Electrical Wiring Residential 9th

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ELECTRICAL WIRING 9th CANADIAN EDITION
MULLIN
GEROLIMON

RESIDENTIAL
GRANELLI
TRINEER
BRANCH
SIMMONS

BASED ON
THE 2021
CANADIAN
ELECTRICAL
CODE
 2021 Canadian Electrical Code
and related products
Meeting the requirements of the updated IEC 62368-1
standard
In addition to CSA C22.1:21, Canadian Electrical
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to assist with the interpretation and application
of the Code.
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© 2021 Canadian Standards Association. All Rights Reserved.
ELECTRICAL WIRING
RESIDENTIAL
9th CANADIAN EDITION

MULLIN | GEROLIMON
GRANELLI | TRINEER
BRANCH | SIMMONS

BASED ON
THE 2021
CANADIAN
ELECTRICAL
CODE

Australia Brazil Canada Mexico Singapore United Kingdom United States

Electrical Wiring: Residential, Ninth Canadian
Edition
Ray C. Mullin, Sandy F. Gerolimon,
Ron Granelli, Craig Trineer, Tony Branch,
Phil Simmons
Senior Director, Product: Jackie Wood
Senior Portfolio Manager: Alexis Hood
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Cover Image: Chris McDowell Photography
Notice to the Reader
Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of
the products described herein or perform any
independent analysis in connection with any of the
product information contained herein. Publisher does
not assume, and expressly disclaims, any obligation
to obtain and include information other than that
provided to it by the manufacturer. The reader is
expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety
precautions that might be indicated by the activities
described herein and to avoid all potential hazards. By
following the instructions contained herein, the reader
willingly assumes all risks in connection with such
instructions. The publisher makes no representations
or warranties of any kind, including but not limited
to, the warranties of fitness for particular purpose
or merchantability, nor are any such representations
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resulting, in whole or part, from the readers’ use of,
or reliance upon, this material.
Printed in the United States of America
Print Number: 02 Print Year: 2021
© 2022, 2019 Cengage Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Adapted from Electrical Wiring: Residential, 20th Edition, by Phil Simmons,
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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication:
Title: Electrical wiring, residential / Mullin, Gerolimon, Granelli, Trineer,
Branch, Simmons.
Names: Mullin, Ray C., author.
Description: 9th Canadian edition. | First Canadian edition published under
title: Electrical wiring, residential, in 1994. | “Based on the 2021 Canadian
Electrical Code.” | Includes indexes.
Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20210198532 | Canadiana (ebook)
20210198540 | ISBN 9780176929770 (softcover) | ISBN 9780176930134
(PDF)
Subjects: LCSH: Electric wiring, Interior. | LCSH: Dwellings—Electric equipment.
Classification: LCC TK3285 .M84 2021 | DDC 621.319/24—dc23
Print text ISBN: 978-0-17-692977-0
Ebook ISBN: 978-0-17-693013-4
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Brief Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Unit 1: General Information for Electrical Installations . . . 1
Unit 2: Drawings and Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Unit 3: Electrical Outlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Unit 4: Determining the Number and Location of
Lighting and Receptacle Branch Circuits . . . . . . . . 57
Unit 5: Conductor Sizes and Types, Wiring
Methods, Wire Connections, Voltage
Drop, and Neutral Sizing for Services . . . . . . . . . . 70
Unit 6: Switch Control of Lighting Circuits, Device
Bonding, and Induction Heating Resulting
from Unusual Switch Connections . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Unit 7: Service Entrance Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Unit 8: Service Entrance Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Unit 9: Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters, Arc-Fault
Circuit Interrupters, Transient Voltage Surge
Suppressors, and Isolated Ground Receptacles . 177
Unit 10: Luminaires and Ballasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Unit 11: Branch Circuits for the Bedrooms,
Study, and Halls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Unit 12: Branch Circuits for the Living Room
and Front Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Unit 13: Branch Circuits for Bathrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Unit 14: Lighting Branch Circuit and Small-Appliance
Circuits for the Kitchen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

iii
iv BRIEF CONTENTS

Unit 15: Special-Purpose Outlets for Ranges,

Counter-Mounted Cooking Units
G, Wall-Mounted Ovens F , Food Waste

Disposals H, and Dishwashers I . . . . . . . . . . . 272

Unit 16: Branch Circuits for the Laundry,
Powder Room/Washroom, and Attic . . . . . . . . . . 287
Unit 17: Electric Heating and Air Conditioning . . . . . . . . . 303
Unit 18: Oil and Gas Heating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Unit 19: Recreation Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Unit 20: Branch Circuits for Workshop and Utility Area . . 342
Unit 21: Smoke and Carbon Monoxide Alarms
and Security Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Unit 22: Swimming Pools, Spas, and Hot Tubs . . . . . . . . . 376
Unit 23: Television, Telephone, Data, and
Home Automation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Unit 24: Lighting Branch Circuit for the
Garage and Outdoor Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Unit 25: Standby Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Unit 26: Alternative Energy Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

Appendix A: Profession as an “Electrician” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

Appendix B: Specifications for Electrical Work—Single-Family
Dwelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Appendix C: Jack Pin Designations and Colour Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Appendix D: EIA/TIA 568A and 568B: Standards for Cabling Used
in Telecommunications Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Code Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

Residential Plans (Inserted at Back of Book)

Sheet 1 of 8 Site Plan
Sheet 2 of 8 Foundation/Basement Plan
Sheet 3 of 8 First Floor Plan
Sheet 4 of 8 Cross Section A-A
Sheet 5 of 8 Basement Electrical Plan
Sheet 6 of 8 First Floor Electrical Plan
Sheet 7 of 8 Interior Elevations; Rooms, Doors, and Windows
Schedule; Electrical Panel Layout
Sheet 8 of 8 Code Requirements for Swimming Pool
Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi

UNIT

1
General Information for Electrical Installations . . . . . . . . . 1
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Codes and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Personal Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Testing and Accreditation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Electrical Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Units of Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Common Conversions of Trade Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

UNIT Drawings and Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2
Technical Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Visualizing a Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Building Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Symbols and Notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
The Working Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Electrical Outlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Electrical Outlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
UNIT

3
Luminaires and Outlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Junction Boxes and Switch (Device) Boxes
(Rules 12-3000 Through 12-3036) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
v
vi CONTENTS

Non-Metallic Outlet and Device Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Ganged Switch (Device) Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Boxes for Conduit Wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Special - Purpose Outlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Number of Conductors in a Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Selecting a Box When All Conductors Are the Same Size . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Selecting a Box When Conductors Are Different
Sizes, Rule 12-3034 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Box Fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Locating Outlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Positioning Receptacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

UNIT

4
Determining the Number and Location of
Lighting and Receptacle Branch Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Receptacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Basics of Wire Sizing and Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Lighting Branch Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Receptacle Branch Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Preparing a Lighting and Receptacle Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

UNIT

5
Conductor Sizes and Types, Wiring Methods, Wire
Connections, Voltage Drop, and Neutral
Sizing for Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Voltage Drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Approximate Conductor Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Calculation of Maximum Length of Cable Run Using Table D3 . . . . . . . 81
Non-Metallic-Sheathed Cable (Rules 12-500 Through 12-526) . . . . . . . 81
Armoured Cable (Rules 12-600 Through 12-618) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Installing Cables Through Wood and Metal Framing Members
(Rule 12-516) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Installation of Cable in Attics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Installation of Cables Through Ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Connectors for Installing Non-Metallic-Sheathed and
Armoured Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
 CONTENTS vii

Electrical Metallic Tubing (Rules 12-1400 Through 12-1414)

and Rigid Metal Conduit (Rules 12-1000 Through 12-1014) . . . . . . . 93
Rigid PVC Conduit (Rules 12-1100 Through 12-1124) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Flexible Connections (Rules 12-1000 Through 12-1014 and
12-1300 Through 12-1308) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Flexible Metal Conduit (Rules 12-1002 Through 12-1014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Liquidtight Flexible Metal Conduit (Rules 12-1300
Through 12-1308) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Liquidtight Flexible Non-Metallic Conduit (Rules
12-1300 Through 12-1308) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

UNIT Switch Control of Lighting Circuits, Device

6
Bonding, and Induction Heating Resulting
from Unusual Switch Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Conductor Identification (Rule 4-032) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Toggle Switches (Rules 14-500 Through 14-514) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Bonding at Receptacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Ungrounded-Type Receptacles, Rule 26-702 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Induction Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Tamper-Resistant Receptacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

UNIT

7
Service Entrance Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Size of Service Entrance Conductors and Service
Disconnecting Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Service Calculations for a Single-Family Dwelling,
Rule 8-200: Calculating Floor Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Service Calculations for Apartments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Service Entrance Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

UNIT

8
Service Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Overhead Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Mast-Type Service Entrance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Underground Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Main Service Disconnect Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Electric Vehicle Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Service Entrance Conduit Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Grounding—Why Ground? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
viii CONTENTS

Grounding Electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Grounding the Service When Non-Metallic Water Pipe is Used . . . . . . 154
Summary—Service Entrance Equipment Grounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Multiple Meter Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Branch-Circuit Overcurrent Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Interrupting Ratings for Fuses and Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Panels and Load Centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Reading the Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

UNIT

9
Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters, Arc-Fault
Circuit Interrupters, Transient Voltage Surge
Suppressors, and Isolated Ground Receptacles . . . . . . . 177
Electrical Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Code Requirements for Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs) . . . 178
Precautions for Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter in Residence Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Feedthrough Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Identification, Testing, and Recording of GFCI Receptacles . . . . . . . . . 184
Replacing Existing Receptacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Ground-Fault Protection for Construction Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupters (AFCIs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Surge Protective Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Isolated Ground Receptacle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

UNIT

10
Luminaires and Ballasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Bringing Light to a Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Residential Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Types of Luminaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
CEC Requirements for Installing Recessed Luminaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Ballast Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Luminaire Voltage Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
LED versus Incandescent Brightness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Lamp Efficacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Lamp Colour Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
LED Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
 CONTENTS ix

UNIT

11
Branch Circuits for the Bedrooms, Study, and Halls . . . 216
Grouping Outlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Cable Runs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Estimating Loads for Outlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Drawing the Wiring Diagram of a Lighting Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Receptacle Branch-Circuit Master and Study Bedroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Branch-Circuit A24 Outside Receptacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Determining the Wall Box Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Bonding of Wall Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Positioning of Split-Circuit Receptacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Positioning of Receptacles Near Electric Baseboard Heating . . . . . . . . 224
Luminaires in Clothes Closets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Lighting Branch-Circuit A14 for Master Bedroom,
Front Bedroom, and Bathrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Sliding Glass Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Selection of Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Lighting Circuit for Study, Exterior Rear, Living Room,
and Hall Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Paddle Fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

UNIT Branch Circuits for the Living Room and Front Entry . . 235

12
Lighting Circuit Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Dimmer Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Incandescent Lamp Load Inrush Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Branch Circuit for Front Entry, Porch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

UNIT Branch Circuits for Bathrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

13
Bathrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
General Comments on Lamps and Colour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Lighting Fixtures in Bathrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Hallway Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Receptacle Outlets in Hallways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Bonding Requirements for a Bathroom Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Indoor Air Quality and the Bathroom Fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Hydromassage Bathtub Circuit A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
x CONTENTS

UNIT Lighting Branch Circuit and Small-Appliance

14
Circuits for the Kitchen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Lighting Circuit B7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Kitchen Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Small-Appliance and Branch Circuits for Convenience . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Split-Circuit Receptacles and Multi-Wire Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
General Bonding Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

UNIT Special-Purpose Outlets for Ranges,

15
Counter-Mounted Cooking Units G ,
Wall-Mounted Ovens F , Food Waste
Disposals H , and Dishwashers I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Counter-Mounted Cooking Unit Circuit G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Temperature Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Wall-Mounted Oven Circuit F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Branch-Circuit Requirements for Ranges, Ovens,
and Countertop Cooking Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Freestanding Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Branch Circuits Supplying Separate Built-in Cooking Units . . . . . . . . . 279
Food Waste Disposal H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Dishwasher I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Portable Dishwashers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Cord Connection of Fixed Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

UNIT

16
Branch Circuits for the Laundry, Powder Room/Washroom,
and Attic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Dryer Circuit D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Receptacle Outlets—Laundry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Lighting Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Humidity Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Attic Lighting and Pilot Light Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Attic Exhaust Fan Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

UNIT

17
Electric Heating and Air Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
General Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Types of Electric Heating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Separate Circuit Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Control of Electric Heating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
 CONTENTS xi

Circuit Requirements for Baseboard Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

Location of Electric Baseboard Heaters in Relation
to Receptacle Outlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Circuit Requirements for Electric Furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Heat Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Marking the Conductors of Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Room Air Conditioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Receptacles for Air Conditioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Central Heating and Air Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Special Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Loads Not Used Simultaneously . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

UNIT Oil and Gas Heating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

18
Principles of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Major Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Self-Generating (Millivolt) System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Supply Circuit Wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Control-Circuit Wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

UNIT

19
Recreation Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Recreation Room Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Two- and Three-Wire Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

UNIT Branch Circuits for Workshop and Utility Area . . . . . . . . 342

20
Workshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Workbench Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Receptacle Outlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Cable Installation in Basements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Multioutlet Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Empty Conduits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Workshop/Utility area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Well Pump Circuit B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Jet Pump Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Deep Well Submersible Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Water Heater Circuit C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Heating Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
xii CONTENTS

