■ Subject / Title: ★ 출처 - 『The Joy of Science (2022) 』, by Jim Al-Khalili, on

2025학년도 수능특강 <영어독해> 수업용자료 B 05강
▶ 01번 ■ Subject / Title
❶ It can often feel frustrating and pointless to argue with a
conspiracist. ❷ Highlighting logical contradictions or a lack of
reliable evidence, even showing them evidence that counters their ■ Teacher’s Note
★ 출처 – 『The Joy of Science
claim, can seem like a waste of time when you don’t make (2022)』, by Jim Al-Khalili, on
page 111
progress in changing a person’s mind. ❸ But that does not mean
you shouldn’t try. ❹ What you should not do is accuse another
person of ignorance or stupidity, however tempting that might be
in the heat of an argument. ❺ Instead, examine where they have
obtained their evidence; ask them what the chances are that the
conspiracy could have been kept a secret by so many people.
❻ The Moon landing hoax is a good example of a conspiracy
theory that is difficult to justify on these grounds, as it requires
tens of thousands of people working for NASA and the many
other industries that supported the Apollo missions to have been
‘in on it’ and to have remained silent for half a century. ❼ Just as
importantly, try to understand their underlying concerns and why it
is that they believe, or want to believe, what they do.
■ Vocabulary
★ 무단도용, 타사이트 게시, 온라인 파일 배포, 상업적 목적의 제본 및 판매 금지 ★

❶ Many sports involve interpreting and anticipating the behavior
of other athletes. ❷ In basketball, for example, an athlete not only
must execute actions in light of her immediate goals and overall ■ Teacher’s Note
★ 출처 – 『Handbook of Embodied
game strategy, she also must coordinate her actions with her Cognition and Sport Psychology
(2019)』, by Massimiliano L. Cappuccio,
on page 13
teammates’ complementary actions and opponents’ disruptive,
incompatible actions. ❸ Coordinating her actions with teammates
and opponents requires interpreting their behavior and anticipating
what they will do next. ❹ For instance, she must recognize when
an opponent is driving to the basket, anticipate the positions her
teammates will be in when the opponent is driving to the basket,
and decide whether to pursue the driving opponent or let a
better-positioned teammate step in to defend against the drive.
❺ This dynamic interaction happens very quickly, and superior
athletes are more highly skilled at coordinating their behavior with
teammates and opponents’ behavior.
■ Vocabulary

❶ We all have an intuitive sense of what “politics” means, but
may find it harder to define the term precisely. ❷ Modern political
science offers a clear and helpful concept: politics is collective

■ Teacher’s Note
choice that is binding on a community. ❸ To see this, draw a ★ 출처 – couldn’t be found on
the Internet.
contrast between politics as the domain of collective choice and
economics as the domain of individual choice. ❹ Economic
choices — for example, what to consume or produce, or what
kind of employment to engage in — are individual and voluntary.
❺ Such choices will be constrained — we may not be able to buy
everything we want, or choose the exact job we want — but they
are not coerced. ❻ We make these choices, and no one else
forces us to do so. ❼ Furthermore, these choices affect only the
person who makes them and other, similarly consenting individuals
who freely enter into voluntary, contractual relationships. ❽ By
contrast, political choices are collective and binding. ❾ They may
be a consequence of individual decisions (in a dictatorship, the
choice of a single leader; in a democracy, the choices of a
majority of citizens), but everyone in the community is obliged to
accept these decisions whether or not they support them.
■ Vocabulary

❶ It is not perhaps surprising that prior experience affects the
interpretation of and response to symptoms. ❷ Having a history
of particular symptoms or experience of illness in others (i.e. ■ Teacher’s Note

