k|of; lyof] . j}1flgs?kdf
pBf]u;DaGwL tYofÍ ;+sngsf] sfo{ cf}Bf]lus u0fgf ;'? ePkl5 dfq ePsf] xf] .

∗
lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
222
cf}Bf]lus u0fgf
g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus tYofÍsf] Oltxf;df k|yd cf}Bf]lus u0fgf lj=;+= @)@@ ;fndf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5 lj=;+= @)#),
@)#$, @)#(, @)$$, @)$(, @)%$ / @)%( df qmdzM bf];|f], t];|f], rf}yf], kfFrf}F], 5}7fF}, ;ftf}F / cf7f}F cf}Bf]lus u0fgf ;DkGg
ePsf lyP . kl5Nnf] cf}Bf]lus u0fgf @)^$ ;fndf ;DkGg ul/of] / of] g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus u0fgfsf] qmddf gjf}+ xf] / o;sf]
clGtd glthf ;d]t k|sflzt e};s]sf] 5 .
cf}Bf]lus u0fgfjf6 k|fKt pBf]u k|lti7fgx?sf] ;+Vof .

cf}Bf]lus u0fgf pBf]u k|lti7fgx?sf] ;+Vof

@)@@ !,@^)
@)#) @,$#$
@)#$ #,%@*
@)#( $,()#
@)$$ (,#%(
@)$( $,@&!
@)%$ #,%%&
@)%( #,@!#
@)^$ #,$$^
cf}Bf]lus u0fgfdf klxn] -kf+rf} cf}Bf]lus u0fgf;Dd_ !) hgf jf ;f]eGbf a9LnfO{ /f]huf/L lbg] / :jrflnt d]l;g -
Automative Machine_ k|of]u ug]{ ;j} k|lti7fgnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/GYof] eg] 5}7fF} u0fgfb]lv !) jf !) eGbf a9L AolStx?
pTkfbg sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sf pBf]u k|lti7fgx? dfq ;dfj]z ul/g yflnof] . To:t} u0fgfdf ;+sng ug]{ ljj/0f, u0fgfsf] tYofÍ
k|;f]wg cflbdf klg ;'wf/ ul/Psf 5g\ . u0fgfnfO{ ;s];Dd cGt/{fli6«o:t/sf] agfpg] k|of; ePsf 5g\ . u0fgfx¿jf6 k|fKt
d'Vo d'Vo ;"rsx? lgDg k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ .

;"rs cf}Bf]lus u0fgf cf}Bf]lus u0fgf cf}Bf]lus u0fgf cf}Bf]lus u0fgf

@)$( @)%$ @)%( @)^$
cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx?sf] ;+Vof $,@&! #%%& #,@!# #,$$^
hDdf /f]huf/ ;+Vof @,@#,$^# !,(^,&)* !,(!,*%# !,&&,%%)
tnjL sfdbf/ ;+Vof @,!#,^%# !,*&,#!^ !,*!,($# !,^(,%%)
u0fgf k|ltkmn -Census Output_ ?=xhf/df #,@(,(&,#&$ %,$(,@&,)(@ (,$*,!!,)^! !%,%(,$*,@&)
u0fgf nfut -Census Input_ ?=xhf/df !,(#,$&,$%@ #,#),%!,&&& ^,@@,)^,$%% !),&*,)(,&@@
d"No clea[l4 -?= xhf/df_ !,#^,$(,(@@ @,!*,&%,#!% #,@^,)$,^)^ $,*!,#*,%$*
tnj tyf ;'lawf -?= xhf/df_ ##,$*,$(# $),%*,)^( ^#,*(,^^! *),$$,)(^
:yfoL ;DklQ -?= xhf/df_ @,)),^&,!@^ @,^$,(!,)$% $,)#,&!,#*! &,**,*(,#%@
df}Hbft l:ylt -?= xhf/df_ @#,@$,^*^ @$,#@,#^@ !#,@$,^^( $(,(#,%##

223
;fgf pBf]u k|lti7fg ;j]{If0f M
cf}Bf]lus u0fgfn] 7"nf k|s[ltsf pBf]u k|lti7fgx?nfO{ dfq ;d]6]sf] / sltko cf}Bf]lus lqmofsnfkx? ;fgf pBf]u k|lti7fgdf
x'g] / ltgn] s'n cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgsf] dxTjk"0f{ lx:;f cf]u6\g] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL la=;= @)@( b]lv ;fgf pBf]ux?sf]
;j]{If0fsf] sfd yflnPsf] xf] . of] ;j]{If0f !) jif{sf] cGt/fndf ug]{ gLltcg'?k kl5Nnf] ;j]{If0f @)%& ;fndf ;DkGg ul/Psf]
lyof] . ;'?sf ;j]{If0fx? Area Sampling sf cfwf/df ul/Psf lyP eg] kl5Nnf] k6s ;j]{If0f ubf{ b]ze/Lsf ;+k"0f{ ;fgf
pBf]ux?sf] nut tof/ kf/L ltgaf6 :ofDkn 5gf]6 u/L ul/Psf] lyof] . :ofDkn 5gf]6 ubf{ NSIC sf] rf}yf] cÍ ;d"xsf]
k|ltlglwTj x'g]u/L Stratified Random Sampling ljlwsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] lyof]] . cf=a= @)^& ;fndf ;fgf pBf]]u k|lti7fg
;j]{If0f ug]{ sfo{s|d 5 . o; ;j]{If0fsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;fgf pBf]u k|lti7fgx?sf] ;"rLs/0f sfo{ cf=a= @)^%÷)^^ df
;DkGg ug]{ u/L sfo{ xF'b}5 . o;} ;"rLs/0fjf6 k|fKt nutnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ 5g}f6 ljlwaf6 ;j]{If0f sfo{ ul/g]5 .

cf}Bf]lus ;"rsf+s
cf}Bf]lus u0fgfjf6 k|fKt tYofÍsf] cfwf/df s]xL k|ltlglwd"ns pBf]u k|lti7fgx?sf] 5gf}6 u/L k|To]s tLg dlxgfdf tYofÍ
;+sng u/]/ o;}sf cfwf/df cf}Bf]lus ;"rsf+s tof/ ul/G5 . cf}Bf]lus ;"rsf+s lgdf{0fsf] nflu k|of]u ul/g] ef/ cf}Bf]lus
u0fgfaf6 k|fKt tYofÍaf6 lnOG5 .
o;jfx]s ljefun] ;do ;dodf cGo ljz]if ;j]{If0fx?af6 ;d]t pBf]u;DaGwL tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . To:t} hgu0fgf,
hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f, s[lif u0fgf, vfgL, lgdf{0f h:tf sfo{x?sf] Pjd\ ljleGg ;]jfx?sf] ;j]{If0fjf6 klg pBf]u;DaGwL s]xL tYofÍ
pknAw x'G5g . s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefueGbf jfx]ssf cGt//fli6«o ;+:yf / u}/;/sf/L lgsfox?n] klg pBf]usf] pTkfbsTj,
pBf]udf sfo{/t dhb'/ sd{rf/Lsf] cj:yf, pBf]un] k|of]u ug]{ k|ljlw, pBf]udf pknAw ePsf] zlQmsf] pkof]u, pBf]un] kfg]{
jftfj/0fLo k|efa, h:tf ljifox?df ;do ;dodf tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf pBf]u ljefu,
>d ljefu, :jf:Yo tyf hg;Vof d+qfno h:tf lgsfox?n] klg vf; vf; k|sf/sf pBf]u;DaGwL tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ ub{5g .

cf}Bf]lus u0fgf/;j]{If0fdf kg]{ If]qM

b]zsf] cfly{s If]qleq ;~rflnt ljljw cfly{s ultljlwx¿nfO{ l;nl;n]jf/¿kdf k|:t't ug]{ p2]Zo /fvL s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun]
@)%^ ;fndf g]kfn cf}Bf]lus Jofj;fo juL{s/0f (NSIC) tof/ u/]sf] 5 . cfly{s ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ug]{
cf}Bf]lus÷Jofj;flos k|lti7fgx¿sf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ juL{s/0f tyf JofVof u/L ljleGg r/0fx¿df -k|yd, bf];|f], t];|f] tyf
rf}yf]_ cÍ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L rf}yf] cÍ ;d"xsf] cfly{s ultljlwx¿sf] dfq JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . b]zsf] cy{tGqleq ;~rflnt
ljleGg cfly{s tyf ;+:yfut If]qsf pTkfbs ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] p2]Zon] cGt/fli6«o cf}Bf]lus juL{s/0f (ISIC-1990, rev-3)
sf] cfwf/df g]kfn cf}Bf]lus Jofj;fo juL{s/0f tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . ISIC Rev-3 df A b]vL Q ;Dd d'Vo ;d"x /x]sf 5g\ . of]
juL{s/0fdf hDdf !& j6f k|d'v v08x¿, ^) j6f Division, !$& j6f Group / @&^ j6f Class /x]sf 5g\ . NSIC cg';f/
cf}Bf]lus u0fgf / ;j]{If0fdf k|d'v v08-Major Division) D sf] v08 (Division) !% b]lv #& ;Ddsf Joj;fox? ;dfj]z
ul/G5 . cf}Bf]lus k|zf]wg -pTkfbg sfo{ tyf l/;fOlNsË_ ug]{ (Manufacturing and Recycling_ cGtu{t @# j6f Division,
%# j6f Group / !!& j6f Class /x]sf 5g .

cf}Bf]lus u0fgf/;j]{If0fdf k|of]u x'g] k|d'v zJbfjnL

pBf]u k|lti7fg
pBf]u k|lti7fg eGgfn] Pp6} k|zf;lgs lgoGq0fdf s'g} lglZrt :yfgdf /xL pTkfbg sfo{ ug]{ cfly{s OsfOnfO{ lnOG5 .
pTkfbg sfo{ eGgfn] lghL{j jf h}ljs a:t'nfO{ oflGqs of /;folgs of cGo s'g} k|lqmofåf/f k|zf]wg jf ¿kfGt/ u/L gofF
a:t'df kl/0ft ug]{ sfo{nfO{ a'lemG5 . pBf]u k|lti7fgn] pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ g]kfn cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo jlu{s/0f (NSIC) n]
b]xfocg';f/ juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 .
!% vfB tyf k]o kbfy{ pTkfbg ug]{ lqmofsnfk jf k|lti7fgx¿ .
!^ ;'tL{hGo kbfy{ pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]u k|lti7fg jf lqmofsnfkx¿ .
!& sk8fsf] pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]u k|lti7fg jf lqmofsnfkx¿ .
!* nufpg] kf]zfssf] pTkfbg, e'jfbf/ kf]zfssf] sfF65fF6 / /ª\/f]ug ug]{ lqmofsnfk jf k|lti7fgx¿ .

224
 !( 5fnfsf] /ª\/f]ug Pj+ sfF65fF6 ug]{, 5fnfsf] afs;, xft] Aofu / o:t} cGo ;fdfgx¿ pTkfbg ug]{ lqmofsnfk jf
Joj;fox¿ .
@) kmlg{r/ -3/]n' kmlg{r/_, k/fn Pj+ 5\jfnLaf6 lgld{t j:t'x¿afx]s sf7 jf sf7 k|of]u ePsf j:t'x¿ / ss{
pTkfbg ug]{ lqmofsnfkx¿ .
@! sfuh / sfuhhGo j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ k|lti7fgx¿ .
@@ /]s8{ ul/Psf ;fdfu|Lx¿sf] 5kfO{ / k'gM k|sfzg ug]{ lqmofsnfk jf k|lti7fgx¿ .
@# vFlbnf] sf]Onf, k|zf]lwt k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ pTkfbg ug]{ lqmofsnfk jf k|lti7fgx¿ .
@$ /;fog / /;folgs j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg ug]{ lqmofsnfk jf k|lti7fgx¿ .
@% /a/ jf Knfli6ssf ;fdfu|L pTkfbg ug]{ lqmofsnfk jf k|lti7fgx¿ .
@^ u}/ wflTjs vlghx¿ pTkfbg ug]{ lqmofsnfk jf k|lti7fgx¿ .
@& cfwf/e"t wft'x¿sf] pTkfbg ug]{ lqmofsnfkx¿ .
@* ljleGg 9fFrfut¿kdf ag]sf d]l;g/L / pks/0fafx]ssf wft'sf j:t'x¿ pTkfbg ug]{ lqmofsnfkx¿ .
@( cGoq pNn]v gul/Psf oGq / pks/0f ug]{ lqmofsnfkx¿ .
#) sfof{nosf] n]vf / u0fgf;DaGwL sfd ug]{ d]l;g agfpg] lqmofsnfkx¿ jf k|lti7fgx¿ .
#! cGoq pNn]v gul/Psf ljB't\ d]l;g/L ;fdu|L agfpg] k|lti7fgx¿ jf lqmofsnfkx¿ .
#@ /]l8of] 6]lnlehg / cGo ;~rf/sf ;fwg Pj+ pks/0f agfpg] lqmofsnfkx¿ .
## :jf:Yo;DaDwL ;"Id k|fljlws pks/0f / 38L Pj+ ltgsf kf6{k"hf{x¿ agfpg] lqmofsnfk jf k|lti7fgx¿ .
#$ df]6/ uf8L, 6«]n/, ;]ld–6«]n/sf] a8L agfpg] lqmofsnfkx¿ .
#% cGo oftfoftsf] pks/0f agfpg] lqmofsnfkx¿ .
#^ cGoq pNn]v gul/Psf kmlg{r/ ;fdfg agfpg], pTkfbg ug]{ k|lti7fg jf lqmofsnfkx¿ .

cf}Bf]lus u0fgfdf kg]]{ pBf]u k|lti7fg

cf}Bf]lus u0fgfdf lglZrt cfsf/eGbf 7"nf k|lti7fgx?nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu gjf}+ cf}Bf]lus u0fgf, @)^$ df
g]kfn /fi6«sf] ;Dk"0f{ e"−efudf !) jf !) eGbf a9L AolStx? pTkfbg sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sf] (Engaging 10 or More Persons)
cf}Bf]lus k|zf]wg ug]{ pBf]u k|lti7fgx?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] lyof] .

;j]{If0fdf kg]]{ ;fgf pBf]u k|lti7fg

;fgf pBf]u k|lti7fg ;j]{If0fdf Ps / a9Ldf gf} hgf Joltmx? -tnjL jf j]tnjL_ pTkfbg sfo{df ;+nUg /xL rfn" cj:yfdf
/x]sf] pBf]u k|lti7fgx? kb{5g\ . lj=;+= @)%& ;fndf ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fdf tnjL sfdbf/ k|of]u gu/L cfkm\g} kl/jf/sf
;b:ox?sf] ;xeflutfdf 3/ kl/jf/leq g} pBf]u ;+rfng ePsf] cj:yfdf klg olb To:tf pBf]uaf6 k|fKt cfDbfgL g} To;
kl/jf/sf] lgoldt cfDbfgLsf] k|d'v ;|f]t ePdf To:tf pBf]u k|lti7fgnfO{ ;d]t ;fgf pBf]u dfgL ;j]{If0fdf ;fd]n ul/Psf]
lyof] . ;fgf pBf]u k|lti7fg ;j]{If0f, @)^% df s'g} g s'g} ;/sf/L lgsfodf btf{ eO{ Ps / a9Ldf gf} hgf Joltmx? -tnjL jf
j]tnjL_ ;+nUg /xL rfn" cj:yfdf /x]sf pBf]u k|lti7fgx?nfO{ dfq ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

pBf]uaf6 /f]huf/L kfpg] JolQm

o:tf] ;d"xdf pBf]uklt, ;lqmo ;fe]mbf/ / kl/jf/sf] ;b:o jf tnj glng] cGo JolQm tyf pBf]u k|lti7fgdf sfd u/]jfkt
lgodfg';f/ tnj, Hofnf, kfl/>lds gubL jf lhG;L kfpg] JolQm -sfdbf// sd{rf/L_ kb{5g .

pTkfbgzLn sd{rf/L
pBf]u k|lti7fgsf] pTkfbgsf] sfo{df ;Lw} ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ pTkfbgzLn sd{rf/Lx? egL a'em\g'kb{5 . 7]Ssf jf cGo
zt{df k|ToIf¿kdf pTkfbg;Fu ;Da4 sfd ug]{ JolQmx? klg pTkfbgzLn sd{rf/Ls} >]0fLdf kb{5g . ;fwf/0ftof d]l;g
ck/]6/, ld:qL, pTkfbg lgoGqs tyf pTkfbg sfo{df k|ToIf¿kdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg] Kofs;{ cflb pTkfbgzLn sd{rf/Lleq
kb{5g .

225
pBf]uklt tyf ;lqmo ;fe]mbf/
kfl/>lds glnOsg pBf]u k|lti7fgsf] sfo{df ;lqmo ¿kn] ;+nUg /xg] pBf]uklt jf ;+rfns jf ;fe]mbf/ jf s'g} klg k|sf/sf]
kfl/>lds glnO{ xKtfsf] slDtdf !^ 306f -;fwf/0ftof sfd ul/g] ;dosf] Ps ltxfO_ sfd ug]{ pBf]uklt tyf ;fe]mbf/sf
kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ o; ju{df ;fd]n ul/G5 .

sd{rf/Lsf] tna tyf ;'ljwf

sd{rf/Lsf] tna tyf ;'ljwf eGgfn] pBf]u k|lti7fgdf sfd u/]jfkt lgodfg';f/ gubL lhG;L jf cGo?kdf kfpg] ;'ljwfx?
j'lemG5 . sd{rf/Lx?n] cfkm\gf] sfd u/]sf] k|To]s dlxgf jf tf]s]sf] cjlwadf]lhd lglZrt ;dodf tna/Hofnf kfpg] x'G5g .
sd{rf/Lx?n] sfd u/]jfkt tna Hofnfsf] cltl/Qm cGo ;'ljwfx? klg kfpg] cj:yf x'g;Sb5 . Hofnf tnj egL gtf]lssg
lbOPsf cGo ;a} gubL jf lhG;L e'QmfgLnfO{ klg ;'ljwfdf ;dfj]z ul/G5 . o:t} ;'ljwfdf sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOPsf] cfjf; ;'ljwf,
nQf–sk8f ;'ljwf, lhG;L ;'ljwf, pkrf/ ;'ljwf, ;jf/L ;fwg ;'ljwf, sfdbf/ b'3{6gf ljdf, pkbfg, aRrfx?sf] nflu ul/Psf
z}lIfs vr{ cflb kb{5g\ .

OGwg, kfgL tyf ljB't zlQmsf] pTkfbg, vl/b / ljqmL

pBf]u k|lti7fgn] pTkfbg k|lqmof ;+rfng ug{ k|of]udf Nofpg] pHff{, tfk–zlQm jf ljB't pTkfbgsf] k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u
u/]sf] OGwg o;cGtu{t kb{5 . oftfoftsf ;fwgsf] lglDt k|of]u ug]{ OGwg ;d]t o;df ;dfj]z ul/G5 . t/ a:t' pTkfbg ug]{
qmddf sRrf kbfy{sf ¿kdf k|of]u x'g] OGwg o;cGtu{t kb}{g . pBf]un] cfkm}n] ljB't pTkfbg ug]]{ /x]5 eg] To:tf]
pTkfbgsf nflu k|of]u ePsf] OGwg klg o;}leq kb{5 . ;fy} hn ljB't pTkfbg u/]sf] /x]5 eg] Tof] ljB't klg o;}leq
;dfj]z ul/G5 .

sRrf kbfy{
pBf]u k|lti7fgn] pTkflbt a:t' tof/ kfg]{ l;nl;nfdf k|of]u ug]{ kbfy{x¿nfO{ sRrf kbfy{ elgG5 . ljleGg pBf]u k|lti7fgsf]
sRrf kbfy{ cf–cfˆgf] pTkfbgcg';f/ leGbfleGb} x'g;Sb5g\ . ;fy} s'g} a:t' pTkfbg ug{sf] nflu w]/} lsl;dsf sRrf kbfy{
k|of]u ul/Psf] ;d]t x'G5 . t/ nfut tyf pTkfbgsf] qmddf ePsf] Ps jif{eGbf a9L vkt gx'g] ;fdfGo d]l;g/L, kf6k"hf{,
j:t' /fVg] sG6]g/, Kofs ug{sf] nflu k|of]u x'g] ;fdfgnfO{ ;d]t sRrf kbfy{ ;/x Jojxf/ ul/G5 .

pTkfbg / pTkflbt a:t'

pBf]u k|lti7fgn] sRrf kbfy{ k|zf]wg, ¿kfGt/ u/L tof/ u/]sf] a:t'nfO{ pTkfbg elgG5 . pBf]u k|lti7fgn] pknJw u/fPsf]
sRrf kbfy{ k|of]u u/L s/f/df c? pTkfbsaf6 tof/ kfl/Psf] a:t'nfO{ klg o;} pBf]u k|lti7fgsf] pTkfbg dflgG5 .
cf7f}+ cf}Bf]lus u0fgfb]lv pBf]usf] pTkfbg / pBf]un] k|of]u ug]{ kbfy{ United Nation, Department of Economic and
Social Affairs, Statistical Division n] tof/ u/]sf] Central Product Classification - CPC Version 1.0 sf] cfwf/df
cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgx?sf] juL{s/0f cf}Bf]lus u0fgf, @)%( b]lv tof/ ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . of] juL{s/0f tof/ ug{'sf] d'Vo p2]Zo
cfly{s tYofÍx?sf] ;+/rgfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o:t/df t'ngfof]Uo agfpg cfwf/zLnf tof/ ug]{ Pj+ e}/x]sf] juL{s/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ cem
ljsl;t u/L cGt/f{li6«o:t/ ;'xfFpbf] agfpg' xf] .

cf}Bf]lus ;]jfjfkt k|fKt vr{ tyf cfDbfgL

pBf]u k|lti7fgn] pTkfbg sfo{df k|ToIf ;+nUg /xg] ;]jfx¿ cGo pBf]u k|lti7fg jf JolQmx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fPjfkt÷laqmL
u/L cfDbfgL k|fKt ug]{ ub{5 eg] csf]{tk{m To:tf ;]jfx¿ cGo JolQm jf k|lti7fgx¿af6 klg pBf]u k|lti7fgx¿n] lng'kg]{ x'G5 .
cfkm\gf] k|lti7fgn] To:tf] lsl;dsf] ;]jf ljleGg tl/sfn] ug{;Sg] / ;f]jfkt k|fKt x'g] ;Dk"0f{ /sdnfO{ g} cf}Bf]lus ;]jfjfktsf]
cfDbfgL dflgG5 eg] To:tf ;]jfx¿ pQm k|lti7fgn] lnPjfktsf ;Dk"0f{ vr{x¿ cf}Bf]lus ;]jfjfktsf] vr{cGt{ut kb{5g\ .

226
df}Hbft
lglZrt cjlwdf vl/b ul/Psf] ;a} sRrfkbfy{ jf OGwg k|of]udf gcfPsf, cw{tof/L j:t' tof/L j:t' x'g afFsL /x]sf, ;do
kfjGbLsf] sf/0f laqmL geO{ afFsL /x]sf ;fdfgnfO{ df}Hbft elgG5 .

u}/ cf}Bf]lus ;]jfjfktsf] vr{ tyf cfDbfgL

pBf]u k|lti7fgsf] pTkfbg;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw g/xg] t/ pBf]u k|lti7fgx¿nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ 3/ uf]bfd ef8f, hUuf ef8f,
pks/0f ef8f, oftfoft ef8f, ladf, /f]oN6L, 6]lnkmf]g, x'nfs lj1fkg, 5kfO{ Pj+ :6];g/L h:tf ;]jfx?df eP u/]sf vr{x¿
u}/cf}Bf]lus ;]jfjfktsf] vr{df kb{5g\ eg] log} ;]jfd"ns lqmofsnfk jfkt k|fKt cfDbfgL u}/cf}Bf]lus ;]jfjfktsf]
cfDbfgLcGt{ut kb{5g\\ .