Speed of Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

Scalding from Hot Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
What about Washing Dishes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Sequence of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Metering and Sequence of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Water Heater Load Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Effect of Voltage Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

UNIT

21
Smoke and Carbon Monoxide Alarms
and Security Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
The Importance of Smoke Alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Types of Smoke Alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Installation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Manufacturers’ Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Combination Direct/Battery/Feedthrough Alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Carbon Monoxide Alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Security Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

UNIT Swimming Pools, Spas, and Hot Tubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

22
Pool Wiring (Section 68) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Electrical Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
CEC-Defined Pools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Grounding and Bonding of Swimming Pools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Lighting Luminaires under Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Electric Heating of Swimming Pool Decks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Spas and Hot Tubs (Rules 68-400 Through 68-408) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Hydromassage Bathtubs (Subsection 68-300 to 68-308) . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Fountains and Decorative Pools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

UNIT

23
Television, Telephone, Data,
and Home Automation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Television Tv   — . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Satellite Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
CEC Rules for Installing Antennas and Lead-in Wires (Section 54) . . . 395
Telephone Wiring ▲ (Section 60) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Data Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
 CONTENTS xiii

EIA/TIA 568A & 568B Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

Home Automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

UNIT

24
Lighting Branch Circuit for
the Garage and Outdoor Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Lighting Branch Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Receptacle Outlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Outdoor Wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Underground Wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Overhead Garage Door Opener E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Central Vacuum System K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

UNIT

25
Standby Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
The Need for Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Why Standby (Temporary) Power? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
What Types of Standby Power Systems Are Available? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Standard Requirements for Standby Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Wiring Diagrams for a Typical Standby Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Transfer Switches or Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Disconnecting Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Generator Sizing Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

UNIT

26
Alternative Energy Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Feed-in Tariff (Microfit) and Net Metering Across Canada . . . . . . . . . . 440
Generating Electricity with Magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Hydro Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Micro Hydro Power Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Wind Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Utility-Interactive Solar Photovoltaic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
The Basic Utility-Interactive Photovoltaic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
The CEC and Alternative Energy Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
xiv CONTENTS

Appendix A: Profession as an “Electrician” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

Appendix B: Specifications for Electrical Work—Single-Family
Dwelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Appendix C: Jack Pin Designations and Colour Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Appendix D: EIA/TIA 568A and 568B: Standards for Cabling Used
in Telecommunications Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Code Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

Residential Plans (Inserted at Back of Book)

Sheet 1 of 8 Site Plan
Sheet 2 of 8 Foundation/Basement Plan
Sheet 3 of 8 First Floor Plan
Sheet 4 of 8 Cross Section A-A
Sheet 5 of 8 Basement Electrical Plan
Sheet 6 of 8 First Floor Electrical Plan
Sheet 7 of 8 Interior Elevations; Rooms, Doors, and Windows
Schedule; Electrical Panel Layout
Sheet 8 of 8 Code Requirements for Swimming Pool
Introduction

This ninth Canadian edition of Electrical Wiring: Residential is based on the 2021 edition of the
Canadian Electrical Code, Part I (CEC), the safety standard for electrical installations. The
authors wish to extend their gratitude to the electricians and instructors who contribute their
insight and knowledge to this book. All of the authors in this series are, themselves, trades-
men and see the advantage of having a second set of eyes on a problem. Trade knowledge is
constantly evolving as new products and new methodologies are incorporated into the com-
munity knowledge base, so the authors are constantly looking for new perspectives.
Electrical Wiring: Residential provides an entry-level text that is both comprehensive
and readable. It is suitable for colleges, technical institutes, vocational/technical schools,
and electrical programs in high schools, and for readers who want to study the subject on
their own.
The wiring in the home illustrated in Electrical Wiring: Residential incorporates more
features than are absolutely necessary, to present as many Canadian Electrical Code (CEC)
rules as possible so that students are provided with the information they need to complete a
safe installation. The text focuses on the technical skills required to perform electrical instal-
lations. Topics include calculating conductor sizes, calculating voltage drop, sizing services,
connecting electrical appliances, grounding and bonding equipment, and installing various
fixtures. These are critical skills that can make the difference between an installation that
“meets code” and one that is exceptional. An electrician must understand that the reason for
following CEC regulations is to achieve an installation that is essentially free from hazard to
life and property.
The CEC is the basic standard for the layout and construction of all electrical systems
in Canada. However, some provincial and local codes may contain specific amendments
that must be adhered to in all electrical wiring installations in those jurisdictions. Therefore,
regional authority supersedes the CEC.
The authors encourage the reader to develop a detailed knowledge of the layout and
content of the CEC, which must be used in conjunction with a comprehensive study of
Electrical Wiring: Residential to derive the greatest benefit from the text.
The CEC is divided into numbered sections, each covering a main division. These sec-
tions are further divided into numbered rules, subrules, paragraphs, and subparagraphs.
All references in the text are to the section or to the section rule number. For example,
Rule 8-200 1) a) i) refers to Section 8, Rule 8-200, Subrule 1, item a, item i. This explana-
tion should assist the student in locating CEC references in the text.
Thorough explanations are provided throughout, as the text guides the student through
the steps necessary to become proficient in the techniques and CEC requirements described.

xv
Preface

Electrical Wiring: Residential, Ninth Canadian Edition, will prove a valuable resource to instruc-
tors and students alike. It includes numerous 2021 Canadian Electrical Code, Part I references
and wiring techniques. Each unit is a complete lesson ending with review questions to summa-
rize the material covered. The units are sequenced to introduce the student to basic principles
and wiring practices, and progress to more advanced areas of residential electrical wiring.
This text assumes no prior knowledge of residential electrical wiring, but the student
will need a reasonable level of mechanical aptitude and skill to be successful in the practical
application of the techniques discussed.
The text guides students through the working drawings for a residential electrical instal-
lation, the proper wiring of receptacles, and the minimum required number of lighting and
power branch circuits. Voltage drop calculations based on the CEC are shown. Ground-
ing, bonding, and ground-fault circuit interrupters are discussed, together with the light-
ing branch circuits for all of the rooms in the house, as well as for the garage, workshop,
and exterior. Special-purpose outlets for ranges, dryers, air conditioners, water heaters, and
water pumps are explained, as are electric, oil, and gas heating systems; smoke detectors and
smoke alarms; swimming pools, spas, and hot tubs; and low-voltage-signal systems, security
systems, and low-voltage remote-control systems, or “smart house wiring.”
The text details service entrance equipment and the installation of the electrical service,
including the calculations for the sizing of the service entrance conductors, conduit, switch,
grounding conductor, and panel. A unit discussing alternative energy exists to help prepare
the learner for the ever diversifying Canadian electrical grid. All units of the book now refer-
ence the national training standard known as the Red Seal Occupational Standard (RSOS),
which harmonizes the training requirements across Canada.

FEATURES
●● Content has been updated throughout to reflect ongoing trends in installation practice
and methodologies.
●● New! All text material fully updated to reference the 2021 edition of the CEC.
●● New! References to the Red Seal Occupational Standard (RSOS) have been added to all
units.
●● New! Added to this edition is a new Appendix A that explains the RSOS/NOC and its
importance, objectives, and structure. This new feature benefits students who will be
taking their Red Seal Examination.
●● Green technology has been updated and increased, where applicable.
●● New revisions to electrical layout have been added.

xvii
xviii PREFACE

●● New! Enhanced receptacle section in Unit 9.

●● References to the 2021 CEC are shown in italics to simplify cross-referencing to the CEC.
●● Metrication is in keeping with the 2021 CEC.
●● Descriptions of Canadian practice and applications.
●● Numerous diagrams of Canadian Standards Association (CSA)–approved equipment found in
everyday wiring installations.
●● Step-by-step explanations of wiring a typical residence.
●● Complete set of blueprints to help apply CEC theory to real working drawings.

Instructor Resources average of 31 slides per unit, many featuring key

figures, tables, and photographs from Electrical
Wiring: Residential, Ninth Canadian Edition. Instructor
notes can be added, making it simple for instructors
to customize the deck for their courses.

Test Bank Image Library

The test bank is available on a cloud-based platform.
Testing Powered by Cognero® is a secure online
testing system that allows instructors to author,
edit, and manage test-bank content from anywhere
Internet access is available. No special installations
or downloads are needed, and the desktop-inspired
interface, with its drop-down menus and familiar,
intuitive tools, allows instructors to create and man-
age tests with ease. Multiple test versions can be
created in an instant, and content can be imported or
exported into other systems. Tests can be delivered
from a learning management system, the classroom,
or wherever an instructor chooses. Testing Pow-
ered by Cognero for Electrical Wiring: Residential,
Ninth Canadian Edition can be accessed through
login.cengage.com.
This Test Bank was revised by the text authors:
Ron Granelli, Humber College; Sandy F. Gerolimon,
Humber College, and Craig Trineer, Humber College.
It has been technically reviewed by Marcia Ranger.
It includes over 660 multiple-choice and over
125 short-answer questions.
PowerPoint
This resource consists of digital copies of figures,
tables, and photographs used in the book. Instructors
may use these JPEGs to customize the PowerPoint
slides or create their own PowerPoint presentations.
The Image Library Key describes the images and
lists the codes under which the JPEGs are saved.
Blueprints
Revised and updated by Electrical Wiring series
co-author Nick Palazzo, Humber College, and tech-
nically checked by the text’s authors, the set of
blueprints accompanies this textbook.
Instructor's Solutions Manual
The Instructor’s Solutions Manual to accompany
Electrical Wiring: Residential, Ninth Canadian
Edition, has been updated by the text’s authors and
technically reviewed by Marcia Ranger. To assist
the instructor, questions from the end of each unit
have been included with answers/solutions. These
may be used as additional review or examination
questions.

Microsoft® PowerPoint® lecture slides were also

revised and updated by the text authors. There is an

MindTap
MindTap is the digital learning solution that pow-
ers students from memorization to mastery. It gives
instructors complete control of their course—to
provide engaging content, challenge every indi-
vidual, and build student confidence. Instructors
can customize interactive syllabi to emphasize pri-
ority topics as well as add their own material or
notes to the ebook as desired. This outcome-driven
application gives instructors the tools needed to
empower students and boost both understanding and
performance.
Ron Granelli and Nick Palazzo have ensured the
MindTap quizzes were updated, and all MindTap
assets were technically reviewed by Marcia Ranger.
The MindTap for the ninth Canadian edition also fea-
tures a Red Seal styled exam, complete with original
drawings and comprehensive feedback. This prac-
tice exam was prepared by Ron Granelli and Nick
Palazzo.
PREFACE xix
Student Ancillaries
MindTap
Modern students require modern solutions. MindTap
is a flexible all-in-one teaching and learning platform
that includes the full ebook, a customizable learning
path, and various course-specific activities that drive
student engagement and critical thinking.
Download the Cengage Mobile App
Get access to a full, interactive ebook, readable
online or off; study tools that empower anytime,
anywhere learning; and 24/7 course access. The
Cengage Mobile app keeps students focused and
ready to study whenever it is convenient for them.
Acknowledgments

Every effort has been made to be technically correct and to avoid typographical errors. The
authors want to thank Marcia Ranger from Cambrian College, our colleague and sharp-eyed
technical reviewer, for her innumerable contributions to the full text, solutions manual, blue-
prints, Test Bank, and MindTap assets. We would also like to welcome Chad Soucy from
New Brunswick Community College aboard as our new technical reviewer. This series of
books is uniquely Canadian and the involvement of our colleagues across the country keeps
it so! The authors also wish to acknowledge the valuable assistance of Bill Wright in the
preparation of the original architectural drawings for this book. Thank you as well to the
people at Cengage Canada for their encouragement and professional advice. In particular,
we wish to thank Katherine Goodes, our content development manager, who keeps us on
track and guides our every step. The authors also wish to thank Tony Branch for his innu-
merable contributions to the books for the last decade. We wish him good fortune in his
endeavours moving forward.
The authors are also indebted to past and present reviewers of each textbook in the
Electrical Wiring series for their comments and suggestions:

Daniel Smythe, University of the Larry Cantelo, IBEW

Fraser Valley
Jacques Martin, Conestoga College
Orest Staneckyj, Cambrian College
Marcia Ranger, Cambrian College
Neil Blackadar, Nova Scotia Commu-
nity College
Laurie Dauphinee, Nova Scotia
­Community College
George Locke, Mohawk College
Steven Willis, Fanshawe College
Samuel Johnson, Vancouver Island
University
Al Hamilton, Fanshawe College
Rodney Deline, Durham College
Robert A. Engley, Red River College
Kent Gilbert, Conestoga College
John Girden, Fanshawe College
Curt Goodwin, Nova Scotia Commu-
nity College
Dean Lahey, Conestoga College
Ted Peters, Nova Scotia Community
College
Tony Poirier, Durham College
Patrick Rooney, George Brown
College

We wish to thank the following for contributing data, illustrations, and technical
information:

AFC Cable Systems, Inc. Eaton

Belkin International, Inc. Electri-Flex Co.
Broan-NuTone Canada Inc. Enphase Energy, Inc.
Cooper Industries ERICO International Corporation
xxi
xxii Acknowledgments

Honeywell Inc. National Electrical Contractors

Hubbell Canada LP Association
Independent Electricity System National Fire Protection Association
Operator (IESO) Northern Cables Inc.
IPEX Inc. Progress Lighting
Jeff Wampler Reid Wylde Engineering Ltd.
Kohler Power Systems Schneider Electric
Landis+Gyr Seatek Co., Inc.
Legrand/Pass & Seymour, Inc. Thomas & Betts Corporation
Legrand/Wiremold Company Underwriters Laboratories of
Leviton Manufacturing Co., Inc. Canada Inc.
Milbank Manufacturing Company Watkins Manufacturing Corporation
Wilo SE

With the permission of Canadian Standards CSA logo on page 5 used courtesy of the
Association, (operating as “CSA Group”), 178 Rexdale CSA Group
Blvd., Toronto, ON, M9W 1R3, material is reproduced SCC logo on page 4 used courtesy of the Standards
from CSA C22.1:21, Canadian Electrical Code, Council of Canada
Part I (25th edition), Safety Standard for Electrical ULC logo on page 5 used courtesy of the Under-
Installations. This material represents the opinions of writers Laboratories of Canada
the authors; it does not represent the position of CSA
Group, which is represented solely by the code in its For any further information or to give feedback
entirety. While use of the material has been authorized, on this textbook, you can contact the authors by
CSA Group is not responsible for the manner in which email:
the data is presented, nor for any representations and ron.granelli@humber.ca
interpretations. No further reproduction is permitted. craig.trineer@humber.ca
For more information or to purchase standard(s) from
CSA Group, please visit store.csagroup.org or call
1-800-463-6727.
 UNIT

1
General Information
for Electrical Installations
Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to
●● identify the purpose of codes and standards RED SEAL
related to electrical systems
OCCUPATIONAL
●● describe the importance of the Canadian STANDARD
Electrical Code (CEC) (RSOS)
●● describe the layout of the CEC
For the Red Seal exam,
●● identify approved equipment note that this unit covers
●● explain the importance of electrical inspection the following RSOS task:
●● identify links to websites relating to the electrical ●● Task A-3
trade
●● list the agencies that are responsible for
establishing electrical standards and ensuring
that materials meet the standards
●● discuss systems of measurement used on
construction drawings
●● begin to refer to the CEC

1
2 Unit 1 General Information for Electrical Installations

SAFETY use of electrical energy. Meeting the requirements

Electrical installations are required to be safe.
Because of the ever-present danger of electric shock
and/or fire due to the failure of an electrical sys-
tem, electricians and electrical contractors must use
approved materials and methods. Therefore, codes
and standards are used to ensure that the exposure
of users, installers, and maintenance personnel to
the shock and fire hazards associated with electrical
systems is minimized.
CODES AND STANDARDS
Codes are standards that deal with life safety issues
and are enforceable by law. Residential electrical
wiring systems are required to meet building codes
and electrical codes. Building codes dictate such
things as which rooms and areas (such as stairwells)
require luminaires (lighting fixtures) and how they
are to be controlled. Electrical codes deal with the
actual installation of the luminaires and controls.
Municipal, provincial, and federal governments
can pass laws regarding the installation of electrical
equipment.
The Canadian Electrical Code, Part I (CEC)
of the CEC ensures an essentially safe installation.
The CEC does not take economics into con-
sideration. For instance, a house built using
wood frame construction may be wired with non-
metallic-sheathed cable or armoured cable. Both
meet the requirement of the CEC, but one costs sev-
eral times as much as the other.
The CEC is divided up into evenly numbered sec-
tions, each one covering a main division of the work.
Each section has a title that describes what will be cov-
ered by the section. Ten general sections cover basic
installation requirements (see Table 1-1). The rest are
amending or supplementary sections, which change
the general requirements of the Code for specific types
of equipment or installations (see Table 1-2). Rules
Table 1-1
General sections of the CEC.
SECTION TITLE
0 Object, scope, and definitions
2 General rules
4 Conductors
6 Services and service equipment

© 2021 Canadian Standards Association

is the standard that governs electrical work across 8 Circuit loading and demand factors
Canada. It is adopted by the provinces, is enacted in 10 Grounding and bonding
legislation, and is the basis of a bill (with provincial 12 Wiring methods
amendments) that passes through the provincial leg- 14 Protection and control
islature, becoming law and enforced by municipali-
16 Class 1 and Class 2 circuits
ties or provincial electrical safety authorities.
26 Installation of electrical equipment
The first edition of the CEC was published in
1927. It is revised every three years to take into
account changes in equipment, wiring systems, and
new technologies. The standards steering commit- Table 1-2
tee for the CEC solicits comments and proposals
Some supplementary or amending sections
from the electrical industry and others interested of the CEC.
in electrical safety. Information about the structure
SECTION TITLE
and operation of the committee, how to propose an
© 2021 Canadian Standards Association

amendment, or how to request an interpretation can 28 Motors and generators

be found in CEC Appendix C. Copies of the CEC 30 Installation of lighting equipment
can be ordered from the Canadian Standards Asso- 32 Fire alarm systems, smoke and carbon
ciation (CSA Group). monoxide alarms, and fire pumps
The object of the CEC is to provide a minimum 62 Fixed electric heating systems
safety standard for the installation and maintenance 68 Pools, tubs, and spas
of electrical systems, to safeguard people from the 76 Temporary wiring
hazards of fire and electric shock arising from the
 Unit 1 General Information for Electrical Installations
in one amending section cannot be applied to another
amending section unless they specifically state that
they may.
The sections are divided into subsections
and numbered rules with captions. For example,
Section 12-500 contains non-metallic-sheathed
cable rules, where 12 identifies the section and
500 is the rule number in the section. 12-500 is
the first rule of the subsection that deals with the
installation of non-metallic-sheathed cable. The
12-500 series of rules (12-500 through 12-526)
describes how non-metallic-sheathed cables are to
be installed.
Tables
At the end of the main body of the CEC are a num-
ber of tables, preceded by a list of all of the tables.
At the top of each table is a list of rules that refer
you to the table, which can be helpful in looking up
rules. The tables cover such things as the ampacity
of wires, number of conductors in raceways, number
of conductors in boxes, and depth of cover over con-
ductors installed underground.
Diagrams
After the tables are a number of diagrams, preceded
by a list of all of the diagrams. Some of the diagrams
included show pin configurations for both locking
and non-locking receptacles.
Appendixes
Of the 13 CEC appendixes, the two that are impor-
tant for you are Appendix B and Appendix D.
Appendix B is “Notes on Rules.” These notes give
supplemental information about rules. Whenever a
rule refers to Appendix B, you must read that infor-
mation. Appendix B uses the same numbering sys-
tem as the main body of the CEC. Simply look up in
Appendix B the rule number from the main body of
the CEC. Appendix D offers general information to
support installations.
Table of Contents and Index
The CEC provides an index and a table of con-
tents to help you look up information. If you know
3
EXAMPLE
Rule 6-112 provides information about
support for the attachment of overhead
supply or consumer’s service conductors (see
Appendix B).
Rule 6-112 in Appendix B outlines the compon­
ents that may be used for an overhead mast
service and methods of installation.
Appendix D is tabulated general information.
This textbook will refer to several Appendix D
tables, including Tables D1, D3, D5, and D6.
exactly what you want to look up, use the index at
the back of the book. If you have just a general idea
of what you are looking for, use the table of contents
at the front of the book.
Some Code Terminology
●● Acceptable: Acceptable to the authority having
jurisdiction
●● May: Permitted or allowable
●● Notwithstanding: In spite of
●● Practicable: Feasible or possible
●● Shall: Indicates a mandatory requirement
●● Shall be: Compulsory, mandatory, a requirement
●● Shall have: The same as shall be
●● Shall not: Not permitted, not allowed, must
not be
●● Shall be permitted: Is acceptable, is allowed, is
permitted
Other terminology in the form of definitions can
be found at the beginning of the CEC in the defini-
tions of Section 0 and at the beginning of some of
the sections where terminology specific to the topic
covered in that section is given. This textbook is
designed to be used in conjunction with the CEC.
Throughout the text, reference will be made to
the rules, tables, and appendixes found in the 25th
(2021) edition of the CEC. To distinguish these from
the tables and appendixes in this text, all references
to them are in italics.
4 Unit 1 General Information for Electrical Installations
Standards
Standards describe minimum performance levels
for equipment and systems. The Canadian Electri-
cal Code, Part II, found in Appendix A, consists of
safety standards for electrical equipment and is a
mandatory part of the CEC. Another standard used
in the electrical field is TIA-570A, which is used
when installing communication cabling.
Personal SAFETY
When it comes to personal safety, you have to make
it your responsibility.
When you ask most people if they work safely,
they answer that they do. The question is: Do you
know enough about safe working practices to work
safely? See if you can answer the five questions
below. If you can’t, you require additional safety
training.
1. What are the proper procedures for locking out
and tagging electrical equipment?
2. When is a worker required to wear a safety belt
or safety harness on a construction site?
3. What are five pieces of personal protective
equipment?
4. What are the classes of products identified by
WHMIS symbols?
5. What precautions should be taken when using
ladders for electrical installations?
You can obtain information about safe working
practices from the provincial government, construc-
tion safety associations, and construction unions.
TESTING AND ACCREDITATION
All electrical equipment sold or installed in Canada is
required to be approved for its intended use. Approved
equipment has met specified safety standards set by
federal and provincial governments. Currently, sev-
eral companies are accredited to approve electrical
equipment. Equipment that has been approved by an
approval agency will have an identifying label such
as CSA or ULC.
If you are unsure about an approval label other
than CSA or ULC, look for C at the seven o’clock
position on the label.
For equipment that has not been approved,
arrangements may be made for field approval
by contacting the inspection authority in your
province. This authority should also be able to
provide you with a complete list of companies
that can approve electrical equipment in your
province.
Standards Council of Canada (SCC)
Courtesy of the Standards
Council of Canada
The Standards Council of Canada (SCC) is a
federal Crown corporation whose mandate is to
promote efficient and effective voluntary stan-
dardization as a means of advancing the national
economy, and benefiting the health, safety, and
well-being of the public. It is Canada’s voice on
matters pertaining to standards both nationally and
internationally.
SCC fulfills its mandate by accrediting organi-
zations engaged in standards development, certifica-
tion, and testing; by approving National Standards
of Canada (NSC); by coordinating participation in
international forums such as the International Orga-
nization for Standardization (ISO) and the Interna-
tional Electrotechnical Commission (IEC); and by
developing standardization solutions for govern-
ment and industry.
In short, the Standards Council of Canada
gives accreditation to inspection, accreditation, and
assessment bodies. It assures that the organizations
that develop and ensure standards conform to stan-
dards themselves. For instance, the SCC verifies
that CSA and ULC, as well as many other standards
that we are all familiar with, adhere to consistent
standards themselves.
The accreditation process of the SCC is typi-
cal of most standards organizations and involves
several steps. First, an applicant must review the
 Unit 1 General Information for Electrical Installations
accreditation requirements provided, requesting
an application package and submitting it. The
SCC has specific and separate application pro-
cesses for the following: inspection bodies; testing
laboratories of many kinds; cybersecurity certifi-
cation bodies; accreditation programs; informa-
tion technology security evaluation and testing
facilities; standards development organizations;
product, process, and service certification pro-
grams of many types; management systems;
personnel certification; inspection programs;
greenhouse gas programs; and proficiency testing
providers.
Next, applicants must request and fill out and
submit their application, which is reviewed by the
SCC for completeness, risk assessment, and the
ability to carry out the assessment within a period
of one year. Upon successful completion of this
phase, the SCC then reviews all assessment docu-
ments, verifying each one. If all is in order, the
SCC will perform a site assessment, in effect to
audit and to verify all the information provided.
Then a closing meeting is performed where the
leader of the SCC team informs the applicant of
the SCC’s findings. At this point, any disputes
regarding the findings can be addressed. If they
are not, then the discrepancies are included in the
report. Applicants are given 30 days to respond to
the submitted findings of the SCC, and the SCC
has 10 business days to review and respond to the
plan of action put forth by the applicant. Two sub-
sequent attempts are allowed to address findings
in the event that the SCC does not like the ini-
tial plan of action. The applicant has 90 days to
implement corrective action once a plan of action
has been agreed to. Once all concerns have been
addressed, SCC approval is given, and companies
can use the SCC logo on their products, services,
and accreditations.
Upon receiving accreditation from the SCC,
regular inspections are scheduled to ensure
compliance and adherence to mandated SCC
guidelines.
Through these activities, SCC facilitates Cana-
dian and international trade, protects consumers,
and promotes international standards cooperation.
For more information, visit https://www.scc.ca.
5
CSA Group
Courtesy of CSA Group
CSA Group is a not-for-profit, member-based orga-
nization formed in 1919 to develop standards that
address the needs of a broad range of organizations
and disciplines. These standards can be used for
product testing and certification requirements and
are often adopted by provincial and federal govern-
ment authorities to form the basis for legislation
and/or compliance requirements.
Thousands of manufacturers work directly with
CSA Group to have their products tested and cer-
tified, and the CSA mark (shown here) appears on
billions of products around the world.
Courtesy of CSA Group
The Canadian Electrical Code is one of the
many codes and standards that are developed by
CSA Group. The Canadian Electrical Code has
been adopted by provincial authorities to become
law in the various provinces. For more information,
visit www.csagroup.org.
Underwriters Laboratories
of Canada (ULC)
Courtesy of the Underwriters
Laboratories of Canada
Underwriters Laboratories of Canada (ULC) is an
independent product safety testing, certification, and
inspection organization. ULC has tested products
for public safety for over 100 years and is accredited
by the SCC.
ULC also publishes standards, specifications,
and classifications for products having a bearing on
6 Unit 1 General Information for Electrical Installations

fire, accident, or property hazards. For more infor-

mation, contact one of ULC’s offices in Montreal, Table 1-3
Ottawa, Toronto, or Vancouver, or visit its website at Metric units of measure.
canada.ul.com. PROPERTY SI UNIT SYMBOL

