5A01 Exercise E

1 Basic Properties of Circles

10. (a) In △ABE,
AB 2 + AE 2 = (6 2 + 8 2 ) cm 2 = 100 cm 2
Review Exercise 1 (p. 1.7) BE 2 = 10 2 cm 2 = 100 cm 2

∵ AB 2 + AE 2 = BE 2
1. x + 90 + 130 + 65 = 360 (s at a pt.) ∴ △ABE is a right-angled triangle, where
x = 75 CAD = 90 . (converse of Pyth. theorem)
(b) In △ACD,
2. a = 70 (vert. opp. ∠s) AC 2 + AD 2 = CD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
90 + 70 + b = 180 (adj. s on st. line) (6 + 3) 2 + (8 + x) 2 = 15 2
b = 20 81 + 64 + 16 x + x 2 = 225
x 2 + 16 x − 80 = 0
3. 120 + a = 180 (int. ∠s, AB // CD)
( x − 4)( x + 20) = 0
a = 60
x = 4 or x = −20 (rejected)
b = 120 (alt. ∠s, AB // CD)
11. Consider △PQD and △SRD.
4. DBP = 60 (corr. ∠s, PQ // RS) PD = SD (given)
y = 60 (vert. opp. ∠s) ∠DPQ = ∠DSR = 90° (property of rectangle)
PQ = SR (property of rectangle)
∴ △PQD  △SRD (SAS)
5. 125 + PQR = 180 (adj. ∠s on st. line)
PQR = 55 12. Consider △ACE and △DCB.
x + 55 = 140 (ext. ∠ of △) AC (4 + 6) cm 10 5
= = =
x = 85 DC 4 cm 4 2
EC (11 + 4) cm 15 5
= = =
6. In △XYZ, BC 6 cm 6 2
a + 90 + 40 = 180 (∠ sum of △) AC EC
∵ = and
a = 50 DC BC
ACE = DCB (common angle)
In △PXY, ∴ △ACE ~ △DCB (ratio of 2 sides, inc. ∠)
b = 50 + 34 (ext. ∠ of △)
= 84 13. (a) In △ABC,
AC 2 + BC 2 = AB 2 (Pyth. theorem)
7. ∵ AB = AD and BC = CD BC = AB 2 − AC 2
∴ AC⊥BD (prop. of isos. △)
∴ y = 90 = 25 2 − 15 2 cm
= 20 cm
BD = (1 + 1) cm
= 2 cm (b) Consider △BDC and △BCA.
∵ AB = BD = DA = 2 cm BDC = BCA = 90° (given)
∴ x = 60 (prop. of equil. △) CBD = ABC (common angle)
In △BDC,
8. ∵ DB = AB DCB = 180 − 90 − CBD ( sum of △)
∴ ADB = 20 (base ∠s, isos. △) = 90 − ABC
DBC = ADB + DAB (ext. ∠ of △) In △BCA,
= 20 + 20 CAB = 180 − 90 − ABC ( sum of △)
= 40 = 90 − ABC
∵ DB = DC (given) ∴ DCB = CAB
∴ x = 40 (base ∠s, isos. △) ∴ △BDC ~ △BCA (AAA)
BD BC
∴ = (corr. sides, ~△s)
9. BCD = 65 alt. s, AB // CD BC BA
ABC + CBD + BDC = 180 int. ∠s, AB // CD BD
=
20 cm
65 + 50 + BDC = 180 20 cm 25 cm
BD = 16 cm
BDC = 65
∵ BCD = BDC = 65
∴ BC = BD sides opp. equal s
∴ △BCD is an isosceles
triangle.
1
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 5A Full Solutions
14. (a) Consider △ABD and △AED. Activity 1.4 (p. 1.61)
∵ DE is an angle bisector 1. (a) Yes (b) Yes
of ∠ADC.
2.
∴ ADE = CDE
∵ AD = DC and
ADE = CDE
∴ DE ⊥ AC prop. of isos. △
∴ AED = 90 = ABD
BD = DE given
AD = AD common side
∴ △ABD  △AED RHS
3. Yes
(b) ∵ △ABD  △AED
∴ ADB = ADE (corr. ∠s,  △s)
Classwork
CDE = ADE
ADB + ADE + CDE = 180 (adj. s on st. line) Classwork (p. 1.10)
(a) Element Term
3ADE = 180
region ORST • • minor arc
ADE = 60

region OQPT • • major arc
Activity 
QRST
PTSR
•
•
• minor sector
• major sector
Activity 1.1 (p. 1.12)
1. (a)
(b) Element Term
AEB • • chord
region AEBD • • diameter
CEOD • • minor segment
region AEBC • • major segment
(b) (i) Yes
(ii) Yes Classwork (p. 1.11)
(a) (i) The purple circle and the orange circle are equal
2. Yes circles.
(ii) The green circle and the orange circle are concentric
3. ON = ON common side
circles.
OA = OB radii
∠ONA = ∠ONB = 90° given (b) (i) The green circle is the circumcircle of △ABC.
∴ △ONA  △ONB RHS (ii) The green circle is the inscribed circle of △PQR.
∴ AN = NB corr. sides,  △s
Classwork (p. 1.28)
Activity 1.2 (p. 1.33) (a) x = 2APB (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ce)
1. (a) ∠AOB (i.e. c) is the angle at the centre subtended by = 2  30
arc AB. = 60
(b) ∠APB and ∠AQB are the angles at the
circumference in the same segment. They are both AOC
(b) x= (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ce)
subtended by arc AB. 2
46
=
c 2
2. (a) APB = (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ce)
2 = 23
c
(b) AQB = (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ce) AOB
2 (c) x= (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ce)
2
100
3. APB = AQB =
2
= 50
4. The angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
reflex BOA
(d) x= (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ce)
Activity 1.3 (p. 1.52) 2
1. (b) A + C = 180 , B + D = 180 220
=
2
2. P + R = 180 , Q + S = 180 = 110
3. The sum of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is

180°.
2
Classwork (p. 1.30) 

1. (a) x = 90 (∠ in semi-circle) (d)
BCA BA
ABC
=
AC
 (arcs prop. to ∠s at ⊙ce)
(b) APB = 90 (∠ in semi-circle)
In △ABP, x 12
=
BAP = 180 − APB − ABP (∠ sum of △) 50 10
x = 60
x = 180 − 90 − 40
= 50 
(c) BCA = 90 (∠ in semi-circle)
(e)

AB
CD
=
ACB
CBD
(arcs prop. to ∠s at ⊙ce)
In △ACB, x 36
BCA + BAC + ABC = 180 (∠ sum of △) =
4 48
90 + x + 2 x = 180 x=3
3 x = 90

x = 30
(f)

DC
CB
=
DEC
CEB
2. ∵ PSR = 40 + 45 x 30

=
= 85  90 10 40
∴ PR is not a diameter. x = 7.5
∵ SPQ = 45 + 45 
= 90
∴ QS is a diameter. (converse of ∠ in semi-circle)
AEB AB
BEC
=
BC
y 6
Classwork (p. 1.42) =
(a) x = 4 (equal ∠s, equal arcs) 40 10
y = 24
(b) x=5 (equal arcs, equal chords)
(c) x = 65 (equal chords, equal ∠s) Classwork (p. 1.54)
(a) BAD + BCD = 180 (opp. ∠s, cyclic quad.)
(d) x = 135 (equal arcs, equal ∠s)
x + 60 = 180
(e) x=6 (equal chords, equal arcs) x = 120
(f) x=4 (equal ∠s, equal chords) ABC + ADC = 180 (opp. ∠s, cyclic quad.)
y + 80 = 180

Classwork (p. 1.45)
y = 100
(a)

DC
AB
=
DOC
AOB
(arcs prop. to ∠s at centre) (b) ABC = FDC
x = 75
(ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)
x 50
= DAB = 180 − EAB (adj. ∠s on st. line)
6 30
= 180 − 100
x = 10
 = 80
BCG = DAB (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)
(b)
BOC BC
AOB
=
AB
 (arcs prop. to ∠s at centre) y = 80
x 4 (c) ADC + ABC = 180 (opp. ∠s, cyclic quad.)

=
90 6 (46 + y ) + (32 + 35) = 180
x = 60 y = 67
 In △DBC,
(c)
BOC BC
AOB
=
AB
 (arcs prop. to ∠s at centre) DCE = DBC + BDC
x = 35 + 67
(ext. ∠ of △)
x 2 = 102
=
80 5
x = 32 Classwork (p. 1.64)
 (a) BAD = 60 + 30

DC
AB
=
DOC
AOB
(arcs prop. to ∠s at centre) = 90
∵ BAD = BCK
y 48 ∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic. (ext.  = int. opp. )
=
5 80
y=3
3
(b) ABC + FBC = 180 (adj. s on st. line) Quick Practice 1.3 (p. 1.16)
ABC + 100 = 180 ∵ PN = NR and PR ⊥ QS (given)
∴ QS is the perpendicular bisector of the chord PR.
ABC = 80
∴ QS passes through the centre. (⊥bisector of chord
∵ ABC  ADE passes through centre)
∴ A, B, C and D are not concyclic. i.e. QS is a diameter of the circle.
(c) In △ABD, Let O and r cm be the centre and the radius of the circle
respectively.
ABD + 40 + 120 = 180 ( sum of △)
ABD = 20
ABC + ADC = (20 + 50) + (40 + 70)
= 180
∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic. (opp. s supp.)
(d) In △ABE, Join OP.
BAE + 70 = 90 (ext. ∠ of △) ∴ OP = r cm and ON = (r − 1) cm
BAE = 20 In △OPN,
∵ BAC = BDC OP 2 = ON 2 + PN 2 (Pyth. theorem)
= 20 r 2 = (r − 1) 2 + 52
∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic. (converse of s in the
same segment) r 2 = r 2 − 2r + 1 + 25
2r = 26
Quick Practice r = 13
∴ The radius of the circle is 13 cm.
Quick Practice 1.1 (p. 1.14)
NS = QS − QN
= (13  2 − 1) cm
= 25 cm

Join OQ. ∵ PQ = RS, OM⊥PQ and ON⊥RS (given)
OQ = 26 cm (radius) ∴ OM = ON (equal chords, equidistant from centre)
In △ONQ, OM = MN
1
∵ ON 2 + NQ 2 = OQ 2 (Pyth. theorem) 2
1
∴ NQ = OQ − ON 2 2 =  6 cm
2
= 26 2 − 10 2 cm = 3 cm
∵ OM⊥PQ
= 24 cm
∵ ON ⊥ PQ (given) 1
∴ MQ = PQ (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects chord)
∴ PN = NQ (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects chord) 2
PQ = PN + NQ 1
=  8 cm
2
= 2  24 cm
= 4 cm
= 48 cm

(a) ∵ PM = QM (given)
∴ OM⊥PQ (line joining centre to
mid-pt. of chord ⊥ chord) Join OQ.
i.e. ∠OMQ = 90° In △MOQ,
∵ OR = OQ (radii) OQ 2 = OM 2 + MQ 2 (Pyth. theorem)
∴ ∠ORQ =∠OQR (base ∠s, isos. △)
= 30° OQ = OM + MQ 2 2
In △MQR, = 3 2 + 4 2 cm
MRQ + RQM + RMQ = 180 (∠ sum of △)
= 5 cm
30 + (30 + OQP) + 90 = 180 ∴ The radius of the circle is 5 cm.
OQP = 30
(b) ∵ ∠OQP =∠QPS = 30°
∴ OQ // PS (alt. ∠s equal)
4
Quick Practice 1.5 (p. 1.20) Quick Practice 1.8 (p. 1.31)
(a) ∵ PQ = RS, OM⊥PQ and BOD = 2BAD (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ce)
ON⊥RS given = 2  56
∴ OM = ON equal chords, = 112
equidistant from centre CBO + BOD = 180 (int. ∠s, CB // DO)
Consider △OMK and △ONK.
CBO + 112 = 180
∠OMK =∠ONK = 90° given
OK = OK common side CBO = 68
OM = ON proved ACB = 90 (∠ in semi-circle)
∴ △OMK  △ONK RHS In △ACB,
CAB + ACB + CBA = 180 ( sum of △)
(b) ∵ △OMK  △ONK proved in (a)
CAB + 90 + 68 = 180
∴ MK = NK corr. sides,  △s
∵ OM⊥PQ CAB = 22
∴ PM = MQ line from centre ⊥ chord
bisects chord Quick Practice 1.9 (p. 1.32)
∵ ON⊥RS Let ∠CBD = x.
∴ RN = NS line from centre ⊥ chord ∠COD = 2∠CBD ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
bisects chord = 2x
∵ PQ = RS given In △BCP,
∴ 2MQ = 2RN x + 60° = ∠CPD (ext.  of △)
i.e. MQ = RN In △ODP,
QK = MQ − MK 2x + 30° = ∠CPD (ext.  of △)
= RN − NK ∴ 2x + 30° = x + 60°
= RK x = 30°
ABC = 60 + x
Quick Practice 1.6 (p. 1.29) = 60 + 30
AOC = 90
y= (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ce)
2 ∴ AC is a diameter of the circle.
118 (converse of  in semi-circle)
=
2
= 59 Quick Practice 1.10 (p. 1.34)
BCD = 90 (∠ in semi-circle)
Reflex ∠AOC = 360° − 118° (∠s at a pt.)
= 242° In △BDC,
reflex AOC BDC + BCD + DBC = 180 (∠ sum of △)
x= (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ce) 32 + 90 + DBC = 180
2
242 DBC = 58
= ABD = ABC − DBC
2
= 121 = 120 − 58
= 62
Quick Practice 1.7 (p. 1.31) ACD = ABD (∠s in the same segment)
ACB = 90 (∠ in semi-circle) = 62
∵ CA = CD (given)
∴ CAB = CDA (base ∠s, isos. △) Quick Practice 1.11 (p. 1.35)
=x Let CAD = x.
In △ABC, DEB = DAB (s in the same segment)
CBA + CAB + ACB = 180 ( sum of △) =x
28 + x + 90 = 180 AEB = 90 ( in semi-circle)
x = 62 In △ACE,
ECA + CAE + AEC = 180 ( sum of △)
BCD + CBD = CDA (ext.  of △)
24 + ( x + 50) + (90 + x) = 180
y + 28 = 62
2 x + 164 = 180
y = 34
2 x = 16
x = 8
∴ CAD = 8
5
Quick Practice 1.12 (p. 1.43) (b) In △BAD,

BAD + BDA + DBA = 180 (∠ sum of △)
BAD + 90 + 60 = 180
BAD = 30
DAC = BAC − BAD
= 50 − 30
= 20
Join OB and OD.
∵ AB = BC = CD = DE (given) 
BD : DC = BAD : DAC (arcs prop. to ∠s at ⊙ce)
x
∴ AOB = BOC = COD = DOE = = 30 : 20
2
(equal chords, equal ∠s) = 3: 2
AOB + BOC + COE + AOE = 360 (∠s at a pt.)
x x
+ + x + 80 = 360 
2 2
2 x = 280
(a) ACB
ABD
=
AB
AD
 (arcs prop. to ∠s at ☉ce)
x = 140
ACB 2
=
66 3
Quick Practice 1.13 (p. 1.44) ACB = 44
(a) Consider △ABC and △BAD.
ACB = BDA = 90
 