:yfoL ;DklQsf] ljj/0f

æ:yfoL ;DklQÆ eGgfn] laqmL u/L kmfObf p7fpg] p2]Zo glnO{ s]jn pBf]u k|lti7fgsf] pTkfbg, laqmL ljt/0f tyf tT;DaGwL
cGo sfo{ rnfpg hf]8 hDdf ul/Psf Ps jif{eGbf a9L vKg] ef}lts j:t'x¿nfO{ hgfpF5 .

ck|ToIf s/
d"No clej[l4s/ -Eof6_ lgof{t dx;'n h:tf pBf]u k|lti7fgn] lt/]sf ck|ToIf s/x¿ o;cGt{ut kb{5g .

pTkfbg Ifdtfsf] pkof]u

s'g} pBf]u k|lti7fgsf] pTkfbg Ifdtf eGgfn] cfk"m;Fu eO/x]sf] d]l;g tyf pks/0fx¿sf] clwstd pkof]u ubf{ pTkfbg ug{
;lsg] k|d'v pTkflbt j:t'sf] kl/df0f a'e\mg'kb{5 .

cf}Bf]lus u0fgf÷;j]{If0fdf ;+sng ul/g] ljj/0fx? M

cf}Bf]lus u0fgf÷;j]{If0fdf lgDg ljj/0fx? ;+sng ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ pBf]u k|lti7fgsf] kl/rofTds ljj/0f M gfd, 7]ufgf, 6]lnkmf]g, btf{, ;~rfng ldlt, ;Dk{s sfof{no, ;DalGwt ;d"x
cflb .
-v_ a}wflgs l:ylt M JolQmut kmd{, ;fe]mbf/L, k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 sDkgL, klAns lnld6]8 sDkgL, ;xsf/L cflbsf] ljj/0f .
-u_ :jfldTj M g]kfn ;/sf/, :jb]zL lghL, ljb]zL lghL, g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ;Fo'Qm :jb]zL -lghL_ / ljb]zL -lghL_ cflb .
-3_ k|d'v cf}Bf]lus lqmofsnfk M pTkfbg ug]{ k|d'v a:t' / cGo pTkflbt a:t'x? .
-8=_ /f]huf/;DaGwL ljj/0f M pBf]uklt tyf ;lqmo ;fe]mbf/, kl/jf/sf ;b:o jf cGo JolQm, k|zf;sLo sd{rf/L, k|fljlws
sd{rf/L, pTkfbgzLn sd{rf/L cflbsf] ;+Vof / lghn] kfpg] tnj ;'ljwfsf] ljj/0f .
-r_ OGwg, kfgL tyf ljB't zlQmsf] pTkfbg v/Lb / laqmL M ljleGg k|sf/sf OGwg, kfgL, ljB'tsf] v/Lb / laqmLsf] ljj/0f .
-5_ cf}Bf]lus ;]jf jfktsf] vr{ M jfx\o ;|f]taf6 v/Lb x'g] cf}Bf]lus ;]jfdf ePsf] vr{ .
-h_ sRrf kbfy{sf] v/Lb M ljleGg k|sf/sf sRrf kbfy{ / ;xfos sRrf kbfy{sf] v/Lbsf] kl/df0f, d"No / ltgsf] ;|f]t .
-em_ pTkfbg / pTkflbt a:t'sf] laqmL M ljleGg pTkflbt a:t'sf] pTkfbg / laqmL kl/df0f / laqmLsf] ahf/ -:jb]z jf
ljb]z_ .
-`_ cf}Bf]lus ;]jfaf6 k|fKt /sd M jfx\o kf6L{nfO{ pknJw u/fPsf] cf}Bf]lus ;]jfaf6 k|fKt cfDbfgL .
-6_ df}Hbft M k|lti7fgdf /x]sf ljleGg sRrf kbfy{, ;xfos sRrf kbfy{, cw{ k|zf]lwt Pj+ tof/L ;fdfgx?sf] df}Hbft .
-7_ u}/ cf}Bf]lus ;]jf jfktsf] vr{ M 3/ uf]bfd ef8f, pks/0f ef8f, hUuf ef8f, oftfoft ef8f, ladf, /f]oN6L, 6]lnkmf]g,
x'nfs lj1fkg, 5kfO{ Pj+ :6];g/L h:tf ;]jfx?df ePsf] vr{ .
-8_ ck|ToIf s/ lt/]sf] M d"No clea[l4 s/, cGtMz'Ns, lgof{t dx;'n cflb .
227
-9_ u}/cf}Bf]lus ;]jfaf6 k|fKt /sd M olb k|lti7fgn] jfx\o kf6L{nfO{ u}/cf}Bf]lus ;]jf lbPsf] eP To;af6 k|fKt /sd .
-0f_ :yfoL ;DklQsf] ljj/0fM ;Gbe{ jif{sf] z'?df /x]sf] / jif{el/ yk ePsf] laqmL ePsf] ljleGg k|sf/sf ;DklQ / ltgdf
ePsf] x|f; s§L .
-t_ pTkfbg Ifdtfsf] pkof]uM pTkfbg Ifdtfsf] pkof]u k|ltztsf] ljj/0f .
-y_ jftfj/0f;DaGwL ljj/0fM jftfj/0f k|b"if0f lgoGq0f pks/0f÷oGq h8fgdf ePsf] vr{, oGq÷pks/0fafx]ssf] jftfj/0f
;+/If0fdf ePsf] cGo vr{ Pj+ k|lti7fgaf6 lg:s]sf v]/ hfg] j:t'x?nfO{ k'gM k|of]udf -Recycling_ df ePsf] vr{ .
-b_ pBf]u k|lti7fgsf] d'Vo d'Vo ;d:of M pBf]u k|lti7fgn] b]v]sf d'Vo ;d:of k|fyldstf qmdfg';f/ .

pk;+xf/
o;sf nflu Psftkm{ ;j} k|sf/sf pBf]ux?sf] tYofÍ ;+sng sfo{ Ps} ;dodf x'g h?/L 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ cf}Bf]lus k|zf]wg
ug]{ pBf]uafx]ssf cGo Joj;fosf] ;d]t ;f]xL ;dodf tYofÍ ;+sng ePdf Ps} ;dodf ;+k"0f{ cy{tGqsf] lrq0f ug]{ tYofÍ
pknAw x'g;S5 . cy{tGqsf] ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{gsf] cfFsngsf nflu ljsl;t d'n'sx?n] Joj;fodf ;+nUg ;a} k|sf/sf
k|lti7fgx?sf] tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ cfly{s u0fgf (Economic Census) ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . t/ g]kfndf xfn;Dd o:tf] u0fgf
x'g;s]sf] 5}g . cy{tGqsf] ljsf;;F+u} cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgdf ;]jf If]qsf] of]ubfgsf] j[l4 o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f xf] . t;y{
g]kfndf klg cfw'lgs cy{tGqsf ;a} If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L cfly{s u0fgf ;'? ug'{ cfjZos e};s]sf] 5 .

228
 @(M s[lif tYof°
∗
u0f]zk|;fb cfrfo{

!= kl/ro
cfly{s tYofÍsf] k|d'v lx:;fsf ¿kdf s[lif tYofÍsf] :yfg /x]sf] 5 . s[lif tYofÍ eg]sf] s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt tYodf
cfwfl/t ;"rgf jf hfgsf/L xf] h;nfO{ ;ª\sng, tflnsLs/0f / ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df lgZsif{;lxt k|sfzg ug{ ;lsG5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu e"–pkof]u / pkef]u, afnL nufPsf] If]qkmn, afnLsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj, kz'k+IfLsf ;ª\Vof / pTkfbg
cflb . k|s[lt;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] s[lif sfo{sf] If]q km/flsnf] 5 . s[lif sfo{df d'VotM v]tLkftLsf] sfo{, kz'k+IfLkfng,
dT:okfng, dfx'/Lkfng, /]zd v]tL, lrof tyf skmL v]tL, km"nx¿sf] v]tL tyf g;{/L cflb h:tf If]qsf] lqmofsnfkx¿
kb{5g\ . oL sfo{x¿ ;Dkfbg ug]{ qmddf pkof]u ul/g] k"FhL / >dzlQm, kmfd{ Joj:yfkgb]lv lnP/ oL lqmofsnfkx¿af6
pTkflbt j:t'x¿sf] ahf/ Joj:yfkg;Ddsf] sfo{ klg s[lif sfo{x¿leq g} kb{5g\ . o; sfo{nfO{ d'VotM hldg, kfgL,
ef}uf]lns cj:yf, l;FrfO, df};d, ;fdflhs k/Dk/f, k|ljlw, ljsf;sf cfwf/e"t kIfx¿, e"–:jldTj / o; If]qdf ul/Psf]
nufgLsf cltl/Qm cfGtl/s Pjd\ cGt/fli6«o ahf/n] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf¿kn] k|efj kfb{5 . oL ;a} ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt tYofÍ
s[lif tYofÍsf] kl/lwleq k5{g\ . Aofks bfo/f ePsf] s[lif If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ tYox¿ g} jf:tjdf s[lif tYofÍ xf] .

;xL, ljZj;gLo, e/kbf]{ Pjd\ cBfjlws s[lif tYofª\ssf] cfwf/df dfq cfly{s If]qsf] t'ngfTds¿kn] j:t'k/s
ljZn]if0f ;Dej x'G5 / o;sf cfwf/df ul/Psf] lg0f{o a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 . t;y{ s[lif tYofª\snfO{ cfly{s If]qsf] lg0f{o
k|lqmofsf] d'Vo cfwf/sf] ¿kdf klg x]g{ ;lsG5 . b]zsf] ;du| ljsf;sf] nflu cWofjlws u'0f:t/Lo tYofÍsf] cfjZostf
ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . dfu / ahf/sf] cfwf/df u'0f:t/Lo s[lif tYofÍ pTkfbg u/L pknAw u/fpg] sfo{df s]xL r'gf}tLx¿ ;a}h;f]
/fi6«x¿ ;fd' /x]sf 5g\ . s[lif tYofÍsf If]qdf /x]sf hl6ntf / r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug{ ;a} /fi6«x¿n] cfjZos Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
g]kfndf cfjlws of]hgfx¿n] tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; cfjZos /x]sf] dx;'; u/]sf] ePtfklg xfn;Dd s[lif tYofÍsf] If]qdf
w]/} ;d:ofx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ . s[lif tYofÍsf] dxTj cGt/fli6«o hutdf klg 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;ª\u7g
(UNFAO) n] ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] s[lif tYofÍLo lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xof]u / ;dGjo ug]{ ub{5 . o; n]vdf s[lif tYofÍsf] If]q
/ bfo/f, cfjZostf / dxTj, lsl;d, ;|f]t / g]kfnsf] s[lif tYofÍsf] ;Gbe{df ;+lIfKt rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

@= s[lif tYof°sf] If]q / bfo/f (Scope and Coverage of Agricultural Statistics)

k/Dk/fut¿kdf s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt tYofÍLo lqmofsnfk dfu / jftfj/0fLo kIfnfO{ Wofg glbO{ cfk"lt{df dfq
cfwfl/t lyof] . cem eGg'kbf{ tYofÍ k|0ffnL;Fu cfj4 gu/L cfGtl/s k|of]hgsf nflu dfq k|of]u ul/GYof] . s[lif
lqmofsnfkx¿, hldg, l;+rfO, :jldTj, s[lifhGo nufgL tyf pTkflbt j:t'x¿, s[lif cf}hf/, k|ljlw, s[lif ahf/ Pjd\ s[lif
If]qnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox¿ s[lif tYofÍsf] bfo/fleq kb{5g\ . kl5Nnf bzsx¿lt/ cfP/
lbuf] ljsf;, jftfj/0fLo k|efj, vfB ;'/Iff Pjd\ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo, ul/aL Pjd\ ef]s pGd"ng / n}+lus ;dfgtf;Fu s[lif
tYofÍn] k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ePsf]n] s[lif sfo{n] cfly{s kIfnfO{ dfq geO{ ;fdflhs kIfnfO{ klg s]xL xb;Dd ;d]6]sf]
b]lvG5 . s[lif tYofÍsf] bfo/fnfO{ klg cfly{s If]qdf dfq ;Lldt gu/L vfB ;'/Iff, jftfj/0f / u|fdL0f hghLjg;Fusf
ljifoj:t';Fu klg hf]8]/ x]l/g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L s[lif tYofÍnfO{ Ps /fi6«sf] cfGtl/s ljifodf dfq ;Lldt
gu/L cGt/fli6«o d"No / dfGotfsf] ljifosf] ?kdf x]l/g yflnPsf] 5 .

s[lif tYofÍsf] bfo/f w]/} km/flsnf] 5 . ;fk]If¿kdf lnOg] s[lif tYofÍ ef}uf]lns jf k|zf;lgs ljefhgsf] k|ltlglwTj
x'g]u/L s[lif rngsf] cfwf/df s[ifs, s[ifs ;d'bfo, s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yf, s[lif sfo{df ;+nUg ePsf cGo lgsfox¿af6 tYosf]
k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df b}lgs, dfl;s, cw{jflif{s, jflif{s jf cfjlws¿kdf ;+sng ul/G5 . s[lif tYofÍsf] bfo/f :yfgLo / /fli6«o
txdf dfq geO{ cGt/fli6«o tx;Dd /x]sf] 5 . s[lif lqmofsnfkx¿ leGg leGg b]zdf km/s km/s 9+un] x'g] ePsfn]

∗
tYofÍ clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
229
 cGt/fli6«o:t/df t'ngf ug{ ;lsg] u/L s[lif tYofÍsf] If]q / bfo/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug{ FAO n] dfu{lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 . tL
;'emfjx?nfO{ clwsf+z /fi6«x?n] cf–cfkm\gf cg's"n x]/L u|x0f u/]sf 5g\ .

#= s[lif tYof°sf] dxTj / cfjZostf

s[lif If]q;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] h'g;'s} ljifosf] ;Gbe{df cfjZos lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ ;xh agfpg s[lif tYofÍsf] dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu oyfy{ l:yltsf] k|:t'lt, gLltx¿sf] lgdf{0f tyf ljZn]if0f, cNksfnLg tyf
bL3{sfnLg of]hgf th'{dfb]lv lnP/ ;+rflnt sfo{qmdx¿sf] cg'udg / ;xL d"NofÍg sfo{ e/kbf]{ s[lif tYofÍsf] pknAwtfn]
dfq} ;Dej x'G5 . d'n'ssf] cfly{s pGglt / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu s[lif tYofÍ lg/Gt/ / lgoldt¿kn] cfk"lt{ x'g
cfjZos x'G5 . ljsl;t jf ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x¿sf] cfly{s Pjd\ ;fdflhs ;+/rgf lgwf{/0f ug{df s[lif If]qsf] dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . cem eGg] xf] eg] xfd|f] h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«sf /f]huf/Lsf ;fy;fy} s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] 7"nf] lx:;f
slifd} cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f jfl;Gbfx¿sf] hLjg:t/;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] o; s[lif If]qdf ljZjsf] hg;ª\Vofsf]
7"nf] lx:;f ;+nUg 5g\ . ax';+Vos hgtfsf] hLjg:t/;Fu ufFl;Psf] s[lif If]qsf] cfwf/e"t s[lif tYofÍnfO{ u|fdL0f ljsf;sf]
;"rs+ssf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . t;y{ s[lif tYofÍn] cfly{s If]qsf] dfq geO{ ;fdflhs If]qsf] ;d]t lrq0f u/]sf] x'G5 .
Jofks If]q cf]u6]sf] s[lif tYofÍsf] dxTjcg'¿k ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;ª\u7gn] s[lif tYofÍsf] dxTjnfO{
cfTd;ft\ u/L ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] s[lif tYofÍLo lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xof]u ug{sf ;fy} s[lif tYofÍ ;ª\u|x klg ug]{ ub{5 .

cfly{s Pjd\ ;fdflhs If]qdf s[lif tYofÍsf] cfjZostf /xG5 . s[lif tYofÍsf] cfjZostf cNksfnLg tyf
bL3{sfnLg ljifo;Fu ufl;Psf] x'G5 . Jofks cfly{s If]q cf]u6]sf] s[lif tYofÍ ljz]if u/L ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f ug{, /fli6«o
n]vf cg'dfg ug{, k|efjsf/L ahf/ Joa:yfkg ug{, ahf/sf] cfwf/df s[lif If]qdf nufgL ug{, vfB ;'/Iff / kof{Kttfsf]
cj:yf olsg ug{ / /f]huf/ Joj:yfkg ug{ ge} gx'g] ePsf]n] o;sf] dxTj :yfgLo, /fli6«o Pjd\ cGt/fli6«o If]qdf klg
/x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L lgsfox¿, u}/;/sf/L ;+u7gx¿, s[lif ;xsf/Lx¿, a}+sx¿, lghL If]q, s[ifs, pBdL, of]hgfljb\, cWoog
cg';Gwfgstf{x¿nfO{ laleGg lsl;dsf s[lif tYofÍ cfjZos kb{5 . s[lif tYofÍ lgDgfg';f/sf sfo{df lgtfGt cfjZos x'G5
.
• d'n'ssf] s[lif gLlt tof/ ug{,
• bL3{sfnLg Pjd\ cNksfnLg of]hgf th'{df ug{b]lv lnP/ of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog, k|efjsf/L cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug{,
• lgwf{l/t sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog, k|efjsf/L cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug{,
• lgwf{l/t ;doleq vfB ;'/Iff Pjd\ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf] klxnf] nIo “ul/aL Pjd\ ef]s 36fpg]” sf] cg'udg ug{
;"rsf+s pknAw u/fpg,
• s[lif If]qdf l;+rfO, /f;folgs dn, pGgt jLp tyf cf}iflw cflb h:tf ljifodf lbOg] cg''bg cg'dfg ug{,
• s[lifcGtu{t ul/g] ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cj:yf olsg ug{ / tL If]qx¿af6 cfly{s If]qdf k'u]sf] of]ubfg olsg
u/L s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] cg'dfg ug{,
• jfnL nufPsf] If]qkmn, pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj cg'dfg ug{,
• kz'k+IfL ;ª\Vof tyf pTkfbgsf jflif{s cg'dfgx¿ tof/ ug{,
• s[lifdf cfwfl/t /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf / hg;ª\Vof olsg ug{,
• s[lifhGo a:t'x¿sf] dfu / cfk"lt{sf] cfwf/df d"No lgwf{/0f ug{,
• kz'k+IfLsf nflu cfjZos rf}/ r/0f tyf bfgf jf vfg]s'/fsf] Joj:yfkg ug{,
• s[lifdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿sf] nflu sRrf kbfy{sf] Joj:yfkg ug{,
• s[lif pTkfbg / pkef]usf] cj:yf olsg u/L ahf/ Joj:yfkg ug{,
• cGt/fli6«o¿kdf t'ngf ug{ cflb .

230
$= s[lif tYof°sf k|sf/x¿
s[lif tYofÍnffO{ ljifoj:t'sf cfwf/df ;+/rgfTds s[lif tYofÍ (Structural Agricultural Statistics) / rfn" tYofÍ
(Current Agricultural Statistics) u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+/rgfTds s[lif tYofÍn] s[lif If]qdf Psjif{eGbf
a9L cjlwdf s[lif rngdf x'g] dGb kl/jt{gsf ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . h:t}M hUufsf] pkef]u (Land Tenure) /
pkof]u (Land Use) tyf ljleGg :yfoL jf c:yfoL jfnLx¿ nfu]sf] hUufsf] If]qkmn, s[lif If]qsf] hUufsf] agf}6, :jfldTj,
lsQf ;ª\Vof, l;+rfO, df6f]sf] lsl;d / /Ë, s[lif cf}hf/sf] pkof]lutf, kz'kIfLsf hft / pd]/cg';f/sf ;ª\Vof, dT:okfng
u/]sf kf]v/Lsf] ;ª\Vof cflb . ;fwf/0ftof o; lsl;dsf] tYofÍ cfjlws s[lif u0fgfx¿af6 k|fKt ul/G5 . o;}u/L 5f]6f]
;dodf kl/jt{g x'g], df};ddf / jhf/df e/kg]{ ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt s[lif tYofÍnfO{ ;fnj;fnL s[lif tYofÍn] ;d]6]sf]
x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu jfnLsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj, nfut, s[lif j:t'sf] d"No, jiff{sf] l:ylt, dn tyf aLpsf] k|of]u tyf
cGo ;]jf ;'ljwf, kz'k+IfL pTkfbg, dT:o pTkfbg, pTkfbgsf] pkof]u, pTkflbt j:t'x¿sf] ahf/ d"No cflb . o; lsl;dsf]
tYofÍ ljleGg lsl;dsf] ;j]{If0fx¿ jf k|zf;lgs btf{ k|0ffnL jf cjnf]sg k|ltj]bgx¿Dffkm{t ;+sng ul/G5 . ;fwf/0ftof
rfn" tYofÍ k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df b}lgs, dfl;s, cw{jflif{s jf jflif{s¿kn] ;+sng ul/G5 .

s[lif tYofÍnfO{ If]qut¿kdf ljleGg k|sf/n] juL{s/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . tL x'g\M

s_ afnL tYofÍ
wfg, ux'F, ds} h:tf vfBfGg afnL, gub] afnL, d;nf afnL, Rofp jfnL, bnxg / t]nxg afnLx¿ nufPsf] If]qkmn,
pTkfbg, pTkfbg b/, nfut, ahf/ d"No / /f]huf/ h:tf afnL;Fu ;DalGwt ljj/0fx¿ .
v_ afujfgL tYofÍ
cfFk, ;'Gtnf, :ofp h:tf kmnkm"n tyf sfpnL, aGbf, l;dL, km;L{, xl/of ;fukft h:tf lxFpb] / jif]{ t/sf/L nufPsf]
If]qkmn, aLpsf] k|sf/, pTkfbg, nfut cflb h:tf ;DalGwt ljifox¿ .
u_ kz'k+IfL tYofÍ
kz'kª\IfLsf] hft / pd]/cg';f/sf] ;+Vof, pTkfbg / pkof]u, ahf/ d"No, uf]7sf] cj:yf, bfgf jf rf}/r/0fsf]
pknAwtf, cf}iflw pkrf/ Pjd\ k|fljlws ;]jf h:tf kz'k+IfLsf ljifox¿ .
3_ dT:o tYofÍ
kf]v/Lsf] ;+Vof, hnf;osf] If]qkmn, hnf;osf] lsl;d, df5fsf] k|sf/, e'/f;DaGwL ljj/0f, nfut, pTkfbg, ahf/
d"No, ;]jf ;'ljwf, k|fs[lts¿kdf vf]nf gbL tyf ;d'Gb|af6 lemlsPsf df5fx¿;DaGwL ljj/0fx¿ .
ª_ l;+rfO tYofÍ
l;FrfOsf] k|sf/, l;+rfO ePsf] hUufsf] juL{s/0f, s'nf] tyf gx/sf] nDafO, rf}8fO tyf ulx/fO;DaGwL ljj/0f,
nfelGjt s[ifs ;+Vof, /f]huf/sf] cj:yf tyf Ifdtf, nfut, l;FrfO z'Ns cflb h:tf l;FrfO;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox¿ .
r_ s[lifsf] cfwf/e"t tYofÍ
s[lif sfo{nO{ ;xh t'Nofpg] ljB't, s[lif ;8s, oftfoft, 9'jfgL ;'ljwf, ;]jf s]Gb|, s[lif C0f ;'ljwf, ahf/, dn tyf
cf}iflwsf] pknAwtf / d"No h:tf ljifox¿ .
5_ cGo s[lif tYofÍ
vfB ;'/Iff / kof{Kttf, jLplahg, df6f]sf] lsl;d / /Ë, /]zd v]tL, df}/L kfng, jgjg]nf], g;{/L, km"n Joj;fo,
s[ifsx¿, s[lifhGo a:t'df cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿, s[lifhGo a:t';Fu ;DalGwt Joj;foLx¿, s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yf jf s[lif
sfo{df ;xof]u k'–ofpg] ;+u7gx¿ tyf ltgLx¿sf] ultljlw, kmfd{ Joj:yfkg cflb h:tf ljifox¿;Fu ;DalGwt
ljj/0fx¿ .

231
%= s[lif tYof°sf ;|f]tx¿
s[lif tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ dfWod g} s[lif tYofÍsf ;|f]tx¿ x'g\ . s[lif tYofÍsf] ljifoj:t' / k|s[ltsf cfwf/df o;sf
;|f]tx¿ leGg leGg x'G5g\ . s[lif tYofÍsf k|fylds ;|f]tx¿ lgDg k|sf/sf 5g\ .
s_ u0fgfx¿
cfjlws s[lif u0fgf, jfnL u0fgf, kz'k+IfL u0fgf cflb .
v_ ;j]{If0fx¿
afnL ;j]{If0f, kz'k+IfL ;j]{If0f, dT:o ;j]{If0f , afnL s6fgL ;j]{If0f, nfut ;j]{If0f, kmfd{ Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f cflb .
u_ k|zf;lgs btf{ k|0ffnL
lgoldt¿kdf s'g} klg lgsfoåf/f ;Dkfbg ul/Psf] sfo{x¿sf] clen]vx¿, sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ lng'kg]{ cg'dlt kq
cflb /
3_ cjnf]sgM
s[lif If]qsf ljz]if1x¿af6 cjnf]sgsf cfwf/af6 ;+sng ul/Psf] ljj/0fx¿ .

o;/L g} s[lif tYofÍsf dfWolds ;|f]tx¿df s[lif sfo{df ;+nUg ePsf ;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf k|sfzgx¿,
;xsf/L ;+:yfsf k|sfzgx¿, cWoog cg';Gwfgsf k|ltj]bgx¿, cGt/fli6«o:t/sf] tYofÍsf] d'Vo ;|f]tdf FAO af6 k|sflzt
k|sfzgx¿ cflb kb{5g\ .