Length Metre m
ELECTRICAL INSPECTION Area Square metre m2
Volume Cubic metre m3
Most electrical safety regulations require that a
Time Second s
permit be obtained for the inspection of all work
related to the installation, alteration, or repair of Speed (velocity) Metres/second m/s
electrical equipment. It is the responsibility of the Acceleration Metres/second squared m/s2
electrical contractor or person doing the work to Temperature Degrees Celsius ˚C
obtain the permit. When the installation has passed Force Newton N
inspection, the inspection authority will issue a Energy Joule J
connection permit (also called authorization for Work Joule J
connection or current permit) to the supply author-
Power Watt W
ity. The supply authority will then make connection
Mass Kilogram kg
to the installation.
Since local codes vary, the electrician should Weight Kilogram kg
also check with the local inspection authority. Elec- Pressure Pascal Pa
trical utility companies can supply additional infor- Flow Litres/minute L/m
mation on local regulations. The electrician should Electric charge Coulomb C
be aware that any city or province adopting the CEC Electric current Ampere A
may do so with amendments and may also have Electric potential Volt V
additional licensing laws. difference
Luminous flux Lumen lm
Illuminance Lux lx
UNITS OF MEASURE
Two common systems of measurement are used in
Canada: the International System of Units (abbrevi-
ated SI from its French name: Système international
d’unités), or metric, and the American standard unit
(ASU), which uses inches and feet. Although SI is Table 1-4
the official system of measurement in Canada, the SI prefixes.
ASU system is widely used. Refer to Tables 1-3, PREFIX VALUE
1-4, and 1-5.
Mega (M) 1 000 000
Kilo 1 000
Length Hecto 100
Deka (deca) 10
The basic SI unit of measure for length is the metre.
Base unit (metre) 1
The SI system has a base of 10 (the next larger unit
Deci 0.1
is 10 times the size of the smaller unit) and uses pre-
fixes to identify the different units of length. Centi (c) 0.01
Construction drawings normally give SI dimen- Milli (m) 0.001
sions in millimetres or metres to prevent confusion. Micro (μ) 0.000 001
The ASU commonly uses inches, feet, yards, Nano (n) 0.000 000 001
rods, and miles to measure length.
 Unit 1 General Information for Electrical Installations 7

13
5 16 0
Table 1-5
4 11320
ASU units.
1
UNIT VALUE 3 80

1
Inch /36 yard 3
2 160

Foot 12 inches
1140
Yard 3 feet
1
Rod 5½ yards, 16 feet 2 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Mile 320 rods, 1760 yards, 5280 feet

Figure 1-1 Reading tape measure divisions.

Construction drawings may use feet (   ́), inches

(˝), and fractions of an inch as units of measure.
A standard steel tape measure that uses ASU units
is divided into feet, inches, and fractions of an inch.
The first 12 inches of the tape normally has divi-
sions of 1/32 of an inch. The remainder of the tape
is divided into 16ths of an inch. Figure 1-1 shows
how to read a tape measure using ASU units. An
architect’s scale is used for working with construc-
tion drawings that use ASU units. Scales are cov-
ered in Unit 2. Table 1-6 gives useful conversions
from ASU to metric units.
Common Conversions
of Trade Sizes
Raceways such as rigid conduit and electrical metallic
tubing (EMT) are designated by trade sizes because
the actual inside diameter of a conduit or tubing is not
its stated size. For example, ½ in. (trade size) rigid
steel conduit has an inside diameter of 0.632 inches,
½ in. EMT has an internal diameter of 0.606 inches,
and ½ in. ENT (non-metallic tubing) has an internal

Table 1-6
Converting ASU to SI (metric) units.
MULTIPLICATION FACTOR
PROPERTY ASU UNIT FOR CONVERSION TO SI SI UNIT

Length Inch  25.4 Millimetre

Foot  304.8 Millimetre
Yard  914.4 Millimetre
Rod  5.0292 Metre
Furlong  201.17 Metre
Mile  1.609 347 Kilometre
Area Sq in.  645.16 Sq mm
Sq ft  92 903 Sq mm
Sq yd  0.8354 Sq m
Volume Cu in.  16.39 Cubic centimetre (cm3) or millilitre (mL)
Cu ft  0.028 32 Cubic metre
Cu yd  0.7646 Cubic metre
Liquid volume Fl oz  29.6 Millilitre
Gallon  3.78 Litre
8 Unit 1 General Information for Electrical Installations

diameter of 0.574 inches. All are considered to be

½ in., or simply refer to each as 16 trade size. Table 1-8
The 2021 CEC designates raceways in metric Standard AWG wire sizes and metric (mm2).
units only: The actual size of the raceway has not CIRCULAR MILS
changed, only the fact that metric units of measure AMERICAN WIRE OR EQUIVALENT METRIC WIRE
are used to designate the trade size of the raceway. SIZE (AWG) CIRCULAR MILS SIZE (mm2)
Table 1-7 lists the equivalent metric and American 937 0.50
designator units. 20 1020
The volume of device and junction boxes in
18 1620
CEC Table 23 are given in both metric and imperial
1974 1.0
units. They are described in both millilitres (mL)
and cubic inches (in.3). 16 2580
American wire gauge (AWG) sizes are still used 2960 1.5
in the 2021 CEC. Metric wire sizes are not identical 14 4110
to AWG sizes. Standard metric sizes generally fall 4934 2.5
between American wire gauge sizes. Table 1-8 gives 12 6530
standard AWG sizes and their circular mil area and
7894 4.0
metric wire sizes and their equivalent circular mil sizes.
10 10 380
11 840 6.0

Table 1-7 8 16 510

19 740 10.0
Metric and American designators for common
trade sizes of raceways. 6 26 240

METRIC DESIGNATOR AMERICAN DESIGNATOR 31 580 16

12 3
∕8 4 41 740

16 ½ 49 340 25

21 ¾ 3 52 620

27 1 2 66 360
35 1¼ 69 070

41 1½ 1 83 690
98 680 50

Courtesy of Thomas & Betts Corporation

53 2
63 2½ 1/0 105 600

78 3 2/0 133 100

91 3½ 138 100 70
103 4 3/0 167 800
129 5 187 500 95
155 6 4/0 211 600
 Unit 1 General Information for Electrical Installations 9

REVIEW

Where applicable, responses should be written in complete sentences.

1. What is the difference between a code and a standard?

2. What Code sets standards for the installation of electrical equipment?

3. What authority enforces the standards set by the CEC?

4. Does the CEC provide minimum or maximum standards?

5. What do the letters CSA signify?

6. Does compliance with the CEC always result in an electrical installation that is ade-
quate, safe, and efficient? Why?

7. What are the general sections of the CEC?

8. Is the section of the CEC that deals with wiring methods a general section or an
amending section?

9. When is an electrical installation required to be inspected?

10 Unit 1 General Information for Electrical Installations

10. What should you look for when trying to determine whether a piece of electrical
equipment is approved for use in Canada?

11. If a piece of electrical equipment is not approved for use in Canada, what should
you do?

12. When the words “shall be” appear in a code reference, they mean that it (must) (may)
(does not have to) be done. (Underline the correct answer.)
13. Why is it important for standards organizations to exist?

14. Which Red Seal skill requires you to identify sources of information relevant to plan-
ning job tasks, specifically creating and keeping to job schedules?
 UNIT

2
Drawings and
Specifications
Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to
●● identify the various types of technical drawings RED SEAL
●● identify the line types used on construction OCCUPATIONAL
drawings STANDARD
●● visualize building views (RSOS)
●● read common scales For the Red Seal exam,
●● explain how electrical wiring information is note that this unit covers
conveyed to the electrician at the construction or the following RSOS tasks:
installation site ●● Task A-3
●● demonstrate how the specifications are used
in estimating costs and in making electrical
installations
●● identify and explain the application of the
various common line types used on drawings
●● explain why symbols and notations are used on
electrical drawings
●● identify symbols used on architectural,
mechanical, and electrical drawings
11
12 UNIT 2 Drawings and Specifications

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS
Border Line Centre Line
Several types of drawings are used in the technical
trades. This book uses three primary types of draw- Visible Object Line Cutting Plane Line
ings: architectural drawings, schematic drawings,
and wiring or layout diagrams (see an example of Hidden Line Section Lines
a schematic drawing and of a wiring diagram in Extension Lines
Figure 2-1). Architectural drawings show the floor Construction Line
plans of a building and the relative positions and
distances between elements within the building. Projection Line Dimension Lines
Schematic drawings show all of the significant com-
ponents of a system and their relationships to each Phantom Line Arrowheads
other, but use simplified, standard icons to repre-
sent devices. Wiring diagrams are like schematic Break Line Ticks

diagrams but the pictures used may look like the

Leader
devices that they are meant to represent, and the lay- Contour Line

out of the pictures may resemble the actual layout of
each device relative to each other device.
Technical drawings are used to show the size and
shape of an object. The basic elements of a technical
drawing are lines, symbols, dimensions, and notations.
Lines
The lines that make up working drawings are some-
times referred to as the alphabet of lines, since
each one is unique and conveys a special meaning.
Figure 2-2 shows types of lines commonly found on
construction drawings.
Lamp
Lamp
Figure 2-2 Line types.
Visible Lines. Visible lines are continuous lines
that show the visible edges of an object. An example
of a visible line would be the outside edge of the
foundation wall shown on Sheet 3 of the drawings
provided with this book.
Hidden Lines. Hidden lines are short dashed
lines. They show the edges of an object that are
hidden from view by surfaces that are closer to the
viewer. Hidden lines are used to show the location
and position of the basement windows on Sheet 1 of
the drawing set.

Cable Centre Lines. Centre lines show the centre of

an arc or circle. They consist of alternating long
S
and short dashes. The exact centre of a circle is
normally indicated by the crossing of two short
S
dashes.

Section Lines. A sectional view (also called a sec-

Source Source tion or cross-section) is a view of a building in which
Figure 2-1 Example of a schematic drawing (on
we imagine a portion of the building has been sliced
the left) and of a wiring diagram (on the right). off to reveal the internal construction details. Section
lines show the solid parts (e.g., walls, floors) of the

portion of the building shown in the sectional view.
Section lines are also called cross-hatching. Different
types of cross-hatching represent different types of
materials used in the building. In Section A-A on
Sheet 4 of the drawings, different types of cross-
hatching indicate concrete used for the basement
floor, cement blocks used for the basement walls,
and bricks used on the outside walls above grade.
Cutting Plane Lines. Cutting plane lines con-
sist of a long dash followed by two short dashes.
They indicate where a building is being sectioned.
The basement floor plan, Sheet 3 of the drawings,
uses a cutting plane line to show where the build-
ing is being sectioned. The arrows at each end of
a cutting plane line indicate the direction you are
looking when you are viewing the section. Refer to
Cross Section A-A on Sheet 4.
A A
Phantom Lines. Phantom lines are short dashed
lines (about 1.5 times as long as the dashes for
hidden lines) that show an alternative position.
Figure 2-10B (bottom row) shows a double-action
door where actual positions are depicted with solid
lines and alternate positions are dotted lines. Closed
switch positions are shown by solid line while alter-
nate positions are shown with a phantom line.
Break Lines. Break lines are used where only a
part of the drawing needs to be shown. For exam-
ple, a break line might be used in a connection
diagram where it is necessary to show the termi-
nation of both ends of a cable but not the cable in
between.
Contour Lines. Contour lines are used on plot
plans to show changes in elevation. Dashed contour
UNIT 2 Drawings and Specifications 13
lines indicate existing grades and solid contour lines
show finished grades.
2.3 m
2.4 m
2.6 m
2.5 m
Lineweight refers to the thickness of a line
used on a drawing. Object lines have a heavier
lineweight (are thicker) than other lines, such as
hidden lines or dimension lines. Items of other
trades that appear on electrical drawings normally
have a lighter weight (are thinner) than the electri-
cal items.
VISUALIZING A BUILDING
Pictorial drawings are three-dimensional drawings
that show two or more surfaces of an object in one
view. Three types of pictorial drawings are shown in
Figure 2-3. Figure 2-4 shows a pictorial drawing of
the wiring of a house.
Unfortunately, pictorial drawings distort shapes
such as angles, arcs, and circles so that it is difficult
to show the actual dimensions. Since it is important
that construction drawings show the exact size and
shape of an object, most construction drawings are
two-dimensional drawings.
Construction drawings are made using ortho-
graphic projection, which shows the true size and
shape of an object through a number of views. Each
Perspective
Isometric Oblique
Figure 2-3 Pictorial drawings.
14 UNIT 2 Drawings and Specifications

BUILDING VIEWS
Plan Views
A plan view shows how a building will look when
viewed from directly above it. Plan views are used
to show lengths and widths. Floor plans and site
plans are examples of plan views. Figure 2-6 shows
the first floor plan of the house used as an example
in this book.