∵ BC = AD
∠ in semi-circle
given
(b) ∵
∴
 
CD = AB
CD = AB
(given)
(equal chords, equal arcs)

∴ BC = AD equal arcs, equal chords 
AB = BA
∴ △ABC  △BAD
common side
RHS
∴
CBD CD
ACB
=
AB
 (arcs prop. to s at ☉ce)
(b) ∵ △ABC  △BAD proved in (a) CBD = ACB

∴ CAB = DBA corr. ∠s,  △s = 44
In △ABC,
CBA = 90 − CAB ∠ sum of △ In △KBC,
CBD = CBA + DBA AKB = CBK + KCB (ext.  of △)
= (90 − CAB) + CAB = 44 + 44
= 90 = 88
∴ CD is a diameter of the circle. converse of ∠ in
semi-circle Quick Practice 1.17 (p. 1.54)
BAC = 90 (∠ in semi-circle)
Quick Practice 1.14 (p. 1.46) BCA = CAD (alt. ∠s, AD // BC)
∵ BC = CD (given) BAD + BCD = 180 (opp. ∠s, cyclic quad.)
∴ BOC = COD (equal chords, equal ∠s)
(90 + CAD) + (BCA + 70) = 180

= 66.5
2CAD + 90 + 70 = 180
AOD AD
BOC
= 
BC
(arcs prop. to ∠s at centre)
CAD = 10
AOD 10 Quick Practice 1.18 (p. 1.55)

= FAD = ∠BCD = x (ext. , cyclic quad.)
66.5 7
In △FAD,
AOD = 95
AOB = 360 − BOC − COD − AOD (∠s at a pt.) ADF + DFA + FAD = 180 ( sum of △)
= 360 − 66.5 − 66.5 − 95 ADF + 43 + x = 180
= 132 ADF = 137 − x
EDC = ADF (vert. opp. s)
Quick Practice 1.15 (p. 1.47) = 137 − x
In △DCE,
(a) ∠BDA = 90°
 (∠ in semi-circle)
CED + EDC = BCD (ext.  of △)
BAC BDC
BDA
=
AXB
 (arcs prop. to s at ☉ce) 35 + (137 − x) = x
2 x = 172
BAC 5 x = 86
=
90 9
BAC = 50
6
Quick Practice 1.19 (p. 1.56) Further Practice

Further Practice (p. 1.21)
1.
Join OB.
BAE = BDC (ext. , cyclic quad.)
= 62 Construct OM and ON such that OM ⊥ AB and ON ⊥ CD.
∵ AB // CD
∵ BO = AO (radii)
∴ MON is a straight line.
∴ ABO = BAO (base. ∠s, isos. △)
∵ OM⊥AB
= 62
1
In △AOB, ∴ AM = AB (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects chord)
BOE = ABO + BAO 2
(ext. ∠ of △)
1
= 62 + 62 =  6 cm
2
= 124
= 3 cm
BCD + BOE = 180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.) OA = 5 cm (radius)
BCD + 124 = 180 In △OMA,
BCD = 56 OA 2 = AM 2 + OM 2 (Pyth. theorem)
OM = OA − AM2 2
(a) ∵ BAF + FEB = 110 + 100 = 5 2 − 3 2 cm
= 210 = 4 cm
 180 ∵ ON⊥CD
∴ A, B, E and F are not concyclic. 1
∴ ND = CD (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects chord)
(b) ∵ CDF = 90 + 20 2
= 110 1
=  8 cm
and ∠BEF = 100° 2
∴ CDF  BEF = 4 cm
∴ F, E, C and D are not concyclic. OD = 5 cm (radii)
In △OND,
(c) ∵ ADB = 20 and ACB = 20
OD 2 = ND 2 + ON 2 (Pyth. theorem)
∴ ADB = ACB
∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic. (converse of s in the ON = OD 2 − ND 2
same segment)
= 52 − 42 cm
Quick Practice 1.21 (p. 1.66) = 3 cm
∵ FAB + BCD = 180 int. ∠s, AF // CD ∴ The distance between AB and CD
and BEF = BCD ext. ∠, cyclic quad. = OM + ON
∴ FAB + BEF = 180 = (4 + 3) cm
∴ A, B, E and F are concyclic. opp. s supp. = 7 cm
Quick Practice 1.22 (p. 1.67) 2. (a) ∵ AM = BM given

(a) ∵ AB = BC given
∴ OM⊥AB line joining centre to
∴ BAC = BCA base s, isos. △
mid-pt. of chord ⊥
EFA = BAC alt. ∠s, AC // EF chord
BDA = BCA s in the same segment ∵ AB = CD, OM ⊥ AB given
∴ EFA = BDA and ON ⊥ CD
i.e. EFA = EDA ∴ OM = ON equal chords,
∴ A, E, F and D are converse of s in the equidistant from centre
concyclic. same segment MPN = APC = 90 vert. opp. s
(b) DAB = BEF (s in the same segment) ∴ MON = 90  sum of polygon
= 85° ∵ All four interior angles
DCB + DAB = 180 are equal to 90 and
(opp. ∠s, cyclic quad.)
two adjacent sides are
DCB = 180 − 85 equal.
= 95 ∴ ONPM is a square.
∴ ACD = DCB − ACB
= 95 − 60
= 35
7
(b) ∵ ONPM is a square. (proved in (a))

∴ PN = ON = 4 cm
PTS = 90
 (∠ in semi-circle)
∵
∴
ON ⊥ CD
CN = ND
(given)
(line from centre ⊥
RQT
PTS
=
RST
PQRS
chord bisects chord) y 6 cm

∴ CP + PN = PD − PN =
90 (2 + 3 + 4) cm
CP + 4 cm = (11 − 4) cm y = 60
CP = 3 cm

2.
 
∵ BD = DE (given)
1. BOD = BCD
= 40
(opp. s of // gram) ∴

BD = DE (equal chords, equal arcs)
BAD =
BOD
( at centre twice  at ⊙ce)
EAB
AED
=
BDE

major AD
2
40 EAB 2 + 2
= =
2 110 9+2
= 20 EAB = 40
ADO = BAD (alt. s, OD // AC) In △ACE,
ACE = 180 − AEC − EAC ( sum of △)
∴ p = 20
= 180 − 110 − 40
= 30
2. ACD = ABD (s in the same segment)
= 55
ADC = 90 ( in semi-circle)
1.
In △ACD,
∠CAD + ∠ADC + ∠ACD = 180° ( sum of △)
∠CAD + 90° + 55° = 180°
∠CAD = 35°
∵ AC is the angle bisector of ∠BAD.
∴ ∠BAC = ∠CAD Join AD.
= 35° ∵ DO = AO (radii)
∠BDC = ∠BAC (s in the same segment) ∴ ADO = DAO (base. ∠s, isos. △)
= 35 In △AOD,
DAO + ADO + AOD = 180 (∠ sum of △)

Further Practice (p. 1.48) 2DAO + 136 = 180
DAO = 22
1.
QOS
POS
=
QRS
PQRS
 (arcs prop. to ∠s at centre) BAD = BAO − DAO
= 70 − 22
x (3 + 4) cm
= = 48
180 (2 + 3 + 4) cm BAD + C = 180 (opp. ∠s, cyclic quad.)
x = 140 C = 180 − 48
PS = QT
∵
  PQRS = QRST
(diameters) = 132
∴
   
PQ + QRS = QRS + ST
2.
 
(a) Consider △ABC and △ADC.
  PQ = ST
∵ AB = AD given
 
RST = RS + ST
∴
 
AB = AD
∵ CB = CD
equal arcs, equal chords
given
= (4 + 2) cm ∴ CB = CD equal arcs, equal chords
= 6 cm AC = AC common side
∴ △ABC  △ADC SSS
∴ ABC = ADC corr. ∠s,  △s
ABC + ADC = 180 opp. ∠s, cyclic quad.
2ADC = 180
ADC = 90
∴ AC is a diameter of converse of ∠ in
Join PT.
the circle. semi-circle
8
 5. ∵ CQ = QD (given)
(b) BAC
ADC
=
BC
ABC
 (arcs prop. to s at ☉ce) ∴ OQ⊥CD (line joining centre to mid-pt.
of chord ⊥ chord)
BAC 5 CD = CQ + QD
=
90 13 + 5 = 2  6 cm
BAC = 25 = 12 cm
∵ △ABC  △ADC (proved in (a)) ∵ AB = CD, OP⊥AB and OQ⊥CD
∴ DAC = BAC (corr. s,  △s) ∴ OP = OQ (equal chords, equidistant
= 25 x =3 from centre)
BCE = BAD (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)
= 25 + 25 6. ∵ OP ⊥ AB and OQ ⊥ CD (given)
= 50 ∴ PB = AP and CQ = QD (line from centre ⊥ chord
bisects chord)
∴ AB = 2  5 cm
Exercise = 10 cm
and CD = 2  5 cm
Exercise 1A (p. 1.21)
Level 1 = 10 cm
1. In △OEN, ∵ AB = CD, OP⊥ AB and OQ ⊥ CD
OE 2 = ON 2 + EN 2 (Pyth. theorem) ∴ OP = OQ (equal chords, equidistant
x = 2 .5 from centre)
EN = OE − ON 2 2
= 10 2 − 6 2 cm 7. ∵ ON ⊥ AB (given)
= 8 cm ∴
1
BN = AB (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects chord)
∵ ON⊥EF (given) 2
∴ NF = EN (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects chord) 1
=  16 cm
= 8 cm 2
∴ EF = 2  8 cm = 16 cm = 8 cm
i.e. x = 16
2. HQ = PQ − PH
= (18 − 9) cm
= 9 cm
Join OB.
∵ PH = HQ = 9 cm
In △NOB,
∴ OH⊥PQ (line joining centre to mid-pt. of
chord ⊥ chord) OB 2 = BN 2 + ON 2 (Pyth. theorem)
∴ x = 90 OB = BN + ON2 2
= 8 2 + 6 2 cm
3. ∵ CN = ND
∴ ON⊥CD (line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord = 10 cm
⊥ chord) ∴ The radius of the circle is 10 cm.
∴ OND = 90
8.
In △OND,
OND + ODN + DON = 180 ( sum of △)
90 + 35 + x = 180
x = 55
4. ∵ OP = OQ, OP ⊥ AB and OQ ⊥ CD (given)

Join OB.
∴ CD = AB (chords equidistant from OB = OC (radii)
= 7 cm centre are equal)
= (5 + 8) cm
∵ CQ = QD (given)
1 = 13 cm
∴ x = 7 ∵ AN = NB (given)
2
= 3.5 ∴ ON ⊥ AB (line joining centre to mid-pt. of
chord ⊥ chord)
9
In △ONB, OC = OA (radii)
NB = OB − ON
2 2 (Pyth. theorem) 1
= AB
2
= 132 − 52 cm 1
= 12 cm =  20 cm
2
∵ AN = NB (given) = 10 cm
∴ AB = 2  12 cm In △CON,
= 24 cm OC 2 = ON 2 + CN 2 (Pyth. theorem)
ON = OC 2 − CN 2
9. (a) ∵ AB is the perpendicular bisector of the chord CD.
∴ AB passes through the centre. = 10 2 − 8 2 cm
(⊥bisector of chord passes through centre) = 6 cm
i.e. AB is a diameter of the circle.
(b) ∵ AB is a diameter. (proved in (a)) 13. ∵ OQ⊥CD (given)
∴ The radius of the circle ∴ CQ = QD (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects chord)
1 = 10 cm
= AB
2 ∴ CD = 2 10 cm = 20 cm
1 ∵ AB = CD, OP⊥AB and OQ⊥CD
=  12 cm
2 ∴ OQ = OP (equal chords, equidistant from centre)
= 6 cm 1
= PQ
2
10. ∵ AM = MB (given) 1
=  10 cm
∴ OM⊥AB (line joining centre to mid-pt. of 2
chord ⊥ chord) = 5 cm
∴ ∠AMO = 90°
∵ AN = NC (given)
∴ ON⊥AC (line joining centre to mid-pt. of
chord ⊥ chord)
∴ ∠ANO = 90°
AMO + MAN
Join OD.
+ANO + MON = 360 ( sum of polygon)
In △OQD,
90 + 45 + 90 + MON = 360
OD 2 = OQ 2 + QD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
MON = 135
OD = OQ + QD
2 2
11. ∵ CM = MD (given) = 5 2 + 10 2 cm
∴ OM⊥CD (line joining centre to mid-pt.
= 125 cm (or 5 5 cm)
of chord ⊥ chord)
∴ ∠OMC = 90° ∴ The radius of the circle is 125 cm (or 5 5 cm).
∵ OB = OC (radii)
∴ OBC = OCB (base ∠s, isos. △) 14. ∵ AM = MB (given)
= 32 + BCD ∴ OM⊥AB (line joining centre to mid-pt. of
BCD + OBC = OMC (ext. ∠ of △) chord ⊥ chord)
BCD + (32 + BCD) = 90 ∴ ∠AMO = 90°
In △AOM,
2BCD = 58
AO 2 = AM 2 + OM 2 (Pyth. theorem)
BCD = 29
OM = AO − AM
2 2
12. ∵ ON⊥CD (given) = 7.5 2 − 6 2 cm

1
∴ CN = CD (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects chord) = 4.5 cm
2
1 ∵ OM = ON, OM⊥AB and ON⊥CD
=  16 cm ∴ CD = AB (chords equidistant from centre
2
= 8 cm = (6 + 6) cm are equal)
= 12 cm
Join OC.
10
15. ∵ AM = MB (given) 17. Construct a circle with centre O lying on BH as shown,

∴ OM ⊥ AB (line joining centre to mid-pt. of such that the circle cuts AB at two points P and Q, and
chord ⊥ chord) cuts BC at two points R and S.
1
MB =  6 cm
2
= 3 cm
In △OMB,
OB 2 = OM 2 + MB 2 (Pyth. theorem)
OM = OB − MB2 2
Draw OM and ON such that OM ⊥ AB and ON ⊥ BC.