★ 출처 – couldn’t be found on
vicarious experience) generates assumptions about the meaning the Internet.
and implications of some symptoms. ❸ Also, symptoms considered
to be rare in either one’s own experience, or in that of others, are
more likely to be interpreted as serious than a previously
experienced or widespread symptom. ❹ Believing symptoms to be
‘just a bug that’s going round’ can mean that people sometimes
ignore potentially dangerous ‘warning signals’. ❺ A knowledge of
which bodily signs are associated with particular behaviour or
illnesses (e.g. sweats and exercise, sweats and flu) will enable
interpretation of the symptom and attachment of a meaning to it.
❻ These reserves of knowledge are known as ‘disease prototypes’.
❼ Relevant to the ongoing (at the time of writing) coronavirus
outbreak is the earlier finding that people tend to perceive novel
viral threats as higher in risk compared to more common threats
such as influenza.
■ Vocabulary

▶ 05~06번 (1) ■ Subject / Title
❶ Following the dramatic arc of sporting contests and athletic
careers allows us to witness the efforts of athletes to live good
human lives — to pursue excellence, victory, fame, and fortune

★ 출처 – 『The Ethics of Sports
and also to deal with failure and loss. ❷ And while the drama of
Fandom (2021)』, by Adam Kadlac
a play or novel is the scripted drama of the author’s creation, the
drama of sport is that of real people who must live with the
consequences of their decisions. ❸ This is one reason why I reject
the idea that sports should be sharply separated from “real life.”
❹ When we watch sports, we are not watching characters. ❺ The
actor who plays Romeo doesn’t die at the end of the
performance; he gets to leave the character’s plight behind when
he goes home. ❻ By contrast, injuries that players suffer in the
pursuit of their goals are not rehearsed, and the quarterback of
the losing team does not get to divest himself of the game’s
result. ❼ If these features of sports do not necessarily make
sports an encouragement to ethical reflection that is superior to
drama or literature, I think they at least show that sports are not
inferior in this regard. ❽ At a minimum, I want to insist that if it
makes sense to regard the plays of Shakespeare as legitimate
sources for our own thinking about the nature of the good life,
then there is no reason to think that sports are less capable of
igniting such reflective capacities.

▶ 05~06번 (2) ■ Teacher’s Note
■ Vocabulary

❶ Participants who volunteer for a study must be allowed to
discontinue participation. ❷ If research participants feel stressed,
tired, or otherwise unable to continue the study to completion, ■ Teacher’s Note

★ 출처 – 『RESEARCH METHODS
there should be no stated threat of penalty for withdrawing. ❸ The FOR EVERYDAY LIFE Blending
Qualitative and Quantitative
Approaches(2008)』, by SCOTT W.
informed consent should make it clear what the results of
VANDERSTOEP DEIRDRE D.
JOHNSTON, on page 14
terminating will be, even if the probability of withdrawal is low.
❹ One approach to this problem is to provide participants with
prorated compensation based on the percentage of the study they
completed. ❺ If participants are being paid $25 for participating in
a focus group, and the focus group begins to explore issues that
make the participant uneasy, a withdrawing participant should be
paid for the part of the focus group that she or he completed.
❻ For college students who participate for course credit, such
partial credit could be harder to construct — but you should have
a plan, especially if you think participants might not finish the
study. ❼ As with many parts of the research process, it is wise to
prepare for low-probability events.
■ Vocabulary

❶ Reproduction is a fundamental problem for all organisms.
❷ Animal species exhibit a diverse range of strategies to produce
offspring, which often require large inputs of energy and are

★ 출처 – 『An Ecology of High-
associated with major risks to their survival. ❸ Among mammals,
Altitude Infancy: A Biocultural
Perspective (2004)』, by Andrea S.
females undergo more direct costs of reproduction insofar as they Wiley, on page 1
carry (literally) the burden of embryonic and fetal growth and
nourishment of the young through lactation. ❹ Thus the health of
a female mammal directly affects reproductive outcome, both in
terms of her fertility and the survival or death of her offspring.
❺ Human females experience these costs as a function of their
mammalian heritage, but the variety of environments they inhabit
generates substantial differences in the reproductive risks that
women face. ❻ Their abilities to reduce these risks are important
determinants of individual and population differences in maternal
and child health and survival.
■ Vocabulary