^= g]kfnsf] s[lif tYof° k|0ffnL

g]kfnsf] tYofÍ P]g, @)!% n] s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefunfO{ cfly{s / ;fdflhs tYofÍ ;+sng, k|zf]wg, ;+u|x / k|sfzg ug]{
lhDd]jf/ d"n cflwsfl/s lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . ;f] P]gn] s'g} klg ;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿, JolQm jf
;+u7gx¿nfO{ k]zfut¿kdf tYofÍ ;+sng ug{ 5'6 lbPsf] 5}g . o;/L sfg"gL tj/n] x]bf{ g]kfnsf] tYofÍ k|0ffnL s]Gb|Ls[t
df]8]ndf cfwfl/t b]lvG5 . s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] cfkm\gf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} hgu0fgf, s[lif u0fgf, cf}lBf]lus u0fgf h:tf
a[[xt u0fgfx¿ / laleGg ;j]{If0fx¿ ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . tyflk ;/sf/nfO{ laleGg If]qsf] cWofalws tYofÍ pknAw
u/fpg ;do / hgzlQmsf] cefjdf s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] PSnf] k|of; kof{Kt ePg . o;sf] kmn:j¿k /fHosf ljleGg
;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] cf cfkm\gf sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ tYofÍ k|fKt ug{ tYofÍLo
lqmofsnfkx¿ ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf kfOG5 f o;}aLrdf tYofÍsf] ljsf;sf] nflu bL3{sfnLg jf cNksfnLg of]hgf tof/ ug{
/ laleGg lgsfox?af6 x'g] u/]sf tYofÍLo lqmofsnfkx?sf] ;dGjo ug{ tyf cfjZos /fo ;Nnfx lbg /fli6«o tYofÍ
kl/ifbsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

s[lif If]q pkIf]qsf] agf}6, d"No clej[l4, pTkfbg, s[lif j:t'sf] d"No Pjd\ ahf/sf] ;DaGwdf tYofÍ ;+sng, k|zf]wg Pjd\
k|sfzg h:tf s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt tYofÍLo lqmofsnfkx¿df g]kfn ;/sf/sf b'O{ k|d'v lgsfox¿M s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno
/ s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu d'Vo¿kdf ;+nUg 5g\ . oLdWo] tTsfnLg vfB tyf s[lif dGqfnon] lj=;+= @)!* ;fnb]lv
cjnf]sgsf cfwf/df ;fnj;fnL s[lif tYofÍx¿ ;+sng / k|sfzgsf] sfo{ z'¿ u/]sf] lyof] eg] lj=;+ @)@( ;fndf cfP/
s[lif dGqfnocGtu{tsf] vfB tyf s[lif ahf/ ;]jf ljefun] laleGg ;j]{If0fx¿ / cjnf]sgsf cfwf/df afnL, kz'k+IfL tyf
dT:o;DaGwL ;fnj;fnL tYofÍ ;+sng u/L pknAw u/fpg yfNof]] . lj=;+= @)%) ;fndf cfP/ vfB tyf s[lif ahf/ ;]jf
ljefusf] lj36g u/L cflwsfl/s¿kdf ;fnj;fnL s[lif tYofÍsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{sf] hDd]jf/L s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefunfO{ yk
ePsf] xf] . lj=;+ @)!* ;fnaf6 z'¿ul/Psf] s[lif u0fgf k|To]s bz bz jif{df ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun]
rfn" s[lif tYofÍ;DaGwL yk lhDd]jf/L kfO;s]kl5 afnL tyf kz'k+IfL ;j]{If0f, dT:o ;j]{If0f nufot s[lif;DaGwL ;j]{If0f /
s]xL vfBfGg afnLx¿sf] s6fgL ;j]{If0fsf] sfo{ z'¿u/]sf] lyof] t/ laleGg sf/0fn] jfnL tyf kz'k+IfL ;j]{If0fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbg eg] ;s]g . o;} cjlwdf s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnosf] s[lif tYofÍ dxfzfvfn] lhNnf lhNnfsf s[lif sfo{qmdx¿sf]
cg'udg, d"Nofª\sgsf nflu tyf cGo ljleGg k|of]hgsf nflu lhNnfdf cjl:yt s[lif ljsf; sfof{nox¿ / kz' ;]jf
sfof{nox¿af6 ;+sng ul/Psf s[lif If]q pkIf]qsf] ljz]iftM cGgjfnL, gub]jfnL, t/sf/L, kmnkm"n, kz'k+IfL, dT:o cflbsf]
pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjsf tYofÍ k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0f u/L lhNnfut jflif{s cg'dfgx¿ tof/ u/L k|sfzg ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .

232
 oxL ;fnj;fnL tYofÍ g} s'n u|fx:y pTkfbg cg'dfg ug{ k|of]u ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . s[lifsf] tYofÍLo lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg b'j}
lgsfon] tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ ljlwdf leGgtf /x]sf] 5 .

k|efjsf/L ;dGjosf] cefjdf s[lif;DaGwL tYofÍLo lqmofsnfkx¿dWo] s]xL If]qdf bf]xf]/f] sfo{ eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;af6 Psflt/ bf]xf]/f] tYofÍsf] pTkfbg x'g uof] eg] cs]{lt/ ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] cefjdf cfjZos tYofÍsf] pTkfbg x'g
;s]g . t;y{ d'n'ssf] k|d'v cfly{s If]q s[lifsf] nflu ;xL, e/kbf]{, cWofjlws tYofÍ lgoldt¿kdf k|jfx x'g] k|0ffnL :yflkt
x'g lgtfGt h¿/L /x]sf] dx;'; x'G5 .

&= g]kfnsf] s[lif tYof°sf ;|f]t

g]kfnsf] s[lif tYofÍsf d'Vo ;|f]tx¿nfO{ ;+lIfKt¿kdf tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
qm=;+= ;+sng ug]{ lgsfo ;+slnt ljj/0f ;|f]t
!= s[lif tyf ;xsf/L ljleGg afnLx¿ -:yfoL jf c:yfoL_ nufPsf] s[ifs kl/jf/ ;j]{If0f,
dGqfno If]qkmn, pTkfbg, pTkfbg b/, kz'k+IfL ;+Vof tyf afnL s6fgL, dT:o
;f]af6 pTkflbt kl/df0f, dT:o pTkfbg Pjd\ ;j]{If0f, s[lif pkhsf]
kmnkm"n;DaGwL ljj/0fx¿sf ;fy} s[lifhGo s[ifs ynf] d"No ;+sng,
a:t'x¿sf] d"No, cfofltt /f;folgs dnsf] lhNnf s[lif tYofÍ
kl/df0f tyf ljqmL d"No, ;xsf/L ;+:yf;DaGwL clen]v k'l:tsf .
ljj/0fx¿, vfB jfl;nft cflb .
@= s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu hUufsf] pkef]u / pkof]u tyf ljleGg :yfoL jf s[lif u0fgf, jfnL s6fgL
c:yfoL jfnLx¿ nfu]sf] hUufsf] If]qkmn, s[lif ;j]{If0f, dT:o ;j]{If0f
If]qsf] hUufsf] agf}6, :jfldTj, lsQf ;ª\Vof, tyf kmnkm"n ;j]{If0f .
l;+rfO, df6f]sf] lsl;d / /Ë, s[lif cf}hf/sf]
pkof]lutf, kz'k+IfLsf hft / pd]/cg';f/sf
;ª\Vof, dT:okfng u/]sf kf]v/Lsf] ;ª\Vof, dT:o
pTkfbg, wfg, ds} / ux'Fsf] pTkfbg b/,
kmnkm"n;DaGwL ljj/0fx¿ cflb .
#= g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg afnL tyf kz'x?sf hfthfltcg';f/ pTkfbg b/, cWoog cg';Gwfgsf
kl/ifb jLpljhg;DaGwL ljj/0fx¿, s[lif If]qdf b]lvPsf k|ltj]bgx?
/f]u÷sL/fsf] c;/ tyf s[lif If]qdf k/]sf]
jftfj/0fLo k|efj;DaGwL ljj/0fx¿, cflb .
$= eG;f/ ljefu s[lifhGo a:t'x¿sf] cfoft÷ lgof{t kl/df0f tyf k|zf;lgs clen]vx¿ .
d"No cflb .
%= /fli6«o aLp lahg pGgt jLp vl/b tyf laqmL tyf d"No;DaGwL k|zf;lgs clen]vx¿ .
sDkgL lnld6]8 ljj/0fx¿ .
^= g]kfn /fi6« a}Í v'b|f tyf yf]s d"No ;"rsf+s tof/ ug{ cfjZos ;j]{If0fx?
s]xL s[lifhGo a:t'x?sf] d"No ;DaGwL ljj/0fx? .

s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] ;g\ @))& df Metadata for National Agricultural Statistics in Nepal tof/ u/]sf] 5 . o;df
g]kfnsf] s[lif tYofÍ k|0ffnL / s[lif If]qsf] tYofÍLo lqmofsnfkx?sf] af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf ;fy;fy} s[lif tYofÍ
s;n], slxn], s;/L ;+ang / k|zf]wg u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] xf] eGg] ljifodf;d]t k|sfz kfl/Psf]5 .

233
*= g]kfnsf] s[lif tYof° k|0ffnLdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx¿
;xL, ljZj;gLo Pjd\ e/kbf]{ cWofjlws s[lif tYofÍnfO{ dfu / ahf/cg'¿k ;xh / ;/n 9ª\uaf6 pknAw u/fpg]
sfo{ hl6n 5 . s[lif tYofÍsf If]qdf /x]sf hl6ntf / r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug{ ;a} /fi6«x¿n] cfjZos Wofg lbg'kb{5 . g]kfnsf]
s[lif tYofÍdf b]lvPsf d'Vo r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ aF'bfut¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
• s[lif tYofÍnfO{ dfu / ahf/cg'¿k cfk"lt{ ug]{,
• s[lif tYofÍnfO{ /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnLdf cfj4 ug]{,
• ljleGg ;|f]taf6 k|fKt tYofÍx¿nfO{ ;+sng u/L Ps lsl;dsf] tYofÍ tof/ ug]{ /
• gLlt lgdf{tf, of]hgfljb, cg';Gwfgstf{, Joj;foL, lghL If]qsf ;fy;fy} ljsf; sfo{df ;+nUg ;d'bfox¿ h:tf
ljljw pkef]ustf{sf] dfusf] cfwf/df k|efjsf/L ¿kn] s[lif tYofÍ ;Dk|]if0f ug]{ .

(= g]kfnsf] s[lif tYof° k|0ffnLsf] ;d:ofx?

g]kfndf cfjlws, cWofjlws Pjd\ tby{?kdf s[lif tYofÍ ;+sng ul/b}+ cfPsf] 5 . tYofÍ ;+sngsf] sfo{ dfq
rf;f]sf] ljifo x'g k'u]sf] 5 . tYofÍ ;+sngkl5 ul/g] nut k|zf]wg, ljZn]if0f, k|;f/0f / ;+u|x h:tf tYofÍLo
lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ kof{Kt Wofg lbg] u/]sf] b]lvb}g . ;'b[9 tYofÍ k|0ffnLaf6 dfq u'0f:t/Lo tYofÍsf] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
g]kfnsf] s[lif tYofÍ k|0ffnLdf b]lvPsf s]xL ;d:ofx?nfO{ oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
• g]kfndf s[lif tYofÍsf] If]qn] k|fyldstf kfpg g;s]sf],
• tYofÍ P]g @)!% sf] ;do ;fk]If ;+zf]wg x'g g;s]sf],
• s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] :t/f]Gglt x'g g;s]sf]
• bL3{sfnLg s[lif tYofÍsf] of]hgfsf] cefj,
• q}dfl;s?kdf tof/ ug'{kg]{ /fli6«o n]vfsf] cg'dfgsf nflu Pjd\ cGo k|of]hgsf nflu s[lif tYofÍsf] cefj,
• k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] cefjdf s[lif tYofÍLo lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;dGjo x'g g;s]sf]n] s]xL If]qdf bf]xf]/f] tYofÍ,
• s[lif tYofÍ pkef]Qmfd'vL (User Friendly) x'g g;s]sf],
• pknAw tYofÍsf] dxQd pkof]u x'g g;s]sf],
• s[lif tYofÍLo lqmofsnfkx?df ;+nUg hgzlQmx?sf] Ifdtf clea[l4tkm{ Wofg gk'u]sf],
• s[lif tYofÍsf] Jojxfl/s tflnd lbg] ;+:yfsf] cefj cflb .

!)= pk;+xf/
cfly{s tYofÍsf] If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ :yfg /x]sf] s[lif tYofÍ s[lif ljsf;sf] nflu to ul/g] gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ , cfjlws
of]hgf th'{df ug{ b]lv lnP/ s[lif If]qsf sfo{qmdx?sf] cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug{ ;d]t cTofjZos /xG5 . ;xL, ljZj;gLo,
e/kbf]{ Pjd\ cWofjlws s[lif tYofÍsf] pknJwtfn] dfq g]kfn h:tf] s[lif k|wfg b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; ;Dej x'G5 . Jofks
bfo/f ePsf] s[lif tYofÍ d'Vo?kdf s[lif u0fgfx? / laleGg ;j]{If0fx?af6 k|fKt eO/x]sf 5g\ t/ klg tYofÍsf] cefj sfod g}
5 . g]kfnsf] s[lif tYofÍ k|0ffnLdf d'Vo b'O{ ;/sf/L lgsfox?sf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf]df k|efjsf/L ;dGjosf] cefjdf s[lif If]qsf]
tYofÍLo lqmofsnfkdf b]lvPsf] bf]xf]/f]kgfn] Psflt/ s[lif tYofÍdf låljwf b]lvG5 eg] csf]{lt/ ;Lldt ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pRrtd
pkof]u x'g;s]sf] b]llvb}g . o;sf] cltl/Qm s[lif tYofÍLo If]qdf ljleGg r'gf}tLx? / ;d:ofx? ljBdfg 5g\ . cGt/fli6«o bft[
;d'bfox?sf] rf;f]sf] ljifo aGg k'u]sf] g]kfnsf] tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;nfO{ /fi6«sf] k|fyldstfsf] If]qleq /fVg ;s]df dfq klg
s[lif tYofÍ k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ eO{ qmlds?kn] o; If]qdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? xn x'g] / r'gf}tLx? ;fdgf ug{ ;lsG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|LM
!= g]kfn ;/sf/, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, Metadata for National Agricultural Statistics in Nepal, 2007
@= g]kfn ;/sf/, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, 2006\07
#= g]kfn ;/sf/, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, s[lif tYofÍ ;+sng lgb]{lzsf @)%*
$= UNFAO, A System of Integrated Agricultural Censuses and Surveys Volume I and II, 2005

234
 #)M /fli6«o s[lif u0fgf
∗
clDasf a:ofn

!= kl/ro
s[lif;+u ;DalGwt tYofÍx¿ ;+sng, k|zf]wg / ljt/0f ug{ cBfjlws¿kdf ;~rfng ul/g] Ps a[xt tYofÍLo
sfo{nfO{ s[lif u0fgf elgG5 . o;af6 b]zsf] s[lif If]qsf] of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf nflu b]znfO{
cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/e"t ;+VofTds ;"rgfx¿ k|fKt x'G5 . s[lif u0fgfdf s[ifs kl/jf/x¿nfO{ s[lif rngsf] cfsf/, hUufsf]
pkef]u / pkof]u, afnL nfu]sf] If]qkmn, l;+rfO, kz'k+IfLsf] ;+Vof, s[lif cf}hf/sf] pkof]u, s[lif rngdf ;+nUg hgzlQm tyf
cGo s[lif;+u ;DalGwt s'/fx¿sf] Aff/]df k|Zg u/L tYofÍ ;+sng ul/G5 . s[lif u0fgfn] b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g] x'Fbf
tYofÍ ;+sngsf nflu 7"nf] ;+Vofdf u0fsx¿nfO{ u0fgf;DaGwL tflndsf ;fy} cfly{s ;'ljwf lbO{ b]zsf ljleGg If]qx¿df
k7fpg'kb{5 . ctM s[lif u0fgf ;~rfngsf nflu 7"nf] ;+Vofdf bIf hgzlQm, tYofÍ k|zf]wgsf nflu zlStzfnL sDKo'6/sf ;fy}
cGo ljleGg ;|f]t;fwgx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . t;Yf{, s[lif u0fgf ;DkGg ug{ b]zsf] 7'\"nf] nfut nfUg'sf ;fy} ljleGg hl6n
ls|ofsnfkx¿ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . u0fgfdf s[ifsx¿nfO{ k|ToIf nfesf s'g} s'/f glbOsg} pgLx¿af6 ;xL / e/kbf]{ ljj/0fx¿ ;Íng
ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf of] sfo{ cfkm}df Ps r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ klg xf] . ctM k"j{k/LIf0f gu/L Ps} k6s u0fgf ug'{ hf]lvdk"0f{ x'g] x'Fbf s[lif
u0fgf ug'{k"j{ tof/Lsf] s|ddf u0fgf;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿sf] k/LIf0fsf nflu kfOn6 s[lif u0fgf ug]{ ul/G5 .

ljZj vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7gsf] s[lif u0fgf;DaGwL ljZjAofkL sfo{qmdn] cfkmgf ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ s[lif u0fgfdf k|of]u x'g]
kl/efiff, cjwf/0ff, lglZrt dfkb08sf ;fy} s[lif u0fgfsf] nflu dfu{bz{g k|bfg ug]{ ub{5 .

@= s[lif u0fgfsf] Oltxf;

ljZj vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g (FAO) sf] cfJxfgdf ;g\ !(^) df ljZje/ ul/Psf]] s[lif u0fgf sfo{qmdsf] kl/k|]Iodf s]Gb|Lo
tYofÍ ljefun] lj= ;+= @)!* ;fndf klxnf] /fli6«o s[lif u0fgf ;DkGg u/]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 ljefun] k|To]s bz–bz jif{sf]
cGt/df s[lif u0fgf ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . h;cg';f/ bf];|f] s[lif u0fgf @)@* ;fndf, t];|f] @)#* ;fndf, rf}yf] @)$* ;fndf /
kfFrf} s[lif u0fgf @)%* ;fndf ;kmntf;fy ;DkGg eO;s]sf 5g\ .

ljZj vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g (FAO) sf] cfJxfgdf ;g\ @))^ b]lv ;g\ @)!% ;Dd ljZjsf sl/j !)) eGbf a9L ;b:o
/fi6«\x?n] cf–cfk¥gf] b]zdf s[lif u0fgf ub}{5g\ . o;} qmddf g]kfndf klg lj= ;+= @)^* df 5}7f}+ s[lif u0fgf ug{sf nflu
u[xsfo{;lxt s]xL k|f/lDes sfo{ ;d]t ljefun] ;'?jft ul/;s]sf] 5 .

tflnsf !M s[lif u0fgfaf6 k|fKt s]xL ;"rsx?

s[lif u0fgf jif{{

ljj/0f
la=;++= @)!* la=;++= @)@* la=;++= @)#* la=;++= @)$* la=;++= @)%*
s[lif rng ;+Vof -)))_ !%$)=)) !&@!=@) @!($=)) @&#^=!) ##^$=!)
s[lif rngsf] If]qkmn -))) x]S6/_ !^*%=$) !^%$=)) @$^#=&) @%(&=$) @^%#=()
s[lif rngsf] cf};t If]qkmn -x]S6/_ !=!! )=(& !=!# )=(^ )=*)
hDdf lsQf ;+Vof -)))_ !)#!*=@) !)#!*=@) !@@*@=%) (%!^=$) !)*)^=@)
cf};t k|lt s[lif rng lsQf ;+Vof ^=*) &=@) $=$) $=)) #=#)
cf};t lsQfsf] If]qkmn -x]S6/_ )=!^ )=!# )=@^ )=@$ )=@$
s[lif e"ld -))) x]S6/_ !^@^=$) !%(@=#) @#%(=@) @#(@=() @$(&=&)
v]tLof]Uo hUuf -))) x]S6/_ !%(!=() !%^&=)) @@*&=%) @#@#=$) @#%&=))
cGo hUuf -))) x]S6/_ %(=)) (!=&) !)$=%) @)$=%) !%^=#)

∗
lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
235
#= s[lif u0fgfsf] p2]Zo
s[lifu0fgfsf p2]Zox¿ lgDg k|sf/ 5g\ .
" s[lif ljsf;sf nflu /fli6«o tyf lhNnf:t/df of]hgf tyf gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos tYofÍ pknAw u/fpg] .
" b]zJofkL¿kdf s[lif rng;Fu ;DalGwt s[lif If]qsf] jgf}6 tyf s[lif ls|ofsnfk;DaGwL ljj/0f ;Íng ug]{, /
" jflif{s s[lif ;j]{If0fsf nflu k|m]d pknJw u/fpg] .

$= If]q
of] s[lif u0fgf g]kfnsf ;a} &% lhNnfdf ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . k|To]s lhNnfdf s]xL j8fx? 5gf}6 u/L tL j8fx?af6 k'gM s]xL
s[ifsx?sf] 5gf}6 u/L u0fgf ul/g] 5 .

%= s[lif u0fgfdf ;°lnt ljj/0fx¿sf] ;Gbe{ ;do

s[lif u0fgfdf ;°ng ul/g] ljj/0fx?sf nflu s[lif jif{ -ljt]sf] !@ dlxgf cyf{t df3 ! ut]b]lv kf}if d;fGt_, u0fgfsf] lbg /
s'g} lglZrt ldlt u/L tLg k|sf/sf] ;Gbe{ ;do dflgPsf] 5 . s[ifs kl/jf/sf] JolQm ;+Vof, kfNt' rf}kfof tyf r/fr'?+uL
;+Vofsf] nut ln+bf u0fgfsf] lbgnfO{ / hn tyf hldg;DaGwL ljj/0f ln+bf s'g} lglZrt ldlt -u0fgfsf] lbg jf o;sf]
cf;kf;sf] s'g} lbg_ nfO{ ;Gbe{ ;do dflgG5 .

^= /fli6«o s[lif u0fgf–@)%* df ;°lnt ljj/0fx¿

/fli6«o s[lif u0fgf–@)%* df ;Íng ul/Psf ljj/0fx¿ lgDg k|sf/ 5g\ M
-s_ s[lif rng ePsf] 7fpF÷7]ufgf
-v_ s[lif rngsf] j}wflgs l:ylt
-u_ s[lif rngaf6 ePsf] pTkfbgsf] pkof]u
-3_ s[ifs kl/jf/sf] hg;fª\lVos ljj/0f
-ª_ pTkfbgsf ;fwgsf] nut
-c_ s[lif rngdf k|of]u ePsf sfdbf/
-cf_ rng u/]sf] hUufsf] lsQf ;ª\Vof
-O_ lsQf tyf v]t–kfvf]cg';f/ hUufsf] If]qkmn
-O{_ lsQfcg';f/ hUufsf] df6f]sf] ljj/0f
-p_ hUufsf] pkof]ucg';f/ If]qkmn
-pm_ afnLcg';f/ afnL nfu]sf] hUufsf] If]qkmn
-P_ afnLcg';f/ kmnkm"nsf] af]6 ;ª\Vof
-P]_ kfNt' rf}kfof / r/fr'?ËL ;ª\Vof
-cf]_ s[lifdf k|of]u ePsf d]l;g / cf}hf/sf] k|sf/
-cf}_ s[lif rngdf ePsf jgjg]nf]sf ?v ;ª\Vof
-c+_ s[lifdf k|of]u ePsf ejg
-r_ pTkfbgsf ;fwgsf] pkef]u l:ylt
-c_ hUufsf] pkef]u
-cf_ d]l;g tyf cf}hf/sf] :jfldTj
-5_ cGo ljj/0f
-c_ ljleGg pkof]u -l;FrfO, dn, sL6gfzs laifflb, pGgt aLpm cflb_
-cf_ af9L klx/f] cflbn] Iflt k'¥ofPsf] hUuf
-O_ s[lif rngleq ePsf] df5f kfng tyf jgjg]nf];DaGwL sfo{
-O{_ s[lif C0f
-p_ vfBfGgsf] kof{Kttf
236
&= u0fgf ljlw

xfn;Dd ;DkGg kfFrj6} s[lif u0fgf 5gf}6 ljlw (Sampling Method) af6 ul/Psf 5g\ . s[lif u0fgfdf æs[lif rngÆnfO{
u0fgfsf] PsfO dflgPsf] 5 . cyf{t\ ;Dk"0f{ tYofÍx¿ s[lif rngcg';f/ 5'§f–5'§} ;+sng u/L PsLs[t ug]{ ul/G5 . of] u0fgfdf
b]ze/sf ;Dk"0f{ s[ifs kl/jf/x¿dWo] 5gf}6 ljlwåf/f s]xL s[ifs kl/jf/x¿sf] 5gf}6 u/L 5flgPsf s[ifs kl/jf/x¿sf] 3/
b}nf]df k'uL cGt/jftf{sf] dfWodaf6 k|ZgfjnL e/L tYofÍ ;+sng ul/G5 .

*= /fli6«o s[lif u0fgf – @)%* sf] 5gf}6 ljlw

kfrf}F s[lif u0fgf– @)%* df b'O{ r/0fsf] 5gf}6 ljlw (Two-Stage Sampling Method) ckgfOPsf] lyof] . h;df klxnf]
r/0fdf /fli6«o hgu0fgf– @)%* sf] kl/jf/ nutaf6 j8fleqsf ;Dk"0f{ s[lif rngsf] nut tof/ u/L lhNnfut¿kdf u0fgfsf]
k|m]d tof/ u/L b]zsf &$ lhNnfx¿af6 %,!)) j8f (Primary Sampling Unit) PPS Sampling ljlwåf/f 5gf}6 ul/Psf] lyof]
eg] bf];|f] r/0fdf 5flgPsf j8fx¿af6 sl/j !,@#,))) s[lif rngx¿ (Secondary Sampling Unit) Systematic Sampling
ljlwåf/f 5gf}6 u/L tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . dgfË lhNnfsf] xsdf 5gf}6 ljlw gckgfO{ lhNnfsf ;a} s[ifs kl/jf/x¿sf]
u0fgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

/fli6«o s[lif u0fgf– @)%* df b]ze/sf &% lhNnfnfO{ rf/ ju{df ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L tx ljefhg ubf{ ljut
tLg jif{sf] gf} j6f d'Vo afnLsf] hDdf If]qkmnsf] cf};t If]qkmnnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL tx ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] .

tflnsf @M /fli6«o s[lif u0fgf– @)%* df lhNnfx¿sf] tx ljefhg

tx ! tx @ tx # tx $

x'Dnf, dgfª, d':tfË,
8f]Nkf, d'u', h'Dnf, /;'jf,
sfnLsf]6, ;f]n'v'Da' /
eQmk'/ .
aemfË, afh'/f, DofUbL,
bf]nvf, nlntk'/, bfr'{nf,
c5fd, a}t8L, cf]vn9'Ëf,
hfh/sf]6, tfKn]h'Ë,
88]Nw'/f, /f]Nkf, sf7df8f}+
/ b}n]v .
c3f{vfFrL, t]x|y'd, sf:sL, 8f]6L,
ka{t, Ko"7fg, /fd]5fk,
;+v'jf;ef, pbok'/, afUn'Ë,
?s'd, ef]hk'/, dsjfgk'/,
Onfd, kfNkf, wgs'6f, wflbË,
kfFry/, u'NdL, nDh'Ë, g'jfsf]6,
tgx'F, vf]6fË, ;'v]{t / ;Nofg .
l;Gw'kfNrf]s, uf]vf{, l;Gw'nL,
sfe|], afFs], abL{of, s~rgk'/,
gjnk/f;L, dxf]Q/L, k;f{,
lrtjg, ;'G;/L, :ofËhf,
/f}tx6, ;Kt/L, wg'iff, ;nf{xL,
l;/xf, bfË, slknj:t', s}nfnL,
¿kGb]xL, af/f, df]/Ë / emfkf .

o;/L tx ljefhg u/]kZrft\ klxnf] r/0fdf lhNnfsf j8fx¿nfO{ s[ifs kl/jf/n] rng u/]sf] hDdf hDdL hUufsf]
If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df 7"nf]b]lv ;fgf];Dd s|d ldnfP/ /fvL Pp6f lhNnfaf6 To; lhNnfsf] txcg';f/ PPS Sampling ljlwåf/f
%) b]lv *) j8f;Dd 5flgPsf lyP . cyf{t\, klxnf] txdf k/]sf !) lhNnf k|To]saf6 %) j8f, bf];|f] txdf k/]sf !% lhNnf
k|To]saf6 ^) j8f, t];|f] txdf k/]sf @% lhNnf k|To]saf6 &) j8f / rf}yf] txdf k/]sf k|To]s lhNnfaf6 *) j8fsf b/n]
j8fx¿ 5flgPsf lyP . j8f 5gf}6 ubf{ j8fdf ePsf s[ifs kl/jf/ ;+VofnfO{ d'Vo cfwf/ dflgPsf] lyof] . To;kl5 bf];|f]
r/0fdf 5flgPsf j8fdf kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ s[lif rng -s[ifs kl/jf/_ sf] lnli6Ë u/L pSt lni6af6 Systematic Sampling sf]
cfwf/df k|To]s j8faf6 ;fdfGotof @% j6f s[lif rngsf] 5gf}6 ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fdfGotof @% a6f s[lif rngx¿sf] 5gf}6
u/L ltgLx¿sf] dfq u0fgf ug'{kg]{ lgod ePtfklg Pp6f j8fdf u0fgf ug'{kg]{ rng ;+Vof sDtLdf @) / a9Ldf #) ;Dd
sfod ul/Psf] lyof] .