= 5 2 − 3 2 cm Consider △OBM and △OBN.
= 4 cm ABH = CBH given
ON = MN − OM OMB = ONB = 90 by construction
= (7 − 4) cm OB = OB common side
= 3 cm ∴ △OBM  △OBN AAS
∴ OM = ON corr. sides,  △s
∵ OM = ON, OM⊥AB
and ON⊥BC
∴ PQ = RS chords equidistant from centre
are equal
Level 2
Join OD. 18.
OD = 5 cm (radii)
In △OND,
ND = OD 2 − ON 2 (Pyth. theorem)
= 52 − 32 cm
= 4 cm
∵ ON⊥CD (given) Join OD.
∴ CN = ND (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects 1
OD = AB (radii)
= 4 cm chord) 2
∴ CD = 2  4 cm 1
=  10 cm
= 8 cm 2
= 5 cm
16. (a) Consider △AOB and △DOC. ∵ CM = MD (given)
AO = DO radii ∴ OM⊥CD (line joining centre to mid-pt. of
BO = CO radii chord ⊥ chord)
∵ OM = ON, OM⊥AB ∴ ∠OMD = 90°
and ON⊥CD given In △OMD,
∴ AB = DC chords equidistant OD 2 = OM 2 + MD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
from centre are equal
∴ △AOB  △DOC SSS OM = OD − MD2 2
(b) ∵ OB = OA (radii) = 5 2 − 4 2 cm
∴ ∠OAB =∠OBA (base ∠s, isos. △) = 3 cm
= 62° AO = OD = 5 cm (radii)
In △OBA, In △AMD,
OBA + OAB + BOA = 180 (∠ sum of △) AD 2 = AM 2 + MD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
62 + 62 + BOA = 180
AD = AM + MD
2 2
BOA = 56
∵ △AOB  △DOC (proved in (a)) = (5 + 3) 2 + 4 2 cm
∴ ∠COD = ∠BOA (corr. sides,  △s)
= 80 cm (or 4 5 cm)
= 56
11
19. In △OMB,
OM = OB 2 − BM 2 (Pyth. theorem)
= 10 − 6 cm
2 2
= 8 cm
In △OMD,
Draw a line OMN such that OM ⊥ CD and ON ⊥ AB. MD = OD 2 − OM 2 (Pyth. theorem)
Join OA and OC.
OA = OC = 17 cm (radii) = 17 2 − 8 2 cm
∵ OM ⊥ CD (by construction) = 15 cm
1 CD = MD − MC
∴ CM = CD (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects chord)
2 = (15 − 6) cm
1
=  30 cm = 9 cm
2
= 15 cm 22.
In △OCM,
OM = OC 2 − CM 2 (Pyth. theorem)
= 17 2 − 152 cm
= 8 cm
∵ ON ⊥ AB (by construction) Let M be a point on AB such that OM ⊥ AB.
1
∴ AN = AB (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects chord) ∵ OM ⊥ AB (by construction)
2 ∴ AM = MB (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects chord)
1
=  16 cm 1
2 =  24 cm
2
= 8 cm = 12 cm
In △OAN,
In △OMA,
ON = OA2 − AN 2 (Pyth. theorem)
OM = OA 2 − AM 2 (Pyth. theorem)
= 17 − 8 cm
2 2
= 15 2 − 12 2 cm
= 15 cm = 9 cm
∴ Distance between AB and CD = ON − OM MC = MB + BC
= (15 − 8) cm
= (12 + 28) cm
= 7 cm
= 40 cm
In △OMC,
20. Let r cm be the radius of the circle.
∵ AB⊥OC (given) OC = OM 2 + MC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
1 = 9 + 40 cm
2 2
∴ MB = AB (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects chord)
2 = 41 cm
1
=  30 cm OD = OA = 15 cm (radii)
2 ∴ CD = OC − OD
= 15 cm = (41 − 15) cm
OM = OC − CM = 26 cm
= (r − 9) cm
In △OMB, 23. (a) ∵ CN = ND given
OB 2 = OM 2 + MB 2 (Pyth. theorem) ∴ ON⊥CD line joining centre to mid-pt.
r 2 = (r − 9) 2 + 15 2 of chord ⊥ chord
∴ ∠ONE = 90°
r 2 = r 2 − 18r + 81 + 225
∵ AM = MB given
18r = 306 ∴ OM⊥AB line joining centre to mid-pt.
r = 17 of chord ⊥ chord
∴ The radius of the circle is 17 cm. ∴ ∠OME = 90°
∴ MON = 90  sum of polygon
21. ∵ BM = MC (given) ∵ AB = CD, OM ⊥ AB given
∴ OM⊥BC (line joining centre to mid-pt. of and ON ⊥ CD
chord ⊥ chord) ∴ OM = ON equal chords, equidistant
from centre
∵ All four interior angles are equal to 90
and two adjacent sides are equal.
∴ ONEM is a square.
12
(b) In △OMA, 25.
AM = AO 2 − OM 2 (Pyth. theorem)
= 10 2 − 6 2 cm
= 8 cm
ME = OM = 6 cm (property of square)
MB = AM Draw a line MON such that OM ⊥ CD and ON ⊥ AB.
Join OA and OC.
= 8 cm Let r cm be the radius of the circle.
BE = MB − ME ∵ OM ⊥ CD (by construction)
= (8 − 6) cm 1
∴ CM = CD (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects chord)
= 2 cm 2
1
=  10 cm
2
24. = 5 cm
∵ ON ⊥ AB (by construction)
1
∴ AN = AB (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects chord)
2
1
=  24 cm
2
= 12 cm
Let M be a point on AB such that OM ⊥ AB, and N be a In △OCM,
point on CD such that ON ⊥ CD.
∵ OM ⊥ AB (by construction) OC 2 = OM 2 + CM 2 (Pyth. theorem)
1 r = OM + 5
2 2 2
∴ MB = AB (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects chord)

2 r 2 = OM 2 + 25  (1)
1
=  18 cm In △OAN,
2 OA 2 = ON 2 + AN 2 (Pyth. theorem)
= 9 cm
Join OB. r = ON + 12
2 2 2
OB = 13 cm (radius) r 2 = ON 2 + 144  (2)

In △OMB, ∵ The distance between AB and CD is 17 cm.
OM = OB 2 − MB 2 (Pyth. theorem) ∴ MN = 17 cm
Let ON = a cm, then OM = (17 − a) cm.
= 132 − 9 2 cm By substituting (1) into (2), we have
= 88 cm OM 2 + 25 = ON 2 + 144
∵ ON ⊥ CD (by construction) OM 2 = ON 2 + 119
1 (17 − a ) 2 = a 2 + 119
∴ NC = CD (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects chord)
2
289 − 34a + a 2 = a 2 + 119
1
=  24 cm 170 = 34a
2
= 12 cm a=5
∠NOM = 90° ( sum of polygon) ∴ The shortest distance from O on AB is 5 cm.
∵ ONK = NKM = OMK = NOM = 90
26. (a) (i) ∵ AB⊥CD (given)
∴ ONKM is a rectangle.
∴ ED = CE (line from centre ⊥ chord
∴ NK = OM (property of rectangle)
∴ KC = NC − NK 1 bisects chord)
=  24 cm
2
= (12 − 88 ) cm = 12 cm
= 2.62 cm (cor. to 2 d.p.) In △AED,
AD 2 = AE 2 + ED 2 (Pyth. theorem)
AE = AD 2 − ED 2
= 20 2 − 12 2 cm
= 16 cm
13
(ii) (b) ∵ AB = AC and BP = PC

∴ AP ⊥ BC (prop. of isos. △)
∵ OM ⊥ AB (given)
∴ MB = AM (line from centre ⊥ chord
= 6 cm bisects chord)
AB = 2  6 cm
Join OD. = 12 cm
Let r cm be the radius of the circle. (proved in (a))
AC = AB
OD = OA = r cm (radii)
OE = AE − OA = 12 cm
= (16 − r) cm BC = 2  6 cm (given)
In △OED, = 12 cm
OD 2 = OE 2 + ED 2 (Pyth. theorem) ∵ AC = BC, ON ⊥ AC and OP ⊥ BC
r 2 = (16 − r ) 2 + 12 2
∴ OP = ON = 2 3 cm (equal chords,
r 2 = 256 − 32r + r 2 + 144
equidistant from centre)
32r = 400
Alternative Solution
r = 12.5
∴ OA = 12.5 cm
(b) AB = 2  12.5 cm
= 25 cm
EB = AB − AE
= (25 − 16) cm
Join OB.
= 9 cm Let r cm be the radius of the circle and OP = a cm.
In △APB,
AB 2 = AP 2 + BP 2 (Pyth. theorem)
AP = AB 2 − BP 2
= 12 2 − 6 2 cm
= 108 cm
Join BD. AO = AP − OP
In △EBD, r = 108 − a  (1)
BD = EB + ED 2 2
Pyth. theorem In △OPB,
OB 2 = OP 2 + BP 2 (Pyth. theorem)
= 9 + 12 cm
2 2
= 15 cm r 2 = a 2 + 62
BD 2 + AD 2 = (15 2 + 20 2 ) cm 2 r 2 = a 2 + 36  (2)
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
= 625 cm 2
AB = 25 cm 2
2 2 ( 108 − a ) 2 = a 2 + 36
= 625 cm 2 108 − 2 108 a + a 2 = a 2 + 36

∵ BD 2 + AD 2 = AB 2 72 = 2 108 a
∴ △ABD is a right-angled converse of Pyth. 36 = 6 3a
triangle, where AD⊥BD. theorem
6
a=
27. (a) Consider △ABP and △ACP. 3
AP = AP common side = 12 (or 2 3 )
BP = CP given
AP ⊥ BC line joining centre to ∴ OP = 12 cm (or 2 3 cm)
mid-pt. of chord ⊥chord
∴ APB = APC = 90
∴ △ABP  △ACP SAS
∴ AB = AC corr. sides,  △s
i.e. △ABC is an isosceles
triangle.
14
28. (a) PQ = PR + RQ ∵ OB⊥CD (by construction)

= (1 + 5) cm ∴ BD = CD
1
(line from centre ⊥ chord
= 6 cm 2
bisects chord)
1 1
OP = PQ =  12 m
2 2
1 =6m
=  6 cm Let r m be the radius of the circle.
2
OA = OD = r m (radii)
= 3 cm
In △OBD,
OR = OP − PR
OD 2 = OB 2 + BD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
= (3 − 1) cm
= 2 cm r 2 = (9 − r ) 2 + 6 2
In △ORM, r 2 = 81 − 18r + r 2 + 36
RM = OR 2 − OM 2 (Pyth. theorem) 18r = 117
r = 6.5
= 2 − 1 cm
2 2
∴ The radius of the circle is 6.5 m.
= 3 cm (b)
∵ OM ⊥ RS (given)
∴ MS = RM (line from centre ⊥ chord
= 3 cm bisects chord)
∴ RS = 2RM
= 2 3 cm Draw horizontal line EF such that EF intersects AB at
(b) G and AB⊥EF. Then, EF is the ceiling of the tunnel,
i.e. EF = 7.8 m.
Join OF.
∵ EF⊥OG
1
∴ GF = EF (line from centre ⊥ chord
2
bisects chord)
1
=  7.8 m
Join OD. 2
OD = OP = 3 cm (radii) = 3.9 m
In △OND, OF = AO = 6.5 m (radii)
In △GOF,
ND = OD 2 − ON 2 (Pyth. theorem)
GO = OF 2 − GF 2 (Pyth. theorem)
= 3 − 1 cm
2 2
= 6.5 2 − 3.9 2 m
= 8 cm
∵ ON ⊥ CD (given) = 5.2 m
New height of the tunnel
∴ CN = ND (line from centre ⊥ chord = GB
= 8 cm bisects chord) = AB − AG
∴ CD = 2 ND = [9 − (6.5 − 5.2)] m
= 2 8 cm (or 4 2 cm) = 7.7 m
29. (a) Denote the centre of the circle by O. 1

30. (a) ∵ MN = MC (given)
2
∴ MN = NC
∵ MN = NC and BD ⊥ MC
∴ BD is the perpendicular bisector of the chord
CM.
Draw a line AB such that it passes through O and ∴ BD passes through the centre of the circle.
AB⊥CD. Then, AB is the height of the tunnel, (⊥bisector of chord passes through centre)
i.e. AB = 9 m and CD = 12 m. i.e. BD is a diameter of the circle.
Join OD.
15
1 (b) Let PK = a cm, then PH = (20 − a) cm.

(b) (i) NC = MC In △KCP,
2
1 KC 2 = PK 2 + CP 2 (Pyth. theorem)
=  16 cm
2 12 = a + CP
2 2 2
= 8 cm
CP 2 = 144 − a 2  (1)
In △BCN,
In △HCP,
NB = BC 2 − NC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
CH 2 = CP 2 + PH 2 (Pyth. theorem)
= 10 − 8 cm
2 2
20 = CP + (20 − a )
2 2 2
= 6 cm CP 2 = 400 − (20 − a ) 2  (2)

144 − a 2 = 400 − (20 − a ) 2
144 − a 2 = 400 − (400 − 40a + a 2 )
40a = 144
a = 3.6
Join OC. ∴ PK = 3.6 cm
Let r cm be the radius of the circle.
OC = OB (radii) Exercise 1B (p. 1.36)
= r cm Level 1
In △OCN, 1. ACB + 138 = 180 (adj. s on st. line)
ACB = 42
OC = ON + NC
2 2 2
(Pyth. theorem)
x = 2ACB (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ce)
r = (r − 6) + 8
2 2 2
= 2  42
r 2 = r 2 − 12r + 36 + 64 = 84
12r = 100
100 2. Reflex AOC = 2ABC (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ce)
r=
12 = 2  130
= 8.33 (cor. to 2 d.p.)
= 260
∴ The radius of the circle is 8.33 cm. (∠s at a pt.)
x = 360 − reflex AOC
(ii) BD = 2OB = 360 − 260
100 = 100
= 2 cm
12
=
50
cm 3. AOB = 2ACB (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ce)
3 = 2  44
AD = BC = 10 cm (property of rectangle)
= 88
∠DAB = 90° (property of rectangle) ∵ OB = OA (radii)
In △DAB, ∴ OBA = OAB (base ∠s, isos. △)
=x
AB = BD 2 − AD 2 (Pyth. theorem) In △AOB,
2 AOB + OBA + OAB = 180 (∠ sum of △)
 50 
=   − 10 2 cm 88 + x + x = 180
 3 
2 x = 92
= 13.33 cm (cor. to 2 d.p.)
x = 46
31. (a) ∵ CP = PD given
∴ KP ⊥ CD line joining centre to 4. ACB = 90 (∠ in semi-circle)
mid-pt. of chord ⊥ chord In △ABC,
∵ CP = PD and ABD = BAC + ACB (ext. ∠ of △)
CD ⊥ HK 4 x = x + 90
∴ HK is the perpendicular 3 x = 90
bisector of the chord CD. x = 30
∴ HK passes through the ⊥bisector of chord
centre of the semi-circle. passes through centre
∴ H is the centre of the
semi-circle.
16
5. ∵ DA = DC (given) 11. AOC = BAO (alt. ∠s, AB // CO)