Elevations
An elevation is a side view of the building.
Elevations are used to show heights and widths.
Elevations are commonly used to show outside
walls, interior walls, and the placement of such
things as cupboards and equipment. Figure 2-7
shows the front (south) elevation of the house.

Figure 2-4 Three-dimensional view of house Sections

wiring.
A sectional view of the building (after a portion of the
building has been removed) is used to show the inte-
Top rior construction details of the building. Figure 2-8
shows a portion of Section A-A on Sheet 4.

Front
Left
Side SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS
Graphical symbols are used on construction draw-
ings to represent equipment and components.
Symbols are used to show the size, location,
Top View and ratings of equipment. The Standards Coun-
cil of Canada (SCC) approves national standards
for symbols used on construction drawings and
accredits organizations such as the CSA Group
that are engaged in standards development. CSA
Left Side Front View Right Side standard Z99.3-1979 (1989) includes symbols
View View for electrical drawings. They relate closely to
the symbols published by the Institute of Electri-
Figure 2-5 Orthographic projection.
cal and Electronics Engineers and the American
National Standards Institute, which publish simi-
view shows two dimensions. To visualize an object lar standards for the United States.
(such as a house), two or more views will often be Figure 2-9 is a portion of a floor plan showing the
required. Figure 2-5 shows an example of ortho- symbols for two three-way switches controlling an
graphic projection. overhead light, and three duplex receptacles are also
Construction drawings use the terms plan for a shown. Symbols commonly used on construction
top view and elevation for a side view. drawings are shown in Figure 2-10 (A through E).
 UNIT 2 Drawings and Specifications 15

Figure 2-6 Floor plan.

Figure 2-7 Front elevation.

16 UNIT 2 Drawings and Specifications

Figure 2-8 Typical wall section.

Notes Explaining Symbols

●● When symbols are used to indicate future
equipment, they are shown with dashed lines
S3 and will have a note to indicate such use.
●● The orientation of a symbol on a drawing does
not alter the meaning of the symbol.
●● Lighting fixtures are generally drawn in a man-
S3 ner that will indicate the size, shape, and orien-
tation of the fixture.
●● Symbols found on electrical plans indicate
only the approximate location of electrical
equipment. When exact locations are required,
check the drawings for dimensions and confirm
all measurements with the owner or owner’s
representative.
A notation will generally be found on the plans
Figure 2-9 Electrical symbols on a floor plan. (blueprints) next to a specific symbol calling atten-
tion to a variation, type, size, quantity, or other
 UNIT 2 Drawings and Specifications 17

ELEVATION PLAN SECTION

Common
Brick Same as plan views
Brick
Face
With note telling kind of brick
(Common, face, etc.) Firebrick

Concrete or
block

Cut stone Rubble Cut stone

Stone

Cast stone
(Concrete) Cast stone Rubble or
Cut stone Rubble (Concrete) cut stone

Glass or

Small scale Large scale

Plaster Stud, lath, and plaster

Solid plaster wall

Floor areas are left blank;

Wood
note indicates kind of
wood used. Ends of boards
Siding Panel except trim Trim

Loose fill or batts

Insulation Same as plan views
Board and quilt

Solid and cork

Sheet metal Occasionally

flashing indicated by note

Metals Steel Cast iron

Indicated by note
other than or drawn to scale Same as elevation
flashing Small Aluminum Bronze
scale or brass
Large scale
or
Reinforcing bars
Structural Indicated by note or
steel or drawn to scale or
L-angles, -beams, etc.
Small scale Large scale

Figure 2-10A Architectural drafting symbols.

18 UNIT 2 Drawings and Specifications

ELEVATION VIEWS FROM OUTSIDE

Drip cap Meeting Muntin Points to side of

rail sash with hinges

Stile
Mullion

Sill Outside casing

OPENINGS IN A FRAME WALL

Mullion

Double hung Outswinging Awning

window casement window window Door
Inswinging
casement window

ELEVATION VIEWS FROM OUTSIDE

OPENINGS IN 8 in. (203 mm) BRICK WALL

Double hung Outswinging Horizontal Jalousie

window casement window sliding window window Door
Wall not plastered Plaster line

OPENINGS IN BRICK VENEER WALL ELEVATIONS SIMILAR TO BRICK WALL

Double hung DH Fixed glass DH

window Inswinging window window Door
casement window

ELEVATIONS SIMILAR TO BRICK WALL

Double hung Awning Double hung Awning

window window Door window window Door
OPENINGS IN A BRICK CAVITY WALL OPENINGS IN AN SCR BRICK WALL

OPENINGS IN INTERIOR PARTITIONS

Plastered arch
Interior Double-action Folding door Sliding door
door (accordion)
door

Figure 2-10B Architectural drafting symbols (continued).

 UNIT 2 Drawings and Specifications 19

PIPING PIPE FITTINGS (continued) PLUMBING (continued)

Piping, in general For welded or soldered fittings, Bell and
Screwed Plain kitchen sink
use joint indication shown below spigot
(Lettered with name of material conveyed)
S
Non-intersecting pipes Kitchen sink, R & L drain board
Lateral

Steam Kitchen sink, L H drain board

Expansion joint flanged
Condensate Combination sink & dishwasher
Cold water VALVES
Combination sink & laundry tray
Hot water For welded or soldered fittings, Bell and
Screwed S&T
use joint indication shown below spigot Service sink
Air
Gate valve SS
Vacuum Wash sink (Wall type)
Gas Globe valve
Wash sink
Refrigerant
Angle globe valve
Laundry tray
Oil LT
Angle gate valve
Water closet (Low tank)
PIPE FITTINGS Check valve
Water closet (No tank)
For welded or soldered fittings, Bell and
Screwed Angle check valve
use joint indication shown below spigot Urinal (Pedestal type)
Joint
Stop cock
Urinal (Wall type)
Elbow–90° deg Safety valve
Urinal (Corner type)
Elbow–45° deg Quick opening valve
Urinal (Stall type)
Elbow–turned up Float opening valve
Urinal (Trough type)
Elbow–turned down TU
Motor operated gate valve
Drinking fountain (Pedestal type)
Elbow–long radius LR DF
PLUMBING Drinking fountain (Wall type)
Side outlet elbow-
outlet down Corner bath DF
Drinking fountain (Trough type)
Side outlet elbow-
Recessed bath DF
outlet up Hot water tank HW
T
Base elbow Roll rim bath
Water heater WH
Double-branch elbow Sitz bath SS
Meter
Single-sweep tee Foot bath FB M
Hose rack
Double-sweep tee Bidet HR
B
Hose bibb
Reducing elbow Shower stall HB
Gas outlet
Tee Shower head (Plan) (Elev) G
(Plan) Vacuum outlet
Tee–outlet up Overhead gang shower (Elev)
Drain
Tee–outlet down Pedestal lavatory D
PL Grease separator G
Side outlet tee Wall lavatory
outlet up WL Oil separator
Corner lavatory O
Side outlet tee
outlet down Lav Cleanout C
Manicure lavatory O
Cross Medical lavatory Garage drain
ML
Reducer Dental lavatory
Floor drain with backwater valve
Dental lav
Eccentric reducer
Roof sump

Types of joints

Flanged Screwed Bell & spigot Welded Soldered

Figure 2-10C Standard symbols for plumbing, piping, and valves.

20 UNIT 2 Drawings and Specifications

Blank Off. adjustable Damper automatic Damper deflecting Damper deflecting up

Damper deflecting down Damper volume Duct flow direction Duct inclined drop

PLAN
D

ELEVATION

Duct inclined rise Duct section exhaust, return Duct section supply Duct section notation
Type
exhaust

Riser to 2nd floor Riser to 2nd floor K E

R
Place
kitchen

Riser to 1st floor Riser to 1st floor

Duct connection below joist Fan flexible connection Vanes Louver & screen air intake

Ventilator, cowl Ventilator, gooseneck Ventilator, rainproof Ventilator, standard

PLAN PLAN
PLAN PLAN

ELEVATION ELEVATION ELEVATION ELEVATION

SINGLE-LINE REPRESENTATION

Supply Return Damper & retractor Anchor

S R PA

Hanger Expansion joint Louver opening Register or grille

H L

Figure 2-10D Sheet metal ductwork symbols.

 UNIT 2 Drawings and Specifications 21

ELECTRICAL FLOOR PLAN SYMBOLS

Single-pole switch C Clock outlet

3-way switch X Exit light

4-way switch F Fan outlet

Door switch Ionization type smoke alarm

Dimmer switch Photoelectric type smoke alarm

Remote control master T Thermostat

Remote control switch T Transformer size and type as noted

Motor starter switch Pushbutton

Lowercase letter designates
Buzzer
switching arrangement
Single receptacle 5-15R Bell

Duplex receptacle 5-15R D Door opener

Duplex receptacle 5-15R
floor-mounted CH Door chime

Duplex receptacle 5-20R TV TV outlet

Split-wired duplex receptacle 5-15R WH Water heater

Split-switched duplex
S receptacle 5-15R
3-conductor split-wired
receptacle 5-15R Data outlet

Dryer receptacle Telephone outlet

D
Range receptacle Data/telephone outlet
R

A Special-purpose outlet

Multioutlet assembly

Track lighting length and L

F
number of fixtures as noted

Paddle fan Paddle fan

Ceiling outlet with lamp

Wall outlet

Electrical panel flush-mounted

A
Fluorescent luminaire
Uppercase letter denotes style Electrical panel surface-mounted
d Lowercase letter denotes DP distribution panel
switching arrangement LP lighting panel
PP power panel

Recessed fluorescent luminaire

Branch-circuit wiring. Short lines
indicate ungrounded conductors.
The long line indicates an identified
Fluorescent strip luminaire or neutral conductor. A backward
slash indicates a bonding conductor.
The arrow indicates a home run.

Figure 2-10E Electrical symbols for floor plans.