(= k|ZgfjnL
tYofÍ ;+sng sfo{df k|ZgfjnL clt g} dxTjk"0f{ ;fwg xf] . tYofÍ ;+sng sfo{df k|ZgfjnL g} ulNtsf] k|d'v ;|f]t klg
x'g;Sb5 . ctM k|ZgfjnL lgdf0f{ ubf{ To:fsf] u'0f:t/df ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' cToGt h?/L x'G5 .

/fli6«o s[lif u0fgf–@)%* sf] nflu k|ZgfjnL lgdf{0f ubf{ ;+o'St /fi6«;+3sf] vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7gsf] dfu{bz{gnfO{ klg
cjnDjg ug'{sf ;fy} pknJw x'g;Sg] u0fsx¿sf] of]Uotf / u0fgfsf] gtLhf:j¿k k|sflzt x'g] tflnsfx¿nfO{ k|d'vtf lbO{
k|ZgfjnLsf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lyof] . k|ZgfjnLdf ;/n tyf ;fdfGo jfSof+zx¿sf] k|of]udf Wofg lbOPsf] lyof] . k|ZgfjnLdf
237
u0fsn] s[ifsnfO{ ;lhn};+u a'emfpg ;lsg] cjwf/0ff tyf k|Zgx¿sf] k|of]u ug'{ klg plQs} h?/L ePsf]n] ;f] ;d]tnfO{
x[bo+ud u/L /fli6«o s[lif u0fgf–@)%* sf] nflu k|ZgfjnL tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] .

ljutsf s[lif u0fgfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf ljifoj:t'sf cltl/St @)%* sf] u0fgfsf nflu jftfj/0f;DaGwL k|Zgx¿ klg
;dfj]z ug]{ lgwf] ul/Pcg'¿k s]xL yk k|Zgx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf lyP . o;/L ylkPsf k|Zgx¿df, s[ifs kl/jf/sf] j}wflgs
l:ylt, s[lif pTkfbgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo, df6f]sf] lsl;d, jgjg]nf] ?vsf] pd]/cg';f/ ;+Vof kb{5g\ .

s[lif u0fgf–@)%* df nut g+= ! -s[lif rng nut_ / nut g+= @ -JolQmut ljj/0f_ u/L d'VotM b'O{ k|sf/sf] k|ZgfjnL
k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .

!)= s[lif u0fgfdf k|of]u ePsf s]xL d'Vo d'Vo zAbx¿sf] kl/efiff
/fli6«o s[lif u0fgf– @)%* sf] nut tyf k|ZgfjnL kmf/fdx¿df k|of]u ePsf ljleGg dxTjk"0f{ zAb, zAbfjnLx¿sf]
kl/efiffx¿ lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ .
!)=! s[lif sfo{
s[lif sfo{ eGgfn] lgDglnlvt sfo{x¿nfO{ a'emfpFb5 M
-s_ cGg, t/sf/L, kmnk"mn, gub] / cGo afnL pTkfbg ug]{,
-v_ ufO{–e}+;L, e]8f–afv|f, ;'Fu'/ cflb kz'kfng ug]{,
-u_ cyf]{kfh{g jf df;', km'n pTkfbgsf] b[li6n] ul/g] r/fr'?ËL kfng, tyf
-3_ dT:o Pj+ df}/L kfng h:tf sfo{x¿ tyf jgjg]nf]sf] ?v nufpg] sfo{ .
!)=@ s[lif rng (Holding)
Pp6} JolQm jf lgsfon] /]vb]v u/]sf]] s[lif pTkfbgsf] Ps cfly{s PsfOnfO{ s[lif rng elgG5 . o:tf] s[lif rngleq
cfˆgf] xssf] cfkm}n] rng u/]sf] jf csf{sf] xssf] h'g;'s} zt{df lnO{ cf+lzs jf k"0f{ ¿kdf s[lif pTkfbgsf] p2]Zon] cfkm"n]
pkof]u u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ hUuf / kfn]sf ;a} kz'kIfLx¿ kb{5g\ .

;lhnf] cy{df eGbf Ps JolQmsf] lhDdf / /]vb]vdf /x]sf] Pp6f lhNnfleqsf] ;Dk"0f{ s[lif sfo{nfO{ æs[lif rngÆ
elgG5 .

/fli6«o s[lif u0fgf–@)%* df hUufsf] If]qkmn jf kz'k+IfLsf] ;ª\Vof tn n]lvPadf]lhd ePdf dfq s[lif rng dflgPsf]
5M
-s_ lxdfn / kxf8sf lhNnfdf sDtLdf $ cfgf jf ! df6f]d'/L -)=)!@&@ x]S6/_ / t/fO{sf lhNnfdf sDtLdf * w'/
-)=)!#%% x]S6/_ If]qkmndf afnL nufPsf] ePdf jf
-v_ h'g;'s} pd]/sf sDtLdf @ j6f ufO{–e}F;L h:tf 7"nf rf}kfof kfn]sf] ePdf, jf
-u_ sDtLdf % j6f e]8f–afv|f h:tf ;fgf rf}kfof kfn]sf] ePdf, jf
-3_ dfp rNnf u/L sDtLdf @) j6f;Dd kfNt' r/fr'?ËL -s'v'/f, xfF;, cflb_ kfn]sf] ePdf, jf
-ª_ ;fgf 7"nf u/L sDtLdf % j6f rf}kfof kfn]sf] ePdf, -h:t} M $ j6f afv|f / ! j6f ufO{ kfn]sf] ePdf _ .
!)=# lsQf (Parcel)
s[lif u0fgfdf k|of]u ul/g]] lsQf / ;fwf/0f af]nLrfnLsf] efiffdf -gfkLdf_ k|of]u ul/g]] lsQf Ps} xf]Ogg\ . s[lif u0fgfdf
jl/kl/ c?sf] ;fFw ePsf] aLrdf 5'§} k/]sf] hldgsf] efunfO{ lsQf elgG5 . Ps} rng cGtu{t b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L lsQf x'gsf
nflu Ps lsQfleqsf ux|f csf]{ lsQfleqsf ux|f;Fu st}lt/af6 hf]l8Psf] x'g' x'Fb}g .

cfˆgf] xssf] cfˆmF}n] rng u/]sf] hUuf;Fu c?;Fu s'g} klg zt{df lnO{ rng u/]sf] hUuf hf]l8Psf] 5 eg] klg To;nfO{
Pp6} lsQf dflgG5 t/ Pp6} rngdf /x]sf] hUufsf] rSnfnfO{ aLrdf :yfoL af6f], gbL, gx/, s'nf], vf]nf, cflbn] 6'qmofPsf]

238
ePdf ltgnfO{ cnu cnu lsQf dflgG5 / s'g} Pp6f hUuf v]t / kfvf]df ljeflht 5 eg] v]t / kfvf]nfO{ cnu cnu b'O{
lsQf dflgG5 .

!)=$ d'Vo s[ifs (Holder)

rng u/]sf] hUufsf] rfFhf] kfFhf] ldnfpg], pknAw x'g;Sg] ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] s;/L pkof]u ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/f lg0f{o ug]{,
s[lif pTkfbgsf] ljt/0f;DaGwL lg0f{o lng] / k|fljlws tyf cfly{s lhDd]jf/L ;d]t jxg ug]{ / b}lgs sfdsf] /]vb]v ug]{
JolQmnfO{ d'Vo s[ifs elgG5 .

!)=% kl/jf/
kl/jf/ eg]sf] Pp6} efG;fdf vfg] / Pp6} cfDbfgL–vr{n] Jojxf/ rnfpg] JolQmx¿sf] ;d"x xf] .

!)=^ kl/jf/sf] d"nL

kl/jf/sf ;a} JolQmn] To; kl/jf/sf] d'Vo JolQmsf] ¿kdf dfg]sf] JolQm -k'?if jf :qL_ nfO{ kl/jf/sf] d"nL elgG5 . 3/
kl/jf/df e}k/L cfpg] ;a} Jojxf/ rnfpg] clwsf/ tyf lhDd]jf/L kl/jf/ d"nLsf] x'G5 .

!)=& d]g]h/
d'Vo s[ifssf] k|ltlglwsf] ¿kdf s[lif rngsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|fljlws Pj+ k|zf;sLo lhDd]jf/L af]s]sf] JolQmnfO{ g}
d]g]h/ -k|jGws, u'd]:tf, k|ltlglw, slDtof_ elgG5 . sfdbf/x¿sf] Joj:yfkg tyf lg/LIf0f ug'{sf ;fy} s[lif rng ;~rfngsf
nflu cfjZos kg]{ b}lgs lg0f{ox¿ ug{df d]g]h/sf] lhDd]af/L ;Lldt x'G5 .

!)=* s[lif sfdbf/

kl/jf/sf ;b:oafx]s cGg tyf cGo afnL pAhfpg] jf kz'kfng ug]{ jf cGo s[lif sfo{df ;+nUg JolQm, h:fn] gub jf
lhG;Ldf jf b'a}df jf cGo s'g} zt{df kfl/>lds lnP/ sfd ug]{ ub{5g\ eg] To:tf JolQmnfO{ s[lif sfdbf/ elgG5 . s[lif
sfdbf/ :yfoL jf c:yfoL b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .

!)=*=! :yfoL s[lif sfdbf/

kfl/>lds lbP/, s[lif u0fgfsf] ;Gbe{ jif{e/L s[lif rngsf] sfo{df lgoldt tyf cljlR5Gg¿kn] sfd ug{ nufPsf]
JolQmnfO{ :yfoL s[lif sfdbf/ elgG5 .

!)=*=@ c:yfoL s[lif sfdbf/

c:yfoL s[lif sfdbf/ eg]sf] ;Gbe{ jif{leq kfl/>lds lbP/ k6s–k6s jf Ps k6s dfq s[lif rngdf sfd nufPsf]
JolQm xf] / lghn] lgoldt / cljlR5Gg¿kdf s[lif rngdf sfd ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] x'Fb}g . c:yfoL sfdbf/sf] pNn]v ubf{
kd{nfO{ lng' x'Fb}g .

!)=( rng u/]sf] hUufsf] hDdf If]qkmn

s[lif rngleq /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ lsQfx¿sf] If]qkmnsf] hf]8 g} hDdf If]qkmn -rng u/]sf] hUufsf] hDdf If]qkmn_ xf] . d'Vo
s[ifssf] cfk\mgf] jf kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] :jfldTjdf ePsf] t/ cfkm}n] rng gu/]sf] hUufnfO{ hDdf rngsf] If]qkmndf /flvFb}g
eg] c?sf] :jfldTjsf] s'g} klg zt{df lnO{ cfkm"n] rng u/]sf] hUufnfO{ hDdf rngsf] If]qkmndf /flvG5 . s[lif sfo{sf] nflu
k|of]u x'g] ejg jf 3/ uf]7 cfFugn] rr]{sf] hUuf klg hDdf rngsf] If]qkmndf ;dfj]z x'G5 . t/ s[lif sfo{df k|of]u gePsf
5'§} hUufsf 6'qmfx¿ h:t} cf}Bf]lus ejg cflb s[lifrngsf] If]qkmndf ;dfj]z x'Fb}g .

!)=!) hUufsf] lsl;d

s[lif u0fgfsf] nflu hUufnfO{ ;fdfGotof v]t / kfvf] u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . s'g} hUuf v]t jf kfvf] s]
xf] 5'6\ofpFbf pQ/bftfsf] pQ/nfO{ g} cfwf/ dflgG5 .

239
 v]t M– o; >]0fLdf ;fwf/0ftof wfg /f]Kg ;lsg] hUuf kb{5 . o:tf hUufdf gub] afnL / ux'F v]tL klg ug{ ;lsG5 .
s'g} hUuf v]t jf kfvf] s]df /fVg] eGg] s'/f hUuf btf{cg';f/ g5'6\ofO{ ;f] hUufdf wfg /f]Kg ;lsg] jf g;lsg] cfwf/df
5'6\ofOG5 .

kfvf] M– v]t >]0fLdf gk/]sf hUuf kfvf]df kb{5g\ . kfvf] hUuf nueu aif{el/ g} ;'Svf /xG5 / ;fwf/0ftof o:tf] hUuf
wfg v]tLsf] nflu pko'Qm x'Fb}g . ds}, kmfk/, sf]bf] cflb kfvf] hUufdf pAhg] afnLx¿ x'g\ .

!)=!! hUufsf] pkef]u

hUufsf] pkef]un]] d'Vo s[ifsn] rng u/]sf] hUufsf] hDdf If]qkmndWo] slt hUuf cfk\mgf] kl/jf/sf] xssf] / slt hUuf
c?sf] xssf] s'g s'g zt{df lnO{ rng u/]sf] /x]5 eGg] 5'6\ofP/ b]vfpF5 . Pp6f s[lif rng Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L k|sf/sf]
pkef]u cGt/ut ;~rfng ul/Psf] x'g;S5 . hUufsf] pkef]u;DaGwL tYofÍ Pp6} ;Gbe{ ;dodf ;Íng ul/G5 . pkef]usf
k|sf/ lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

!_ kl/jf/sf] xssf] hUuf cfk}mn] rng u/]sf]

@_ c?sf] xssf] hUuf xfn kl/jf/n] rng u/]sf]
-s_ 7]lsPsf]
-c_ 7]lsPsf] gub ltg]{u/L
-cf_ 7]lsPsf] lhG;L ltg]{u/L
-v_ afnL afF8\g] u/L rng u/]sf] hUuf -clwof, a6}of, lqv08L cflb zt{df_
-u_ ;]jf dhb'/L afkt rng u/]sf] hUuf
-3_ ef]u jGwscGt/ut rng u/]sf]] hUuf
-ª_ cGo zt{df rng u/]sf] hUuf
#_ cGo k|sf/sf] pkef]ucGtu{t rng u/]sf] hUuf
!)=!@ l;+rfO

hUufsf] pTkfbsTj a9fpg] p2]Zon] yk >d jf ;fwg nufO{ hUufdf s'nf], gx/ -jiff{afx]s_ cflbaf6 kfgL k'¥ofpg]
sfo{nfO{ l;FrfO elgG5 . l;FrfOdf af9Laf6 cfPsf] kfgLnfO{ lnOFb}g t/ o:tf] af9Lsf] kfgL st} hDdf u/L pTkfbg a9fpg
hUufdf k|of]u ul/Pdf l;FrfO ul/Psf] dflgG5 .
!)=!# hUufsf] pkof]u

rngsf] s'n hUufsf] If]qkmnnfO{ pkof]ucg';f/ lgDg ju{df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
-s_ pTkfbgzLn hUuf (Productive Land)
-c_ s[lif e"ld (Agricultural Land)
-i_ cfafbL hUuf (Cultivated Land)
-!_ afnL nfUg] hUuf (Crop Land)
™ v]tLof]Uo hUuf (Arable Land)
– c:yfoL afnL nfu]sf] hUuf
– c:yfoL vs{ tyf rf}/
– c:yfoL¿kdf afFemf] /x]sf] hUuf
– cGo v]tLof]Uo hUuf
-@_ cf]tdf /x]sf] hUuf
™ c:yfoL afnLcGtu{tsf] cf]tdf /x]sf] hUuf
™ :yfoL afnLcGtu{tsf] cf]tdf /x]sf] hUuf
-#_ :yfoL afnL nfu]sf] hUuf
240
 -ii_ :yfoL vs{, rf}/, afFemf]
-cf_ lghL jgjg]nf]
-O_ kf]v/L
-v_ cGo ;a} hUufx¿
!)=!$ c:yfoL afnL

c:yfoL afnL eGgfn] Ps aif{sf] cjlwleq pTkfbg u/L afnL leq\ofpg] / csf]{ afnLsf nflu k'gM vghf]t u/L
nufpg'kg]{ lsl;dsf afnLx¿ kb{5g\ .
!)=!% :yfoL afnL

Ps k6s nufO{ afnL sf6]kl5 k'gM /f]Kg' gkg]{ / w]/} aif{;Dd afnL lbO/xg] jfnLx¿nfO{ :yfoL afnL elgG5 . h:t} M
kmnk"mn lrof, v/, afF;, 3fF;sf ?v cflb .
!)=!^ Ps k|sf/sf] afnL (Pure Stand Crop)
afnL gld;fO{ Ps} k|sf/sf] dfq :yfoL jf c:yfoL afnL dfq nufPsf] jfnLnfO{ Ps k|sf/sf] afnL elgG5 .
!)=!& ldl>t afnL (Mixed Crop)

:yfoL;Fu :yfoL jf c:yfoL;Fu c:yfoL ljleGg k|sf/sf jfnLx¿nfO{ ld;fO{ nufOg] jfnLnfO{ ldl>t afnL elgG5 .
!)=!* ;+o'Qm afnL (Associated Crop)

c:yfoL / :yfoL afnL ;+u–;+u} Pp6f hldgdf nufOPsf] 5 eg] To:tf] afnLnfO{ ;+o'Qm afnL elgG5 .

!!= /fli6«o s[lif u0fgf – @)%* sf] ljz]iftf

;dosf] dfu / ljsl;t x'b} cfO/x]sf] k4ltcg';f/ xfn;Dd ;DkGg s[lif u0fgfdf qmlds kl/dfh{g / ;'wf/ x'b} uPsf]
kfOG5 . ljZj vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g (FAO) sf] cfJxfgdf ;g\ @))) df ljZje/ x'g] s[lif u0fgf sfo{qmdsf] kl/k|]Iodf /fli6«o
s[lif u0fgf– @)%* df ljZj vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7gn] lbPsf] dfu{ bz{gnfO{ klg cjnDjg ul/Psf] 5 . k|ZgfjnLsf clwsf+z
efux¿ /fli6«o s[lif u0fgf– @)$* df ;dfa]z ul/Psf k|Zgx¿ g} sfod /flvPsf 5g\ . o;af6 t'ngf ug{ / Ps¿ktfsf ;fy}
k|df+sg -Standardization_ ug{ ;d]t d2t k'u]sf]] 5 .

@)$* ;fnsf] s[lif u0fgfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf ljifoj:t'sf cltl/St @)%* sf] u0fgfsf nflu jftfj/0f;DaGwL k|Zgx¿
klg ;dfj]z ug]{ lgwf] ul/Pcg'¿k s]xL yk k|Zgx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . o;/L ylkPsf k|Zgx¿df, s[ifs kl/jf/sf] j}wflgs
l:ylt, s[lif pTkfbgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo, df6f]sf] lsl;d, jgjg]nf] / ?vsf] pd]/cg';f/ ;+Vof /x]sf 5g\ . o; u0fgfdf k|of]u ePsf
k|ZgfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] zAbfjnLx¿sf] kl/efiff cem :ki6, ljifout, b'lawf x'g] ;DefjgfnfO{ Go"g u/L lgb]{lzsf tof/
ul/Psf] 5 .

s[lif u0fgf h:tf] a[xt\ sfo{sf] tYofÍ k|zf]wg Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . /fli6«o s[lif u0fgf–@)%* sf] Data Entry
af]nkq cfJxfg u/L afXo sDkgLaf6 ul/Psf] lyof] / To;kl5sf tYofÍ k|zf]wg sfo{ ljefudf pknAw sDKo'6/ k|of]u u/L
ljefusf] hgzlStåf/f g} ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] .

241
!@= /fli6«o s[lif u0fgf – @)%* sf tflnsf tyf k|sfzgx¿
s[lif u0fgfsf] clGtd pTkfbg (End Product) eGg' g} o;sf tflnsfx¿ x'g\ . o;sf/0f tflnsf s:tf agfpg], slt
agfpg] / s;/L agfpg] eGg] s'/f s[lif u0fgfsf cGo ljleGg kIfx¿;+u ;Lw} ufFl;Psf x'G5g\ . /fli6«o s[lif u0fgf– @)%* df
k|sflzt ljifox¿sf] ;"rL tflnsf lgDg k|sf/ /x]sf]] 5 .
/fli6«o s[lif u0fgf– @)%* df k|sflzt tflnsfx¿sf] ljifocg';f/sf] zLif{s
Tfflnsf zLif{s
tflnsf ! M s[lif rngsf] ;+Vof, If]qkmn / hUufsf] v08Ls/0f
tflnsf @ M s[lif rngsf] ;+Vof, If]qkmn / pkef]u
tflnsf # M s[lif rngsf] ;+Vof, If]qkmn / pkof]u
tflnsf $ M s[lif rngsf] ;+Vof, If]qkmn, l;+rfO u/]sf s[lif rng, l;+lrt If]qkmn, / l;+rfOsf] ;|f]t
tflnsf % M s[lif rngsf] ;+Vof, If]qkmn, c:yfoL afnL nufPsf s[lif rng / afnL nfu]sf] If]qkmn
tflnsf ^ M s[lif rngsf] ;+Vof, If]qkmn / afnLsf] k|sf/
tflnsf & M s[lif rngsf] ;+Vof, If]qkmn, c:yfoL afnLcg';f/ s[lif rng ;+Vof / c:yfoL afnL nfu]sf]
If]qkmn
tflnsf * M af]6sf] pd]/cg';f/ au}+rfsf] ¿kdf nufPsf] :yfoL afnLx¿n] cf]u6]sf] If]qkmn / af]6 ;+Vof
tflnsf ( M s[lif rngsf] ;+Vof, If]qkmn, s[lif ;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u u/]sf s[lif rng, vlgh dn k|of]u ePsf]
If]qkmn / vlgh dnsf] kl/df0f
tflnsf !) M s[lif rngsf] ;+Vof, rf}kfof / r/fr'?+uL ePsf s[lif rng, pd]/ / efn]÷kf]yLcg';f/ rf}kfof /
r/fr'?+uL ;+Vof
tflnsf !! M s[lif rngsf] ;+Vof, If]qkmn, slif cf}hf/ / cGo ;'ljwfsf] pkof]u ug]{ s[lif rng ;+Vof / ;|f]t
tflnsf !@ M s[lif rngsf] ;+Vof, If]qkmn, ;|f]tcg';f/ u}/ cfjf;Lo ejgsf] pkof]u
tflnsf !# M s[lif rngsf] ;+Vof, If]qkmn, jgjg]nf] nufPsf s[lif rng / ?v ;+Vof
tflnsf !$ M s[lif rngsf] ;+Vof, If]qkmn, s[lif C0f lnPsf s[lif rng ;+Vof
tflnsf !% M d'Vo s[ifssf] lnË / pd]/cg';f/ s[lif rngsf] ;+Vof / If]qkmn
tflnsf !^ M :qL k'?if / pd]/cg';f/ s[ifs kl/jf/sf] hg;+Vof
tflnsf !& M kl/jf/ d"nL d'Vo s[ifs ePsf, d]g]h/ /fv]sf s[lif rng, s[ifs kl/jf/sf] j}wflgs l:ylt / s[lif
pTkfbgsf] pkof]u
tflnsf !* M s[lif rngsf] ;+Vof, vfBfGgsf] kof{Kttf, gk'u ePsf] ;do, gk'u ;dosf] nflu vfBfGgsf] ;|f]t
tflnsf !( M s[lif rngsf] ;+Vof, If]qkmn, s[lif C0fsf] cfjZostf / s[lif C0fsf] p2]Zo
tflnsf @) M s[lif rngsf] ;+Vof, If]qkmn, af9L klx/f] cflbn] Iflt k'¥ofOPsf] hUuf ePsf] s[lif rng ;+Vof /
If]qkmn
tflnsf @! M s[lif rngsf] ;+Vof, If]qkmn, hUufsf] df6f]sf] lsl;d / /Ëcg';f/ s[lif rng ;+Vof / If]qkmn
tflnsf @@ M :yfoL / c:yfoL s[lif sfdbf/ nufpg] s[lif rng ;+Vof / lnËcg';f/ :yfoL sfdbf/ ;+Vof

tflnsfx¿ lhNnf, ljsf; If]q, ef}uf]lns If]q / ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnsf] nflu 5'§f5'§} tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] . lhNnf txdf lj:t[t
tflnsfx¿sf ;fy} ;f/f+z tflnsfx¿ klg tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] . /fli6«o s[lif u0fgf– @)%* df ;a} txsf / ;a} k|sf/sf u/L
hDdf *^ k|sf/sf lgDg lstfax¿ 5flkPsf 5g\ M
-s_ lhNnf txsf tflnsf ePsf] kRrxQ/ j6f lstfa
-v_ lhNnf ;f/f+z tflnsfx¿ ePsf] Ps lstfa
-u_ ljsf; If]q txsf tflnsfx¿ ePsf] kfFrj6f lstfa
-3_ ef}uf]lns If]q txsf tflnsfx¿ ePsf] tLgj6f lstfa
-8=_ ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnsf] tflnsfx¿ ePsf] Ps lstfa
-r_ ljZn]if0f ;lxtsf] s[lif df]gf]u|fkm Ps lstfa

242
!#= s[lif u0fgfaf6 x'g] kmfObfx?
s[lif u0fgfaf6 t'?Gt} k|ToIf?kdf pTkfbgdf jf ;/sf/L cfodf j[lWb x'g] gb]lvPtfklg u0fgfsf] nut k|zf]wg eO{ gtLhf k|fKt
ePkl5 b]zsf] cfly{s gLlt lgwf{/0f ug{ tyf ljsf; of]hgfx? th'{df ug{ cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/e"t tYofÍx? pknAw x'g] 5g\ .
h;af6 lgDg kmfObfx? x'g]5g\ .
!= ;/sf/sf gLlt tyf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx?sf] ;kmntfsf] cg'udg, Df"NofÍg ug{ cfwf/ k|fKt x'G5 .
@= s[lif If]qdf /x]sf afws tTjx? kQf nufpg ;xof]u ub{5 .
#= s[[lif u0fgfaf6 pknAw tYofÍx?n] ;/sf/sf gLltx?nfO{ cem k|efjsf/L?kdf k|fyldstfsf If]qx? lgwf{/0f ug{
;xof]u ub{5 .
$= s[lif u0fgfaf6 pknAw tYofÍx?n] gLlt lgdf{tfx?nfO{ ul/jL, vfB ;'/Iff tyf n}l‹s ;d:ofx?Aff/] cg';Gwfg ug{
;xof]u ub{5 .
%= s[lif u0fgfaf6 pknAw tYofÍx?n] ;x;||fAbL ljsf;sf nIox?sf] k|ultaf/] cg'udg Df"NofÍg ug{ cfwf/ k|:t't ub{5 .
^= ;/sf/sf s[lif gLltx?nfO{ cem k|efjsf/L ?kdf nlIot ug{ / tNnf] txsf ;d'bfox?;Dd k'¥ofpg ;xof]u ub{5 .
&= s[lif gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] nflu k|efjsf/L?kdf ah]6 lgwf{/0f ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
*= tYof+ÍLo ljlwåf/f gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf s[ifsx?sf] ;xeflutf tyf ltgLx?n] lng] lg0f{ox?nfO{ ;f+lVosLo?kdf k|:t't
ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
(= s[[lif u0fgfaf6 pknAw tYofÍn] afnL nfu]sf] If]qkmn, kz'kIlLsf] ;+Vof, s[lif pTkfbg / vfB cfk"lt{af/]df k|If]k0f ug]{
cfwf/ pknAw x'G5 .
!)= u}/;/sf/L If]q, gLlt lgdf{tf, cg';Gwfgstf{ ;fy} s[ifsx?nfO{ Aofj;flos lg0f{ox? Ufg{ ;xof]u ub{5 .