∴ DAC = DCA (base∠s. isos. △) = 44
= 35 AOC
ABC = (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ce)
CBA = 90 (∠ in semi-circle) 2
In △CAB, 44
=
CAB + CBA + BCA = 180 (∠ sum of △) 2
(35 + x) + 90 + 35 = 180 = 22
x = 20 BCO = ABC (alt. ∠s, AB // CO)
= 22
6. ABD = BDC (alt. ∠s, BA // CD) In △ABE,
= 40 AEC = BAE + ABE (ext. ∠ of △)
ABC = 90 (∠ in semi-circle) = 44 + 22
40 + x = 90 = 66
x = 50
12. CDB = CAB (∠s in the same segment)
7. BDC = BAC (∠s in the same segment) = 32
= 44 ADC = ADB + CDB
ECD + EDC = AED (ext. ∠ of △) = 56 + 32
x + 44 = 90 = 88  90
x = 46 ∴ AC is not a diameter of the circle.
8. CAE = CBE (s in the same segment) 13. AOC = 2ABC (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ce)
= 25 = 2  25
ACB = CAD + ADC (ext.  of △) = 50
∵ CD = CO (given)
x = 25 + 42
∴ CDO = COD (base ∠s, isos. △)
= 67
= 50
In △CDB,
9. BDC = BAC (∠s in the same segment) CDB + CBD + BCD = 180 (∠ sum of △)
= 40 50 + 25 + BCD = 180
ACD = BAC (alt. ∠s, BA // CD)
BCD = 105
= 40 ACB = 90 (∠ in semi-circle)
In △ECD, ACD = BCD − ACB
BEC = EDC + ECD (ext.∠ of △)
= 105 − 90
x = 40 + 40
= 15
= 80
14. In △BDE,
AOB DBE + BED = BDA (ext. ∠ of △)
10. ACB = ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
2 DBE + 32 = 62
130
= DBE = 30
2
DAC = DBC (∠s in the same segment)
= 65
∵ OC = OA (radii) = 30
∴ OCA = OAC (base s, isos. △) CDA = 90 (∠ in semi-circle)
In △ACD,
= 20
∵ OB = OC (radii) DAC + CDA + ACD = 180 (∠ sum of △)
∴ OBC = OCB (base s, isos. △) 30 + 90 + ACD = 180
= ACB − OCA ACD = 60
= 65 − 20
15. DAB = 90 (∠ in semi-circle)
= 45
∵ AB = AD (given)
∴ ABD = ADB (base ∠s, isos. △)
In △ABD,
ABD + ADB + DAB = 180 (∠ sum of △)
2ADB + 90 = 180
ADB = 45
17
∴ ABD = ADB 19. In △ABE,

= 45 EAB + ABE = AED (ext. ∠of △)
ACD = ABD (∠s in the same segment) EAB + 47 = 77
= 45 EAB = 30
ACB = ADB (∠s in the same segment) DAC = DAB − EAB
= 45 = 73 − 30
∴ ABD, ADB, ACD and ACB are 45°. = 43
Level 2
16. BDC = BAC (∠s in the same segment)
= 52
∵ OC = OD (radii)
∴ OCD = ODC (base ∠s, isos. △)
= 52 Join BC.
CBD = DAC (∠s in the same segment)
DCB = 90 (∠ in semi-circle) = 43
In △DBC, ABC = ABD + CBD
OBC + DCB + BDC = 180 (∠ sum of △) = 47 + 43
OBC + 90 + 52 = 180 = 90
OBC = 38 ∴ AC is a diameter of the circle.
(converse of ∠ in semi-circle)
17. CAB + AOD = 180 (int. ∠s, AC // OD)
CAB + 130 = 180 20. (a) Let BAM = x .
∵ AM = BM given
CAB = 50
∴ ABM = x base ∠s, isos. △
ACB = 90 (∠ in semi-circle)
In △MBA,
In △ABC,
ACB + ABC + CAB = 180 (∠ sum of △) BMC = ABM + BAM ext. ∠ of △
90 + ABC + 50 = 180 = 2x

∵ BM = CM given
ABC = 40
∴ MBC = MCB base ∠s, isos. △
AOD
ABD = (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ce) In △CBM,
2 BMC + MBC + MCB = 180 ∠ sum of △
130
= 2 x + 2MBC = 180
2
= 65 MBC = 90 − x
CBD = ABD − ABC ABC = ABM + MBC
= 65 − 40 = x + (90 − x)
= 25 = 90
(b) ∵ ABC = 90 proved in (a)
18. Let DAC = x . ∴ AC is a diameter. converse of ∠ in
∵ DC = DA (given) semi-circle
∴ DCA = x (base s, isos. △) ∵ M is the mid-point of AC.
∵ BD = BC (given) ∴ M is the centre of the circle.
∴ BDC = DCA (base s, isos. △)
21. (a)
=x
ADB = 90 ( in semi-circle)
In △ACD,
DAC + DCA + ADC = 180 ( sum of △)
x + x + (90 + x) = 180
x = 30
Join AB.
∴ DAC = 30 ABC = 90 (∠ in semi-circle)
ABD = ACD (∠s in the same segment)
=x
CBD = ABC − ABD
= 90 − x
18
(b) In △CBE, (b) Reflex AOC = 360 − x (s at a pt.)

CBE + BCE = BEA (ext. ∠ of △) reflex AOC
ABC = ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
(90 − x) + BCE = 75 2
BCE = x − 15 360 − x
=
BCD = ( x − 15) + x 2
= 2 x − 15 x
= 180 −
∵ BD = BC (given) 2
∴ BDC = BCD (base ∠s, isos. △) ABC = x (opp. s of // gram)
x
= 2x − 15 ∴ 180 − = x
In △CBD, 2
BCD + BDC + CBD = 180 ( sum of △) 3
x = 180
2(2 x − 15) + (90 − x) = 180 2
x = 120
3 x + 60 = 180
x = 40
26. (a) ∵ DO ⊥ BE
∴ BK = EK line from centre ⊥ chord
22. Let ABC = x . bisects chord
BCD = x (alt. ∠s, AB // CD) Consider △BKD and △EKD.
ADC = x (∠s in the same segment) BK = EK proved
ACB = 90 (∠ in semi-circle) BKD = EKD = 90° given
In △ACD, DK = DK common side
CAD + ACD + ADC = 180 (∠ sum of △) ∴ △BKD  △EKD SAS
44 + (90 + x) + x = 180 ∴ KBD = KED corr. s,  △s
x = 23 BAD = BED ∠s in the same segment
∴ ∠ABC = 23 ∴ BAD = EBD
(b) Let BAD = x.
AOE In △ACD,
23. ABE = ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
2 ADE = CAD + ACD (ext.  of △)
124 = x + 42
=
2 BED = BAD = x (s in the same segment)
= 62 In △DKE,
In △BCE, KED + KDE = BKD (ext.  of △)
BCE + BEC = ABE (ext.  of △) x + ( x + 42) = 90
BEC = 62 − 36 2 x = 48
= 26 x = 24
BAD = BED (s in the same segment) ∴ BAD = 24
= 26
In △ABK, 27. With the notation in the figure,
AKE = BAK + ABK (ext. ∠ of △)
= 26 + 62
= 88
24. (a) Consider △AKD and △BKC.

AKD = BKC vert. opp. s
Join CD.
DAK = CBK s in the same segment
Let BAD = x .
ADK = BCK s in the same segment
∴ △AKD ~ △BKC AAA ∠BCD = ∠BAD s in the same
=x segment
(b) ∵ △AKD ~ △BKC (proved in (a)) In △DCQ,
AK DK QDC + QCD + CQD = 180 ∠ sum of △
∴ = (corr. sides, ~△s)
BK CK QDC + x + 90 = 180
6 cm DK
= QDC = 90 − x
3 cm 2 cm
ADE = 90  in semi-circle
DK = 4 cm
CDE = ADE − ADC
= 90 − (90 − x)
25. (a) ∵ OABC is a parallelogram. given
=x
and OA = OC radii
∠CAE = ∠CDE s in the same
∴ OABC is a rhombus.
=x segment
∴ BAD = CAE
19
28. (a) ∵ EA = EB given 

∴ EAB = EBA
BAD = BED
base s, isos. △
s in the same segment

AE
CD
=
ADE
CAD
(arcs prop. to ∠s at ☉ce)
BCE = EBA − BED ext.  of △ y 24

=
= EAB − BAD 9 8
= EAD y = 27
∴ BCE = EAD
5. In △ABC,
(b) ABE = ADE (s in the same segment)
∴ CBE = 180 − ABE (adj. s on st. line) BAC = 180 − ABC − ACB ( sum of △)
= 180 − ADE = 180 − 50 − 75
= CDA (adj. s on st. line)
 = 55
= AED + DAE (ext.  of △)
 AED 
BC
AC
=
BAC
ABC
(arcs prop. to s at ☉ce)
∴ It is impossible that △BCE ~ △EAD.
x 55
=
Exercise 1C (p. 1.49) 10 50
Level 1 x = 11
1. Reflex AOB = 360 − 80 (∠s at a pt.)
 
 = 280
6. ∵ CB = AE (given)
AB
 =
AOB
reflex AOB
(arcs prop. to ∠s at centre)
∴
∴
CB = AE = 3 cm
y=3
(equal arcs, equal chords)
major AB
80

x
=
14 280
BDE BAE
CDB
=
CB
x=4
x 2
=
30 1
2. ∵ AB = BC = CD (given)
x = 60
∴ AOB = BOC = COD (equal chords, equal ∠s)
∴ DOC =
AOC 
x=
146
2
7.
BOC BC
AOB
=
AB
 (arcs prop. to s at centre)
2 BOC 2
= 73 =
AOB 4
AB = BC = CD
∵
   (given) 1
BOC = AOB
2
∴
∴
 
AB = BC = CD = 2 cm
BCD = BC + CD
AOB + BOC + COD = 180
1
(adj. s on st. line)
AOB + AOB + 51 = 180

y cm = (2 + 2) cm 2
y=4 3
AOB = 129
 2
AOB = 86
3.
COD
BOC
=
CD
BC
8. In △BCD,
COD 4 BDC = 180 − DBC − DCB ( sum of △)
=
84 6 = 180 − 62 − 64
COD = 56 = 54
BOD In △BDE,
BAD = ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
2 EDB + DEB = DBC (ext.  of △)
84 + 56 EDB + 35 = 62
x=
2 EDB = 27
= 70 
AB : BC = ADB : BDC (arcs prop. to s at ☉ce)
 = 27 : 54
4.
BAC BC
CAD
=
CD
 (arcs prop. to ∠s at ⊙ce) = 1: 2
x 18
=
8 9
x = 16
20
 
9. (a)
AOB AB
BOC
=  (arcs prop. to s at centre) ∴ 
BD
=
BPD
EPF
=1 (arcs prop. to s at ☉ce)
AOB 4
=
BC
∴
 
EF
BD = EF
48 3
∵ APD = 5 + 10 + 15
AOB = 64
= 30
AOB
(b) ACB =
2
( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
 = FPG
=
64
2
∴ 
AD
=
APD
FPG
= 32  
FG
∴
     
AD = FG

10. BCA = 90 (∠ in semi-circle) ∴ AC = CD , BD = EF , AD = FG
(any two of the above answers)

AB
AC
=
BCA
ABC
Level 2
13.
x 90
=
9 36
x = 22.5
In △ABC,
ABC + BCA + BAC = 180 ( sum of △)
36 + 90 + BAC = 180
 BAC = 54 Join BC.

BCA = BDA (s in the same segment)

BC
AC
=
BAC
ABC
(arcs prop. to s at ☉ce) = 70
In △ABC,
y 54 ABC + BAC + BCA = 180 ( sum of △)
=
9 36 ABC = 180 − 40 − 70
y = 13.5
 = 70
11. (a) ∵
 
BOD = AOC (vert. opp. ∠s)

ADC
BC
=
ABC
BAC
∴ BD = AC (equal ∠s, equal arcs)
x 70
= 8 cm =
 10 40
x = 17.5
(b) ABC AC
ABD
= 
AD
14. ∵ AB = AD (given)
ABC 8
= ∴ ABD = ADB (base s, isos. △)
ABD 4
ABC = 2ABD = 50
∵ ∠CBD = 90° (∠ in semi-circle) In △ABD,
∴ ABD + ABC = 90 ABD + BDA + DAB = 180 (∠ sum of △)
ABD + 2ABD = 90 50 + 50 + DAB = 180
3ABD = 90  DAB = 80
ABD = 30

DCB
AD
=
DAB
ABD
12. ∵ APC = 5 + 10 x + 6 80

=
= 15 10 50
x = 10
 = CPD
∴ 
AC
=
APC
=1 (arcs prop. to s at ☉ce) 
 
CD
CPD
15.
CAB
CDA
=
CB
CBA
∴ AC = CD
x 4 cm
∵ BPD = 10 + 15 =
50 (4 + 4) cm
= 25
x = 25
= EPF
21
 In △BCD,
DAC
CDA
=
DC
CBA
 (arcs prop. to s at ☉ce) CBD + BCD + BDC = 180 ( sum of △)
30 + BCD + 20 = 180
DAC 12
50
=
8  BCD = 130
DAC = 75
In △CAD,

BAD
=
BCD
ADC
CAD + ADC + DCA = 180 (∠ sum of △) 
ABC
BAD 130
75 + 50 + DCA = 180 =
 DCA = 55 
6 cm 60
BAD = 13 cm

DA
=
DCA
CDA
(arcs prop. to s at ☉ce) 
CBA
y 55
=
(b)
ABD
ADC
=
AD
ABC
8 50 ABD (13 − 4) cm

y = 8.8 =
60 6 cm
ABD = 90
16. PRS = PQS (s in the same segment) ∴ AD is a diameter of the circle.
= 30 (converse of  in semi-circle)
PRQ = QRS − PRS
= 75 − 30

 
= 45
19. ∵
BAC BC
CAD
= 
CD
=1 arcs prop. to s at ☉ce
∵ PQ = QR ∴ BAC = CAD
∴ PQ = QR (equal arcs, equal chords) ∵ OC = OA radii
∠RPQ = ∠PRQ (base s, isos. △) ∴ OCA = OAC base s, isos. △
= 45° = DAC
In △PQR, ∴ OC // AD alt. s equal
PQR + RPQ + PRQ = 180 ( sum of △)
(30 + RQS ) + 45 + 45 = 180 20. (a)
RQS = 60
  
17. ∵ AB = AD = CD
AB = AD = CD
(given)
∴
 
  
Join OB and OC.
ACB
ACD
=AB
AD
and
ACD AD
CBD
=
CD
 ∵ AB = BC = CD (given)
∴ AOB = BOC = COD (equal arcs, equal s)
AOB + BOC + COD = 120
∴ ∠ACB = ∠ACD = ∠CBD
In △BCD, 3BOC = 120
BCD + CBD + BDC = 180 (∠ sum of △) BOC = 40
3CBD + 30 = 180 BOC
BDC = ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
2
CBD = 50
40
=
 2
18. (a)
BDC
ADC
=
BC
ABC
= 20
(b) Reflex ∠AOD = 360 − AOD (∠s at a pt.)