Another random document with
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 Then was the time for General Pavia’s action. Arthur Houghton,
correspondent to The Times at Madrid, gives, in his “French History
of the Restoration of the Bourbons,” the account of this coup in the
General’s own words; for, favoured by the soldiers’ friendship, Mr.
Houghton had the opportunity of hearing the story first-hand, and the
smart General, looking spruce and trim in his well-cut black frock,
would often talk to the Englishman, when he met him in the salons of
Madrid, of the way he took matters into his own hand when the
republican Parliament could not manage the Congress.
“No, no,” said the former Governor of Madrid, “I admitted nobody
into my counsel, but, under the stress of circumstances, I took all the
responsibility upon myself. When I heard how the Assembly had
given voice to a vote of want of confidence in Castelar, I thought the
hour had come; and as the session the next day increased in force
and disorder, whilst the hours of early dawn succeeded those of the
evening and the night in fruitless and violent discussion, I called a
company of the Civil Guard, and another of the Cazadores, and, to
their surprise, I led them to the square in front of the Congress, and
stationed them all round the building. Then, entering the Parliament
with a few picked men, I surprised the deputies by ordering them to
leave the House. A few shots were fired in the corridor on those who
sought to defy the military order, so the members did not long resist,
and by four o’clock in the morning I found myself in complete
command of the House. I called a Committee, with the power to form
a Ministry, of which General Serrano was once more elected
President, and thus ensued the second period of the republic.”
This brilliant and successful coup reminds one of that of our
Oliver Cromwell when he freed the country of a particular
Government; but in this case of military sway in Spain General Pavia
acted from no aims of self-interest, but only for the restoration of
order, which it was his duty as Governor of the city to preserve.
 During the second period of the republic, which lasted from
January 4, 1874, till December 30 of the same year, Serrano had his
hands weighted with two civil wars—the never-ceasing one of
Carlism in the Peninsula, as well as that of Cuba—and, as Francisco
Paréja de Alarcon says, in the criticism which he publishes in the
above-mentioned work on this period, the Government formed under
Serrano proved unable to restore order and save Spain from the
dishonour which was threatening it.
So when the Ministers heard of the rising at Sagunto, on
December 29, 1874, for the restoration of the monarchy, they knew
that the movement was really supported by leading military men,
who had been inspired thereto by the ladies of the land, who
resented the irreligion and disorder of the republic; and, as they saw
that resistance would only lead to another disastrous civil war, they
resigned their posts peacefully.
It was thus that the son of Isabella II. was raised to the throne.
And Alarcon says: “The hypocritical banner of ‘the country’s honour’
was set aside; for had it not meant the support of a foreign
monarchy, destitute of prestige; and then an unbridled, antisocial,
impious, and anarchical republic, which was a blot on the history of
our unhappy Spain in these latter days, which have been so full of
misfortunes under the government of the ambitious parties which
harrowed and exploited under different names and banners?”
The Circulo Hispano Ultramarino in Barcelona, agitating
continually for the restoration of Alfonso XII., was a strong agent in
the monarchical movement. Figuerola Ferretti worked strenuously as
secretary of the society, and this officer is the possessor of the only
escutcheon signed by Alfonso XII., in which he paid tribute to the
Colonel’s valiant conduct in the Cuban War of 1872.
It is interesting to see that the opinion of the republic published in
“Contemporaneous Truths” by this Ferretti was echoed by the great
leader of the party himself, for Señor Castelar writes: “There were
days during that summer of 1874 in which our Spain seemed
completely ruined. The idea of legality was so lost that anybody
could assume power, and notify the fact to the Cortes, and those
whose office it was to make and keep the laws were in a perpetual
ferment against them.
“It was no question then, as before, of one Ministry replacing
another, nor one form of government substituting another; but a
country was divided into a thousand parts, like the Kalifat of Cordova
after its fall, and the provinces were inundated by the most out-of-
the-way ideas and principles.”
When the great republican speaks in such a derogatory way of
the republic of which he was the leader, it is not strange that public
opinion turned to the restoration of the Bourbons as the salvation of
the country. Society clamoured for such balls and entertainments as
had formerly taken place at Court, or which had been patronized by
the palace, and the dreary disorder wearied both politicians and
patriots.
The house of the Dukes of Heredia-Spinola never ceased to be
the scene of the reunion of Alfonsists, and as General Martinez
Campos played his daily game of tresillo at their table, many
expressions of hope for the return of the ex-Queen’s son fell upon
his ears; whilst the Countess of Tacon, who had been Lady-in-
Waiting to the little Prince of Asturias as a child, was loud in her
opinions. It is interesting to note that this lady subsequently filled the
same office for the restored King’s little daughter, the Princess of
Asturias, Doña Maria de las Mercedes.
From a social point of view the salon of the old Countess of
Montijo ranked foremost in Madrid, and it assembled within its walls
the frequenters of Court society in the reign of Isabella. Scenes from
“Don Quixote” were given with great success at the Countess’s little
theatre; and the year of the restoration was marked by a very
successful dramatic representation, in which some of the members
of the old nobility took part.
Moreover, the services held every Friday in the private chapel of
the mansion, where great preachers made remarkable orations,
were a protest against the irreligion of the period. On these
occasions ladies of Court society, among whom may be noted Clara
Hunt, wife of one of the diplomats of the English Embassy—who was
quite a notable singer—gave proofs of their talent.
The niece of the Count of Nava de Tajo was another of the
distinguished ladies who frequented the salon of the Countess of
Montijo. The Count was varied in his interests. One afternoon he
paid a series of visits, beginning with the Pope’s Nuncio, going on to
the house of Canovas, then to Roque Barcia, who was asking for
subscriptions for his famous dictionary, and ending with the unhappy
Lopez Bago, who was seeking support for his Review of the Salons,
of which only three or four numbers were ever published.
 CHAPTER XV
THE REVIVAL OF COURT LIFE IN SPAIN UNDER ALFONSO XII.

1874–1884

The foregoing brief sketch of the political and social life in Spain
during the republic will have given some idea of the joy which filled
Spanish hearts at seeing the Bourbons once more on the throne of
Spain in the person of Alfonso XII. Madrid indeed was wild with joy
when the little Prince whom we saw at eleven years of age, in his
blue velvet suit and lace collar, leaving his country as an exile, with
his mother and family, re-entered the royal palace as a young man
eighteen years old in January, 1875, having wisely passed through
Catalonia, which Martinez Campos had gained over to the cause,
and pleased the people by saying: “I wish to be King of all
Spaniards.”
As Isabella had abdicated in favour of her son on June 26, 1870,
there was no impediment to his taking the oath of coronation soon
after he was summoned to the Spanish capital. Of a good figure,
gentlemanly, and well cultured, Alfonso added the art of good
dressing to his other attractions, and the excellent taste and cut of
his clothes led to his being called “the Beau Brummell of Spain.”
 K I N G A L F O N S O X I I . V I S I T I N G C H O L E R A PAT I E N T S AT
ARANJUEZ

From a Painting by J. Bermudo y Mateos

The Countess of Campo Alange, who had assisted at the

ceremony, in Paris, of Isabella’s abdication in favour of her son, was
one of the first to pay her respects to Alfonso XII. on his return as
King to the Court of Spain. She went in a beautiful costume of
crushed-strawberry-coloured satin, and she carried in her hand a
snuff-box decorated with a picture of the entry of Charles IV. into
Badajoz, and it was with a graceful speech that the Countess drew
the King’s attention to the miniature.
“What a memory you have, Marchioness!”
“Oh, facts and people remain in my mind when they are forgotten
by others,” returned the lady; and the affectionate look she cast at
the King reminded him of her fidelity to his family.
 In his youthful exuberance of spirits, the young King was always
ready to join in any frolic, although he was not lacking in serious and
intelligent application to matters of State.
It was the Monday preceding Shrove Tuesday, and Alfonso had
remarked somewhat regretfully that the rollicking spirit of the season
seemed somewhat subdued. This the Duke of Tamanes determined
to remedy, so, when the Cabinet was assembling for a royal
audience, he swiftly emptied a bag of flour over the head of the
Minister of War, who gravely sat down to business in his transformed
condition, much to the amusement of Alfonso.
The young King was always genial and affable, and anxious to
avoid too much ceremonial etiquette when it might cause discomfort
to those who followed it.
One day he came unexpectedly into the Archæological Museum
of Madrid with an Austrian Prince. There he found two men studying
with their hats on; for all those who use public institutions in Madrid
know that the cold is intense during the winter in these buildings. At
the entrance of Alfonso the students promptly bared their heads.
“Don’t do that,” said the young King kindly; “put your hats on
again, or I shall have to take off mine.”
Alfonso was a bright and attractive figure in Spanish Court
society. His gift of making verses, either gay or sentimental, as the
occasion warranted, was always attractive, and he slackened the
stiff rules of Court life as much as possible.
The Ilustracion Española y Americana publishes an excellent
account of the historic ball given by the restored monarch:
“The festivities which celebrated the restoration of King Alfonso
XII. in the feudal mansions of Spain finally saw their culmination in
the magnificent ball given at the royal palace by the young monarch
and his widowed sister, the Infanta Isabella, the heir to the throne, on
January 15, 1877.
“The state apartments were illuminated by millions of candles in
the crystal chandeliers; the double-winged splendid staircase—
guarded at the foot by the historic white marble lions, and lined with
the Royal Guard of the Halberdiers in their high black-cloth leggings,
slashed scarlet cutaway coats, tricorn white-banded hats, and their
glittering Toledan steel halberds, at attention—was crowded with
thousands of guests in gorgeous uniforms and lovely toilettes, who
were radiant at this opportunity of once more greeting royalty at a
great fête.
“The King, with his sister, looked smiling and happy, and their
genial words of welcome warmed the hearts of the guests.
“The fine ballroom was soon filled with the stream of people in
gorgeous array; the large mirrors on the wall reflected the dancing of
the stately rigodons, so that they could be seen from the entrance of
the room even by those who could not obtain a place within its
precincts.
“A magnificent supper was served, and so perfect was the
arrangement that 3,000 people were able to partake of it without
confusion.
“To the royalties who gave this ball it offered little real enjoyment,
for the strict Court etiquette only allowed them to dance a few
rigodons according to the protocol, and to pass through some of the
illuminated salons, where they greeted those privileged to approach
them.”
In his anxiety to make acquaintance with his kingdom, Alfonso
went this year to Barcelona, Granada, Malaga, Seville, Asturias,
Galicia, etc., and he took his place as the head of the grandees of
Spain when, with all due pomp and ceremony, he was made Grand
Master of the Orders of Santiago, Alcantara, Calatrava, and
Montesa.
It was on December 8 in this year that the Duke of Sexto went to
Seville to formally ask for the hand of Doña Maria Mercedes, the
seventeen-year-old daughter of the Duke and Duchess of
Montpensier, in marriage for her cousin Alfonso XII.
The royal suitor had long been attracted to this charming girl, and
during the years of his exile many were the happy days he spent
with his cousin in his vacations from Sandhurst at Vichy. When
walking out together in the watering-place, the thoughts of the young
people would sometimes wander to the possible future, and the
young cadet, whose purse was occasionally very attenuated, would
regretfully turn away from some pretty present he would gladly have
bought for his cousin, saying: “It is rather dear; but never mind, I will
buy it when I am King.”
The account of the delicate mission of the Duke of Sexto, the
Marquis de la Frontera, the Chamberlain, and Don Fernando
Mendoza, Secretary of the Etiquette and Mayordomo of the Royal
Palace, is given in the publication mentioned below.[20] The Duke
and Duchess of Montpensier were in the white salon of their palace
when they received the request for the hand of their daughter in
marriage to the reigning King of Spain; and they were well pleased
with the suggested alliance, as they trusted that the hope of Louis
Philippe, that his descendant should sit upon the throne of Spain,
would soon now be fulfilled.
[20] “The Wooing and Marriage of Alfonso XII.”

When Alfonso followed the favourable reception of his request by

a visit to Seville, all went merrily enough in the royal circle.
A magnificent Court ball was given at the Palace of San Telmo on
December 26, to celebrate the royal engagement. The first rigodon
was led off by the King with his fiancée, looking fascinating, gowned
in white and glistening with jewels; the Infanta Doña Luisa Fernanda
danced with the Duke of Sexto, and Alfonso excited much admiration
by the able way he conducted the cotillon.
However, the Princess of Mercedes had not been the only girl
friend young Alfonso had had during his exile. For when he could not
go to the Montpensiers at Vichy, the ex-King liked to visit the Austrian
Archduke and Duchess at Biarritz, as he found their daughter Maria
Cristina très bonne camarade, and well able to hold her own with
him in a game of tennis or billiards. Maria Cristina seems to have
been attracted by Alfonso, for when his marriage was announced
with Mercedes of Montpensier, she joined the rich and noble Chapter
of Prague, of which she accepted the responsible office of Lady
Abbess, with an annual income of 20,000 marks.
The marriage of Mercedes and Alfonso took place on January 23
with all befitting ceremony. The Patriarch of the Indias blessed the
union in the Church of Atocha. The ex-King Francisco was best man,
and the Infanta Isabella represented her grandmother, Queen Maria
Cristina, as the chief lady at the ceremony.
The retinue of the palace, the grandees, the fine caparisoned
horses with their bright-liveried lackeys, the gorgeous coaches with
their magnificent trappings, all made a striking show as they swept
through the Spanish capital from the church to the Court.
But a note of horror was struck when a sudden awful sound was
heard, and a woman fell dead struck by a bomb; but no other fatality
occurred, and cheers filled the air as the troops of the capital filed
before the palace, where the Royal Family witnessed the review
from the windows.
The genial character of the young King was seen in a letter to an
Archduke, a college friend, shortly before the death of his beloved
Mercedes. This friend, with all due respect to Alfonso as King,
mentioned the fact of his marriage with a young Princess of Spain.
To this communication the King replied that he never forgot college
friends, whom he preferred in many cases to later ones.
“I forbid you to address me as ‘Majesty’; treat me as you treated
me in the Teresiano. When you marry, come to Madrid with your
wife, whom I shall at once regard as a friend. Mercedes is very kind;
we will hunt, and we will chat about old times, and so your
honeymoon will be spent as happily as mine was....”
But a telegram soon followed this bright and happy letter. It ran
thus:

“My dear Frederick,

“Queen Mercedes is dead. May God give you in your
marriage the happiness which He has denied me! In your
approaching days of joy remember the woe of your friend.
“Alfonso.”