!$= s[lif u0fgfn] ;x;||fAbL ljsf;sf nIox?nfO{ ug]{ ;xof]u

xfn cfP/ ljleGg b]zx?n] ;x;||fAbL ljsf;sf nIosf] k|ult cg'udgsf] nflu cfjZos ;"rsx? cf–cfkmgf /fli6«o
tYofÍ sfo{qmdx?af6 kl/k"lt{ ug{ s]lGb|t eO/x]sf 5g\ . oxL cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ljZj vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7gn] ;g\
@))^ b]lv ;g\ @)!% ;Dd ljZjsf sl/j !)) eGbf a9L ;b:o /fi6«\x?n] cf–cfk¥gf] b]zdf ;DkGg ug{] s[lif u0fgfdf
;x;||flAb ljsf;sf nIosf] k|ult cg'udgsf] nflu cfjZos ;"rsx? k|fKt ug{ ljleGg /0fgLltx? Tfof/ kf/L u0fgfsf] nflu
dfu{bz{g k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 ;x;||fAbL ljsf;sf * j6f nIox?dWo] lgDglnlvt rf/j6f nIox?df ;xof]u k'Ug] b]lvG5 .

nIo != ul/jL tyf ef]s pGd"ng

s[lif u0fgfaf6 pknAw tYofÍn] 3/kl/jf/sf] vfB ;'/Iffdf s;/L s[lif If]qsf] kl/jt{gn] c;/ u/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfg'{sf
;fy}] 3/kl/jf/sf] vfB c;'/Iffsf] d'Vo sf/0fx? h:t}M s[lif rngsf] cfsf/, ahf/ kxF'rsf] sdL, l;+rfOsf] cefj, afnLsf]
ljljwLs/0f gx'g' cflb cf}Nofpg ;xof]u ub{5 .

nIo @M ljZjAofKfL?kdf k|fylds lzIff k|flKt

s[lif u0fgfaf6 pknAw tYofÍsf]] db\btn] gLlt lgdf{tfx?n] ljBfno egf{ sd x'g'sf] sf/0f yfxf kfpg ;Sb5g\ . pbfx/0fsf]
nfluM s[lif dhb"/x?sf] cfjZostf cflb .

nIo #M n}l‹s ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf z;StLs/0f k|j4{g

s[lif If]qdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsf / u|fld0f dlxnfsf] u}/s[lif If]qsf sfo{df ;xeflutf;DaGwL tYofÍaf6 dlxnfx?sf] ;fdflhs tyf
;f+:s[lts l:ylt yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .

nIo & M jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgsf] k|TofEf"lt

l;+rfO, e"Ifo, dn tyf ljiffwL, h+un, hldg tyf hldgsf] pkef]u;DaGwL tYofÍsf] ;xfotfn] ;/sf/n] jftfj/0f;DaGwL gLlt
lgod tyf cg';Gwfg sfo{ ug{;Sb5 .

243
 #!M d"No ;"rsf° (Price Index)
ljsf; lji6∗

!= kl/ro
cfly{s lqmofsnfkx? k|foM ultzLn x'g] ePsf]n] s'g} vf; ;do, :yfg / kl/l:yltdf ePsf] j:t' jf ;]jfx?sf] d"No,
kl/df0f cflbsf] t'ngf csf]{ s'g} ;do, :yfg / kl/l:ylt;Fu ug]{ ul/G5 . o:tf t'ngfTds sfo{sf] nflu s'g} vf; lsl;dsf]
cf};t (Average) sf] cfjZostf kb{5 h;n] s'g} b'O{ :yfgjLr jf ;dojLrdf x'g] j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] d"No, kl/df0f cflbdf
cfpg] ;fk]lIfs kl/jt{g (Relative Change) x?sf] dfkg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 . o; lsl;dsf] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] tYofÍLo
cf}hf/nfO{ ;"rsfÍ (Index Number) elgG5 . ;"rsfÍsf] dfWodåf/f s'g} j:t' jf ;]jfx?sf] d"No, kl/df0f cflbsf] b'O{ leGg
;dojLr jf b'O{ leGg :yfgjLr x'g] t'ngfTds kl/jt{gx?sf] jf/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . csf]{ zAbdf, ;"rsfÍn] s'g}
vf; rn (Variable) sf] ;dofGt/df cfpg] kl/jt{g jf :yfgfGt/df cfpg] kl/jt{gsf] af/]df cjut u/fpFb5 . o; cfn]vdf
cfly{s tYofÍsf] cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ If]qsf] ?kdf /x]sf] d"No tYofÍsf] ;fk]lIfs :j?ksf] ?kdf k|:t't ul/g] d"No ;"rsfÍ (Price
Index) sf] jf/]df ;+If]kdf k|:t't ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . o; k|;+udf d"No ;"rsfÍsf] ;fdfGo cjwf/0ff / ljlwx?sf] ;fy}
g]kfndf k|rlnt s]xL dxTjk"0f{ d"No ;"rsfÍx?sf] af/]df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

@= d"No ;"rsf°sf] kl/efiffM

ljleGg lsl;dsf j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] d"No Pp6f lglZrt ;do jf :yfg jf kl/l:yltsf] t'ngfdf s'g} csf]{ ;do jf
:yfg jf kl/l:yltjLr x'g] kl/t{gx?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] kl/;"rsnfO{ g} d"No ;"rsfÍ elgG5 . cyf{t cem} Jojxfl/s
b[li6sf]0fn] eGg] xf] eg] d"No ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0f u/L 5flgPsf j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] b'O{ leGg ;do jf :yfgjLr t'ngf ul/Psf
d"No ;fk]If (Price Relatives) x?sf] cf};t lgsfNg s'g ;"q cyf{t cf};t lgsfNg] s'g ljlw k|of]u ug]{, ef/ lgwf{/0f k|lqmof /
;|f]tsf] ;fy} j:t'x?sf] 5gf}6 cflb h:tf laifox?sf] af/]df :ki6 x'g'kb{5 .

k|f/lDes cj:yfdf d"No ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf ;g !&&) df ljlnod km\nL6n] cS;kmf]8{ ljZjljBfnosf
ljBfyL{x?n] ljt]sf] c9fO{ ztflAbb]lv ltb}{ cfPsf] d"Nodf ePsf] cf};t kl/jt{gsf] cg'dfg tof/ kfg]{ p2]Zon] d"No ;"rsfÍ
lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . c7f/f}{ ztfAbLdf d;fr';]6\; /fHosf] ljwflosfn] OËn}08lj?4 nl8/x]sf cfkm\gf] kmf}hx?sf] tnj dfgdf
;dfof]hg ug{sf] nflu ;g !&*) df d"No ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0f u/]sf] lyof] . pGgfO{;f}+ ztfAbLdf d"No ;"rsfÍn] ljz]if ult lnPsf]
b]lvG5 . ;g !*@# df hf];]km nf]jn] s[lif, Jofkf/ / ljQ;DaGwL Ps cWoog k|sfzg u/]sf lyP . To;df pgn] d"No
;"rsfÍsf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; u/]sf 5g . h;cg';f/ d"No ;"rsfÍn] 5flgPsf j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] ;d"x jf af:s]6sf]
lgwf{l/t cjlwaLr dfl}b|s d"Nodf cfpg] kl/jt{gnfO{ b]vfpFb5 . To;}n] nf]jnfO{ pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rsfÍsf] lktf klg elgG5 .

o;}u/L pGgfO;f} ztfAbLsf] cGTolt/ cfP/ o; If]qdf ljleGg cy{zf:qLx? / tYofÍ zf:qLx?n] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;g !*&! df nfl:ko/ / ;g !*&$ df kf:r]n] d"No / kl/df0f;DaGwL ;"rsfÍx?sf] jf/]df pNn]v u/]sf lyP
h'g cfh;Dd klg plQs} k|of]udf cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;g !**& df df;{nn] Chain Indices sf] jf/]df jsfnt u/] h;cg';f/
k|To]s cl3Nnf] jif{sf] t'ngfdf kl5Nnf] jif{df ePsf] d"No kl/jt{gnfO{ cfj4 (Link) ub}{ nfdf] cjlw;Ddsf] d"Nosf] ult (Price
Movement) x?sf] dfkg ul/G5 . ;g !(@@ df k|f]= O{/Lleª lkm;/n] Pp6f P]ltxfl;s s[lt "The Making of Index Number"
k|sfzg u/]/ d"No ;"rsfÍsf] If]qdf gofF cfodsf] k|f/De u/] . ;g !(@$ df /l;og cy{zf:qL sf]g;n] cy{zf:qLo
l;2fGtx?sf] cfwf/df Cost of Living Index sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; u/] . o;k|sf/ ;g !(#) ;Dddf ;j} k|sf/sf d"No
;"rsfÍx?sf] ;}2flGts cfwf/x? tof/ e};s]sf] kfOG5 .

#= d"No ;"rsf°sf] cjwf/0ff

pTkfbg, pkef]u, cfoft, lgof{t cflb ul/g] a:t' jf ;]jfx?sf] d"Nodf cfPsf] cfjlws kl/jt{gx?nfO{ dfkg ug{ k|of]u ul/g]
tYofÍLo ljlwnfO{ d"No ;"rsfÍ elgG5 . d"No ;"rsfÍ;DaGwL ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg cy{zf:qL / tYofÍzf:qLx?n] k|:t't
u/]sf cjwf/0fx? lgDgjdf]lhd 5g .

∗
pk–dxflgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
244
-s_ nfl:ko/sf] d"No ;"rsfÍ (Laspeyres' Price Index)

d"No ;"rsfÍ eg]sf] efl/t ;dli6 (Weighted Aggregate) d"No ;"rsfÍ xf] h;df ef/ cfwf/ jif{sf] kl/df0fn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 .
o;sf] ;"q lgDgjdf]lhd 5 .

Laspeyres' Price Index = ∑ P1 Q0 / ∑ P0 Q0 * 100

Where, P1 = given period price
P0 = Base period price
Q0 = Base period quantity

nfl:ko/sf] ;"rsfÍn] cfwf/ jif{ (Base Year) df lgwf{/0f ul/Psf j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] ;dli6ut d"No (Aggregate Value) df
sltn] kl/jt{g cfpFb5 olb ltg} j:t' tyf ;]jfx?nfO{ To;kl5sf jif{x?sf] (Given Period) d"Nosf] cfwf/df d"NofÍg ul/of]
eg] eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg] k|of; ub{5 . t;y{ nfl:ko/sf] ;"rsfÍn] pkef]usf] ;+/rgf (Consumption Pattern) df cfPsf]
kl/jt{gnfO{ :jLsfb}{g . nfl:ko/ ;"rsfÍnfO{ Upward Bias x'G5 elgG5 .

-v_ kf:r]sf] d"No ;"rsfÍ (Paasche's Price Index)

hd{g tYofÍzf:qL kf:r]sf] cg';f/ d"No ;"rsfÍ eg]sf] efl/t ;dli6 (Weighted Aggregate) d"No ;"rsfÍ xf] h;df
;"rsfÍsf] ef/ tfl]sPsf] jif{ (Given Year) sf] kl/df0fn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . o;sf] ;"q lgDgjdf]lhd 5 .

Paasche's Price Index = ∑ P1 Q1 / ∑ P0 Q1 * 100

Where, P1 = Given period price
P0 = Base period price
Q1 = Given period quantity

kf:r] d"No ;"rsfÍn] tfl]sPsf] cjlw (Given Period) sf] j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] ;dli6ut d"No (Aggregate Value) df sltn]
kl/jt{g x'G5 olb ltg} j:t' tyf ;]jfx?nfO{ cfwf/ cjlw (Base Period) sf] d"Nodf d"NofÍg ul/of] eg] eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg]
k|of; ub{5 .

k|To]s jif{ ef/ cyf{t kl/df0f cBfjlws ul//xg'kg]{ ePsf]n] w]/} j:t' tyf ;]jfx? ePsf] v08df of] ;"rsfÍ Hofb} g} vlr{nf]
x'g] x'Fbf cToGt} sd k|of]udf cfpFb5 . kf:r] d"No ;"rsfÍnfO{ Downward Bias x'G5 elgG5 .

-u_ lkm;/sf] d"No ;"rsfÍ (Fishers' Price Index)

k|f]km];/ O{/leË lkm;/n] lbPsf] d"No ;"rsfÍcg';f/ nfl:ko/ / kf:r]sf] d"No ;"rsfÍsf] HofldtLo cf};t (Geometric Mean)
g} lkm;/sf] "cfbz{" d"No ;"rsfÍ xf] . o;nfO{ ;"qdf lgDgjdf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .

Fishers' Price Index = ( L * P ) 1/2

Where, L = Laspeyres' price index
P = Paasche's price index
lkm;/sf] ;"rsfÍnfO{ "cfbz{" eGg'sf] cy{
• of] ;"rsfÍ HofldtLo cf};tdf cfwfl/t 5 h;nfO{ ;}4flGts b[li6sf]0fjf6 ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0f ug{ cToGt} pko'Qm cf};t
(Average) xf] elgG5 .
• o;df cfwf/ cjlw / tf]lsPsf] cjlw (Given Period) b'j}sf] d"No / kl/df0fnfO{ lnPsf] x'G5 . o; cy{df o;nfO{
Superlative Index klg elgG5 .

-3_ nf]j d"No ;"rsfÍ (Lowe Price Index)

o; ;"rsfÍn] lglZrt j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] s'n d"No (Total Value) sf] cfwf/ cjlw (P0) / tf]lsPsf] cjlw (Pt) jLr ePsf]
;dfg'kflts kl/jt{gsf] dfkg ub{5 .

Lowe price index = ∑ Ptn Qn / ∑ P 0n Qn* 100

245
nf]jsf] o; ;"rsfÍnfO{ General Index Number klg elgG5 . of] pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0fdf Jofks?kdf k|of]u ul/G5 .
o;df Basket df ePsf] kl/df0f s'g} vf; ;dofjlwsf] af:tljs kl/df0f;+u d]n gvfg;S5 .

nf]j ;"rsfÍx?n] s]xL k|l;4 ;"rsfÍx?nfO{ klg ljz]if kl/l:yltdf ;dfj]z ub{5 . h:t}M

hj Qn = Q 0n xfdL nfl:ko/ ;"rsfÍ kfpFb5f}{

hj Qn = Qtn xfdL kf:r] ;"rsfÍ kfpFb5f}{
0 1
hj Qn = ( Q n + Q n ) / 2 , xfdL df;{n-Ohjy{ ;"rsfÍ kfpFb5f}{
hj Qn = ( Q0n Qtn )1/2 xfdL jfn]; ;"rsfÍ kfpFb5f}{

$= d"No ;"rsf°sf] pkof]u

cy{tGqsf dxQjk"0f{ kl/;"rsx?dWo] d"No ;"rsfÍ klg Ps xf] . d"No ;"rsfÍx?nfO{ Barometer of an Economy klg elgG5
. cy{ Joj:yfsf] gf8L 5fDg (Pulses of Economy) k|of]u ul/g] rf/ k|d'v ;"rsfÍx?df pkef]Qmfsf] d"No ;"rsfÍ
(Consumers' Price Index), pTkfbssf] d"No ;"rsfÍ (Producers' Price Index), lgof{t d"No ;"rsfÍ (Export Price Index)
/ cfoft d"No ;"rsfÍ (Import Price Index) kb{5g\ . ;fdfGotof log} rf/ d"No ;"rsfÍx?sf] ;d'lrt pkof]uåf/f cy{
Joj:yfsf] lbzflgb]{zsf] ;+s]t k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

rfn" d"Nodf cg'dfg ul/Psf ljleGg If]qsf s'n d"No clejl4 (Gross Value Added) nfO{ ;f]xL If]qsf d"No ;"rsfÍx?sf]
k|of]uåf/f l:y/ d"Nodf cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;k|sf/ d"No ;"rsfÍx?sf] pkof]u GDP Deflator sf] ?kdf klg k|of]u ul/G5 .

ljleGg ju{ / If]qsf pkef]Qmfx?n] pkef]u ug]{ j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] d"Nodf cfpg] kl/jt{gsf] jf/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zon]
lgdf{0f ul/g] pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rsfÍx?nfO{ d'b|fl:kmltsf] b/ (Rate of Inflation) kQf nufpg klg k|of]u ul/G5 . log} d"No
;"rsfÍx?sf] cfwf/df Hofnfb/ jf tnj :s]nx? lgwf{/0f ug]{ ul/G5 .

%= qmo zlQm ;dtf (Purchasing Power Parity: PPP)

qmozlQm ;dtf eGgfn] t'ngf ul/g] b]zsf] d'b|fsf] Tof] k|lt OsfO ;+Vof xf] h'g TolQ g} j:t' tyf ;]jfx? vl/b ug{sf] nflu
cfjZos kb{5 hlt t'ngf ul/g] (Base Country) b]zsf] Ps OsfO d'b|fn] vl/b ug{ ;Sb5 . (A PPP is the number of
currency units required to purchase an amount of goods and services equivalent to what can be bought with one unit
of currency of a base country) pbfx/0fsf] nflu, SIKO-5, hfkfgL gf8L 38Lsf] cd]l/sfdf @% 8n/ k5{ / g]kfndf ;f]xL
38Lsf] ? !&)) kb{5 eg], cd]/LsfnfO{ Base Country dfGbf b'O{ b]zaLrsf] PPP (SIKO-5: gf8L 38Lsf] xsdf_ ! cd]l/sL
8n/ j/fj/ g]kfnL ^* ?k}of x'G5 . cyf{t Ps cd]l/sL 8n/n] cd]l/Lsfdf h'g u'0ffTds / kl/df0ffTds ljj/0fx? (Product
Specification) ePsf] 38L vl/b ug{ ;Sb5 ToxL u'0ffTds / kl/df0ffTds ljj/0f (Product Specification) ePsf] 38L vl/b
ug{ g]kfndf ? ^* ?k}ofF kb{5 . o;}nfO{ d'b|fsf] qmozlQm ;dtfdf cfwfl/t t'ngf (PPP - Based Comparision) elgG5 . s'n
u|fx:y pTkfbgdf ;dfj]z ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] ;d'lrt k|ltlglwTj Pp6} dfq j:t'n] ug{ g;Sg' / s'g} Ps j:t'
;j} b]zx?df plQs} ;j{;'ne klg gx'g] ePsf]n] ;g @))% sf] International Comparision Program n] GDP / o;sf
Components x?sf] t'ngf ug{ ljleGg j:t' tyf ;]jfx? ;dfj]z u/L jif}{e/L cfjlws d"Nox? ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] .

^= d"No ;"rsf°sf] lgdf{0f ljlw

d"No ;"rsfÍx? lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu ljleGg ljåfgx?jf6 w]/} lsl;dsf ;"qx? (Formulae) k|ltkfbg ul/Psf 5g\ . ;du|df eGg'
kbf{ tL ;j}nfO{ b'O{ efudf lgDgjdf]lhd ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .

^=! ef//lxtsf ;"rsf°x? (Un-weighted Index Numbers)

^=@ efl/t ;"rsf°x? (Weighted Index Numbers)
ef//lxtsf ;"rsfÍx? lgdf{0f ubf{ h'g p2]Zon] ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0f ug{ nfluPsf] xf] To;sf] nflu 5flgPsf ;j} a:t' tyf
;]jfx?sf] ;dfg dxTj x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /flvPsf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ klg k'gM b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .

246
^=!=! Simple Aggregative
^=!=@ Simple Average of Price Relatives
^=!=! Simple Aggregative ljlw ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;j}eGbf ;/n ljlw xf] o; ljlwcg';f/ d"No ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0f ubf{
ljleGg j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] tf]lsPsf] cjlwsf] (Given Period ) s'n d"NonfO{ ltg} j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] cfwf/ cjlw (Base
Period) sf] s'n d"Non] efu u/L cfPsf] efukmnnfO{ !)) n] u'0fg u/L ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0f ul/G5 . h:t}M

Price Index = ∑ P1 / ∑P0 * 100

Where, ∑ P1 =Total value of the selected goods and services in the given period
∑P0 = Total value of the selected goods and services in the base period

o; d"No ;"rsfÍsf] d'Vo b'O{j6f sdhf]/ kIfx? 5g\ .

• j:t'x?sf] d"No lgsfNbf k|of]u ul/g] OsfOn] ;"rsfÍdf 7"nf] k|efa kfb{5 .
• j:t'x?sf] ;fk]lIfs dxTjnfO{ s'g} cy{ /flvb}g .

^=!=@ Simple Average of Price Relatives ljlwåf/f ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0f ubf{ ;j{k|yd j:t'x?sf] d"No ;fk]lIfs (Price Relative)
x? lgsflnG5 / tL d"No ;fk]lIfsx?nfO{ ldg, df]8, ldl8Pg, xfdf]{lgs ldg, Hof]d]l6«s ldgdWo] pko'Qmtfsf] / ;+efAotfsf]
cfwf/df s'g} Ps k|of]u u/L cf};t lgsflnPsf] x'G5 . h:t}M
Price Index = ∑ (P1 / P0 * 100) / N
Where, N = Number of commodities

of] ljlwåf/f ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0f ubf{ Extreme Items sf] ;"rsfÍdf s'g} k|efj kb}{g . lsgeg] ;j} j:t'x?nfO{ ;dfg dxTj lbPsf]
x'G5 . k|ltOsfO d"No ln+bf h'g;'s} OsfOdf lnPklg ;"rsfÍnfO{ s'g} c;/ kfb}{g . lsgls d"No ;fk]lIfs (Price Relatives)
lgsfNbf z'?sf] OsfOn] s'g} c;/ kfb}{g .

o; ljlwsf s]xL sdhf]/ kIfx? klg 5g . vf;u/]/ pko'Qm cf};t 5gf}6 ug]{ qmddf ;fdfGo cf};t (Arithmetic Average)
nfO{ 5fGbf o;sf] Upward Bias x'g] / Hof]d]l6«s ldg 5fGbf of] k|of]udf hl6n x'g] ePsf] / Aojxfl/s b[li6sf]0fjf6 cGo cf};t
lgsfNg] tl/sfx? ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0fdf lj/n} k|of]u ul/g] ePsf]n] Upward Bias xF'bfxF'b} klg ;fdfGo cf};t g} k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 .
;j} d"No ;fk]lIfsx?nfO{ ;dfg dxTj lbg] ePsf]n] o; ljlwn] csf]{ sdhf]/ kIfnfO{ phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . ;j} j:t'x? cfly{s
b[li6sf]0fn] ;dfg dxTjsf xF'b}gg .