BDC 2 cm = 360 − 120
=
60 (4 + 2) cm = 240
BDC = 20 reflex AOD
 ACD =
2
CBD
ADC
=
CD
ABC
 (arcs prop. to s at ☉ce) =
240
2
CBD 3 cm = 120
=
60 6 cm In △CDE,
CBD = 30 CED + CDE + ECD = 180 ( sum of △)
CED + 20 + 120 = 180
CED = 40
22
21. (a) ∵
 
AB = CD
ACB = CBD
23. (a) With the notations in the figure,
∴
 
AC + CB = CB + BD
equal chords, equal arcs
 
AC = BD
(b)
In △BDF,
DFE = BDF + DBF (ext.  of △)
= 20 + 30
= 50
In △ACG,
AGE = CAG + ACG (ext.  of △)
 
Join AD.
AC = BD
= 40 + 50
= 90
∵
 proved in (a)
∴ x = 180 − FGE − GFE ( sum of △)
∴
ADC AC
DAB
=
BD
=1  arcs prop. to s at ☉ce = 180 − 90 − 50
= 40
∴
∴
ADC = DAB
AE = DE sides opp. equal ∠s (b)

AB : BC : CD : DE : EA
22. (a) = ADB : BEC : CAD : DBE : ECA

(arcs prop. to s at ⊙ce )
= 20 : 40 : 40 : 30 : 50
= 2: 4: 4:3:5
AB
 2
(c) =
Circumference of the circle 2 + 4 + 4 + 3 + 5
Join AE and ED.
 18 
Circumference of the circle =     cm
∠AED = 90°
 ( in semi-circle)
 2

AE
=
ABE
AED
= 9 cm
9
ABCD
AE 50
∴ Radius of the circle =
2
cm
= 4.5 cm
=
(2 + 3 + 1) cm 90
 5
AE =  6 cm Exercise 1D (p. 1.56)
9 Level 1
10 1. A + C = 180 (opp. ∠s, cyclic quad.)
= cm
55 + x = 180

3
x = 125
(b) BAD
AED
=
BCD
ABCD
 (arcs prop. to s at ☉ce) B + D = 180 (opp. ∠s, cyclic quad.)
y + 90 = 180
BAD 4
= y = 90
90 6
BAD = 60
With the notation in the figure, 2. C + A = 180 (opp. ∠s, cyclic quad.)
BGO = GBA + BAG (ext.  of △) C + 76 = 180
= 50 + 60 C = 104
∵ CD = CB
= 110
 ∴ CDB = CBD
(given)
(base ∠s, isos. △)
BEC
AED
=
ABCD

BC (arcs prop. to s at ☉ce)
In △BCD,
=x
BEC 3 C + CDB + CBD = 180 (∠ sum of △)

=
90 6 104 + 2 x = 180
BEC = 45 x = 38
BEC + OFE = BGO (ext.  of △)
45 + OFE = 110
OFE = 65
23
3. ABF = ADC (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.) In △BCE,

x = 80 CEB + ECB + EBC = 180 ( sum of △)
BCD = EAB 40 + 2EBC = 180
(ext. , cyclic quad.)
= 95 EBC = 70
(adj. s on st. line) ADC + EBC = 180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
BCD + DCG = 180
95 + y = 180 ADC + 70 = 180
y = 85 ADC = 110
4. DBC = ADB (alt. ∠s, AD // BC) 9. (a) BED + BCD = 180 (opp. ∠s, cyclic quad.)
=x BED + 100 = 180
ABC = ADE (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.) BED = 80
70 + x = 125 BAF = BED (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)
x = 55 = 80
ABE = AFG (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)
5. EBC + CDE = 180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.) = 74
EBC = 180 − 110 CDE = ABE (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)
= 70 = 74
ECB + BAE = 180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.) (b) ∵ ∠CDE = ∠AFG
ECB = 180 − 120 = 74°
= 60 ∴ AF // CD corr. ∠s equal
In △BCE, Alternative Solution
BEC + EBC + ECB = 180 ( sum of △) ∵ ∠BAF + ∠BCD
= 80° + 100°
BEC + 70 + 60 = 180
= 180°
BEC = 50 ∴ AF // CD int. ∠s supp.
6. (a) In △ACD, 10. In △CAD,

(ext.  of △)
DAC + ADC + ACD = 180 ( sum of △)
ADE = CAD + ACD
DAC + 115 + 30 = 180
= 36 + 60
DAC = 35
= 96
(b) DFE = BCD (ext. , cyclic quad.)  

∵ BC = CD
BC = CD
(given)
= 60
∴
 (equal chords, equal arcs)
In △DEF,
DFE + FDE + DEF = 180 ( sum of △)

BAC BC
=
DAC CD
60 + 96 + DEF = 180 BAC = DAC

DEF = 24 = 35
ABC + ADC = 180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
BOA ABC = 180 − 115
7. (a) BPA = ( at centre twice  at ⊙ce)
2 = 65
40 In △ABC,
=
2 ACB + ABC + BAC = 180 ( sum of △)
= 20 ACB + 65 + 35 = 180
ACB = 80
(b) BAP + BCP = 180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
BAP + 50 = 180
Level 2
BAP = 130 11. Let CAE = x .
In △ABP, ∵ AC is an angle bisector of ∠EAB.
ABP + BAP + BPA = 180 ( sum of △) ∴ BAC = CAE = x
ABP + 130 + 20 = 180 ECD = EAB (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)
ABP = 30 = 2x
∵ EC is an angle bisector of ∠ACD.
8. CEB = DAE (corr. s, AD // EC) ∴ ECA = ECD
= 40 = 2x
∵ EC = EB (given)
∴ ECB = EBC (base s, isos. △)
24
In △ACD, COA = 360 − reflex COA (s at a pt.)

ACD + ADB + DAC = 180 (∠ sum of △) = 360 − 220
(2 x + 2 x) + 60 + x = 180 = 140
5 x = 120 APB + COA = 180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
x = 24 APB = 180 − 140
In △ABD, = 40
ABD + BDA + DAB = 180 (∠ sum of △)
ABD + 60 + 2 x = 180 16. (a) Consider △KAD and △KCB.
ABD + 60 + 2(24) = 180 KAD = KCB ext. , cyclic quad.
ABD = 72 KDA = KBC ext. , cyclic quad.
AKD = CKB common angle
∴ △KAD ~ △KCB AAA
12. In △ACD,
KA KD
ACD + ADC + CAD = 180 (∠ sum of △) (b) = (corr. sides, ~△s)
KC KB
ACD + ADC + 40 = 180
2 cm 3 cm
ACD = 140 − ADC =
3 cm + DC (2 + 4) cm
ABC + ADC = 180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
4 cm = 3 cm + DC
ABC = 180 − ADC
DC = 1 cm
AED + ACD = 180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
AED = 180 − ACD
17.
= 180 − (140 − ADC )
= 40 + ADC
∴ ABC + AED = (180 − ADC ) + (40 + ADC )
= 220
13. Join DC.

reflex COE
EDC = ( at centre twice  at ⊙ce)
2
280
=
2
= 140
Join AD. ADC = EDC − EDA
ABC + CDA = 180 opp. s, cyclic quad.
= 140 − 20
ADE = 90  in semi-circle
ABC + CDE = 120
= ABC + (CDA + ADE ) ABC + ADC = 180 (opp. ∠s, cyclic quad.)
= 180 + 90 ABC + 120 = 180
= 270 ABC = 60
14. FCD + DEF = 180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.) 18.

FCD = 180 − 130
= 50
x = FCD (ext. , cyclic quad.)
= 50
ABD = ∠CFD = y (ext. , cyclic quad.) Join AD.
∵ AD = AB (given) BAD + DCB = 180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
∴ ADB = ABD (base s, isos. △)
BAD = 180 − 80
=y
= 100
In △ABD, OAD = BAD − BAO
BAD + ABD + ADB = 180 ( sum of △) = 100 − 35
x + 2 y = 180 = 65
2 y = 180 − 50 ∵ OD = OA (radii)
y = 65 ∴ ∠ODA = ∠OAD (base s, isos. △)
= 65°
15. Reflex COA = 2ABC ( at centre twice  at ⊙ce) ABC + ADC = 180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
= 2 110 ABC + (65 + 50) = 180

= 220 ABC = 65
25
19. Exercise 1E (p. 1.67)

Level 1
1. ∠ABC = ∠EAD (corr. ∠s, AD // BC)
= 100°
∵ ∠ABC + ∠ADC
= 100° + 80°
Join AB. = 180°
FAB = DCB ∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic. (opp. s supp.)
(ext. , cyclic quad.)
Alternative Solution
= 75
BCD + ADC = 180 (int. ∠s, AD // BC)
FEB = FAB (s in the same segment)
BCD = 180 − 80
= 75
AEB = FEA − FEB = 100
∵ EAD = BCD
= 135 − 75
∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic. (ext.  = int. opp. )
= 60
∴ DFB = AEB (s in the same segment) 2. In △DCE,
= 60 DCE + CDE + CED = 180 ( sum of △)
DCE + 60 + 50 = 180
20. Let COD = x. DCE = 70
ABC = COD = x ext. , cyclic quad. ∵ BAD  DCE
∵ OC = OB radii ∴ A, B, C and D are not concyclic.
∴ OCB = OBC base s, isos. △ Alternative Solution
In △ABE,
=x
ABE + BAE + AEB = 180 ( sum of △)
OAD = OCB = x ext. , cyclic quad.
O CD = BAO  ext. , cyclic quad. ABE + 60 + 50 = 180
=x ABE = 70
∵ OD = OC radii ∵ ABC  CDE
∴ ODC = OCD base s, isos. △ ∴ A, B, C and D are not concyclic.
=x
3. In △BCD,
O DC + O CD + CO D = 180  sum of △
CBD + BDC + DCB = 180 ( sum of △)
3 x = 180 CBD + 35 + 105 = 180
x = 60 CBD = 40
∵ ODC = OCD = COD = 60 ∵ CAD = CBD
∴ △CDO is an equilateral triangle. ∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic.
(converse of s in the same segment)
21. (a) APC = PBC + PCB (ext.  of △)
= ( x + x) + y 4. (a) ∵ ADC + ABC
= 2x + y = 90 + 90
(ext.  of △) = 180
ARB = RCB + RBC
∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. opp. s supp.
= ( y + y) + x
(b) ABD = ACD (s in the same segment)
= x + 2y
= 35
(b) APQ + ARQ = 180 opp. s, cyclic quad. ∴ x = 90 − 35
(2 x + y ) + ( x + 2 y ) = 180 = 55
3 x + 3 y = 180
x + y = 60 5. (a) ∵ BAD + BCD
In △ABC, = (38 + 42) + (35 + 65)
BAC + ABC + ACB = 180  sum of △ = 180
BAC + 2 x + 2 y = 180
BAC + 2( x + y ) = 180 (b) CDB = CAB (s in the same segment)
BAC + 120 = 180 x = 38
BAC = 60
6. (a) ∵ ADB = 50 and ACB = 50
∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. converse of s in
the same segment
(b) x + ADC = 180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
x = 180 − (50 + 70)
= 60
26
7. (a) ∵ BAC = 90° and BDC = 90 13. ∵ AC = BC given

∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. converse of s in ∴ CAB = CBA base s, isos. △
the same segment ∵ OD = OA radii
(b) ADB = 180 − EDA − BDC (adj. s on st. line) ∴ ODA = OAD base s, isos. △
= 180 − 55 − 90 ∴ CBA = ODA
∴ OBCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. ext.  = int. opp. 
= 35
ACB = ADB (s in the same segment)
14. ∵ AED = DBC
x = 35
∴ ABDE is a cyclic quadrilateral. ext.  = int. opp. 
8. (a) In △BCD, FEC = 180 − 90 adj. s on st. line

BCD = 180 − BDC − DBC  sum of △ = 90
= 180 − 55 − 39 ∵ FEC = FBC
= 86 ∴ BCFE is a cyclic quadrilateral. converse of s in the
∵ BCD = EAD same segment
∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. ext.  = int. opp. 
Level 2
(b) ∠BAC = ∠BDC (s in the same segment) 15. (a) APB = 90  in semi-circle
x = 55 APM + APB = 180 adj. s on st. line
APM + 90 = 180
9. (a) With the notation in the figure,
APM = 90
∵ APM = AOM
∴ A, O, P and M are concyclic. converse of s in
the same segment
(b) OAP = OMB (s in the same segment)
= 28
∵ OA = OP (radii)
In △ABG,
∴ OPA = OAP (base s, isos. △)
ABG = 180 − BGA − GAB  sum of △
= 28
= 180 − 85 − 45
= 50 16. (a) Consider △BOM and △COM.
ABC = ABG + GBC BM = CM given
= 50 + 35 OM ⊥ BC line joining centre to
= 85 mid-pt. of chord ⊥ chord
∵ ABC = ADF ∴ ∠BMO = ∠CMO = 90°
∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. ext.  = int. opp.  OM = OM common side
∴ △BOM  △COM SAS
(b) CAD = CBD (s in the same segment)
∴ ∠BOM = ∠COM corr. s,  △s
= 35 (b) Let ∠BOM = ∠COM = a, by (a)
DCE = DAB (ext. , cyclic quad.) then ∠BOC = 2a.
x = 45 + 35 BOC
= 80 BAC = ∠ at centre twice
2
2a ∠ at ⊙ce
10. ABC = ADC opp. s of // gram =
2
PQB = PDC ext. , cyclic quad.
=a
DPQ = PQB alt. s, AD // BC
∵ ∠BAC = ∠BOM
∴ DPQ = ABQ
∴ O, D, A and B are concyclic. ext.  = int. opp. 
∴ A, B, Q and P are concyclic. ext.  = int. opp. 
17. (a)
11. ∵ AB = BE given
∴ BAE = BEA base s, isos. △
BAE = BCD opp. s of // gram
∴ BEA = BCD
∴ B, C, D and E are concyclic. ext.  = int. opp. 
Join PB and let ARP = .
12. ∵ AB = AC given
APQ = ARP =  (given)
∴ ABC = ACB base s, isos. △ ABP = ARP =  (s in the same segment)
∵ AM = MB and AN = NC given APB = 90 ( in semi-circle)
∴ MN // BC mid-pt. theorem BPQ = APB − APQ
AMN = ABC corr. s, MN // BC = 90 − 
∴ AMN = ACB
∴ B, C, N and M are concyclic. ext.  = int. opp. 
27
In △PQB, (b)
PQB = 180 − PBQ − BPQ ( sum of △)
= 180 −  − (90 −  )
= 90
(b)
Join MP and NP.
Let ABD = x.
ACD = ABD s in the same segment
=x
ACB = BCD − ACD
Join RB.
TQB = 90 proved in (a) = 90 − x
TRB = 90  in semi-circle ∵ AM = MB and AP = PC given
TQB + TRB = 90 + 90 ∴ MP // BC mid-pt. theorem
= 180 ∴ APM = ACB corr. s, MP // BC
∴ R, T, Q and B are concyclic. opp. s supp. = 90 − x
∵ NP ⊥ AC proved in (a)
18. Consider △ACB and △DBC. ∴ APN = 90
AC = DB given ∴ NPM
ACB = DBC given
BC = CB common side = APN − APM
∴ △ACB  △DBC SAS = 90 − (90 − x)
∴ BAC = CDB corr. s,  △s =x
∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic. converse of s in = ABD
the same segment
22. (a)
19. AQS = BRS ext. , cyclic quad.
BRS = CPS ext. , cyclic quad.
∴ AQS = CPS
∴ AQSP is a cyclic quadrilateral. ext.  = int. opp. 
20. Join OC and let CAB = x.