It may be mentioned that Queen Isabella wrote to Madrid to

signify her displeasure at her son’s marriage, for the fact that the
daughter of Montpensier, who had intrigued to succeed her on the
throne, became Queen of Spain was rather a bitter pill to swallow.
However, all animosity on that score ceased at the death of the
beautiful and lovable Queen, who had had undisputed sway in the
heart of her young husband, and whose intelligence and good
feeling at the age of eighteen had promised so much good for the
country. There were not lacking those who attributed the dreadful
event to the enemies of the Montpensiers, but others said it was due
to a chill. During the sufferings of the last few hours the young
husband sat in sorrow by the bedside, and the much-loved wife
strove between her attacks of pain to comfort him with the hope of
meeting in a future world.
At last all was over, and the poor young Queen was laid out in
state on a low couch in the stately Hall of Columns. This Hall of
Columns was often used for state banquets, but, after being the
scene of the last sad functions in honour of his beloved wife, Alfonso
had a new banqueting-hall built, and the salon of such sad memories
has never since been used for any but solemn ceremonies, such as
the washing the feet and feeding the beggars by royalty on Maunday
Thursday, the Chapter of one of the grand military Orders, etc.
The corpse of the young Queen was dressed in the white garb
and black cape of a nun of the Convent of Don Juan de Alarcon; the
lower part of her face was covered with a white gauze handkerchief;
her beautiful white hands, which looked like wax, were crossed on
her bosom; and her face, which had been so admired a few short
weeks before—when, according to the custom of Spain, she passed
through the streets on foot on Holy Thursday, to make her visits to
the churches in company with her husband and the Court—looked
drawn with pain and fever as it lay in the light of countless candles.
The public defiled sadly through the mortuary chapel, and many
were the Masses celebrated by the Church dignitaries on the altar
erected at the end of the hall.
On the day of the funeral the royal cortège solemnly passed
down the soldier-lined streets to the station. The sound of the
horses’ hoofs was deadened by the tan with which the roads were
strewn, and the silence was only broken by the piercing note of an
occasional clarion or the dull tattoo of the muffled drums. Grandees,
Gentlemen-in-Waiting, mace-bearers, and officers, all with crape
badges, preceded the catafalque, before which was borne the
standard of the Sisterhood of the Royal House, followed by the cross
and the clerics in their vestments. Finally came the band of the
halberdiers, whose soblike strains of a funeral march was in tune
with the occasion.
At last, for the first time in history, the remains of a Queen were
placed on a railway-train for the Escorial, and so the coffin of
Mercedes left the station amid the booming of the cannon and the
strains of the Royal March played for the last time in her honour.
A short time after the death of the Queen, Alfonso was the object
of a regicidal attempt as he was passing No. 93 of the Calle Mayor,
on his way from the station to the royal palace after a visit to
Asturias. The criminal was a young fellow, twenty years of age, from
Tarragona, named Juan Oliva Montcousi, and he was caught with
the pistol in his hand before he had time to discharge it. The young
King was enthusiastically acclaimed when he calmly pursued his
way home as if nothing had happened.
Alfonso’s three younger sisters, Doña Pilar, Doña Paz, and Doña
Eulalia, were often seen at this time in a quiet carriage making
excursions together, so when the news of the death of Doña Pilar
spread through the capital it gave quite a shock to Spain.
It was said that the death of the Infanta Doña Pilar was indirectly
due to a shock received during the review held in honour of the
Prince of Austria. This Prince was known to have made a favourable
impression on the Infanta, and if she had lived it would probably
have resulted in a marriage. But, unfortunately, as the artillery
carriages in the military function were passing down the Alcalá, one
blew up and killed several soldiers on the spot. Perhaps for a
moment the Infanta feared that the honoured guest was among the
killed and wounded. Be that as it may, she and other members of the
Royal Family were upset in the carriage, and she died six weeks
later.
Talk of the second marriage of the King followed very soon after
the death of Queen Mercedes, as a direct heir to the throne was so
essential to the country, and all eyes turned to Maria Cristina
Enriqueta Reniera, daughter of Charles Ferdinand, Archduke of
Austria, as the future Queen of Spain. The Duke of Bailen went to
Vienna to ask the Emperor Joseph of Austria for the hand of his
daughter, the Archduchess Maria Cristina, for his Sovereign, King
Alfonso of Spain.
On August 22 Alfonso arrived at Arcachon, incognito, under the
title of the Marquis of Covadonga, to claim in person the hand of the
Archduchess.
Alfonso had reason to expect he would be favoured by Maria
Cristina, as she had always seemed to enjoy his society when he
came to visit her family, as a young cadet from Sandhurst. The royal
wooer gave expression to his poetic feeling when he found himself
on such a delicate mission at the beautiful spot which had been so
frequented by our poet Shelley. People in the place seemed at once
to recognize the royal visitor, especially as he wore his arm in a
sling, from the effect of a carriage accident which had been noised
abroad.
Anxious for the interview which was to decide his fate, Alfonso
took a basket pony-carriage from Monaco to Arcachon, and, in
company with the Duke of Tetuan and the Spanish Ambassador from
France, he soon found himself at the Villa Bellegarde, the abode of
the Archdukes of Austria.
When the young King passed into the salon, where he was soon
welcomed by Maria Cristina, his eyes fell upon the portrait of
Mercedes, whom he had lost a few short months before, and he
soon found that his bride-elect was in sympathy with his sorrow for
his loss, for, in a voice trembling with emotion, she said:
“My dearest desire is to resemble Mercedes in all things, and
even if I am to succeed her I can never dare hope to supplant her.”
 Such a sympathetic speech could but unseal the heart of the
widowed King, and, having succeeded in his wooing, Alfonso could
hardly tear himself from the side of the young Archduchess, with
whom he could talk so freely of the wife he had lost.
On August 29 the young King finally left Arcachon; the
Archduchess accompanied him as far as Bordeaux, and the royal
marriage was fixed for November 29.
When the Archduke and Duchess and their daughter arrived at
the Casa de Campo on November 23, they were met by the King, his
three sisters, and the royal retinue, who accompanied them to the
Palace of the Pardo, where the marriage settlement was signed on
the 28th.
The bride-elect won all hearts by her delicate and sympathetic
behaviour on the occasion, for, turning to the Patriarch of the Indias,
she said, in a voice broken with feeling: “Pray that I may make the
King happy, for it is a difficult task to succeed a Queen who was a
saint, and who will always live in the affections of the King and the
people of Spain;” and here she drew a miniature of Mercedes from
her bosom, and gazed at it with respectful admiration.
This ceremony took place in the banqueting-hall of Ferdinand
VII., and, to the delight of the Spanish people, it was graced by the
presence of the ex-Queen, Isabella II.
“The great Isabella is coming!” was the cry that rang through the
capital, and the dethroned Queen was moved at the enthusiasm of
her quondam subjects as she passed through the city, for she saw
that there was more fidelity in her people of low degree than there
had been gratitude in the hearts of the great whom she had
overwhelmed with favours.
The wedding ceremony took place in the Church of Atocha, and
hardly was the service concluded when the King’s bride went and
knelt at the feet of Isabella and kissed her hand. It was a tribute of
gratitude to her royal mother-in-law, for it was a fact that the
influence of his mother had led the young King to take his new bride
from the House of Austria. Isabella had signified her disapproval of
the union with the Montpensiers by not being present at that
wedding, but this marriage she favoured from the beginning.
A few days after the royal marriage an attempt was made on the
lives of the young couple, by a man named Francisco Otero
Gonzalez, as they arrived at the chief entrance to the royal palace;
but, fortunately, although the bullet almost grazed the forehead and
neck of the King and Queen, they escaped unwounded.
Queen Maria Cristina is a very accomplished woman, and she
soon set herself to learn the language of her adopted country. In her
eagerness to master the tongue, she often turned to King Alfonso to
supply her with the word she required, and, in fun, he would often
supply her with some expression which she saw, by the looks of her
entourage, was hardly fitting for a lady. Maria Cristina proved she
had made great progress in Spanish when she was able, with all the
gracious courtesy for which she was noted, to ask of a certain
academician, who was complaining of the hatred of Sagasta, would
he not do better to use the word inquina than inquinia?
The affection with which the Queen inspired the young King was
seen in his daily letters to the Court when journeys on State
business obliged him to absent himself from Madrid.
“I have just put your carnation in water,” he would write; and the
many other allusions to their little domestic joys showed that the
heart of the King was with the Queen in his absence.
The Queen had to contend with national jealousy at Court when
she intimated her wish that her Austrian physician, Dr. Riedel, should
attend her in her forthcoming accouchement. Court etiquette was
not, however, to be set aside even by the chief lady in the land, so
the matter was finally settled by the doctors of both countries
presiding jointly over the event. Thus the little Princess of Asturias
made her entry into the world, on September 11, 1880, with her right
hand held by the Austrian physician, Dr. Riedel, and her left in the
grasp of the Court doctor of Spain.
The young King proudly presented his little daughter to the Prime
Minister and his Cabinet, the Court officials, and the military
diplomats and clerical dignitaries, assembled in the antechamber, as
she lay in a nest of costly lace on the historic silver tray.
On September 14 the baptism of the infant Princess of Asturias
was celebrated with all the pomp usual to the occasion. The galleries
were hung with the historic tapestries, representing Bible scenes.
The Royal Guard, in their classic dress and with their shining
halberds, formed a line on either side of the gallery between the
people and the royal procession.
First came the Gentlemen-in-Waiting, de casa y boca (of the
house and the mouth), their gold or silver keys signifying the
respective offices of attendance; then came four mace-bearers,
grandees of Spain, the men-at-arms with the royal arms, all the
Infantes and Infantas in full Court dress, with their ladies and
gentlemen in attendance; the seven gentlemen of the Chamber—the
Marquis of Salamanca, the Dukes of Almenara and Valencia, Count
Villanueva de Perales, the Marquis of Sotomayor, the Marquis of
Benamejis de Sistallo, and the Count of Superunda—all passed in
gorgeous dress and with stately step, bearing respectively the salt,
cut lemon, cruse of oil, piece of cotton-wool, the cake, the white
cape, and the water of Jordan, which all had their part to play in the
baptismal service.
The royal infant itself was carried between Isabel II., who was
godmother, and the Pope’s Nuncio, who represented His Holiness as
godfather. Then followed the proud young father, accompanied by
his military suite, and the procession ended with the band of the
halberdiers, playing a cheerful march from an opera. By the wish of
the Queen, the infant Princess was named, after her predecessor,
Mercedes.

D O N C A R L O S , P R I N C E O F A S T U R I A S , A N D H I S L AT E W I F E , T H E
I N FA N TA M E R C E D E S

It was in 1882 the King and Queen paid a visit to the Duke and
Duchess of Montpensier at their beautiful Palace of Sanlucar de
Barrameda, and the Queen won the hearts of her host and hostess
by her charming manners and the admiration with which she always
spoke of their daughter, the late wife of Alfonso.
On November 12, 1882, the Infanta Maria Teresa was born, and
two days later she was baptized with the customary ceremony.
On April 2, 1883, the King’s sister, Doña de la Paz, was married
very quietly to Prince Lewis Ferdinand of Bavaria. The Prince is a
very able surgeon, and when he comes to Madrid he delights in
going to the military hospital and exhibiting his scientific skill on
some soldier-patient.
The newly wedded pair laid the foundation-stone of the Cathedral
of the Almudena, and, according to the custom, the Princess de la
Paz placed in the casket a poem from her own pen to the Virgin of
the Almudena. The departure of the Infanta de la Paz left the Infanta
Eulalia with no companion in her musical and artistic tastes, for the
sisters had worked, played, painted, and poetized, together.
In September, 1883, Alfonso XII. went to France and Germany.
True to his old friends, the King went to see the Warden of the
Teresian College at his private house. As he was not at home,
Alfonso asked for a pencil and paper to write him a note, which he
handed to the servant. When she saw that the letter ran,

“I came to pay a debt of gratitude by coming to see you. I shall be

going to the Teresian College in two hours.
Alfonso, King of Spain”

she fell on her knees and entreated forgiveness for her stupidity in
having asked the royal visitor into the kitchen.
But Alfonso, with his usual kindness, expressed interest in this,
the first kitchen he had ever seen. He asked many questions about
the utensils, and showed great curiosity about the use of a ceramic
vessel, which, according to the description he subsequently gave
and the sketch he made of it to show the Court officials, proved to be
an egg-poacher.
The enthusiastic reception accorded to Alfonso at Homburg
excited the ire of the French, and so antagonistic was the exhibition
of public feeling as the young King was crossing Paris alone that he
informed the President of the Republic that he would recall his
Ambassador at once. This prompt act brought the necessary
apology, and the King of Spain subsequently attended the banquet
given in his honour at the Elysée, at which the Minister of War was
absent, as the President of France had asked him to send in his
resignation.
The news of this contretemps reached Spain, and when the
Queen returned from La Granja to Madrid she was at first quite
alarmed at the enthusiasm shown by the people at the station. She
clasped her children to her breast, and seemed to think she was on
the brink of a revolution. But her fears were soon stilled when
somebody shouted: “Señora, the Spanish people are only protesting
against the recent events in Paris.”
The return of the King from France saw an ovation of equal
enthusiasm, and, in defiance of all Court etiquette, the people
pressed up the staircases and into the galleries of the palace, crying:
“Viva el Rey y la Reina!”
It was on Maunday Thursday, 1884, that the Court went for the
last time in state to make the customary visits on foot to the chief
churches of the capital. There was the usual service in the morning
in the chapel of the palace, the washing of the beggars’ feet and
feeding them,[21] and the solemn, imposing public procession at
three o’clock in the afternoon. The streets were strewed with tan to
soften the cobbled stones to the feet of the ladies, whose high-
heeled velvet shoes rather impeded their walk. The streets were
lined with troops, and the Plazas de Oriente, Mayor, and La
Encarnacion, were respectively filled with the regiment of the
Princess of Pavia and the artillery.
[21] This ceremony is described on pp. 332-4.