^=@ efl/t ;"rsf°x? (Weighted Index Number)

efl/t d"No ;"rsfÍ ljlwdf s'g} klg d"No ;"rsfÍx? lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu ;dfj]z ul/g] j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] 5gf}6 sfo{nfO{
;DjlGwt ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0fsf] d"ne"t p2]Zon] lgb]{lzt ub{5 . o;/L 5flgPsf ;j} j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] dxTj ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0fsf]
p2]Zosf] b[li6sf]0fjf6 km/s km/s x'g] ePsf]n] ;"rsfÍdf ;dfj]z ul/g] j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] dxTjqmd lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 . o;}
k|lqmofnfO{ ;"rsfÍsf] If]qdf ef/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ elgG5 . o;/L j:t'x?sf] dxTjsf] cfwf/df ef/ lgwf{/0f u/]/ ;f]xLjdf]lhd
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ;"rsfÍnfO{ efl/t d"No ;"rsfÍ elgG5 . efl/t d"No ;"rsfÍnfO{ b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .

^=@=! Weighted Aggregative Indices

oL ;"rsfÍx? ;fdfGo ;dli6ut (Simple Aggregative) k|s[ltsf x'G5g . o;df ef/ ;Dk|]if0f ug]{ tl/sfx? ljleGg lsl;dsf
ljlwx?df cfwfl/t x'G5g . ljleGg JolQmx?n] ljleGg lsl;dsf] ef/ ;Dk|]if0f ljlwx? k|of]u ug{ tbg'?ksf ;"qx? (Formulae)
k|of]u ug{ ;'emfj lbPsf 5g . o;df vf;u/L nfl:ko/ ;"q, kf:r] ;"q, lkm;/sf] "cfbz{" ;"q, df;{n–O{hjy{sf] ;"qnfO{
pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . ;j}n] cf–cfkm\g} 9Ën] ;"rsfÍdf ef/ ;Dk|]if0fsf] k2lt ckgfPsf 5g .

247
^=@=@ Weighted Average of Relatives
ef//lxtsf Simple average of price relatives ljlwåf/f ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0f u/] h:t} efl/t ljlwåf/f klg o:tf ;"rsfÍx? lgdf{0f
ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df cf};t lgsfNg] p2]Zosf nflu xfdL Arithmetic Mean jf Geometric Mean k|of]u ug{ ;Qm5f} .
Weighted Average of Relative ljlwåf/f ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0f ubf{ lgDgjdf]lhdsf] k|lqmof ckgfpg'kb{5 .

• cfwf/ cjlwsf] d"No / tf]lsPsf] cjlwsf] d"No -cyf{t h'g cjlwsf] ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0f ug'{5 _ jLr d"No ;fk]lIfs (Price
Relative) lgsfNg'kb{5 .
• pk/f]Qm k|To]s j:t'sf] d"No ;fk]lIfsx?nfO{ tL j:t'x?sf] ef/ -cyf{t Value weighted i.e. P0 q0 for each item) n] u'0ffg
ug'{kb{5 .
• u'0fg u/]/ k|fKt ePsf] ;j} j:t'x?sf] u'0fgkmnnfO{ hf]8]/ k|fKt s'n of]ukmnnfO{ k|To]s j:t'sf] ef/ hf]8]/ cfPsf] s'n ef/
(∑ P0Q0 ) n] efu u/]/ k|fKt glthf g} o; ljlwåf/f lgsflnPsf] ;"rsfÍ xf] . ;"qfTds ?kdf lgDgjdf]lhd pNn]v ug{
;lsG5 .
Price Index = ∑ PV / ∑ V or ∑p0q0 ( p1/q0 *100) / ∑ P0Q0

&= g]kfndf d"No ;"rsf°sf] jt{dfg l:ylt

g]kfndf d"No ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0fsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7el"d x]g]{ xf] eg] g]kfndf of]hgfa4 cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|f/Deb]lv g} ef//lxtsf]
d"No ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0fsf] yfngL ePsf] kfOG5 . efl/t d"No ;"rsfÍ eg] lj=;+= @)!(÷@) ;fnlt/ s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun]
sf7df08f}+ pkTosfsf] efl/t pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rsfÍ (Weighted Price Index of Kathmandu Valley) sf] lgdf{0f u/]/ z'?
u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfndf d"No ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0f u/L k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf lgsfox?df s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu / g]kfn /fi6« j}+s x'g . oL b'j}jf6
lgdf{0f u/L k|sfzg ul/+b} cfPsf d"No ;"rsfÍx?sf] jf/]df ;+If]kdf hfgsf/L u/fpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

&=! s]Gb|Lo tYof° ljefun] lgdf{0f u/L k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf] d"No ;"rsf°x?
s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] xfn b'O{j6f d"No ;"rsfÍx? lgdf{0f u/L k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

&=!=! cf}Bf]lus pTkfbssf] d"No ;"rsf° (Manufacturing Producers' Price Index):

g]kfndf pTkflbt cf}Bf]lus j:t'x?sf] pTkfbgstf{n] pQm j:t'x? ljqmL ubf{ lgwf{/0f ul/g] d"Nodf x'g] aflif{s tyf q}dfl;s
kl/at{gx?sf] jf/]df hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zon] s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] /fli6«:t/sf] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbssf] d"No ;"rsfÍ
lgdf{0f u/L k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . bz jf ;f]eGbf j9L AolQmx? ;+nUg /xg] g]kfnsf cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx? (Manufacturing
Establishments) sf] dfq o; ;"rsfÍn] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 .

cf=j= @)$#÷$$ nfO{ ;Gbe{ jif{ dfgL ;DkGg ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] kfFrf} cf}Bf]lus u0fgfsf] cfwf/df j:t'x?sf] 5gf}6 / ef/
lgwf{/0f u/L g]kfnsf] klxnf] jflif{s cf}Bf]lus pTkfbssf] d"No ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0f u/L k|sfzg ul/Psf] lyof] . k|To]s %.% jif{sf]
cGt/fndf ;~rfng ul/g] cf}Bf]lus u0fgfsf] cfwf/df cBfjlws ul/g] o; ;"rsfÍ xfn;Dd # k6s cBfjlws ul/;lsPsf] 5
.

g]kfnsf] jt{dfg cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg ;"rsfÍn] tLg cÍsf] cf}Bf]lus ;d"xsf] :t/df (3 digit NSIC) @) j6f cf}Bf]lus
;d"x?nfO{ / cf}Bf]lus j:t'x?sf] :t/df, (4 digit CPC) #$ j6f cf}Bf]lus ;d"xx?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . cf=j= @)%*.%( sf]
cf}Bf]lus u0fgfdf cfwfl/t o; ;"rsfÍsf] ef/ ;f]xL cf}Bf]lus u0fgfsf] cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . d"No ;Gbe{ jif{ eg]
cf=a= @)^).^! nfO{ lnOPsf] 5 . ;"rsfÍ pkof]ustf{x?sf] dfu / ;'emfjx?nfO{ b[li6ut u/L o; ;"rsfÍsf] q}dfl;s lgdf{0f
sfo{ cf=j= @)%*.%( jf6 z'? ul/Psf] xf] .

&=!=@ lgdf{0f If]q nfut d"No ;"rsf° (Input Price Index of Construction Sector):
lgdf0f If]qdf k|of]u x'g] lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx?sf] v'b|f d"Nodf x'g] aflif{s kl/jt{gsf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zon] lgdf{0f If]q
nfut d"No ;"rsfÍsf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] . cfwf/ jif{ @)$!.$@ nfO{ lnP/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] o; ;"rsfÍdf lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx?
h:t}M lr/fgsf7, l;d]G6, O{6, kmnfd]58 / Hofnfb/ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . s]xL lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx?sf] d"No ;"rsfÍ (Price Index

248
of Some Construction Materials) / lgdf{0f sfdbf/ Hofnfb/ ;"rsfÍ (Wage Index of Construction Workers) sf] ;+o'Qm
;'rsfÍ (Composite Index) sf] ?kdf lgdf{0f If]q nfut d"No ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] . pkof]ustf{x?sf] dfu /
;'emfjcg';f/ cf=j= @)%&.%* b]lv of] ;"rsfÍ q}dfl;s?kdf klg lgdf{0f ug{ z'? ul/Psf] xf] . q}dfl;s ;"rsfÍx? ljGb'ut
k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t ePsf]n] jt{dfg q}dfl;ssf] d"No cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL q}dfl;ssf] d"No;+u t'ngf u/L ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0f ul/Psf]
x'G5 . ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0f ug{ nfl:ko/sf] ;"q k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

&=@ g]kfn /fi6« j}°jf6 lgdf{0f u/L k|sfzg ul/g] d"No ;"rsf°x?
g]kfn /fi6« j}+sn] d"No ;"rsfÍsf] lgdf{0f sfo{df ;g !(%& df sf7df08f}+sf] ef//lxtsf] d"No ;"rsfÍ (Unweighted Price
Index of Kathmandu) lgdf{0f u/L k|sfzg ug{ z'? u/]b]lv g} ;+nUg /xb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . xfn o; j}Ín] d'Votof b'O{j6f d"No
;"rsfÍx? lgdf{0f u/L k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

&=@=! /fli6«o zx/L pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rsf° ( National Urban Consumer Price Index )
;g !(&@.&# df ;+rflnt klxnf] 3/kl/jf/ jh]6 ;j]{If0fsf] cfwf/df g]kfn /fi6« j}Ín] ;j{k|yd /fli6«:t/sf] efl/t pkef]Qmf
d"No ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf] . jt{dfg pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rsfÍ ;g !((%.(^ df ;~rflnt t];|f] w/kl/jf/ jh]6 ;j]{If0fdf
cfwfl/t 5 . k|To]s !).!) jif{df ;~rfng ul/g] o; lsl;dsf] 3/kl/jf/ jh]6 ;j]{If0fsf cfwf/df pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rsfÍsf]
ef/, j:t'x?sf] ;+Vof, cfwf/ jif{ cflbnfO{ cBfjlws ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . xfn dfl;s, q}dfl;s / jflif{s ;"rsfÍx? lgdf{0f ul/G5
. zx/L pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rsfÍ sf7df08f}+ pkTosf, zx/L pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rsfÍ t/fO{ / zx/L pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rsfÍ kxf8
u/L tLgj6f d"No ;"rsfÍx?sf] ;+o'Qm ;"rsfÍ (Composite Index) sf] ?kdf /fli6«o zx/L pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0f
ul/G5 . oL tLg ;"rsfÍnfO{ hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df ef/ lgwf{/0f u/L /fli6«o zx/L pkef]Qmf ;"rsfÍ tof/ kfl/G5 . ;"rsfÍ
lgdf{0f ug{ nfl:ko/sf] ;"q k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rsfÍsf] nflu d"No ;+sng ;fKtflxs, dfl;s, q}dfl;s, cw{jflif{s / jflif{s?kdf ul/G5 . sf7df08f}+
pkTosfjf6 #)!, t/fOjf6 @^& / kxf8jf6 @*$ j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] d"No ;+sng ul/G5 . s'n @! j6f jhf/ s]Gb|x?sf ())
k;nx?jf6 %,*^@ d"Nox? (Price Quotations) ;+sng ul/G5 . xfnsf] ;"rsfÍn] g]kfnsf] zx/L hg;+Vofsf] dfq} k|ltlglwTj
ug]{ ePsf]n] o;df u|fdL0f hg;+Vofsf] klg ;d'lrt k|ltlglwTj /xf]; eg]/ cf=j @))%.)^ df ;~rflnt 3/kl/jf/ jh]6
;j]{If0fdf u|fdL0f jhf/ s]Gb|x?nfO{ klg ;j]{If0fsf] bfo/fleq ;d]6lPsf] 5 . o; ;j]{If0fcg';f/ aGg] ;"rsfÍn] ;du| hg;+Vofsf]
k|ltlglwTj ug]{5 eGg] ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5 .

&=@=@ /fli6«o yf]s d"No ;"rsf° (National Wholesale Price Index)

g]kfn /fi6« j}Ín] cf=a= @)%^.%& nfO{ cfwf/ aif{sf] ?kdf lnO{ /fli6«o yf]s d"No ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . of] ;"rsfÍ
s[lifhGo a:t'x?sf] yf]s d"No ;"rsfÍ (Wholesale Price Index of Agricultural Commodities), cf}Bf]lus j:t'x?sf] yf]s
d"No ;"rsfÍ (Wholesale Price Index of Domestic Manufactured Commodities) / cfoftLt j:t'x?sf] yf]s d"No
;"rsfÍ (Wholesale Price Index of Imported Commodities ) u/L tLgj6f d"No ;"rsfÍx?sf ;+o'Qm ;"rsfÍ (Composite
Index) xf] . /fli6«o:t/df tof/ kfl/g] of] ;"rsfÍ dfl;s?kdf k|sfzg ul/G5 . /fli6«o yf]s d"No ;"rsfÍsf] ef/dWo] s[lifhGo
j:t'x?n] $(=%(% , cf}Bf]lus j:t'x?n] @)=#&% / cfoftLt j:t'x?n] #)=)$% ef/ cf]u6]sf 5g\ . !@ dlxgfsf] cf};t
d"NonfO{ cfwf/ aif{sf] d"Nosf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . yf]s d"No ;+sng b]zsf] @) j6f jhf/ s]Gb|x?af6 k|To]s dlxgf ;+sng
ul/G5 . ;"rsfÍdf s[lifhGo j:t'x?sf] ;+Vof !* 5g\ eg] cf}Bf]lus j:t'x?sf] ;+Vof #! / cfoftLt j:t'x?sf] ;+Vof @@ 5g .
s'n &! j:t'x?sf] k|To]s dlxgf $!% d"No (Price Quotations) x? ;+sng ul/G5 . ;"rsfÍ lgdf{0f ug{ nfl:ko/sf] ;"q k|of]u
ul/Psf] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
!= Inflation Analysis and Price Situation Nepal Rastra Bank mid-January 2008, November 2, Vol II.
@= pTkfbg / d"No ;"rsfÍx? sflt{s @)^$, s]=t=lj=.
#= Statistical Methods S P Gupta Thirty fourth Edition – 2005.
$= Consumer price index manual: Theory and Practice, ILO, IMF, OECD, Eurostat First published 2004.
%. Programmed Statistics B.L. Agarwal Second edition 2003, Reprint 2005.

249
 #@M g]kfnsf] jftfj/0f tYof° / jftfj/0fLo tyf cfly{s n]vf

;"o{s'df/ kl08t 1

hos'df/ zdf{ 2

laifo cf/DeM
k|fs[ltdf /x]sf h}ljs tyf ch}ljs j:t'x? / dfgjLo ls|ofsnfksf] cGt/;DaGwaf6 rNg] kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLnfO{ …jftfj/0fÚ
elgG5 . jftfj/0fleq k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx?, dfgj lgld{t ef}lts Pj+ ;f+:s[lts ;+/rgfx?, cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgx?, ;fdflhs tyf
;f+:s[lts k|rngx?, :jf:Yo tyf k|hgg k|0ffnL cflb kb{5g\ . oL ;+Dk"0f{ kIfdf dfgjLo ls|ofsnfkn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf]]
x'G5 . jftfj/0f ;DaGwL To:tf dxTjk"0f{ ls|ofsnfkx?nfO{ cfFs8fsf ?kdf k|:t't ul/g] ;"rgfx?nfO{ jftfj/0f tYofÍ
(Environment Statistics) elgG5 . log} jftfj/0f tyf cfly{s tYofÍsf cfwf/df jftfj/0f tyf cfly{s ls|ofsnfksf af/]df
ul/g] n]vf hf]vfnfO{ jftfj/0fo tyf cfly{s n]vf (Environment and Economic Accounts) elgG5 . jftfj/0fLo tyf
cfly{s n]vfdf cfly{s ls|ofsnfk;lxt k|fs[lts tyf ;f+:s[lts ;+kbfx?sf] ;"rL (Inventory) tof/ ul/G5 . k|fKt ;"rL /
cfly{s ls|ofsnfksf cfw/df ljleGg d"NofFsg ljlwsf dfWodaf6 ef}lts tyf cfly{s n]vf tof/ x'G5 . tL ef}lts ;+kbfx?sf]
/ cly{s ls|ofsnfksf] ahf/ d"No jf cGo d"Nojf6 lj:tf/} df}lb|s d"Nodf kl/jt{g (Transformation) ul/G5 .

ljZjdf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;DaGwL cjwf/0fsf] ljsf; ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsjf6 z'?ePsf] xf] eg] jftfj/0f tYofsnfO{ :tl/o Pj+
Ps?ktf lbg] sfd ;g\ !(*$ df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] Pp6f vfsf tof/ u/]kl5 dfq jftfj/0f tYofFssf] ljsf;sf] z'?cft ePsf]
kfOG5 . jftfj/0f tyf cfly{s n]vf cjwf/0ff eg] ;g\ !((# sf] /fl6«o n]vf (SNA, 1993) jf6 z'?ePsf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfndf jftfj/0fLo tYof+ssf] ljsf;nfO{ x]bf{ ;g\ !((@ sf] k[YjL ;Dd]ngkl5 ;g\ !(($ df ;j{k|yd s]Gb|Lo tYof+s
ljefujf6 z'?ePsf] xf] . pQm ;dob]lv xfn ;Dd lg/Gt/?kdf jftfj/0f tYof+ssf] sfd eO/x]sf] 5 .

k|fs[lts tyf ;f+:s[lts ;+kbfx?dfly dfgjLo x:tIf]k Pj+ clts|d0fjf6 arfpg, jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f ug{ / dfgjLo :jf:y
lbuf] agfpg 3/kl/jf/, Joj;flos k|lti7fg, gfkmf gsdfpg] ;fdflhs ;+3;:yf / ;/sf/af6 jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf ul/Psf] vr{,
k|b"if0f sd ug{ tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu ;/sf/jf6 lbg] cfly{s cg'bfg, k|fs[lts ;+kbfsf] pkof]u u/]jfkt To:tf
;+kbfx?sf] j}slNks?kdf k'gM:yfkgf jf ;+/If0f ug{ Ifltk"lt{ jfkt ;/sf/jf6 nufPsf] /f]oN6L, dfgj :j:ydf xfgL k'Ug]
j:t'sf] pkofudf nufPsf] jftfj/0fLo z'Ns tyf s/, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f If]qdf k|j]z ubf{ nfUg] k|a]z z'Ns jf s/, :j:ydf
c;/ kfg]{ tyf jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ a:t'x?sf] pTkfbgdf nufOg] cGtM z'Ns, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f sfo{df jfwf lj/f]w
jf To:tf] sfo{sf] pNn+3g ug]{jf6 k|fKt hl/jfgf / hkmt cflbsf] lx;fa lstfa kb{5g\ . o:tf] lsl;dsf] lx;fj lstfj ubf{
jftfj/0fLo cfDbfgL / vr{sf] juL{s/0f ljlw cflbsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . t/ o;f] ePtfklg g]kfndf xfn;Dd jftfj/0fLo If]qsf]
cfDbfgLsf] :tl/o juL{s/0f / vr{;DaGwL ljZjf;gLo ;j]{I.0f eg] x'g;s]sf] 5}g .

Jfftfj/0fM
Jftfj/0f eg]sf] k|fs[lts tyf dfgj lgld{t kbfy{x? / zlQmsf] ;dli6ut :j?k Pj+ cj:yf xf] . csf]{ jfSodf eGbf Jfftfj/0f
eg]sf] hLj, lghL{j / zlQm aLrsf] cGt/;DaGw / ;Gt'ng g} Jftfj/0f xf] . h}ljs kbfy{ M k|f0fL, jg:klt, ;"Id hLj
(Bacteria) cflb . lghL{j kbfy{ M xfjf, kfgL, df6f] cflb . zlQm M tfk, k|sfz, jfo", t]h, r'Djs, ljB't, /;fog, c0f' cflb .
dfgj lgld{t ef}lts ;+/rgfx?df 7"nf– 7"nf afFw, ejg, k'n cflb kb{5g\ . oL ;j}sf] ;dli6df dfgjLo ls|ofsnfkn] dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]n]sf] x"G5 .

1
tYofÍ clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
2
tYofÍ clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .
250
o;/L Jfftfj/0fdf hLj, lghL{j, dfgjLo ls|ofsnfk / zlQm aLrsf] kf/:kl/s ;DaGwsf] cWoog ul/g] lj1fgnfO{ kof{j/0f
lj1fg elgG5 . o:t}M u/L Jftfj/0fdf hLj, lghL{j dfgjLo ls|ofsnfk / zlQm ljrsf] kf/:kl/s ;DaGwjf6 kof{j/0fLo rs|
(Eco - cycle) sf] ;+rfng eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . dfgj ;d'bfo kof{j/0fsf] Ps ;b:o ePtfklg cfkm\gf] j'l4, ljj]s, efiff, ;~rf/
cflb sf/0fn] cGo kof{j/0fLo ;b:osf] bfFhf]df >]i7 /x]sf] 5 . o;}n] ubf{ dfgjLo ls|ofsnfkjf6 k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]u,
ef}lts ljsf; / zx/Ls/0fssf] gfddf k|s[ltdfly ePsf] cTolws zf]if0f / x:tIf]kjf6 g} jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng lju|x -k|b"if0f_
x'g uO{ jftfj/0fLo c;Gt'ngsf] cj:yf ;[hgf ePsf] kfOG5 .

jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0fM
jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f eg]sf] k|s[ltdfly dfgjLo x:tIf]kjf6 pTkGg kl/0ffdsf] z'?sf] cj:yfnfO{ j'emfpFb5 . k|b"if0fcGt/ut j:t'
ljz]ifjf6 pTkGg k|b"if0fdf d'Vo u/]/ hn k|b"if0f, :yn k|b"if0f / jfo' k|b"if0f x'g eg] zlQm ljz]ifjf6 pTkGg k|b"if0fdf tfk
k|b"if0f, Wjlg k|b"if0f / /]l8of]wdL{ k|b"if0f cflb x'g\ . jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0fsf] k|efj j9L k|ToIf?kjf6 k|s6 ePsf] kfOG5 .

jftfj/0fLo c;Gt'ngM
jftfj/0f c;Gt'ng eg]sf] k|s[ltdfly dfgjLo clws x:tIf]kjf6 k|f0fL, jg:klt, ;"Id hLj / vlgh kbfy{x?aLr cgGtsfnb]lv
sfod /xL cfPsf] kf/:kl/s ;DaGwdf vnn e} ljs[lt - c;Gt'ng_ k}bf x'g' xf] . jftfj/0fLo c;Gt'ng j9L ck|ToIf x'G5 .
o:tf] c;Gt'ngjf6 s]xL ;d:ofx? pTkGg x'G5g . tL ;d:ofx? lgDg 5g .

!_ cDNfLo jiff{ @_ xl/tu[x k|efj

#_ cf]hg txsf] ljgf; $_ e"–Ifo
% hnjfo' / df};ddf kl/jt{g ^_ d?e"dLs/0f
&_ OGwgsf] sdL *_ s[lif e"lddf x|«f;
(_ kfgLsf] cfk"lt{df sdL !)_ k|f0fL tyf jg:kltsf] j+z ljgf;
!!_ hLjhGt'x? ljz]ifu/L dfgj :j:ydf xfgL

jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nof°gM

dfgj ;d'bfosf] lxtsf nflu ul/g] 7"nf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x? ubf{ k|fs[lts hLj kl/j[lQ k4lt (Ecosystem) df k|lts"n
k|efj kg{ uO{ s]xL c;Gt'ng b]vfkg{ ;Sb5 . o:tf dfgjLo s[ofsnkjf6 k|s[ltdfly s:tf] / slt k|efj kb{5 / To;nfO{ sd
ug{ s] s:tf] pkfox? ckgfpbf pko'Qm xf]nf egL j}1flgs ljlwcg';f/ d"Nof+sg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ jftfj/0f k|efj d"NofFsg elgG5
. o:tf] jftfj/0f k|efj d"Nof+sg ug{ g]kfndf jftfj/0f P]g, @)%#, lgod, @)%$ / jftfj/0f d"Nof+sg lgb]{lzsf, @)%) nfu"
ePsf] kfOG5 .

jftfj/0f tYof°M
jftfj/0f tYof+s eg]sf] k|s[ltdf /x]sf hn, yn, jfo' , hLj, lghL{j, zlQm / dfgjLo ls|ofsfnfk cflbsf] cj:yf / To;sf]
k|j[lt (State and Trend) sf jf/]df k|jfx ul/g] ;"rgf jf hgsf/LnfO{ jftfj/0f tYofÍ elgG5 . jftfj/0f tYofÍn] k|s[lt
:jodsf] kl/jt{g, dfgjLo ls|ofsnfk, k|s[ltdfly dfgjLo x:tIf]ksf] k|efj cflbsf jf/]df dfkg ;d]t ub{5 . o;n] k|fs[lts
;+kbfsf] l:yltsf ;fy} ;fdflhs–cfly{s cj:yfsf] d"Nof+sg ug{ / jftfj/0f n]vf tof/ ug{ ;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 . o;}u/L
jftfj/0f tYofÍjf6 /fli6«o n]vf (National Account), jftfj/0f tyf cfly{s n]vf (Environmental and Economic
Accounts) / jftfj/0f k|efj d"Nof{sg (Environment Impact Assesment) tof/ ug{ klg pkof]uL x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ xfnsf
aif{otf jftfj/0f tYofÍsf] If]q w]/} Jofks ePsf] kfOG5 . pk/f]Qmadf]lhd ;+k"0f{ tYof+s If]qsf] jgfj6df jftfj/0f tYof+ssf]
If]q / l:yltnfO{ tnsf] rf6{jf6 b]vfpg] sf]lz; ul/Psf] 5 .

251
 ;+k"0f{ tYofÍ+ (All Data)

jftfj/0fsf
;fdflhs cf+s8f
cf+s8f

cfly{s cf+s8f u}x| cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs cf+s8f

cfly{s hg;+Vof hgtfsf] ;+j[l4

hg;+Vof, hg;+Vof ef}lts cj:yf,

ljt/0f, hg;+Vofsf]
Joj;foLs If]qcg';f/
jgfj6, kl/jf/sf]
cfly{s ls|ofsnfkx?
cfsf/, ef}uf]lns If]q,
hGd, d[To", a;fOF ;/fO
cfjf;, cfDbfgL,
xfjfkfgL, aiff{,
/f]huf/L, :jf:y, lzIff,
k|b"if0f, e"pkof]u,
ul/aL, sfo{ ;do,
pmhf{sf] k|of]u,
lgod sfg"gsf] kfngf
k|fs[lts k|sf]k

;|f]t M ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo tYof+s dxfzfvf .