∠COB = 2∠CAB  at centre twice 
= 2x at ☉ce
∵ AD = BD given
∴ DBA = DAB base s, isos. △
Join AE, BF, CG and DH. =x
EAC + CGE = 180 opp. s, cyclic quad. ∴ CDB = DAB + DBA ext.  of △
CGE = 180 − EAC = x+x
In AEFB, = 2x
EAB + BFE = 180 opp. s, cyclic quad. ∵ ∠COB = ∠CDB
BFE = 180 − EAC ∴ B, C, D and O are concyclic. converse of s in the
∴ CGE = BFE same segment
BFE = BDH ext. , cyclic quad. (b) With the notation in the figure,
∴ CDH = CGE
∴ C, G, H and D are concyclic. ext.  = int. opp. 
21. (a) ∵ BAD + BCD = 90 + 90

= 180
∵ BAD = 90 given ∵ BM = CM given
∴ BD is a diameter of the circle. converse of  in ∴ OM ⊥ BC line joining centre to
semi-circle mid-pt. of chord ⊥ chord
∵ N is the mid-point of BD. ∴ OM is the
∴ N is the centre of the circle. perpendicular bisector
∵ AP = PC given of BC.
∴ NP ⊥ AC line joining centre ∴ OM passes through
to mid-pt. of chord the centre of the
⊥ chord circumcircle of BCDO. ⊥bisector of chord
passes through centre
28
Check Yourself (p. 1.75) For III,

1. (a) ✓ (b)  ∵ ∠AOB = ∠COD (vert. opp. s)
(c) ✓ (d) ✓ ∴ AB = CD (equal s, equal chords)
∴ III is true.
2. ∵ OM ⊥ AB (given)
∴ I, II and III are true.
∴ BM = AM (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects chord)
= 2 cm 7. For I,
In △OMB, ∵ ∠ACB = ∠ADB
∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
OB 2 = OM 2 + BM 2 (Pyth. theorem)
(converse of s in the same segment)
OB = OM + BM 2 2
For II,
In △BCD,
x = 12 + ( 2 ) 2 ∠BCD + ∠BDC + ∠DBC = 180° ( sum of △)
= 3 ∠BCD + 63° + 31° = 180°
∠BCD = 86°
AB = 2 AM
∵ ∠BCD = ∠EAD
= 2 2 cm ∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
∵ AB = AC, OM ⊥ AB and ON ⊥ AC (ext.  = int. opp. )
∴ ON = OM (equal chords, equidistant from centre) For III,
= 1 cm ∵ ∠DAB + ∠DCB = 108° + 82°
∴ y =1 = 190°
 180
∴ ABCD is not a cyclic quadrilateral.
3. ∵ BC = AB
∴
 
BC = AB (equal chords, equal arcs)
∴ Only I and II are true.
x = 22 Revision Exercise 1 (p. 1.76)

Level 1
BOC = 2BAC ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
1. ∵ AM = MB
y = 2  57 ∴ OM ⊥ AB (line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord
= 114 ⊥ chord)
∵ AN = NC
4. ∠ABC + ∠ADC = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.) ∴ ON ⊥ AC (line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord
ABC = 180 − 68 ⊥ chord)
= 112 ∴ y = 90
∠BCP = ∠ABC (alt. ∠s, AB // DP) ∵ AB = AC, OM ⊥ AB and ON ⊥ AC
∴ ON = OM (equal chords, equidistant from centre)
x = 112
x=3
5. ∠ADC + ∠ABC = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.) AOB

2. BCA = ( at centre twice  at ⊙ce)
ADC = 180 − 110 2
54
= 70 x=
In △ACD, 2
ACD + ADC + CAD = 180 ( sum of △) = 27
ACD + 70 + 50 = 180 ODC = OBC + BCA (ext.  of △)
ACD = 60 = 42 + 27
∠AED + ∠ACD = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.) = 69
x + 60 = 180 y + AOB = ODC (ext.  of △)
x = 120 y = 69 − 54
= 15
6. For I,

∠AOC = 2∠ABC
∴ I is true.
3.
AOB
COD
=
AB
CD
For II, x 8
∠BCD = ∠BAD (s in the same segment) =
90 18
∵ OC = OD (radii) x = 40
∴ ∠OCD = ∠ODC (base s, isos. △)
x
∴ ∠BAD = ∠ADC y= ( at centre twice  at ⊙ce)
∴ II is true. 2
40
=
2
= 20
29
4. ∠CDB = ∠CAB (s in the same segment) 8. ABC + ADC = 180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
x = 30 ABC = 180 − 115
∵ AM = MB
∴ OM ⊥ AB (line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord  = 65
∠AMD = 90°
⊥ chord)
ACB AB
=
BAC BC  (arcs prop. to s at ⊙ce)
y + x = 90 (ext.  of △) =
3
y = 90 − 30 2
= 60 3
∴ ACB = BAC
2
In △ABC,
5. ∠ABC = ∠ADE (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)
ABC + ACB + BAC = 180 ( sum of △)
x = 86
3
In △ABC, 65 + BAC + BAC = 180
2
∠BAC + ∠ABC + ∠ACB = 180° ( sum of △) 5
∠BAC + 86° + 32° = 180° BAC = 115
2
 ∠BAC = 62° BAC = 46

BC
AB
=
BAC
BCA
(arcs prop. to s at ☉ce) 9.
y 62
=
4 32
y = 7.75
6. ∠ADC + ∠ABC = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.) Join BE.

∠AEB = 90° ( in semi-circle)
x + 110 = 180
BED = AED − AEB
x = 70
= 103 − 90
∠ACD = 90° ( in semi-circle) = 13
In △ACD, BOD = 2BED ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
∠DAC + ∠ACD + ∠ADC = 180° ( sum of △) = 2  13
y + 90 + 70 = 180
= 26
y = 20 In △OCD,
∠ODE = ∠DOC + ∠DCO (ext.  of △)
7. = 26° + 24°
= 50
10. In △AED,
∠EDF = ∠AED + ∠EAD (ext.  of △)
Join OF. =e+a
OF = OB (radii) ∠FCD = ∠BAD (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)
1
= BC =a
2 In △FCD,
1 ∠CFD + ∠CDF + ∠FCD = 180° ( sum of △)
=  20 cm
2 ∠CFD + (e + a) + a = 180°
= 10 cm CFD = 180 − 2a − e
OG = AB (property of rectangle)
= 6 cm
11. DAE = 60 − x
In △OGF,
∠CDB = ∠CAB = x (s in the same segment)
FG = OF 2 − OG 2 (Pyth. theorem) EDA = 80 − x
In △AED,
= 10 2 − 6 2 cm
∠EDA + ∠DAE = ∠AEB (ext.  of △)
= 8 cm
(80 − x) + (60 − x) = 100
∵ OG ⊥ FE (given)
140 − 2 x = 100
∴ GE = FG (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects
= 8 cm chord) 2 x = 40
∴ FE = 2  8 cm x = 20
= 16 cm
30
DOC 15. AOB + BOD = 180 (adj. s on st. line)

12. DBC = ( at centre twice  at ⊙ce)
2 AOB = 180 − 140
90 = 40
=
2 AOB
= 45 ACB = ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
2
ACB = 90 ( in semi-circle) 40
In △BCE, =
2
BCE + EBC + CEB = 180 ( sum of △) = 20
90 + 45 + CEB = 180 CAD = ACB (alt. s, DA // CB)
CEB = 45 = 20
In △AKO,
13. (a) ∠ABC + ∠OAB = 180° (int. ∠s, OA // CB) AKO + KAO + AOK = 180 ( sum of △)
∠ABC + 65° = 180° AKO + 20 + 40 = 180
∠ABC = 115° AKO = 120
∠BCD + ∠ABC = 180° (int. ∠s, AB // DC)
∠BCD + 115° = 180°
16. (a) ∵ CF = FD (given)
BCD = 65
∴ OF ⊥ CD (line joining centre to
(b) mid-pt. of chord ⊥ chord)
1
FD = CD
2
1
=  12 cm
2
= 6 cm
Join AD.
In △OFD,
∠BAD + ∠BCD = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
(∠OAD + 65°) + 65° = 180° OF = OD 2 − FD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
∠OAD = 50°
= ( 48 ) 2 − 6 2 cm
∵ OD = OA (radii)
∴ ∠ODA = ∠OAD (base s, isos. △) = 12 cm (or 2 3 cm)
= 50° (b)
∠ADC + ∠ABC = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
(∠ODC + 50°) + 115° = 180°
ODC = 15
14. (a) AB2 + BC2 = (242 + 72) cm2

= 625 cm2 Join AB.
AC2 = 252 cm2 ∵ OF = OE, OE ⊥ AC (proved in (a))
= 625 cm2 and OF ⊥ CD (proved in (a))
∵ AB2 + BC2 = AC2 ∴ AC = CD (chords equidistant
∴ ∠ABC = 90° converse of Pyth. theorem = 12 cm from centre are equal)
∴ AC is a diameter converse of  in ∵ OE ⊥ AC (given)
of the circle. semi-circle 1
∴ AE = AC (line from centre ⊥
(b) ∵ M is the mid-point of AC. 2
∴ M is the centre of the circle ABCD. 1 chord bisects chord)
=  12 cm
∴ MD = MC (radii) 2
25 = 6 cm
= cm
2 OB = OD (radii)
= 12.5 cm = 48 cm
∵ DN = NC (given) BE = OB − OE
=
15
cm = ( 48 − 12 ) cm
2 1
= 7.5 cm Area of △ ABE =  BE  AE
2
∴ MN ⊥ DC (line joining centre to mid- 1
pt. of chord ⊥ chord) =  ( 48 − 12 )  6 cm 2
2
In △MDN,
= 10.39 cm 2 (cor. to 2 d.p.)
MN = MD 2 − DN 2 (Pyth. theorem)
= 12.5 2 − 7.5 2 cm
= 10 cm
31
17. ∵ OM ⊥ AB (by construction)

1
∴ AM = AB (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects chord)
2
1
=  37 m
2
= 18.5 m
Join BD and DC. OA = OP = 27 m (radii)
Consider △ABD and △ACD. In △OAM,
ABD = 90  in semi-circle OM = OA 2 − AM 2 (Pyth. theorem)
ACD = 90  in semi-circle
∴ ABD = ACD = 27 2 − 18.5 2 m
AD = AD common side = 386.75 m
AB = AC given
∴ Height of the arch = OP − OM
∴ △ABD  △ACD RHS
∴ BAD = CAD corr. s,  △s = (27 − 386.75 ) m
∴ AD bisects BAC. = 7.33 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
18. (a) In △ABC, 22.

ABC = 180 − BCA − BAC  sum of △
= 180 − 28 − 36
= 116
∵ ABC = ADE
∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. ext.  = int. opp. 
(b) In △ACD, Join OA and OC.
Draw a line OM such that OM ⊥ AD.
CAD + ACD = ADE (ext.  of △) ∵ OM ⊥ AD (by construction)
CAD = 116 − 54 ∴ BM = MC (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects
= 62 chord)
CBD = CAD (s in the same segment) Let OM = a cm and BM = MC = b cm.
In △OAM,
= 62
OM 2 + AM 2 = OA 2 (Pyth. theorem)
 a 2 + (b + 3) 2 = 7 2  (1)
19.
EBD DE
DAC
= 
CD
=1 arcs prop. to s at ⊙ce In △OMC,
OM 2 + MC 2 = OC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
∴ EBD = DAC a +b =5
2 2 2
i.e. ∠PBQ = ∠PAQ

a 2 = 25 − b 2  (2)
∴ P, A, B and Q are concyclic. converse of s in the
same segment
(25 − b 2 ) + (b + 3) 2 = 7 2
20. Draw a line segment PQ in rectangle ABCD, then draw 25 − b 2 + b 2 + 6b + 9 = 49
another line segment RS which is perpendicular to PQ as
6b = 15
shown in the following figure.
(or any other reasonable answers) b = 2.5
∴ BC = BM + MC
= (2.5 + 2.5) cm
= 5 cm
23. (a) ∠ADC = 90° ( in semi-circle)

In △ACD,
Level 2 ∠DCA + ∠ADC + ∠CAD = 180° ( sum of △)
21. ∠DCA + 90° + 54° = 180°
∠DCA = 36°
∠BAC + ∠APC = ∠DCA (ext.  of △)
∠BAC + 20° = 36°
BAC = 16
(b) ∠BDC = ∠BAC (s in the same segment)

Let P be the maximum point of the arch, and M be a point
on AB such that OP ⊥ AB. = 16°
In △CDK,
Join OA and OP.
∠AKD = ∠CDK + ∠DCK (ext.  of △)
= 16° + 36°
= 52
32
24. ∵ OD = DE (given) 27.

∴ ∠DOE = ∠DEO (base s, isos. △)
Let ∠DOE = ∠DEO = a.
DOA
DCA = ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
2
a
=
2
Join MN.
ACB = 90° ( in semi-circle)
ABM = MNC (ext. , cyclic quad.)
In △ECB,
AEM = MND (ext. , cyclic quad.)
BEC + ECB + EBC = 180 ( sum of △)
∵ MNC + MND = 180 (adj. s on st. line)
a  ∴ ABM + AEM = 180
a +  + 90  + 51 = 180
2  In ABME,
3a BAE + ABM + AEM + BME = (4 − 2)  180
= 39
2 ( sum of polygon)
a = 26 65 + 180 + BME = 360
∴ BEC = 26 BME = 115
25. 28.
Join OD.
Join BE.

∠OAD = ∠AOB
= 24°
(alt. ∠s, AD // BO) BEC BC
=
CAD CD  (arcs prop. to s at ⊙ce)
∵ OD = OA (radii)
BEC 3
∴ ∠ODA = ∠OAD (base s, isos. △) =
28 2
= 24°
In △ODA, BEC = 42

∠DOA + ∠OAD + ∠ODA = 180°
∠DOA + 24° + 24° = 180°
( sum of △) DBE DE
CAD CD
=  (arcs prop. to s at ⊙ce)
∠DOA = 132°
DBE 4
BOD =
BCD = ( at centre twice  at ☉ce) 28 2
2
DBE = 56
132 + 24
= In △BEK,
2
BKE + KEB + KBE = 180 ( sum of △)
= 78
BKE + 42 + 56 = 180
BKE = 82
26. (a) ∠CFE = ∠ABC (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)
= 102° 
∠CDE + ∠CFE = 180°
∠CDE + 102° = 180°
(opp. s, cyclic quad.)
29. (a)
BDC
CAE
= 
BC
CDE
CDE = 78 x 4
=
(b) ∠COE = 2∠CDE ( at centre twice  at ☉ce) 48 3 + 1
= 2  78 x = 48
= 156°
(b)
In ABOE,
∠BAF + ∠ABC + ∠COE + ∠OEF = (4 − 2)  180
( sum of polygon)
∠BAF + 102° + 156° + 38° = 360°
BAF = 64
Join AB and AD.
∠BAC = ∠BDC (s in the same segment)
= 48°
In ABCE,
∠BCE + ∠BAE = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
∠BCE + (48° + 48°) = 180°
∠BCE = 84°
33
 (b) Let ABD = x.


