PROJECT WORK

GLOBAL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE

Mid-Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER
SCIENCE

Submitted by:

Bishesh Khatri
Grade: XI
Section: J1
Roll no.: 8

Submitted to:

Mr. Dhirendra Kumar Yadav

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my good fortune to get a very cooperative teacher, Mr. Dhirendra Kumar Yadav, during

my study of computer science here at GSS. His support, helpfulness, and constant

encouragement have proven to be very helpful in expanding my knowledge of computer

science and motivating me to research for this report. He provided invaluable guidance during

the course of my studies. I have not only learned about the subject of computer science but

also obtained important suggestions regarding how I can apply this knowledge in daily life. I

am very much grateful to him.

Additionally, I would like to thank all the faculty members who have motivated me up until

this point and helped me achieve academic success so far. I also would like to express my

heartfelt gratitude towards the school administration who have provided me with all the

equipment, facilities, and ideal environment for my studies.

I want to give special thanks to the respected principal, Dr. Amba Datta Joshi, and the

Program Director, Mr. Gokul Dev Badu of GSS, for their support and contribution to my

studies. I am also deeply thankful to the Department of Computer Science for providing me

with this immense opportunity to prepare this report and exhibit what I have learned so far.

Finally, I wish to send my thanks to my greatest mentors, my parents, for they have helped me

to become who I am today, and have been the greatest contributors to all of my achievements.

Thank you!

Bishesh Khatri

Grade XI

Section: J1

Roll no.: 8

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 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This project work entitled, “PROJECT WORK OF COMPUTER” by Bishesh Khatri,

section “J”, under the supervision of (Dhirendra Kumar Yadav), is here submitted for the
fulfillment of project work of computer of grade 11 has been accepted.

Supervisor
Dhirendra Kumar Yadav,
Date:
Department of chemistry
Global School of Science
Mid-Baneshwor, Kathmandu

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 Table of Contents

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................. 1

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ................................................................................... 2
APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER ..................................................................................... 6
HISTORY AND GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER ......................................................... 9
First generation computers ............................................................................................................10
Second generation computers ........................................................................................................10
Third generation computers...........................................................................................................11
Fourth generation computers.........................................................................................................11
Fifth generation computers ............................................................................................................12
INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF LOGIC GATES ................................ 13
❖ AND Gate:................................................................................................................................13
❖ OR Gate: ..................................................................................................................................14
❖ NOT Gate .................................................................................................................................14
❖ NAND Gate ..............................................................................................................................15
❖ NOR Gate .................................................................................................................................16
❖ Exclusive-OR (XOR) gate.......................................................................................................16
❖ Exclusive-NOR (XNOR) Gate ................................................................................................17
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA AND LAWS OF BOOLEAN ALGEBRA ................................. 18
❖ Compliment law ......................................................................................................................19
❖ Associative law .........................................................................................................................19
❖ Distributive law .......................................................................................................................20
❖ De-Morgan’s law .....................................................................................................................21
❖ Commutative law ....................................................................................................................22
SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 23
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................... 25

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 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

Through this study, I wish to fulfill the following objectives:

I. To introduce computers thoroughly and mention their characters and fields of

usage of computers.

II. To clarify the history of computers and explain the various generations of

computers, along with their characters and features.

III. To introduce logic gates and mention all the types of logic gates, mentioning their

functions and characteristics.

IV. To explain the different laws of Boolean algebra.

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 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Computers are powerful, versatile devices that have been widely regarded as one of the greatest

inventions in human history. This device has allowed human civilization to achieve exceptional

feats and lead humans towards a smooth development.

Definition

A computer can be defined as a multipurpose, programmable, electronic data processing device

that is capable of accepting input, processing it, and producing information as output at an

enormous speed.

The word computer is derived from a Latin word,

“computare” which means to calculate. In the

early years of invention and experimentation,

computers were large in size and difficult to

program. Over time, the technology being used in

computers improved gradually. The size of

computers decreased dramatically, and the processing capacity and speed increased. Their

capability is nowadays an essential component for the functioning of businesses, banks,

educational institutions, etc. The development of computers has greatly helped humans to

perform many difficult tasks in a much easier manner.