Dfflysf] rf6{df :ki6?kdf ;+k"0f{ tYof+ssf] If]qjf6 jftfj/0f tYof+ssf] If]q / ljefhg b]vfOPsf] 5 . t/ klg jftfj/0f tYof+s
jf:tjdf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs If]qx? / k|fs[lts tyf ;+f:s[lts ;+kbfsf ;+k"0f{ kIfdf ;w} kfl/l:yltsLo cGt/;DalGwt /x]sf]
x'G5 . To;}n] jftfj/0f tYof+sdf k|fs[lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / hg;+flvs ;"rsx? klg pNn]v ul/Psf] xG5 .

jftfj/0f tYof°sf] ljsf; s|dM

bf];|f] ljZj o'4kl5 ;g\ !(^) ;Dddf h;/L x'G5 cfly{s ljsf; ug'{ g} ljsf;sf] cjwf/0f dflgPsf] lyof], ;g\ !(^) kl5 o;
ljifosf] If]q / o;sf] k|efjsf jf/]df lj:tf/} kl/jt{g cfof] / cfly{s ljsf;df jftfj/0fsf] cjwf/0fn] k|j]z kfof] . ;g\ !(&@
df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+wLo cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs cfof]un] 'Environment Future’ and 'UN Conference on Human and
Environment' h:tf ;Dd]ngx? u¥of] . o; ;+Dd]ngn] jftfj/0f If]qnfO{ Pp6f 5'§} gofF ljwfsf] hGd lbof] / k|fs[lts
;+kbfdfly dfgjLo ls|ofsnfk, pkof]u tyf ;+/If0fsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/g'kb{5 eGg] ljj]sk"0f{ ts{x?nfO{ cuf8L a9fof] / 3f]if0fkq
klg tof/ u¥of]. o;nfO{ :6sxf]d 3f]if0ffkq klg eGb5g . of] s'/fn] l56} g} Jofkstf kfof] / ljZjsf ;/sf/ tyf cGt/fli6«o
;+3 ;+:yfx?n] o;nfO{ w]/} dxTj lbg yfn] . o;sf af/]df ax;, 5nkmn, uf]i7L cflbkl5 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3cGtu{t ljlzi6
c+usf]?kdf ;g\ !(&@ sf] h'g % df United Nation Environment Programe (UNEP) sf] u7g klg eof] / UN df United
Nation Statistical Division (UNSD) n] klg jftfj/0f tyf cfly{s n]vfsf af/]df cWoog cg';Gwfg z'? u¥of] .
jftfj/0f;DaGwL cjwf/0fsf] ljsf;;+u} jftfj/0f tYof+snfO{ Jojl:yt / u'0f:tl/o jgfpg vf; 9fFrfsf] cfjZostf dx;';
u/L o'/f]kLo cfly{s cfof]u (ECE) / cfly{s ljsf; tyf ;xof]u ;+u7g (OECD) sf] ;xof]udf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo tYof+s
cfof]un] ;g\ !(*$ df A Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES) tof/ u/L nfu" u¥of] . ;f]
9fFrf cg';"rL ! df lbOPsf] 5 . ;g\ !(*% kl5 lbuf] ljsf;sf cjwf/0ff ;zQm eP/ cfof] . To;kl5 o; ljifonfO{ ljZje/
g} Ps}?kjf6 klxrfg ug{ cfjZos ePsf]n] !(*& df Brundtland Commission (Our Common Future) n] lbuf] ljsf;sf]
252
cy{ / kl/efiff lbof] . o;nfO{ ljZje/df hfgsf/L lbg / To;nfO{ nfu" ug{ ;g\ !((@ df Reo Summit (Agenda 21)
cfof]hgf ul/of] . olt x'+b} cfp+bf ;g\ 1993 df /fli6«o n]vf k4\lt (SNA) df klg kl/dfh{g eof] . t/ klg jftfj/0f tyf
cfly{s n]vf / cGo ;fdflhs n]vf k4ltsf jf/]df vf; 6'+Ëf] nfUg ;s]g . o;/L klg 6'+Ëf] nfUg g;s]sf laifox?nfO{ SNA-
1993 df :of6nfO6 n]vf (Satellite Accounts) cGt/ut lasl;t laifox?sf] ?kdf /flvof] . tL laifox?dWo] jftfj/0f tYofÍ
cGt/ ;DalGwt / k|fljlws laifo ePsf]n] o;nfO{ k|fljlws?kdf 5nkmn u/L 6'+Ëf] nufpg UNSD sf] kxndf Pp6f jftfj/0f
k|fljlws ;ldltsf] lgdf{0f ul/of] . o;nfO{ London Group klg elgG5 . jftfj/0f ljifo j9L cGt/;DalGwt ljifo ePsf,]
System of National Accounts (SNA-1993)3 df klg jftfj/0f n]vfsf nflu cfjZos ;"rsx?sf] ljsf; x'g g;s]sf] /
o;sf] k|efjn] dfgjLo :jf:y, k|fs[lts jftfj/0f tyf cGo If]qdf g/fd|f] c;/ b]vfkg{ yfn]sf] xF'bf London Group sf]
l;kmfl/;df UNSD n] Sof]6f] ;Dd]ngjf6 ;g\ 1995 df jftfj/0fLo tYofÍsf ;"rsx? tyf jftfj/0fLo n]vfsf cfFs8fx? :ki6
/ l56f] pknJw x'g] u/L ;g\ !(*$ sf] k|m]djs|{ -FDES_ nfO{ ;+zf]wg u/L jftfj/0fLo tyf cfly{s n]vfsf nflu cfjZos
cf+s8fx? pknJw x'g] u/L gofF k|m]djs{nfO{ Framework for Development for the Environment Statistics- 1995 -cg';"rL
!_ k|sfzdf Nofof] . k|m]djs{ tof/ ePkl5 o;sf Accounting Methodology, Accounting System and Accounting
Classification cflb h:tf laifox? k|i6 kfg{ UNSD n] ;g\ @))) df ;/sf/jf6 ul/g] vr{sf juL{s/0f (COFOG), gfkmf
gsdfpg] 3/kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;+3;:yfjf6 ul/g] vr{sf juL{s/0f (COPNI), Joj;flos k|lti7fgjf6 ul/g] vr{sf
juL{s/0f (COPP), 3/kl/jf/ If]qjf6 ul/g] vr{sf juL{s/0f (COICOP) h:tf juL{s/0fx? k|sflzt u¥of] . o;} s|ddf
cGt/fli6«o :t/sf] cf]}Bf]lus juL{s/0f (ISIC) / j:t' pTkfbg juL{s/0f (CPC) df klg s]xL kl/dfh{gsf] k|:tfj ul/of] eg]
k|fs[lts ;+klQsf] juL{s/0f -NAC) klg kl/dfh{g ug{] sfo{ k|f/De ePsf] 5 . o;jf6 jftfj/0f tYofs+sf dfkgof]Uo ;"rsx?
k|fKt x'g;Sg] ePsf]n] London Group sf] l;kmfl/;df UNSD n] ;g\ @))@ df hf]xg]:au{ ;Dd]ng4f/f kfl/t u/L jftfj/0f
tyf cfly{s n]vf k4lt System of Integated Environment and Economic Accounting (SEEA)4 nfu" u/]sf] kfOG5 .

UNSD n] ;g\ !((% df k|sflzt u/]sf] jftfj/0fLo tYofÍ tyf jftfj/0fLo n]vf k|m]djs{ / ;g\ @))) df k|sflzt sfof{Tds
juL{s/0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL London Group sf] k|fljlws ;Nnfx / OECD, UNEP, UN, WB, IMF, EUROSTAT cflbsf]
;xof]udf ;g\ @))# df jftfj/0fLo tyf cfly{s n]vf k4lt (SEEA) tof/ u/L ;j} ;b:o /fi6x?df nfu" u/]sf] 5 . of]
jftfj/0f tyf cfly{s n]vf k4lt -cfly{s kIf_ df /fli6«o n]vf;+u ;dfgfGt/ 5 eg] k|fs[lts ;+klQ (Non-productive
Natural Assets _ sf jf/]df yk kl/efiff, juL{s/0f, n]vf ljlwx?sf] lj:t[t?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

/fli6«o n]vfsf] ;Ldfleq k/]sf Jfftfj/0fLo tyf cfly{s ls|ofsnfknfO{ /fli6«o n]vfs} n]vf k|]mdjs{leq /x]/ ;+:yfut tyf
Joj;flos If]qcg';f/ dfly plNnlvt juL{s/0fx?, kl/efiffx?, ljlwx? Afdf]lhd g} jftfj/0fLo tyf cfly{s n]vf cg'dfg tof/
ug'{kb{5 . t/ /fli6«o n]vfsf] ;Ldfleq k/]sf Jfftfj/0fLo tyf cfly{s ls|ofsnfknfO{ jftfj/0fLo tyf cfly{s n]vf k4ltcg';f/
-jftfj/0fLo kIfsf] ef}lts n]vf tof/ ubf{ k|fs[lts ;+kbfx?sf] ;"rL (Inventory) tof/ u/L k|fs[lts ;+klQsf] juL{s/0f
(NAC) cg';f/_ n]vf tof/ ul/G5 .

xfnsf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff klxnfsf] eGbf km/s /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . xfnsf] cfly{s ljsf; eg]sf] jftfj/0fd}qL Pj+ lbuf] ljsf;sf]
cjwf/0ffcg';f/sf] lbuf] Pj+ j[xQ/ dfgjLo ;+j[l4nfO{ cfly{s ljsf; eGg] k|rng cfPsf] kfOG5 . oxL ;f]radf]lhd h'g
d'n'sdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ jftfj/0fLo ;"rsx?nfO{ PsLs[t?kdf ldnfP/ cufl8 j9fOPsf] x'G5 Tof] d'n'ssf] dfgjLo
;+j[l4nfO{ dfq cfly{s ljsf; eGg ;lsG5 eGg] ;f]rfOx? cfPsf] kfOG5 .

g]kfndf jftfj/0f tYof+sM

;g\ !((@ df ePsf] k[YjL -/Lcf]_ ;Dd]ngkl5 g]kfndf klg jftfj/0f;DaGwL sfo{sf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/of] . To;kl5
tt\sfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/nufot ljleGg u}/;/sf/L Pj+ ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?n] klg jftfj/0f;DaGwL sfdx? Ufg{ z'?u/]sf]
kfOG5 . o;/L jftfj/0f;DaGwL sfd ljleGg lgsfox?jf6 x'Fbf o;;DaGwL PsLs[t ;"rgf Pj+ tYofssf] cfjZostf dx;';
ul/of] . t;y{ pQm cfjZostf k"/f ug{ s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefun] ;g\ !(($ b]lv jftfj/0f tYof+ssf] sfd z'? u/]sf] xf] .
g]kfndf jftfj/0f;DaGwL sfd ug]{ ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfox? Wf]/} 5g\ . tL lgsfox?jf6 tof/ ePsf jftfj/0f;DaGwL
tYof+sx?nfO{ PsLs[t?kdf ;+sng ug]{ / s'g} klg lgsfox?jf6 k|fKt x'g g;s]sf jftfj/0f;DaGwL tYof+s tof/ ug]{ sfd

3
o;sf jf/]df lj:t[t cWoog pQm k':tsjf6 g} x'g]5 .
4
o;sf jf/]df lj:t[t cWoog pQm k':tsjf6 g} x'g]5 .
253
s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefusf] xf] . s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu tYof+ssf ljifodf g]kfnsf] ;/sf/L s]Gb|Lo lgsfo ePsf] xF'bf o;n] g]kfndf
jftfj/0f tYof+ssf] cflwsfl/s?kdf sfd ub]{} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf tYof+ssf ;DaGwdf sfd ug{ j}wflgs ?kdf tYof+s P]g
@)!% / ;+:yfut?kdf s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu /x]sf] 5 . pk/f]Qmcg';f/ g]kfnsf] jftfj/0f tYof+s / jftfj/o0f tyf cfly{s
n]vfnfO{ ;}4flGts Pj+ Jojxfl/s?kdf :tl/otf, Ps?ktf / cflwsfl/stf k|bfg ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)^@ ;fndf s]Gb|Lo
tYof+s ljefusf] k'gM ;+/rgf u/L ljefudf jftfj/0f tYof+s tyf :of6nfO6 n]vf zfvfsf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . pQm ;dodf
zfvfsf] :yfkgf xF'bf jftfj/0f tYof+s;DaGwL lgDgcg';f/sf] sfd pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .

– jftfj/0f cfkm}df ljlzi6 Pj+ cGt/;DalGwt If]qsf] :of6]nfO6 n]vf ePsf] / o;n] g]kfnsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs,
hg;f+lvs, ef}lts / ;f+:s[lts If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ k|efj kfg]{ ePsf]n] jftfj/0f If]qsf ef}lts jf dfgjLo ls|ofsnfksf]
cnu} cWoog, cg';Gwfg / ;j]{If0f ug{] .
– jftfj/0fdf ePsf ef}lts jf dfgjLo ls|ofsnfksf] cWoog, cg';Gwfg / ;j]{If0f ubf{ SEEA, SNA, UN
Expenditure Classifications (COFOG, COICOP, NPISHs, COPP) 2000, Natural Assets Classification etc.
cg';f/ Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics-1995 sf] kmDof{6df jftfj/0f tYofÍ /
jftfj/0f tyf cfly{s n]vf tof/ ug]{ .

pk/f]Qmadf]lhd ljefudf jftfj/0f tYof+s tyf :of6nfO6 n]vf zfvfsf] :yfkgf x'g'k"j{ / :yfkgf ePkl5 g]kfndf jftfj/0f
tYof+ssf ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd eP u/]sf sfdx? lgDg adf]lhd kfOG5 .

A Compendium on Environment Statistics- Nepal 1994:

;g\ !((@ sf] k[YjL ;Dd]ngdf tt\sfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/n] jftfj/0f;DaGwL sfd ug{ k|ltj4tf hfx]/ u/]adf]lhd s]Gb|Lo
tYof+s ljefun] ;j{k|yd ;g\ !(($ df A Compendium of Environment Statistics-Nepal, 1994 k|sflzt u¥of] . pQm
sDk]G8Lod ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo tYof+s cfof]un] tof/ u/]sf] 9fFrfcg'?k gePtfklg To;df 9fFrfn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf If]qx? h:t}M
jg, hLjhGt', s[lif, l;+rfO, e"ld tyf df6f], xfjfkfgL, cflb s'/fx? eg] ;j} ;d]l6Psf 5g .

Framework for Development on Environment Statistics-Nepal, 1996:

;g\ !(($ df A Compendium on Environment Statistics-Nepal, 1994 k|sfzg ePtfklg g]kfnn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo tYof+s
cfof]un] ;g\ !(*$ df tof/ u/]sf] 9fFrfnfO{ k|of]udf gcfPsf] x'bf ;g\ !((^ df g]kfnsf tt\sfnLg jftfj/0f lj1x?,
PlzofnL ljsf; a}+s / jftfj/0f;DaGwL cGo ;+:yfx?sf] ;xof]udf s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefun] g]kfnsf] cfjZostf /
Ifdtfcg';f/ Framework for Development of the Environment Statistics-Nepal, 1996 tof/ u/L k|sflzt u¥of] . pQm
k|m]djs{ jftfj/0f tYof+s geP/ jftfj/0f tYof+snfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ j[xt 9fFrf (Metadata ) dfq xf] .

A Compendium on Environment Statistics- Nepal, 1998:

Framework for Development on Environment Statistics-Nepal, 1996 tof/ u/L k|sflzt ePkl5 pQm 9fFrfdf s]Gb|Lo
tYof+s ljefujf6 ;g\ !((* df A Compendium on Environment Statistics-Nepal, 1998 tof/ u/L k|sflzt ul/of] .
k|:t't k|sfzg g]kfnsf] jftfj/0fLo tYof+ssf] sfo{df Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . pQm k|sfzgn] jftfj/0fLo tYof+ssf] dfunO{ w]/}
dfqfdf k"/f u/]sf] kfOG5 .

A Handbook of Environment Statistics Nepal - 2002:

;g\ !((* ;Dd k|sflzt ePsf jftfj/0f;DaGwL tYof+sx? 8f6f j];dfeGbf ljj/0fTds?kdf ePsf] x'Fbf Statistical Database
df x'g'kg]{ s/fsf] dxz'; u/L s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefun] ;g\ @))@ df Statistical Database df cfwfl/t A Handbook of
Environment Statistics Nepal - 2002 k|sflzt u¥of] . pQm k|sfzg g} g]kfnsf] Statistical Database df cfwfl/t klxnf]
jftfj/0fLo tfYof+s xf] . ;f] k|sfzgkl5 jftfj/0f tYof+ssf k|of]ustf{x?sf] dfucg';f/ g]kfndf klg Statistical Database df
cfwfl/t jftfj/0f tYof+ssf] cfk"lt{sf] z'?cft eof] / jftfj/0f tYof+ssf] dfu a9\b} uPsf] x'Fbf ljefun] klg jftfj/0f
tYofs+sf] sfdnfO{ cem kl/dflh{t jgfpFb} cufl8 j9fPsf] 5 .

254
Seminar on Environment Statistics – 2003:
g]kfndf jftfa/0f tYof+ssf jf/]df xfn;Ddsf sfo{x?sf] jf/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] / To;sf sdL sdhf]/Lx?nfO{ s;/L ;'wf/
ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] jf/]df ;g\ @))# df b'O{lbg] Ps jftfj/0f tYof+s uf]i7L ul/of] . pQm uf]i7L ;/sf/L tj/df g]kfns]f jftfj/0f
tYof+ssf] Oltxf;df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfk\mg} ;|f]tjf6 ul/Psf] of] g} klxnf] dfGg ;lsG5 .

Handbook of Environment Statistics, Nepal - 2003:

of] k|sfzg Statistical Database df cfwfl/t bf];|f] jftfj/0fLo tYof+s k|sfzg xf] . o; k|sfzgnfO{ uf]i7Ljf6 k|fKt
;'emffjx?nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/]/ klxnf] k|sfzgnfO{ yk ;'wf/ u/L k|sfzg ul/of] .

Environment Statistics of Nepal, 2004 - 2006:

8f6f j];df cfwfl/t Jftfj/0f tYof+Ísf] klxnf] / bf];|f] k|sfzg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] tYofÍ dxfzfvfn] tof/ u/]sf] Framework
for Development for the Environment Statistics-1984 sf] k|m]ddf k|sflzt ul/of] eg] t];]|f k|sfzgb]lv xfn;Dd
Framework for Development for the Environment Statistics-1995 cg';f/ k|sfzg xF'b} cfO/x]sf 5g\ . ljutsf
k|szgnfO{ ;'wf/ ub}{ xfn;Dd k|fKt gePsf jftfj/0f;DaGwL tYof+sx?sf] vf]h u/L k|sfzg ug{'sf ;fy} jftfj/0f tyf cfly{s
n]vf tof/ ug]{ s|ddf cfwf/e"t tYof+ssf] ;dfof]hg ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

Seminar on Environment Statistics – 2007:

g]kfndf jftfa/0f tYof+ssf jf/]df xfn;Dd ePu/]sf sfo{x?sf] jf/]df k|fljlws?kdf d"NofÍg ug{ ;g\ @))& df bf];|f] Ps lbg]
uf]i7L ul/of] . o; uf]i7Ldf jftfj/0f tYof+ssf] k|fljlws kIfdf / o;nfO{ :tl/o jftfj/0f tYofÍ jgfpg'kb{5 eGg] jf/]df w]/}
/fd|f s'/fx? eP . o;sf nflu Pp6f :yfoL?kdf jftfj/0f k|ljlws ;ldlt jgfpg 7f];?kdf l;kml/; klg eof] .

Environment Statistics Technical Committee – 2008:

s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, jftfj/0f tYofÍ tyf :of6]nfO6 n]vf zfvfn] laut s]xL jif{b]lv jftfj/0f If]q;+u ;DalGwt tYofÍx?
pTkfbg tyf Compilation u/L Environment Statistics of Nepal lg/Gt/?kdf k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf]df pQm k|sfzg
k|of]ustf{x?sf] b[li6sf]0fn] s] slt pkof]uL / k|efjsf/L eof] / To;df s:tf] kl/dfh{g ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 egL ;f] ljifodf
d"NofÍg ug]{ pb]Zon] @)^$ r}qdf lbg] jftfj/0f tYofÍ d"Nof+Íg uf]i7L ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm uf]i7Laf6 Environment
Statistics of Nepal w]/} cfjZos Pj+ pkof]uL ePsf] / o;n] jftfj/0f If]qsf] w]/} tYofÍx?sf] dfunfO{ k"/f ub}{ cfO/x]sf]
;Gbe{df o;nfO{ cem kl/is[t Pj+ k|fljlws?kjf6 klg :tl/o jgfpg' kg]{, efiffut?kdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{, ;|f]tdf klg ;'wf/
ug'{kg]{, tYofÍsf] OsfO pNn]v ug'{kg]{, tYofÍnfO{ :t/Ls/0f ug'{kg]{, tYofÍsf] bfxf]/f]kgf x6fpg'kg]{, Environment Statistics of
Nepal df pNn]v ePsf cGo sltko s'/fx? klg k|fljlws?kdf ldnfpg'kg]{ eGg] ;'dmfj / ;Nnfxx? k|fKt ePadf]lhd o;nfO{
cdm q'l6/lxt agfpg ;DalGwt laifosf laz]if1;lxtsf] k|fljlws ;ldlt u7g ug{ cfjZostf b]vfOPsf]n] jftfj/0f tYofÍ
tyf :of6]nfO6 n]vf zfvfsf] cf=j= @)^%÷)^^ sf] sfo{s|ddf Ps jftfj/0f tYofÍ k|fljlws ;ldlt u7g ug]{ Ps ls|ofsnfk
/fvL ;f]cg';f/ Environment Statistics of Nepal-2008 k|sfzg ug]{ sfo{df k|fljlws?kdf ;Dkfbg u/L k|sfzgof]Uo agfpg
cg';"rL # df pNn]v ePadf]lhd ;DalGwt ljifodf 1fg ePsf JolQmx? /xg] u/L Ps jftfj/0f tYofÍ k|fljlws ;ldltsf]
u7g ul/Psf] 5 .

Environment Statistics of Nepal 2008 df /x]sf d'Vo d'Vo ljifox?

Environment Statistics of Nepal 2008 nfO{ d"ntM tLg efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . h;cg';f/ klxnf]] efudf jftfj/0f
tYofÍsf] ljsf; / kl/ro, bf];|f] efudf gf}j6f v08x? /x]sf 5g\ . To;dWo] klxnf] v08df cfly{s kl/;"rsx? h:t}M ;du|
cfly{s kl/;"rsx?, pTkfbg / pkef]usf ;"rsx? cflb pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . bf];|f] v08df ;fdflhs tyf hg;f+lvs ;"rsx?
h:t} M cfjf;, ef}lts ;'ljwfx?, lzIff, :jf:y, ck/fw, b'3{6gfx?, hg;f+lvs 36gfx? cflb pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . t];|f] v08df
df]};d, xfjfkfgL, tfks|d, cf]l;nf]kgf, aiff{, ljls/0fsf ;fy} w'jf, w'nf] / WjgL k|b"if0f cflbsf ;"rgfx? lbOPsf 5g\ . rf}yf]
v08df g]kfnsf] e"ld / To;sf] pkof]u, s[lif I]fq, jg If]q, wflknf] If]q, e":vng, :yfoL / c:yfoL s[lifjfnLsf] If]q, kz'k+IfLsf]
hg3gTj cflbsf] ;"rsx? /x]sf 5g\ . kfFrf} v08df :jR5 tyf ;txsf] kfgL, hldgd'gLsf] kfgL, lxd gbL, ;/;kmfO, ljleGg
If]qsf] kfgLsf] u'0f:t/, ljleGg pBf]udf pkof]u ul/Psf] kfgLsf] ld;fj6 To;df kfOPsf ljleGg lsl;dsf tTjx/sf] ljj/0f

255
cflb ;"rgfx? /x]sf 5g\ . 5}6f} v08df g]kfndf kfOg] cGo k|fs[lts j:t'x? h:t} M h}ljs ljljwtf, jg:klt tyf hgfj/x?s]f
k|hfltx? / tLgsf] ;+Vof, vt/fdf k/]sf k|hfltx?sf] ljj/0f, kl/l:yltsLo rs| (Ecosystem Reserves), ;+/lIft If]qdf /x]sf
k|hfltx?sf] ljj/0f, IUCN / CITES sf] ;"rLdf g]kfnsf] :yfg cflb ;"rgfx? pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;ftf} v08df g]kfnsf]
kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] l:ylt h:t} M h}ljs tyf ch}ljs kmf]xf]/x?, c:ktfn, k|of]uzfnf cflbjf6 lgisfl;t clt xflgsf/s kmf]xf]/x?sf]
ljj/0fsf ;fy} %* j6} gu/kflnsfjf6 lg:s]sf] h}ljs tyf ch}ljs kmf]xf]/ / kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg vr{ cflbsf ;"rsx? pNn]v
ul/Psf 5g\ . cf7f}+ v08df g]kfnsf] ljleGg If]qdf / ljz]ifu/L zx/L If]qsf] j:tL, cfjf; 3/x?sf] ;+Vof, hg;+Vofsf] ljt/0f,
tL If]qx?df 3/kl/jf/ / hg;+Vofsf] jgfj6 / ljt/0f, hgwgTj, ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ;+Vof / k|lt ;jf/L ;fwg hg;+Vof, j;fOF
;/fO, zx/Ls/0f, g]kfnsf] cGo If]q / zx/L If]qsf] hg;+Vof j[l4b/, g]kfndf ;8ssf] nDjfO / k|lt lsnf]ld6/ ;8sdf
hg;+Vof, g]kfnsf ljZj ljVoft ;f+:s[lts ;+kbfx?sf] ljj/0f cflb h:tf ;"rsx? pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . gjf}+ v08df g]kfndf
eO/x]sf ljleGg k|fs[lts k|sf]]kx?sf] ljj/0fx? h:t} M e"Orfnf], cfunfuL, kf9Lklx/f], cfFwLx'/L, r6\ofª, lxpklx/f], 708L xfjf,
;?jf /f]u, v8]/L cflbjf6 hgwgsf] gf]s\;fgL cflbsf] ;"rsx? lbOPsf] 5 .

