LANGUAGE USED IN

DESCRIBING OBSERVATION
AND PRESENTING FIELD
REPORT
(CEFR B1 LOW INTERMEDIATE)
PRESENTED BY SYAHIRA AND SHAIKHA
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YOUR TEACHERS TODAY!!

NUR SYAHIRA NUR SHAIKHA

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Table of Contents
Connectives and Comparing and
Transition Words Contrasting Findings

Cause and Effect

Analysis
WHAT IS CONNECTIVES AND
TRANSITION WORDS?
Connectives and transition are
words or phrases that link
sentences or clauses together.
 www.importanceofconnectives.com

IS THAT CONNECTIVE WORD IS

IMPORTANT??
Yes, without connective words, your writing will be harder for readers to
understand.
Connective words are used to connect different ideas in a way that
makes writing smoother and more fluid.
Example;

Without connective word With connective word

She was running late. She was running late. However,

She stopped for coffee. she stopped for coffee.
 www.examplesofconnectivewordsinfieldreport.com

EXAMPLES OF CONNECTIVE WORDS

USED IN FIELD REPORT

DESCRIBING
OBSERVATIONS PRESENTING DATA

"It was evident that...”

"According to the data..."
"I observed that..." "In the case of..."
"One can see that..." "The results showed that..."
"It became apparent that..." "The figures/graphs/charts
indicate..."
 COMPARING AND
CONTRASTING FINDINGS
Oh, you can make a
comparison chart and What are techniques
use a signal words to that we can use to
show comparison and compare and contrast
contrasting of your our observation?
observations.
 Techniques For Comparing & Contrasting
Different Observations

Make a comparison chart

A comparison chart is a data visualization
Use Signal Words
method that allows you to compare and find
To indicate the relationships
contrast among different sets of variables.
between two ideas.
When variables are plotted in a chart – it
shows relationships, patterns, and trends,
making it easier to make informed decisions.
Eg. Venn diagram, pie chart, bar chart, line
chart and etc.
EXAMPLES OF SIGNAL WORDS USED
TO COMPARE AND CONTRAST
 www.compareandcontrasts.com

CONNECTIVES WORDS USED IN

COMPARISONS AND CONTRASTS
1."In contrast..."
Eg: In contrast with your belief that we will fail, I am confident that we will
succeed.
2."On the contrary...”
Eg: There was no malice in her, on the contrary, she was very kind.
3.“Likewise..."
Eg: John left home at 18, and his brother did likewise.
4."On a similar note..."
Eg: I think that reducing our carbon footprint is important. On a similar
note, I think we should also invest in renewable energy sources.
 what is a cause and effect analysis?

CAUSE & EFFECT ANALYSIS

What is the relationships between cause and effect in field report?
A cause and effect relationship is the interaction between actions or events
where one action or event (the cause) is the trigger that results in another action
or event (the effect). In a cause and effect relationship, the effect is the result of
the cause.
For example, you conclude that trees reduce the amount of greenhouse gases
in our atmosphere. Whenever forests are cut down (deforestatuion), greenhouse
gases increase, which causes global warming and climate change.
 www.reallygreatsite.com

Causal connector in sentance

Causal connector is a words that refers to the relationship between an event (the
cause) and a second event (the effect), where the second event is a result of the first.
Here are some examples of connector words used in sentences that connect cause and
effect:

1. Dad got his driver’s license suspended. Thus, he will not be able
to take us to school.
2. The ministry’s budget was reduced by 30%. This is because the
government embarks on a campaign to adjust public spending.
3. The Earth’s atmosphere has improved its composition in recent
months, given that the pandemic has prevented us from
continuing to pollute as we did before.
Thank You