First came a mounted company of the Civil Guard; then a long

line of kettle-drummers, the grooms and all the officials of the Court,
all in full dress; then the six men-at-arms with their embroidered
vestments, the Chamberlains, gentiles hombres, the grandees of
Spain, the King’s military retinue, etc.
Their Majesties walked between the lines of halberdiers, followed
by the Patriarch of the Indias, the Ministers of the Crown, the chiefs
of the palace, the Ladies-in-Waiting, and the Aides-de-Camp of the
King and Queen.
A Captain of the Guard and about thirty lackeys carried the
historic sedan-chairs, and notable among them were those of the
Dukes of Granada, Osuna, and Villahermosa, ornamented with
beautiful paintings.
The procession ended with a company of halberdiers and a
squadron of the royal escort.
Don Alfonso walked with martial step, his head in the air, and
smiling pleasantly to all the friends he saw. He was in the uniform of
Captain-General, with the Order of the Golden Fleece and other
decorations.
In this final public visit to “the Virgins,” the Queen wore a white
velvet robe embroidered with gold and ornamented with sapphire
buttons, and her necklace and bracelets were of the same precious
stones. She wore the Orders of Maria Luisa and the starred Cross of
Austria. The dress of the Infanta Isabella was of pale blue velvet
embroidered with flowers, and all the dresses and mantles of the
royal ladies were of equal magnificence, with tiaras of jewels and
feathers and mantillas on their heads, and, as all the ladies of the
Court also had their places in the procession in splendid attire, one
can imagine it was a superb show; but it was not one to be seen
again in the public streets.
The health of the King was now beginning to give anxiety at
Court, and loyal subjects regretted that people in high places did not
use their influence to stimulate the King in his good desires for the
welfare of the land, instead of pandering to his fancies with adulation
and flattery.
Charming ladies literally forced their way into the palace, and one
day Queen Maria Cristina gave a well-deserved[22] box on the ears
to the Duke of Sexto, when she came upon him introducing a dancer
of light character to His Majesty. It is noteworthy that one of the first
acts of the Queen as a widow was to ask this Duke to resign his post
at the palace.
[22] “La Vie intime d’Alfonse XII.,” par Croze.

It was to such flattering courtiers that Maria Cristina owed the

shadows which crossed the happiness of her married life, for under
good influence Alfonso would always have been true to Maria
Cristina, as the King loved and venerated her above all women; but
when politicians encouraged the escapades of an attractive young
Sovereign the wife’s influence was weakened. Queen Maria Cristina
was deeply offended when she found that her husband’s connection
with this Elena Sanz was a well-known fact, two sons being born to
the singer.
It was then that it was seen that the Queen was no mere weak
woman who would submit calmly to what might be termed los
costumbres (custom) of the Court; and when she found that the King
had a rendezvous with a señorita in the Casa de Campo, the
magnificent wide-stretching park beyond the palace, she declared
she would leave Spain and go back to Austria.
Nothing but the strong pleas and arguments of those about her,
including Alfonso XII., persuaded her to stay at the Spanish Court,
and it was certainly due to this illustrious lady that a higher morality
there became customary. For, as nobody ever was able to breathe a
word against her honour, she subsequently exercised her right, as
Queen-Regent, of sweeping the Court clean of those who smirched
its purity.
Moreover, those who had expected Alfonso XII. to save Spain by
the introduction of a pure and unmystified suffrage, such as he had
seen in England when studying at Sandhurst, were disappointed in
their hopes; for Canovas, the leader of the Conservatives, openly
said at Court: “I have come to continue the history of Spain”—which
meant the history when the voice of the people is not heard; and
Sagasta, the head of the Liberals, acted in the same spirit, although
he did not express himself so openly.
Canovas, the leader of the Conservatives, and Sagasta, the chief
of the Liberals, used all their eloquence at the Court of Spain to
persuade Alfonso XII. that sincere elections in Spain would lead to
the Carlists attaining a majority in the Congress. So the King, not
seeing that the leaders of both parties wished to prevent the
realization of a true Parliamentary representation, because it would
lose them their patronage of deputies’ seats, ended by signing the
Pacto del Pardo. This document, endorsed by the King at the
country palace, was simply an arrangement between Canovas and
Sagasta, by which each was insured an equal period as Prime
Minister, so that their respective partisans could feel that their
patrons had the same amount of influence.
 P R A X E D E S M AT E O S A G A S TA , L I B E R A L P R I M E M I N I S T E R

And yet Alfonso XII., who was overborne by what he considered

the experience of the two leaders, had the welfare of his country at
heart, for he said to Ernest Daudet: “I am Sovereign, and as long as I
am King of Spain I will never allow a Ministry to be overthrown by an
intrigue in the palace, as it has frequently happened hitherto. If the
country wants a Liberal Government, it shall have it; but, before
talking of liberty, Spain herself must have both liberty and stability. As
to those who say I am not accessible to truth, it is because they have
not tried to show it to me. The country is difficult to manage; it is
impatient, and cannot see, as I do, that its condition requires
prudence and management. We have remade the army; we have not
had a manifesto for three years. We have a standing army of 80,000
men, and we have been able to send 20,000 to Cuba. The
insurrection of Cuba is a great wound, and it must be healed before
we can cure the other evils.” But the King was never allowed to take
the sure means of healing these wounds; he was never permitted to
say: “I wish to respect the people and their votes, and by the Law of
the Universal Suffrage they can go to the polls.”
With the loss of the love of his life, the young Queen Mercedes,
Alfonso seemed to become enervated, and self-interested courtiers
found that they could use the King’s pocket for the protection of
needy ladies of all ranks.
Canovas and Sagasta were both aware of this abuse, and,
indeed, both these Ministers were themselves under the influence of
certain ladies, who used their power over these Ministers to their
own pecuniary advantage; for they themselves were liberally
rewarded for the titles which they persuaded these politicians to ask
the King to grant.
The Queen’s ignorance of Spanish when she first came to Madrid
made it more difficult to contravene the influence of the camarillas,
which wove their nets round the young husband, whose real wish for
the welfare of the country would have made him a willing disciple of
good advice.
Moreover, flattering courtiers carefully concealed from the King
the sad results which would inevitably follow his course of self-
indulgence, and the palace became a constant scene of camarillas
and intrigues which could but be disastrous to the land.
Even Nakens (whose protection of the anarchist Morral, after the
bomb tragedy of the royal marriage morn of May 30, 1906, led to his
being imprisoned for nearly two years) pays tribute to the wish of the
young King to act for the welfare of the kingdom, for, in a collection
of his articles published when he was in gaol,[23] we read an appeal
to Alfonso to consider his own good with regard to his health, and
not to listen to self-interested advisers.
[23] “Muestras de mi Estilo,” Nakens.

“Nobody,” says the writer in this appeal, “has the courage to warn
you of the impending evil. When the doctors order you change of
climate, the Government opposes the course for reasons of State.
‘Reasons of State’ imperil the life of a man! And a man to whom we
owe so much!
“Therefore, even as a republican, I beg you, as the occupier of
the throne, to look to your health, if it be only to overthrow some
iniquitous plan, or some unworthy object which is contingent on your
illness; and if scientists think it well for you to pass the winter in
some other place in Spain, or abroad, follow their counsel, and not
that of interested politicians, in sacrificing your life to their ambitions.”
It was certainly true that the King was overborne by the intrigues
of the politicians in the palace. Even in such a little social matter as
that of wishing to go in costume to a fancy ball, the King could not
have his own way, for Canovas showed such aversion to Alfonso
donning fancy attire for the occasion that he had to abandon the idea
and wear his ordinary dress.
If such influence had been used to the prevention of the King
favouring a danseuse like Elena Sanz, which brought so much
sorrow and so many complications in the Royal Family, his life might
certainly have been prolonged. It was true that the doctors advised
the King’s wintering in Andalusia, but “State reasons” led to the
failing Sovereign being exposed to the colder climate and sharp
winds of the Palace of the Pardo, where politicians could use their
influence with the invalid, and remind him continually that he alone
was the arbiter of parties.
 Alfonso was only twenty-seven years of age when he felt he was
doomed to an early death; but his natural energy led him to take
horse exercise, despatch business with his Ministers every day, and,
in spite of daily increasing weakness, to do as much as possible.
If his longing for the sea-breezes of San Sebastian had been
gratified, his life might have been prolonged; but politicians gave little
heed to the plea, and their authority was paramount.
On November 24, 1894, the royal invalid was seized with
faintness when he came in from a walk. Queen Maria Cristina,
Queen Isabella, and the Duchess of Montpensier, were called to his
side. Seeing his wife by him when he recovered consciousness, the
King embraced her, and the alarming symptoms vanished for a time;
but the following day he was seized with another fainting fit, which
proved fatal.
We read in La Ilustracion Española of this date, that when Queen
Maria Cristina was told by Dr. Riedel that all was over, she fell
weeping at the head of the bed of her unhappy husband, whilst
covering his hand with kisses.
 D E AT H O F A L F O N S O X I I .

After the Painting by J. A. Benlliure y Gil

Cardinal Benavides performed the sacred office of the occasion.

The doctor could not suppress his emotion, and hid his face, covered
with tears, in his hands; and Count Morphy, the King’s faithful
secretary, went sorrowfully to announce the sad news to the Queen-
mother and the rest of the Royal Family.
At nine o’clock the next morning the little daughters came to
embrace their father for the last time. The Queen, with only the
assistance of Dr. Camison, prepared the body of her husband for
burial, and she assisted at the obsequies in the Escorial with her little
daughter, the Queen of Spain. Arrived at the historic monastery, the
Augustine Brothers came to meet the sad cortège, in their black
vestments and holding lighted torches, and, headed by the Prior and
the Principal, the procession passed to the burial-place of the Kings.
 The iron seemed to enter the soul of Maria Cristina when the
Chief of the Palace cried before the catafalque: “Señor, señor,
señor!”
Solemn silence reigned. “Then our Sovereign really is no more,”
said the Chamberlain. He broke his wand of office, whilst the drums
of the halberdiers, the bells of the cathedral, and the booming of the
cannon, added to the solemnity of the occasion. The Bishop of
Madrid officiated at the final office, after the coffin was finally carried
with countless candles down into the Pantheon, which he had
entered ten years before in all the exuberance and with all the
illusions of youth.
Then the unhappy widowed Queen returned to Madrid, there to
pass the sad months till the child should be born who might prove
the future King of Spain.
It was an impressive sight to see the Queen, with her orphaned
little girls, take the solemn oath of Regency. Putting her hand on the
Gospels, which the President held open, she said:
“I swear by God to be faithful to the heir of the Crown during the
minority, and to guarantee the Constitution and the laws. May God
help me and be my Defence; and if I fail, may He require it of me!”
Then the Queen sat down with her little girls, and the Prime
Minister made the following formula:
“The Parliament has heard the solemn oath just made by Her
Majesty the Queen-Regent, to be faithful to the legitimate successor
of Don Alfonso XII., and to guard the Constitution and its laws.”
The marriage of the Infanta Eulalia with Don Antonio, son of the
Duke and Duchess of Montpensier, in 1886, was the next interesting
function at the Court of Spain.
The Montpensiers seized this fresh opportunity of becoming
connected with the Spanish Royal Family, and Doña Eulalia
augmented their riches by a large sum of money; but it seemed as if
fate wished to warn the Infanta that the marriage would not be
happy, for it was postponed through the illness and death of her
brother, and she was weeping as she came out of the royal chapel
on her wedding-day. And, indeed, it was not long before the Infanta
found her husband was utterly unworthy of her, and she now lives
apart from him.
The Infanta Eulalia was a great loss to the Court of Spain, where
her bright intelligence and charming ways had made her presence
like sunshine. She was twenty-two years of age when she married,
very pretty and high-spirited, an expert in riding and driving, and a
lover of all kinds of activity.
Her father, Don Francisco, and the Duke of Montpensier—who,
we know, killed Don Enrique, her uncle, in a duel—supported her at
the altar; and Queen Isabella, the Comtesse de Paris, the Queen-
Regent and her little daughters, were also at the ceremony.
This Infanta is often seen at the Court of Spain, with her son
Alfonso. It was she who warned Alfonso XIII., when he presented his
new-born son to the assembled Ministers, that the infant might catch
cold if exposed too long; and at the royal baptism on June 2, 1907,
she looked striking in her long train of scarlet velvet, with the satin
front sewn with jewels, and with scarlet plumes surmounting her tiara
of diamonds.
Even those who had not been in favour of Alfonso were rapidly
gained over to the Bourbons when they saw the difficult position of
the Queen-Regent. All the chivalry of the Spaniards was aroused to
support the young widowed mother in her trying task.
When a lady of the Court condoled one day with the royal widow,
and expressed wonder that she could so valiantly seek to steer the
ship of State whilst suffering the pain of loss, and not knowing how
fate would settle the question of the future Sovereign of Spain, Maria