CAD
CAE
=
CD
CDE
∵
DBC DC
=  =1 (arcs prop. to s at ⊙ce)
CAD 3 ABD AD
=
48 4 ∴ DBC = ABD
CAD = 36 =x
∠BAD = ∠BAC + ∠CAD ABE = ABD + DBC
= 48° + 36° = 2x
 = 84°
∵ AE = AB (proved in (a))

BAE
=
BCE
BAD
(arcs prop. to s at ⊙ce)
∴ AEB = ABE
= 2x
(base s, isos. △)

BCD
∵ CD = CE (given)

BAE
=
84
84
∴ CDE = CED (base s, isos. △)
∴
BCD
 
BAE : BCD = 1 : 1 BDC = 90
= 2x
( in semi-circle)
In △BDE,
DBE + BDE + BED = 180 ( sum of △)
30. (a) Consider △PAD and △PCB.
x + (90 + 2 x) + 2 x = 180
APD = CPB common angle
PAD = PCB ext. , cyclic quad. 5 x = 90
PDA = PBC ext. , cyclic quad. x = 18
∴ △PAD ~ △PCB AAA In △ABD,
(b) Consider △AKB and △DKC. BAD + ABD = BDE (ext.  of △)
AKB = DKC vert. opp. s BAD + 18 = 90 + 2(18)
BAK = CDK s in the same segment BAD = 108
ABK = DCK s in the same segment
∴ △AKB ~ △DKC AAA
33. (a)
(c) ∵ △PAD ~ △PCB (proved in (a))
PA PD
∴ = (corr. sides, ~ △s)
PC PB
6 cm 8 cm
=
8 cm + DC (6 + 10) cm
12 cm = 8 cm + DC
DC = 4 cm
Join OC.

∵ △AKB ~ △DKC (proved in (b))
AOC
AOD
=
ABC
ABCD
AB BK AOC 1+1
∴ = (corr. sides, ~ △s) =
DC CK 90 2 +1+1
10 cm BK
= 1
AOC =  90
4 cm 3 cm 2
BK = 7.5 cm = 45
∵ OA = OC (radii)
31. NBP = MDP ext. , cyclic quad. ∴ OAC = OCA (base s, isos. △)
BNP = 180 − NBP − NPB  sum of △ In △OAC,
= 180 − MDP − DPM OAC + OCA + AOC = 180 ( sum of △)
= DMP  sum of △ 2OAC + 45 = 180
= NMC vert. opp. s OAC = 67.5
∴ QM = QN sides opp. equal s (b)
32. (a) ∵ CD = CE given

∴ ∠CDE = ∠CED base s, isos. △
∠CDE = ∠ABC ext. ∠, cyclic quad.
∴ ∠ABE = ∠AEB
∴ AB = AE
i.e. △ABE is an isosceles
sides opp. equal s
 
Join OB and AD.
∵ AB = BC
triangle.
∴ AOB = BOC (equal arcs, equal s)
34
AOC 37. (a)

∴ AOB =
2
45
=
2
= 22.5
AOB
ADB = ( at centre twice  at ⊙ce)
2 Join BE.
22.5 In BCDE,
= ∠DEB + ∠BCD = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
2
∠DEB + 80° = 180°

= 11.25
∠DEB = 100°
CAD CD
ADB
= 
AB
(arcs prop. to s at ⊙ce) AEB =
AOB
2
CAD 2 70
= =
11.25 1 2
CAD = 22.5 = 35
In △ADE, ∠AED = ∠AEB + ∠DEB
AED + EAD + ADE = 180 ( sum of △) = 35° + 100°
= 135
AED + 22.5 + 11.25 = 180
AED = 146.25 (b)
34. BDC = ABD alt. s, BA // CF

DEF = ABD ext. , cyclic quad.
KAE = DEF corr. s, CA // DE
∴ KDC = KAF
∴ A, K, D and F are concyclic. ext.  = int. opp.  With the notation in the figure,
∠EMO = ∠AEB + ∠OAE (ext.  of △)
35. (a) ABC = ADC = 90  in semi-circle = 35° + a
∠DEB + ∠EBC = 180° (int. ∠s, ED // BC)
EBF = 180 − ABC adj. s on st. line
100° + ∠EBC = 180°
= 90 ∠EBC = 80°
EDF = 180 − ADC adj. s on st. line OBM = EBC − OBC
= 90 = 80 − b
∵ EBF = EDF EMO = AOB + OBM (ext.  of △)
∴ BEFD is a cyclic converse of s 35 + a = 70 + (80 − b)
quadrilateral. in the same segment
35 + a = 150 − b
(b) BDC = BAC = 35 (s in the same segment) ∴ a + b = 115
DBF = DEF = 27 (s in the same segment)
In △BDF,
38. (a) ADC = ABC opp. s of // gram
DBF + BDF + BFD = 180 ( sum of △)
= 50
27 + (35 + 90) + BFD = 180
In △ACE,
BFD = 28 EAC + ECA + AEC = 180  sum of △
∴ CFD = 28
37 + 13 + AEC = 180
36. (a) ∵
 
AD = DC given ∵
AEC = 130
ADC + AEC = 50 + 130
∴ AD = DC equal arcs, equal chords = 180
∵ AD = DE given ∴ A, E, C and D are concyclic. opp. s supp.
∴ DE = DC (b)
∴ DEC = DCE base s, isos. △
(b) ∵ AD = ED given
∴ DAE = DEA base s, isos. △
DEC = DCE proved in (a) Join DE.
BCD + DAE = 180 opp. s, cyclic quad. CDE = EAC (s in the same segment)
(BCE + DCE ) + DAE = 180 = 37
BCE = 180 − DAE − DCE ∵ CE = CD (given)
= 180 − DEA − DEC ∴ CED = CDE (base s, isos. △)
= CEB adj. s on st. line = 37
∴ BC = BE sides opp. equal s
35
In △CDE, 40. (a) ∠BAC = 90°  in semi-circle

ECD + CDE + CED = 180 ( sum of △) ∠ACD = 90°  in semi-circle
ECD + 37 + 37 = 180 ∵ ∠BAC + ∠ACD = 90° + 90°
ECD = 106 = 180°
(int. s, BA // CD) ∴ AB // CD int. ∠s supp.
BCD + ABC = 180
(ECB + ECD) + 50 = 180 (b) (i) Let ∠ABC = a.
∠BCD = ∠ABC = a (alt. ∠s, AB // CD)
ECB + 106 + 50 = 180
∠EDC = ∠BCD = a (alt. ∠s, BC // DE)
ECB = 24
∠ADC = ∠ABC = a (s in the same segment)
∠COE = 2∠CDE ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
39. (a) ∠BAC = ∠ABC = ∠ACB = 60° prop. of equil. △
∠CDE = ∠ABC = 60° ext. ∠, cyclic quad.
= 2a

∠CED = ∠BAC = 60°
∵ ∠CDE = ∠CED = ∠DCE
ext. ∠, cyclic quad. DOE DE
COE
= 
CE
(arcs prop. to s at centre)
∴ △CDE is an equilateral DOE 2

triangle. =
2a 1
(b)
DOE = 4a
In △COD,
∠CDO + ∠DCO + ∠COD = 180° ( sum of △)
a + a + (2a + 4a) = 180°
a = 22.5°
∴ ABC = 22.5
Join CM such that CM ⊥ AB, and CM intersects
(ii) ∠ACF = 90°  in semi-circle
DE at G.
∠DOF = 4a
Draw a line from O to AC such that OF ⊥ AC.
In △ACM, = 4  22.5
= 90°
CM
sin MAC = ∵ ∠ACF = ∠DOF
AC
∴ ACFO is a cyclic ext.  = int. opp. 
CM
sin 60 = quadrilateral.
AC
(c) ∵ ∠ACF = 90°
3 CM ∴ AF is a diameter of the circle converse of 
= (∵ AC = AB = 10 cm)
2 10 cm passing through A, C, F and O. in semi-circle
CM = 5 3 cm
In △ACM, 41. (a) Let ∠DCE = a.
∠MCA + ∠CAM + ∠AMC = 180° ( sum of △) ∠DAB = ∠DCE = a ext. ∠, cyclic
∠MCA + 60° + 90° = 180° quad.
∠MCA = 30° ∠DOB = 2∠DAB  at centre twice
∵ OF ⊥ AC (by construction) = 2a  at ☉ce
1 ∠BED + ∠DOB = 180° opp. s, cyclic
∴ AF = AD (line from centre ⊥ chord ∠BED + 2a = 180° quad.
2
= 4 cm bisects chord) ∠BED = 180 − 2a
In △CDE,
FC = AC − AF
∠CDE + ∠DEC + ∠DCE = 180°  sum of △
= (10 − 4) cm
∠CDE + (180° − 2a) + a = 180°
= 6 cm
∠CDE = a
In △COF,
∵ ∠CDE = ∠DCE
FC
cos OCF = ∴ △CDE is an isosceles sides opp. equal s
OC triangle.
6 cm
cos 30 =
OC
3 6 cm
=
2 OC
12
OC = cm
3
= 4 3 cm
OM = CM − OC
= (5 3 − 4 3 ) cm
= 3 cm
∴ The shortest distance from O on AB is 3 cm.
36
(b) (i) ∠ODC = ∠EDC (angle bisector) Consider △ALM and

=a △CNM.
∠OBE + ∠EDO = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.) 1
AB
∠OBE + (a + a) = 180° AL
= 2
∠OBE = 180 − 2a CN 1
CD
∠ABO = ∠OBE (angle bisector) 2
= 180° − 2a =
AB
∵ ∠ABC = ∠EDC (ext. , cyclic quad.) CD
∴ ∠ABO + ∠OBE = ∠EDC AM
= from (a)(i)
(180° − 2a) + (180° − 2a) = a CM
5a = 360° LAM = NCM s in the same segment
a = 72° ∴ △ALM ~ △CNM ratio of 2 sides, inc. 
∴ EAB = a
(b)
= 72
(ii)
Join OM, OR and OW.

∵ PM = MQ given
Join OA. ∴ OM ⊥ PQ line joining centre to
∠ODA + ∠ODE = 180° (adj. s on st. line) mid-pt. of chord ⊥ chord
∠ODA + 2a = 180° ∵ RLO + RMO
∠ODA = 180° − 2(72°) = 90 + 90
= 36° = 180
∵ OA = OD (radii) ∴ RLOM is a cyclic
∴ ∠OAD = ∠ODA (base s, isos. △) quadrilateral. opp. s supp.
= 36° ROM = RLM s in the same segment
∠OAB = ∠EAB − ∠OAD ∵ WNO + WMO
= 72° − 36°
= 90 + 90
= 36°
∵ ∠OAB = ∠OAD = 180
∴ OA is the angle bisector of ∠EAB. ∴ MONW is a cyclic
quadrilateral. opp. s supp.
42. (a) (i) Consider △ABM and WOM = WNM s in the same segment
△CDM. ∵ △ALM ~ △CNM proved in (a)(ii)
ABM = CDM s in the same segment ∴ ALM = CNM corr. s, ~ △s
BAM = DCM s in the same segment ∴ ROM = WOM
AMB = CMD vert. opp. s (c) Consider △ROM and
∴ △ABM ~ △CDM AAA
△WOM.
AB AM
∴ = corr. sides, ~ △s ROM = WOM proved in (b)
CD CM
OM = OM common side
AB CD OMR = OMW = 90 proved in (b)
i.e. =
AM CM ∴ △ROM  △WOM ASA
(ii) ∵ OL ⊥ AB given ∴ RM = WM corr. sides,  △s
∴ AL = LB line from centre ⊥ ∴ M is also the mid-point
1 chord bisects chord of RW.
= AB
2
∵ ON ⊥ CD given Multiple Choice Questions (p. 1.83)
∴ CN = ND line from centre ⊥ 1. Answer: B
1 chord bisects chord ∵ OC ⊥ AB (given)
= CD
2 ∴ CB = AC = 2 cm (line from centre ⊥ chord
Join LM and NM. bisects chord)
In △OAC,
OC = OA2 − AC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
= 4 − 2 cm
2 2
= 12 cm
37
1 For III,
Area of △AOB =  AB  OC
2 ADB = ACB = 90 ( in semi-circle)
1 ∵ AC = CB (proved in II)
=  (2 + 2)  12 cm 2 ∴ CBA = CAB (base s, isos. △)
2
In △ABC,
= 2 12 cm 2
CBA + CAB + ACB = 180 ( sum of △)
= 4 3 cm 2
2CAB + 90 = 180
CAB = 45
2. Answer: B ∴ ADB : CAB = 90 : 45 = 2 : 1
For I,
∴ III must be true.
∵ CQ = QD (given)
∴ The answer is D.
∴ PQ ⊥ CD (line joining centre to mid-pt. of
chord ⊥ chord) 5. Answer: B
∴ I is true. ∠ADC + ∠ABC = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
For II, ∠ADC + 120° = 180°
∵ AB = CD, OP ⊥ AB and OQ ⊥ CD
∴ OP = OQ (equal chords, equidistant from centre)  ∠ADC = 60°
∴ OQ = PQ
1

Major AC
=
ABC
ADC

2 Minor AC
∴ II is true.
For III, DA+ 4 cm 120
=
∵ OP ⊥ AB
1
(given)
 5 cm 60
DA+ 4 cm = 10 cm
∴ AP = AB (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects chord)
2
1

DA = 6 cm
=  12 cm
2
= 6 cm 6. Answer: B
In △AOP, ∠BCD + ∠BAD = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
∠BCD + 100° = 180°
OP = OA2 − AP 2 (Pyth. theorem)
∠BCD = 80°
= 10 − 6 cm
2 2
In △BCD,
= 8 cm ∠CBD + ∠BCD + ∠BDC = 180° ( sum of △)
∴ III is not true. ∠CBD + 80° + 70° = 180°
∴ The answer is B. ∠CBD = 30°
3. Answer: B  
∵ AD = CD
In △ABE,
∠EAB + ∠ABE = ∠AED (ext.  of △)
∴

AD = CD (equal chords, equal arcs)
∠EAB + 32° = 80°

∠EAB = 48°
ABD AD
CBD
=CD
∠CDB = ∠CAB (s in the same segment) ABD

=1
= 48° 30
In △CDB, ABD = 30
∠DCB + ∠CDB + ∠DBC = 180° ( sum of △)
∠DCB + 48° + 55° = 180° 7. Answer: B
DCB = 77 ∠ADC + ∠ABC = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
∠ADC = 180 − x
4. Answer : D ∠ACD + ∠AED = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
For I,

DC : CB  DC : CB in general.
In △ACD,
∠ACD = 180 − y
∴ I may not be true. ∠ACD + ∠ADC + ∠CAD = 180° ( sum of △)

(180° − y) + (180° − x) + 45° = 180°
  
For II,
ADC = AD + DC
x + y = 225
∵
 
1 1
= CB + CB
 2
= CB
2
∴ AC = CB (equal arcs, equal chords)