❶ Galileo studied terrestrial gravitation not by asking about the
nature of gravity, but by observing how objects behave when
gravity acts on them. ❷ In particular, he did a series of ■ Teacher’s Note

★ 출처 – 『Science Matters:
Achieving Scientific Literacy (200
experiments on balls rolling down inclined planes (the purpose of
9)』, by Robert M. Hazen, James
Trefil, on page 14
the incline being, in his words, to “dilute” gravity enough so that
he could measure the time it took for the ball to roll with the
primitive clocks available to him). ❸ By meticulously measuring the
time it took the ball to travel various distances, he was able to
find out how the speed of the ball changed in transit. ❹ His
bottom line: Terrestrial gravity causes all objects to accelerate the
same amount, regardless of their mass, and the rate of that
acceleration is constant. ❺ These simple observations allowed
Galileo and his contemporaries to understand (and predict) things
like the fall of a stone or the arc of a cannonball. ❻ They are the
basic facts that tell you everything you need to know about how
unsupported objects behave at the surface of our planet.
■ Vocabulary

❶ The rule about not being a hero isn’t about not taking action.
❷ This rule is about being a bigger person and having the good
sense to walk away from a potential confrontation — even if there

is a part of you that doesn’t want to. ❸ Trust me. ❹ I know how ★ 출처 – 『Spy Secrets That Can
Save Your Life: A Former CIA
Officer Reveals Safety and
hard this can be. ❺ I was running early one morning in Baltimore,
Survival Techniques to Keep You
and Your Family Protected (201
Maryland, toward the inner harbor. ❻ I noticed two guys on the 5)』, by Jason Hanson, on page 4
sidewalk ahead of me. ❼ I was in my jogging clothes, and they
were fully dressed walking around at 6 a.m., which is a bit
unusual. ❽ As I ran toward them, I saw them look at each other
and then spread apart, creating a situation in which I’d have to
run between the two of them. ❾ If I had placed myself between
them, who knows what they might have done? ❿ I decided to
play it safe: run across the street, making sure to give them eye
contact and let them know I’m paying attention. ⓫ Maybe it was
nothing. ⓬ Maybe they had six friends around the corner and
they were going to rob me. ⓭ My main point is that I didn’t let
my ego get in the way; I didn't feel a need to prove myself by
running between them and risk a potentially dangerous situation.
■ Vocabulary

▶ 11~12번 (1) ■ Subject / Title
❶ Ownership of the media gives control over the nature of the
information distributed. ❷ Proponents of public ownership of the
media argue that because information is a public good — that is,

once it has been supplied to some consumers it is hard to keep it ★ 출처 – 『The Right to Tell: The
Role of Mass Media in Economic
Development (2002)』, by Roumeen
away from others who have not paid for it — private owners tend
Islam, on page 5
to provide less information than would be socially desirable. ❸ They
also argue that with private ownership the media industry runs the
risk of representing the views of only a narrow group in society,
and state ownership of the media is necessary to expose the
public to desirable cultural or educational themes or values.
❹ Opponents of public ownership argue that government control
of the media can be used to manipulate people and distort the
information supplied in the incumbent government’s favor.
❺ Moreover, experience shows that government-owned enterprises
are less likely to be responsive to consumer demand. ❻ Finally,
government-owned media are not subject to competition, thus
giving rise to the danger of both poor-quality production and
inefficiencies. ❼ A recent article on the British Broadcasting
Corporation (BBC) claims that government ownership makes it
harder than it would otherwise be for other media companies to
grow. ❽ The article claims that the large amounts of tax revenue
that are given to the BBC give it an advantage relative to private
companies. ❾ It also contends that as a private company, the BBC
would be more dynamic, and therefore better able to compete
with global media firms.