Environment Statistics of Nepal -2008 sf] t];|f] efudf jftfj/0f;DaGwL ljifos cg';"rLx? /x]sf] 5g\ . tL cg';"rLx?df
jftfj/0fLo gLlt, sfg"g / cGt/fli6«o ;lGw Pj+ dxf;lGwx?, jftfj/0f;DaGwL cGt/fli6«o juL{s/0fx?, kfl/eflifs zJbfjnLx?,
/ cGTodf jftfj/0f tYofÍsf] cGt/fli6«o vfsf !((% pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

Jfftfj/0f tyf cfly{s n]vfsf] jgfj6M

jftfj/0f tyf cfly{s n]vf k4ltdf k|j]z ug'{eGbf klxnf /fli6«o n]vf k4ltnfO{ j'em\g' cfjZos kb{5 . lsgls /fli6«o n]vf
k4lt g} o:tf] ljzfn If]q cf]u6]sf] n]vf ;+/rgf xf], h;df b]zsf] ;+k{"0f cfly{s ls|ofsnfkx? ;d]6LPsf x'G5g\ . /fli6«o n]vf
eg]sf] /fi6«sf] ;Dk"0f{ cfly{s ls|ofsnfkx?nfO{ Psflt/ k+ltm (Column) df !& Joj;fox?df / csf{lt/ x/k\ (Row) df %
j6f ;+:yfut If]qx?sf] Matrix af6 tof/ ul/g] /fli6«o cfo tyf vr{sf] n]vfhf]vf xf] . o;nfO{ csf]{ zJbdf eGbf /fli6«o n]vf
eg]sf] Sequence of Accounts xf] h;df vf;u/L pTkfbg n]vf, cfo n]vf, k"FhL tyf cfly{s n]vf / af+sL ljZj ;d'bfo;+usf]
n]vfx? /x]sf x'G5g\ .

o;sf cfnfjf oL ;a} n]vfx?;+u w]/ yf]/ ;DaGw ePsf] t/ 5'Ýofpg g;lsg] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / jftfj/0f ;+u ufFl;Psf cGo
cfly{s pk–If]qx?nfO{ /fli6«o n]vfsf] Jojxf/df :of6nfO6 n]vf -Satellite Accounts_ elgPsf] 5 . oxfF rrf{ ug{ vf]lhPsf]
jftfj/0f tyf cfly{s n]vf oxL :of6nfO6 n]vfcGt/ut kb{5 . cfly{s pkof]udf gcfPsf sltko k|fs[lts ;+;fwgx? h:t} M
hn;|f]t, vfgL, e"ld, 3fF;] d}bfg, ;d'Gb| jf gbLsf df5f, h+un, kfl/l:ytLo k4lt cflb Capital Stocks nfO{ jftfj/0f tyf
cfly{s n]vfcGt/ut k|fs[lts jf jftfj/0fLo n]vf (Physical/ Environmental Accounting) df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . To:t}u/L
sltko k|fs[lts ;+;fwgx?nfO{ dfgjLo ls|ofsnfksf dfWodjf6 cfly{s pkof]udf NofOPsf] x'G5 . To:tf ls|ofsnfksf]
n]vfhf]vfnfO{ cfly{s n]vf (Economic Accounting) elgG5 . o;/L k|fs[lts ;fwg / dfgjLo ls|ofsnfksf] PsLs[t?kdf
ul/g] n]vfhf]vf, d"Nof+Íg / cg'dfg u/L jftfj/0f tyf cfly{s n]vf tof/ ul/g] k|ls|ofnfO{ jftfj/0f tyf cfly{s n]vf k4lt (
System of Environment and Economic Accounts - SEEA) elgG5 . oBlk of] n]vf k4lt ef}lts Pj+ jftfj/0fLo kIfjf6
x]bf{ /fli6«o n]vf k4ltsf]] ;dfgfGt/ 5 / cfly{s kIfjf6 x]bf{ /fli6«o n]vf k4ltcGt/ut /x]sf] x'G5 . jftfj/0f tyf cfly{s
n]vf k4ltcg'';f/ lgDg $ lsl;dsf n]vf ljlwx? -o;leq w]/} cGo n]vfljlwx? klg_ /x]sf 5g\ .

jftfj/0fLo tyf cfly{s n]vf tof/ ubf{ jftfj/0fLo If]qjf6 x'g] cfDbfgL / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu ul/Psf] vr{sf jf/]df
ul/g] n]vfhf]vf xf] . jftfj/0f If]qsf] cfDbfgLdf sfj{g Jofkf/, /f]oN6L, dfgjLo :jf:ydf xfgL k'¥ofpg] j:t'sf] pkef]u /
pkof]udf nufPsf] s/, k|b"if0f ug]{jf6 jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu lnOg] s/ cflb x'g;Sb5g . t/ o:tf cfDbfgLx?nfO{
cGt/fli6«o:t/ / g]kfndf g} kl/eflift / juL{s/0f ul/Psf] kfOb}g . o;}n] jftfj/0fLo n]vf tof/ ubf{ cfDbfgLnfO{ /]s8{
ul/Psf] x'b}g / s]jn vr{sf] jf/]df dfq pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . tn pNn]v ul/Psf n]vfx?df klg s]jn vr{sf k4ltx?sf
jf/]df dfq rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
!_ Physical and Hybrid Accounts:
Ef}flts n]vfdf b]zleq /x]sf u}/pTkfbgd"ns of cg';Gwfgd"ns k|fs[lts ;+kbfx?sf] lsl;d, kl/df0f, To;sf] u'0f
cflbsf cfwf/df ef}lts j:t'x?sf] ;"rL tof/ ul/G5 . k|fKt ;"rLsf cfw/df ljleGg d"NofFsg ljlwsf dfWodaf6
ef}lts n]vf tof/ ul/G5 . tL ef}lts ;+kbfx?sf] n]vfjf6 ahf/ jf cGo ljz]if d"Nojf6 lj:tf/} df}lb|s d"Nodf

256
 kl/jt{g ul/G5 . o;/L ef}lts ;fwgx?nfO{ Price sf dfWodaf6 kl/jt{g u/L ;du| df}lb|s d"No lgsflnG5 . o;
t/Lsfjf6 ef}lts tyf k|fs[lts j:t'x?sf] ljleGg d"Nosf dfWodjf6 df}lb|s d"Nodf kl/jt{g -u/L /fli6«o n]vf;+u
cfj4_ ul/g] sfo{nfO{ Physical and Hybrid Flow Accounts elgG5 . o; n]vfnfO{ Hybrid (Monitory ) Account
klg elgG5 .

@_ Economic Accounts and Environmental Transaction

o; n]vfdf jftfj/0fLo tyf cfly{s sf/f]af/sf] bfo/f, ljlw / juL{s/0fx?adf]lhd /fli6«o n]vfsf ;+:yfut If]qx?
-3/kl/jf/, ;/sf/, gfkmf gsdfpg] ;fdflhs ;:yf, Joj;flos k|lti7fgx?_ n] jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu u/]sf] vr{
tyf nfut, ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt s/ b:t'/ tyf z'Ns / ;/sf/jf6 lbOPsf] cfly{s cg'bfg cflbsf af/]df n]vfhf]vf
ul/G5 .

#_ Assets Accounts in Physical and Monetary Terms:-

jftfj/0fLo cjwf/0fcg';f/ k|fs[lts ;+kbfx? g} k|fs[lts ;+klQ x'g\ . k|fs[lts ;+klQnfO{ d"n?kdf k|fs[lts ;|f]t,
e"ld / kof{j/0fLo kl/l:yltsL (Eco-system) df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] juL{s/0f tn cg';"rL @ df pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . oL k|fs[lts ;|f]t, e"ld / kof{j/0fLo kl/l:yltsLnfO{ ef}lts kl/df0f, u'0f÷lsl;d / k|lt OsO
d"Nocg';f/ To;sf] ;du| df}lb|s d"Nodf lx;fa lgsflnG5 . To:t}u/L k|fs[lts ;DkQL] pkof]u ubf{ laleGg k':tf
(Extra-inter generation) x?aLrsf] ;dfgtfnfO{ lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff;+u d]nvfg] tl/sfn] klg ug'{kb{5 eGg]
l;4fGtsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 .

$_ Extending SNA Aggregates to Accounts for Depletion, Degradation and Defensive Expenditure:-
jt{dfg /fli6«o n]vf k4ltn] b]zsf] k|fs[lts ;+klQ l/lQgaf6 hf]ufpg ;/sf/ jf ;dfhjf6 ul/Psf] vr{, d'n'sdf
ePsf k|fs[lts ;+klQsf] u'0f:t/ sdhf]/ x'gaf6 hf]ufpg / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu ul/Psf] ;+k"0f{ vr{sf] laj/0f
lb+b}g . pQm vr{sf] laj/0f jftfj/0fLo tyf cfly{s n]vf k4ltsf] o; n]vfdf ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu –
k|s[ltdf /x]sf] k'gM gjLs/0f x'gg;Sg] j:t'x? -h:t}M dfj{n, v/L, ax'd"No kTy/x?, sf]Onf, ce|v cflb_ l/lQmg
(Depletion) jf6 hf]ufj6 ubf{sf] vr{ .

jftfj/0f k|b"if0f -ljls/0f, k|b"if0f, clDno aiff{_ jf6 k|fs[lts jf ;f+:s[tls ;+kbfx?sf] :t/ xLg xF'b}hfg] s|d
(Degradation) . h:t} M k'/fgf dGbL/, u'Djf jf b]jfnosf] 5fgf tyf kvf{n dsfpg' jg jg:klt / h+unL hgfj/sf]
;+/If0fsf nflu sfF8]tf/ jf clUg/]vfsf] lgdf{0f, klx/f] tyf jf9L lgoGq0fsf nlfu jfFw cflbsf nflu ;/sf/jf6 ul/g]
vr{, k'/fgf dGbL/ u'Djf jf b]jfnosf] 5fgf kvf{n dd{t cflb h:tf hf]ufj6 vr{ .

jg jg:klt / h+unL hgfj/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu sfF8]tf/ jf hfnL jf clUg/]vfsf] lgdf{0f, jf9L klx/f] lgoGq0fsf nlfu
jfFw tyf kvf{n agfpg ;/sf/jf6 ul/g] vr{ ;'/IffTds vr{ -Defensive Expenditure) cflb o; n]vfdf kb{5g\ .
of] n]vf /fli6«o n]vfsf] If]qeGbf jflx/sf] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ :of6nfO6 n]vfsf] jftfj/0fLo n]vfdf cToGt dxTjsf ;fy
x]l/g] ul/G5 .

g]kfnsf] jftfj/0f tyf cfly{s n]vf

g]kfnsf] jftfj/0f tyf cfly{s n]vfsf ;DaGwdf s'/f ubf{ xfn;Ddsf] l:ylt oxL xf] eGg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . oBlk
jftfj/0fLo If]qsf] cfDbfgLnfO{ x]bf{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] u}/s/ /fh:jsf ;/sf/L ;]jf tyf j:t'sf] ljs|LcGt/ut lkpg] kfgL,
l;+rfO, ljB't dx;'n, jg ;+/If0fsf] cfDbfgL, /f]oN6Ltkm{ vfgLsf] /f]oN6L, :jf:y s/ tyf cGtM z'NscGt/ut r'/f]6, lj8L,
dlb/f, ljo/ cflbjf6 ePsf] cfDbfgL b]lvG5 . oL If]qjf6 ePsf] cfDbfgLnfO{ jftfj/0fLo If]qsf] cfDbfgL elgxfNg ldNb}g .
lsgls pQm cfDbfgLsf zLif{sx? ;/sf/L cfDbfgLsf b[li6sf]0f /flvPsf] xG5 . bf];|f] s'/f jftfj/0fLo If]qsf] cGt/fli6«o cfo
juL{s/0f;+u d]n klg vfFb}g / ltgdf cGo k|zf;sLo Pj+ Joj:yfksLo /sdx? klg ldl;Psf] sf/0fn] dfly pNNf]v ul/Psf
zLif{s / ;f]jf6 ePsf] cfDbfgLnfO{ jftfj/0fLo If]qsf] cfGbfgL elgxfNg ;ls+b}g .

257
jftfj/0fLo If]qsf] vr{tkm{ s'/f ubf{ klg dfly cfDbfgLdf pNn]v ePh:t} g]kfnsf] jftfj/0fLo If]qsf] vr{ olQ g} xf] eGg
;lsg] l:ylt 5}g . o;/L g]kfndf xfn;Dd jftfj/0fLo If]qsf] vr{ pNn]v x'g g;Sg'sf sf/0fx?df − ;/sf/L vr{tkm{
sfo{cg';f/ ;/sf/L vr{sf] juL{s/0f (COFOG) nfu" gx'g' / o;sf nflu ;j]{ klg gx'g', 3/kl/jf/ If]qtkm{ b'O{j6f g]kfn
hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f xF'bf klg 3/kl/jf/ tyf JolQmut pkef]u vr{ juL{s/0f (COICOP) nfO{ cg'z/0f gul/g' -jftfj/0fLo If]qdf
ePsf] vr{nfO{ 8f6f k|zf]wg u/L lgsfNg'kg]{ x'gcfpFb5_, skf]{/]6 If]qjf6 jftfj/0fLo If]qdf ePsf] vr{nfO{ x]g{ e/v/} ;DkGg
cf}Bf]lus u0fgf, @))^.)& k|sfzgdf cfO{g;Sg', gfkmf gsdfO{ 3/kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;+:yfut If]qtkm{ eg] e/v/ dfq
;j]{If0f x'g nfUg' cflb /x]sf 5g\ .
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf sf/0fx? ljBdfg ePtfklg Psftkm{ g]kfndf jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf If]qdf y'k|} vr{ eO g} /x]sf] 5 eg]
csf{tkm{ jftfj/0f If]qdf ePsf] vr{sf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ n]vf k4ltsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] klg 5}g . o;sf cltl/Qm cGt/fli6«o d'b|f
sf]ifn] ljsf; u/]sf] hg/n 8f6f l8l;ldg];g l;:6dcg';f/ x/]s ;b:o /fi6«x?n] To;nfO{ cg'z/0f ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .
of] k|fjwfgadflhd ;j} ;b:o /fi6«x?n] jftfj/0f n]vf tof/ ug'{kg]{ x'gcfpFb5 . ljZjsf clwsf+z d'n'sx?n] pk/f]Qmfg';f/
jftfj/0fLo n]vf tof/ u/L k|sfzgdf NofO;s]sf 5g\ / cGo d'n'sx? klg jftfj/0fLo n]vf tof/ ug]{ s|ddf /]x]sf] kfOG5 .
To:t}u/L ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] cu'jfOdf tof/ eO{ nfu" eO/x]sf] ;x;|fAbL ljsf;sf nIfx?df klg jftfj/0fnfO{ dxTjk"0f{
kIfsf?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . g]kfn klg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+wnufot cGt/fli6«o d'b|f sf]ifsf] ;b:o Pj+ kIf/fi6« ePsf]n] pk/f]Qmjdf]lhdsf]
bfloTjx? k"/f ug{'sf ;fy} d'n'sn] cfk\mg]} k|of]hgsf nflu klg jftfj/0fLo n]vf tof/ ug{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 . pk/f]Qm
ljifoj:t'x?nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefun] cfufdL cf=j=jf6 jftfj/0fLo n]vf tof/ ug{ k|f/De ug]{ nIf lnPsf] 5 .

cg';"rL !

Table 1: A Framework for Development for the Environment Statistics-1984

Information Categories
Components of the Social and Environment Response to Inventories,
environment economic impacts of environmental stocks and
activities, natural activities / events impacts background
events condition
1.Flora * * * *
2. Fauna * * * *
3. Atmosphere * * * *
4. Water
a. Fresh water * * * *
b. Marine water
5. Land / Soil
a. Surface * * * *
b. Sub-surface
6. Human
* * * *
Settlement

pQm 9fFrfdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+wLo tYof+s cfof]un] ;g\ !((% df cf+lzs kl/jt{t u/]sf] 5 . ;f] 9fFrfnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf
b]vfOPsf] 5 .

258
Table 2: Framework for Development for the Environment Statistics-1995
FDES Information Categories
Agenda 21 Issues Social and Environment Response to Inventories,
( Clusters) economic impacts of environmental stocks and
activities, natural activities / impacts background
events events condition
1.Economic Issues * * * *
2. Social /
* * * *
Demographic Issues
3. Air / climate * * * *
4. Land / Soil * * * *
5. Water
a. Fresh water * * * *
b. Marine
6. Other Natural
Resources
* * * *
a. Biological resource
b. Mineral resources
7. Waste * * * *
8. Human Settlement * * * *
9. Natural Disaster * * * *

cg';"rL −@

jftfj/0fLo tyf cfly{s n]vfsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo sfo{ut juL{s/0f − @)))
sfo{cg';f/ ;/sf/L vr{sf] juL{s/0f (COFOG)
;/sf/L If]q eGgfn] /fli6«o n]vf k|of]hgsf nflu s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo ;/sf/, k"/} ;/sf/L vr{df ;+rfng ePsf :joQm ;+:yfx? -
pbfx/0fsf nflu g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg, g]kfn lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f klti7fg cflb_ nfO{ hgfp+b5 . ;/sf/L If]qsf ;+:yfx?sf]
vr{ juL{s/0fnfO{ !–!) ;Ddsf zLif{sx?df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . To; dWo] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f vr{nfO{ )% g+= df pNn]v ul/Psf]
5 . ;/sf/L If]qsf ;+:yfx?n] lgDg sfo{x?df u/]sf] vr{nfO{ jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf u/]sf] vr{ egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
)%= jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f
)%=! 7f]; kmf]xf]/sf] Joj:yfkg
)%=@ kmf]xf]/ kfgLsf] Joj:yfkg
)%=# k|b"if0f lgoGq0f
)%=$ h}ljs ljljwtf / hldgsf] ;+/If0f
)%=% jftfj/0fLo cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;
)%=^ jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f cGo vr{x?− o;leq jftfj/0fLo k|zf;g, Joj:yfkg, ;'kl/j]If0f, of]hgf, cg'udg / d"NofFsg
cflbdf ePsf vr{x? kb{5g\ .

3/kl/jf/ tyf JolQmut pkef]u vr{ juL{s/0f (COICOP)

3/kl/jf/ If]q eGgfn] /fli6«o n]vf k|of]hgsf nflu JolQm, kl/jf/, xf]:6n, Jof/]s cflbnfO{ hgfp+b5 . 3/kl/jf/ If]qsf] vr{
juL{s/0fnfO{ !–% ;Ddsf zLif{sx?df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . To;dWo] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f vr{nfO{ )$ g+= df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
3/kl/jf/ If]qn] lgDg sfo{x?df u/]sf] vr{nfO{ jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf u/]sf] vr{ egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

259
)$= cfjf;, kfgL, lah'nL, UoFf; / cGo pmhf{df ePsf] vr{
)$=! cfjf;sf nflu ul/Psf] vr{
)$=@ cfjf; ejg agfpg nfu]sf] nfut
)$=# cfjf; u[xsf] dd{t / ;Def/ vr{
)$=$ cfjf; u[xsf] nflu kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ tyf cGo ;]jfx?df ePsf] vr{
)$=% lah'nL, UofF; / cGo pmhf{df ePsf] vr{

gfkmf gsdfpg] ;+:yfx?sf] vr{ juL{s/0f (COPNI)

gfkmf gsdfO{ 3/kl/jf/, ;/sf/ / Joj;fox?nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;+:yfut If]q eGgfn] /fli6«o n]vf k|of]hgsf nflu u}/;/sf/L ;+3
;:yf, k/f]sf/ ;+:yf, /fhg}lts bn, >lds ;+u7gx?, Joj;flos ;+u7gx?, dfgj clwsf/ ;+:yfx?nfO{ hgfp+b5 . gfkmf
gsdfO{ 3/kl/jf/, ;/sf/ / Joj;fox?nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;+:yfx?sf] vr{ juL{s/0fnfO{ !–( ;Ddsf zLif{sx?df ljefhg ul/Psf]
5 . To;dWo] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f vr{nfO{ )* g+= df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . gfkmf gsdfO{ 3/kl/jf/, ;/sf/ / Joj;fox?nfO{
;xof]u ug]{ ;+:yfx?n] lgDg sfo{x?df u/]sf] vr{nfO{ jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf u/]sf] vr{ egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
)*= jftfj/0f ;+/If0f juL{s/0f
)*=! jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;]jfx?
)*=@ jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;

pTkfbg If]qsf] vr{ juL{s/0f (COPP)

pTkfbg If]q eGgfn] /fli6«o n]vf k|of]hgsf nflu gfkmf sdfpg] ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L, JolQmut, ;fe]mbf/L, ;xsf/L cflb h:tf
Corporate Sector nfO{ hgfp+b5 . pTkfbg If]qsf ;+:yfx?sf] vr{ (Outlays of producers) juL{s/0fnfO{ !–^ ;Ddsf
zLif{sx?df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . To; dWo] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f vr{nfO{ )# g+= df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . pTkfbg If]qsf ;+:yfx?n]
lgDg sfo{x?df u/]sf] vr{nfO{ jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf u/]sf] vr{ egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
)#= pTkfbg If]qjf6 jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf x'g] vr{
)#=! jfo' tyf xfjfkfgL k|b"if0f /f]Sg u/]sf] vr{
)#=@ kmf]xf]/ kfgL Joj:yfkg ug{ u/]sf] vr{
)#=$ df6f] tyf e"ldut hn ;+/If0fdf u/]sf] vr{
)#=% rsf]{ cfjfh tyf yy{/fj6 /f]Sg u/]sf] vr{
)#=^ h}ljs ljljwtf Pj+ e":vng /f]Sg u/]sf] vr{
)#=& jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf u/]sf] cGo vr{

cGt/fli6«o:t/sf] cf]}Bf]lus juL{s/0f (ISIC)

lgDg Joj;flos If]qsf sfo{x?nfO{ jftfj/0f If]qdf u/]sf] sfo{ elgG5 .

37 k'gM k|of]u
41 kfgLsf] ;+sng, z'4Ls/0f / ljt/0f
51 pTkfbg sfo{sf sRrf kbfy{, kmf]xf]/d}nf / To;sf cGo kbfy{x? (part of 5149) 73 cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;
74 ejg lgdf{0f tyf Ol~hlgol/8=(part of 7421)
75 :jf:y, lzIff / ;dfh sNof0f (Past of 7512)
90 9n tyf ;/;kmfOsf sfdx?

260
k|fs[lts ;+kltsf] juL{s/0f (NAC)

EA.1 : k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?

EA.11: vfgL tyf pmhf{
EA.12: ;fdlhsf ;|f]t
EA.13: hn;|f]t
EA.14: h}ljs ljljwtfsf ;|f]tx?

EA.2 : e"ld -Land)

EA.21: hldgsf] ;'wf/ tyf ejg lgdf{0f
EA.22: s[lif e"ld
EA.23: h+un
EA.24: kfgLsf ;|f]tx?

EA.3 : hLj kl/j[lQ k4lt (Ecosystems)

EA.31: w/ftlnof kfl/l:yltsL
EA.32: ;fd'Gb|Ls kfl/l:yltsL
EA.33: jfo' d08lno kfl/l:yltsL

EA.M: ;]jf If]qsf] jftfj/0fLo k"FhL

EA.M1: vfgLsf] cGj]if0f
EA.M2: 6f«G;km/
EA.M3: Jokf/ cg'dlt
EA.M4: cGo jftfj/0fLo k+"hL

jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0fsf ls|ofsnfksf] jlus/0f (CEPA) sf] juL{s/0f

s_ xfjfsf] :jR5tf ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{x?
v_ kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{x?
u kmf]xf]/ kfgL Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{x?
3_ df6f], e"ldut hn / ;txsf] kfgLsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{x?
ª_ WjgL tyf y/y/fj6 sd ug]{ sfo{x?
r_ h}ljs ljljwtf / jf9L k}/f] Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{x?
5_ ljls/0f lgoGq0f Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{x?
h_ jftfj/0fLo cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; sfo{x?
`_ dfly pNN]fv ePsfeGbf cGo sfo{x?

261
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?M
UN 1984, A Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics.
UN 2003, A Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics.
UN 1993, System of National Accounts.
CBS/N 1994, A Compendium of Environment Statistics Nepal.
CBS/N 1996, Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics- Nepal.
CBS/N 1998, A Compendium of Environment Statistics Nepal.
CBS/N 2002, A Handbook of Environment Statistics Nepal.
CBS/N 2003, Seminar on Environment Statistics Nepal.
CBS/N 2003, A Handbook of Environment Statistics Nepal.
UN, System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting -2003.
Government of Nepal, CBS, Nepal Living Standard Survey 2002/03.
Government of Nepal, CBS, Census of Manufecturing Establishment 2001/ 02.
g]kfn kof{j/0f tyf lzIff ljsf; ;dfh, s+rgk'/ .
g]kfn kof{j/0f tyf k|fs[kts ;+/If0f ;dfh .
u|fld0f tyf jftfj/0f ljsf; s]Gb| .
g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno, cfly{s ;j]{If0f
g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno, jh]6 .
Government of Nepal, CBS, Environment Statistics of Nepal- 2006

262