∴ AC : CB = 1 : 1
∴ II must be true.
38
8. Answer: A 11. Answer: B

DCB + BAD = 180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
DCB = 180 − y
∵ OD = OC (radii)
∴ ODC = OCD (base s, isos. △)
= 180 − y
DOC = ABO (corr. s, BA // OD)
Join BD.
=x
ADB = 90 ( in semi-circle)
In △OCD,
COD
CBD = ( at centre twice  at ⊙ce) ∠DOC + ∠ODC + ∠OCD = 180° ( sum of △)
2
x + (180 − y ) + (180 − y ) = 180
48
= x = 2 y − 180
2
= 24 ∴ B must be true.
x = ADB + CBD (ext.  of △)
12. Answer: D
= 90 + 24 For I,
= 114 ADE + DEB = 180 (int. s, AD // BE)
∵ ABE = DEB (given)
9. Answer: D ∴ ADE + ABE = 180
∴ ABED is a cyclic quadrilateral. (opp. s supp.)
∴ I is true.
For II,
DEB = EFC (corr. s, BE // CF)
∵ ABE = DEB (given)
∴ ABE = EFC
Join AQ. ∴ BCFE is a cyclic quadrilateral. (ext.  = int. opp. )
∠AQB = 90° ( in semi-circle) ∴ II is true.
∠AQP = ∠AQB − ∠PQB For III,
= 90° − 44° ABE + BAD = 180 (int. s, AD // BE)
= 46° ∵ DFC = ABE (ext. , cyclic quad.)
∠QAB = ∠QPB (s in the same segment) ∴ DFC + BAD = 180
= 72° ∴ ACFD is a cyclic quadrilateral. (opp. s supp.)
∴ y = ∠QAB + ∠AQP (ext.  of △) ∴ III is true.
= 72° + 46° ∴ The answer is D.
= 118
13. Answer: A
10. Answer: C ∵ O is the circumcentre of △ABC.
ACB = ADB (s in the same segment) ∴ There is a circle with centre O passing through A, B
=x and C.
BDC = BAC (s in the same segment) AOB
∴ ACB = ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
2
=
In △CDP, 110
=
CPD + PDC + DCP = 180 ( sum of △) 2
= 55
y + ( x +  ) + ( z + x) = 180
∵ ∠ACB = ∠ADB
 = 180 − 2 x − y − z ∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
∴ C must be true. (converse of s in the same segment)
∠DAB = ∠DCB (s in the same segment)
= 38°
∵ OA = OB (radii)
∴ ∠OAB = ∠OBA (base s, isos. △)
In △AOB,
∠OAB + ∠OBA + ∠AOB = 180° ( sum of △)
2∠OAB + 110° = 180°
∠OAB = 35°
∴ ∠OAD = DAB − OAB
= 38 − 35
= 3
39
HKMO (p. 1.85) 4.

1. ∠AOB = 2∠ACB ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
= 2 
∠OBC = ∠AOB (alt. ∠s, AO // BC)
= 2 
In △DBC,
∠BCD + ∠CDB + ∠DBC = 180° ( sum of △)
Join BE.
  + 111 + 2  = 180 ∠BEC = 90° ( in semi-circle)
3  = 69 ∠BEA + ∠BEC = 180° (adj. s on st. line)
 = 23 ∠BEA + 90° = 180°
∠BEA = 90°
2. BE 2 + AE 2 = AB 2 (Pyth. theorem)
BE = AB 2 − AE 2
= 82 − 4 2
= 48
Let ∠BEF = b.
Join OE.
In △EBF,
∵ OE = AE
∠EBF + ∠BEF + ∠BFE = 180° ( sum of △)
∴ ∠EOA = ∠EAO (base s, isos. △)
∠EBF + b + 90° = 180°
= 20°
∠EBF = 90 − b
∠OED = ∠EOA + ∠EAO (ext.  of △)
= 20° + 20° ∠CEF = BEC − BEF
= 40° = 90 − b
∵ OD = OE (radii) ∠ECF = BFE − CEF (ext.  of △)
∴ ∠ODE = ∠OED (base s, isos. △) = 90 − (90 − b)
= 40° =b
In △AOD, Consider △EBF and △CEF.
∠DOC = ∠DAO + ∠ODA (ext.  of △) ∠BFE = ∠EFC = 90°
x° = 20° + 40° ∠EBF = ∠CEF = 90 − b
x = 60 ∠BEF = ∠ECF = b
∴ △EBF ~ △CEF (AAA)
3. Let ∠CAD = b. Let BF = 3x units and FC = x units.
In △CAD, EF BF
∠ACD + ∠CAD + ∠ADC = 180° ( sum of △) = (corr. sides, ~△s)
CF EF
∠ACD + b + 90° = 180° EF = 3 x
2 2
∠ACD = 90 − b
∠BAC = 90° ( in semi-circle) EF = 3 x
∠BAD =  BAC − CAD EC CF
= (corr. sides, ~△s)
= 90 − b BE EF
(ext.  of △) EC x
∠ABD = ADC − BAD =
= 90 − (90 − b) 48 3x
=b EC =
48
Consider △ABD and △CAD. 3
∠BDA = ∠ADC = 90° =4
∠BAD = ∠ACD = 90 − b
∠ABD = ∠CAD = b
∴ △ABD ~ △CAD (AAA) Exam Focus
AD CD Exam-type Questions (p. 1.87)
∴ BD = AD (corr. sides, ~△s)
1. (a) (i) ∵ H is the orthocentre of △ABC.
a 4 ∴ ∠APB = 90°
=
1 a ∴ AB is a diameter of the circle passing
a2 = 4 through A, P and B.
a = 2 or − 2(rejected) (converse of  in semi-circle)
∵ E is the mid-point of AB.
∴ E is the centre of the circle.
∴ E is the circumcentre of △APB.
40
(ii) ∵ E is the circumcentre proved in (a)(i) BP BA

= corr. sides, ~△s
of △APB. BC BQ
∴ EB = EP BP 2 BC
∴ ∠EBP = ∠EPB base s, isos. △ =
BC BQ
(b) 2 BC 2 = BP • BQ
1
BC 2 = • BP • BQ
2
(b) From (a),
1
BC 2 = • BP • BQ
2
Join EF and DF. 1
∵ G is the centroid of △ABC. • BP • BQ
BC 2
∴ AF = FC and CD = DB = 2
BC BC
∵ AF = FC and AE = EB
1 BP
∴ FE // CB mid-pt. theorem BC = • • BQ
2 BC
∵ CF = FA and CD = DB
1 2
∴ FD // AB mid-pt. theorem = • • BQ
2 3
∴ FDBE is a parallelogram.
1
∠EFD = ∠EBP opp. s of // gram = BQ
3
∠EBP = ∠EPB proved in (a)(ii)
∴ BQ = 3BC
∴ ∠EFD = ∠EPB
Let BC = a, then
∴ D, P, E and F are concyclic. ext.  = int. opp. 
2
BP = a and BQ = 3a.
2. (a) Consider △ADE and △CBE. 3
∠ADE = ∠CBE s in the same segment
DE = BE given
∠DEA = ∠BEC vert. opp. s
∴ △ADE  △CBE ASA
(b)
With the notation in the figure,

1
• BP • CE
Area of △ BPC
= 2
Area of △ PQC 1
Let F be a point on AC such that EF ⊥ AC. • PQ • CE
2
∵ AE = CE (corr. sides, △s) BP
and EF ⊥ AC =
PQ
∴ AF = FC (prop. of isos. △)
2
∵ EF is the perpendicular bisector of AC. a
∴ The straight line passing through E and F passes = 3
2
through the centre of the circle. 3a − a
(⊥bisector of chord passes through centre) 3
∴ The centroid of △AEC lies on the straight line 2
=
passing through the point E and the centre of the 7
circle. ∴ Area of △BPC : area of △PQC = 2 : 7
3. (a) Consider △ABP and △QBC. 4. (a) ∵ I is the incentre of △ABC.

∠BAP = ∠BQC s in the same segment ∴ ∠ACD = ∠DCB
∠ABP = ∠QBC common angle ∠FIE = ∠DCB alt. ∠s, EI // BC
∠APB = 90°  in semi-circle ∠ABD = ∠ACD s in the same
∠APQ = 180° − ∠APB adj. s on st. line segment
= 90° ∴ ∠FIE = ∠FBE
∠ACQ = ∠APQ s in the same segment ∴ B, I, F and E are concyclic. converse of s in
= 90° the same segment
∠QCB = 180° − ∠ACQ adj. s on st. line (b) ∵ I is the incentre of △ABC.
= 90° ∴ ∠FBI = ∠IBC
∴ ∠APB = ∠QCB ∠EIB = ∠IBC alt. ∠s, EI // BC
∴ △ABP ~ △QBC AAA ∠EFB = ∠EIB s in the same
segment
∴ ∠EFB = ∠FBI
∴ EF // BI alt. ∠s equal
41
5. Answer: A 7. Answer: A
∵ AD = BD (given)
∴ OD ⊥ AB (line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord
⊥ chord)
OA = OC (radii)
= (8 + 9) cm
= 17 cm
Join EC. In △AOD,
In △ABC, AD 2 = OA 2 − OD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
∠BAC + ∠ACB + ∠ABC = 180° ( sum of △)
AD = 17 − 8 cm
2 2
∠BAC + 47° + 70° = 180°
= 15 cm
 ∠BAC = 63°
cos AOD =
OD
BCE
BAC
= 
BE
BEC
=
OA
8
BCE 2 17
= AOD  61.9275 
63 2 +1
BCE = 42 Area of the shaded region ADC
ACE + ADE = 180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.) = Area of sector AOC − area of △AOD
(ACB + BCE ) + ADE = 180  AOD 1 
=  (17 2 )  −  15  8 cm 2
 360 2 
(47 + 42) + ADE = 180
ADE = 91 = 96 cm 2 (cor. to the nearest cm 2 )
6. Answer: B 8. Answer: A
For I,
∵ BD is the angle bisector of ∠OBC.
∴ ∠CBE = ∠OBD
∵ OD = OB (radii)
∴ ∠ODB = ∠OBD (base s, isos. △)
∴ ∠ODE = ∠CBE
∠OED = ∠CEB (vert. opp. s)
Join AD. In △DOE,
AOD
ABD = ( at centre twice  at ☉ce) ∠DOE = 180 − OED − ODE ( sum of △)
2
100 = 180 − CEB − CBE
= = BCE ( sum of △)
2
= 50 ∴ △OED ~ △CEB (AAA)
∵ BD is the angle bisector of ∠ABC. ∴ I is true.
∴ ∠CBD = ∠ABD For II,
= 50° ∵ There is not sufficient data to show
∵ OA = OD (radii) △OBD ~ △CBD.
∴ ∠OAD = ∠ODA (base s, isos. △) ∴ II may not be true.
In △AOD, For III,
∵ There is not sufficient data to show
∠ODA + ∠OAD + ∠AOD = 180° ( sum of △)
△BOE ~ △DCE.
2∠ODA + 100° = 180°
∴ III may not be true.
∠ODA = 40°
∴ The answer is A.
∠ABC + ∠ADC = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
(50° + 50°) + (14° + 40° + ∠BDO) = 180°
BDO = 26
42

5A01 Exercise E

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5A01 Exercise E

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1 Basic Properties of Circles

1 Basic Properties of Circles

Review Exercise 1 (p. 1.7) BE 2 = 10 2 cm 2 = 100 cm 2

3. The sum of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is

Classwork (p. 1.30) 

2. ∵ PSR = 40 + 45 x 30

x 4 (c) ADC + ABC = 180 (opp. ∠s, cyclic quad.)

Quick Practice 1.4 (p. 1.19)

Quick Practice 1.2 (p. 1.15)

Quick Practice 1.12 (p. 1.43) (b) In △BAD,

(equal chords, equal arcs)

(b) ∵ △ABC  △BAD proved in (a) CBD = ACB

AOD 10 Quick Practice 1.18 (p. 1.55)

Quick Practice 1.19 (p. 1.56) Further Practice

Quick Practice 1.22 (p. 1.67) 2. (a) ∵ AM = BM given

(b) ∵ ONPM is a square. (proved in (a))

chord bisects chord) y 6 cm

Further Practice (p. 1.35)

4. ∵ OP = OQ, OP ⊥ AB and OQ ⊥ CD (given)

12. ∵ ON⊥CD (given) = 7.5 2 − 6 2 cm

15. ∵ AM = MB (given) 17. Construct a circle with centre O lying on BH as shown,

Draw OM and ON such that OM ⊥ AB and ON ⊥ BC.

(b) In △OMA, 25.

∴ MB = AB (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects chord)

OB = 13 cm (radius) r 2 = ON 2 + 144  (2)

(ii) (b) ∵ AB = AC and BP = PC

= 625 cm 2 108 − 2 108 a + a 2 = a 2 + 36

28. (a) PQ = PR + RQ ∵ OB⊥CD (by construction)

29. (a) Denote the centre of the circle by O. 1

1 (b) Let PK = a cm, then PH = (20 − a) cm.

= 6 cm CP 2 = 400 − (20 − a ) 2  (2)

5. ∵ DA = DC (given) 11. AOC = BAO (alt. ∠s, AB // CO)

∴ ABD = ADB 19. In △ABE,

90 + ABC + 50 = 180 = 2x

(b) In △CBE, (b) Reflex AOC = 360 − x (s at a pt.)

24. (a) Consider △AKD and △BKC.

28. (a) ∵ EA = EB given 

BCE = EBA − BED ext.  of △ y 24

AOB + AOB + 51 = 180

 BAC = 54 Join BC.

12. ∵ APC = 5 + 10 x + 6 80

8 50 ABD (13 − 4) cm

(b) Reflex ∠AOD = 360 − AOD (∠s at a pt.)

22. (a) = ADB : BEC : CAD : DBE : ECA

BEC 3 C + CDB + CBD = 180 (∠ sum of △)

3. ABF = ADC (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.) In △BCE,

6. (a) In △ACD, 10. In △CAD,

(b) DFE = BCD (ext. , cyclic quad.)  

60 + 96 + DEF = 180 BAC = DAC

In △ACD, COA = 360 − reflex COA (s at a pt.)

13. Join DC.

14. FCD + DEF = 180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.) 18.

= 2 110 ABC + (65 + 50) = 180

19. Exercise 1E (p. 1.67)

7. (a) ∵ BAC = 90° and BDC = 90 13. ∵ AC = BC given

8. (a) In △BCD, FEC = 180 − 90 adj. s on st. line

20. Join OC and let CAB = x.

21. (a) ∵ BAD + BCD = 90 + 90

Check Yourself (p. 1.75) For III,

x = 22 Revision Exercise 1 (p. 1.76)

5. ∠ADC + ∠ABC = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.) AOB

6. ∠ADC + ∠ABC = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.) Join BE.

DOC 15. AOB + BOD = 180 (adj. s on st. line)

14. (a) AB2 + BC2 = (242 + 72) cm2