▶ 11~12번 (2) ■ Teacher’s Note
■ Vocabulary

■ Subject / Title: ★ 출처 - 『The Joy of Science (2022) 』, by Jim Al-Khalili, on

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2025학년도 수능특강 <영어독해> 수업용자료 B 05강

▶ 01번 ■ Subject / Title

❶ It can often feel frustrating and pointless to argue with a

conspiracist. ❷ Highlighting logical contradictions or a lack of

you shouldn’t try. ❹ What you should not do is accuse another

person of ignorance or stupidity, however tempting that might be

in the heat of an argument. ❺ Instead, examine where they have

conspiracy could have been kept a secret by so many people.

❻ The Moon landing hoax is a good example of a conspiracy

theory that is difficult to justify on these grounds, as it requires

tens of thousands of people working for NASA and the many

other industries that supported the Apollo missions to have been

importantly, try to understand their underlying concerns and why it

is that they believe, or want to believe, what they do.

★ 무단도용, 타사이트 게시, 온라인 파일 배포, 상업적 목적의 제본 및 판매 금지 ★

▶ 02번 ■ Subject / Title

❶ Many sports involve interpreting and anticipating the behavior

of other athletes. ❷ In basketball, for example, an athlete not only

incompatible actions. ❸ Coordinating her actions with teammates

and opponents requires interpreting their behavior and anticipating

an opponent is driving to the basket, anticipate the positions her

teammates will be in when the opponent is driving to the basket,

and decide whether to pursue the driving opponent or let a

better-positioned teammate step in to defend against the drive.

❺ This dynamic interaction happens very quickly, and superior

athletes are more highly skilled at coordinating their behavior with

teammates and opponents’ behavior.

★ 무단도용, 타사이트 게시, 온라인 파일 배포, 상업적 목적의 제본 및 판매 금지 ★

▶ 03번 ■ Subject / Title

❶ We all have an intuitive sense of what “politics” means, but

may find it harder to define the term precisely. ❷ Modern political

science offers a clear and helpful concept: politics is collective

economics as the domain of individual choice. ❹ Economic

choices — for example, what to consume or produce, or what

kind of employment to engage in — are individual and voluntary.

❺ Such choices will be constrained — we may not be able to buy

everything we want, or choose the exact job we want — but they

are not coerced. ❻ We make these choices, and no one else

forces us to do so. ❼ Furthermore, these choices affect only the

person who makes them and other, similarly consenting individuals

who freely enter into voluntary, contractual relationships. ❽ By

contrast, political choices are collective and binding. ❾ They may

be a consequence of individual decisions (in a dictatorship, the

choice of a single leader; in a democracy, the choices of a

majority of citizens), but everyone in the community is obliged to

accept these decisions whether or not they support them.

★ 무단도용, 타사이트 게시, 온라인 파일 배포, 상업적 목적의 제본 및 판매 금지 ★

▶ 04번 ■ Subject / Title

❶ It is not perhaps surprising that prior experience affects the

interpretation of and response to symptoms. ❷ Having a history

of particular symptoms or experience of illness in others (i.e. ■ Teacher’s Note

and implications of some symptoms. ❸ Also, symptoms considered

to be rare in either one’s own experience, or in that of others, are

more likely to be interpreted as serious than a previously

experienced or widespread symptom. ❹ Believing symptoms to be

ignore potentially dangerous ‘warning signals’. ❺ A knowledge of

which bodily signs are associated with particular behaviour or

interpretation of the symptom and attachment of a meaning to it.

❻ These reserves of knowledge are known as ‘disease prototypes’.

❼ Relevant to the ongoing (at the time of writing) coronavirus

outbreak is the earlier finding that people tend to perceive novel

viral threats as higher in risk compared to more common threats

★ 무단도용, 타사이트 게시, 온라인 파일 배포, 상업적 목적의 제본 및 판매 금지 ★