A computer accepts data from the user through input devices, processes the data according to

the programs stored in the computer, and finally provides useful and processed data to the user

through output devices.

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Characteristics of computer

Electronic Diligence

Speed Storage

Computer
Accuracy Non-intelligent

Versatility Automatic Processing

1. Electronic: A computer is an electronic machine developed to perform calculations

and produce results. It runs with the help of many electronic components and thus runs

only when electricity is supplied.

2. Speed: A computer can perform the given function and extract output at a very fast

speed. Very complex calculations can be done by computers in nanoseconds. The speed

of a computer is measured in terms of fractions of seconds.

Some of the fractions of seconds are:

Units of time Parts of second

Millisecond (ms) One thousandth (1/1000)

Microsecond (μs) One millionth (1/1,000,000)

Nanosecond (ns) One billionth (1/1,000,000,000)

Picosecond (ps) One trillionth (1/1,000,000,000,000)

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3. Accuracy: A computer is an accurate machine. It can perform millions of calculations

very fast without making any errors at all. If we give wrong data, the computer also

gives the wrong output, which is called GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out).

4. Versatility: A computer is a versatile machine, i.e., it can perform many different tasks

depending on the program being used. Browsing the internet, playing games, watching

videos, etc. are some of the different tasks that a computer can perform.

5. Diligence: The capacity of a computer to perform repetitive tasks without being tired

or bored is called the diligence of a computer. It can function for several hours or days

and still have the same accuracy and speed during calculations. It can perform millions

of calculations with equal accuracy and speed.

6. Storage: The computer has a feature of mass storage for storing data, information, and

programs for a long period of time. Different forms of data such as music, videos,

photos, etc. can be stored inside a computer for a long period of time. This storage is

available in the form of magnetic memory, optical memory, semiconductor memory,

etc. The units used to measure storage capacity are mentioned below:

• 1 KB - 1024 bytes (B)

• 1 MB -1024 KB

• 1 GB - 1024 MB

• 1 TB - 1024 GB

7. Automatic: A computer is an automatic machine that performs tasks automatically

based on the stored program and data given by the user. The user is required to give

data and instructions, but the computer can perform processing automatically.

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8. Non-intelligent: A computer is non-intelligent as it cannot make its own decisions. It

relies completely on the user to perform any task. It does not have any feelings,

emotions, knowledge, or experience. Thus, it does not have the capacity to think and

lacks common sense.

9. Processing: A computer can process large volumes of data at great speeds. Many

different components work together to complete a given task. Input/output operation,

transfer of data, comparison, etc. are some of the processes that take place

simultaneously to give output to the user.

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 APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER

A computer can be used in many different fields for many different purposes. In the modern

world, computers have been used in many different fields such as industry, education, business,

etc. The usage of computers has been very useful and proven to be very efficient. Some of the

areas in which computers have been utilized are mentioned below.

❖ Computer in education ❖ Computer in business

❖ Computer in health ❖ Computer in banking

❖ Computer in industry ❖ Computer in military

❖ Computer in engineering ❖ Computer in entertainment

❖ Computer in robotics ❖ Computer in government

1. Computer in education

Computers are devices that can be utilized for education in many different ways.

Nowadays, many different schools and universities utilize computers to provide online

notes to students, submit academic assignments, take online classes, etc. Similarly,

many different platforms such as Google, YouTube, etc. have also provided students

with excellent education opportunities online.

2. Computers in business

Computers have many different characteristics that can be utilized by a business

organization. Computers are used mainly to store data about transactions, prepare

receipts, manage credit, etc. in many small and large businesses. E-Commerce is a

computer platform related to business that is very popular nowadays.

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3. Computer in health

Computers can be used in health and medical fields for the diagnosis of diseases and

conditions, getting information about certain diseases, keeping records of patients,

booking, etc. Computers have also allowed for easy and fast communication between

doctors and patients that can further help safeguard the health of patients. Different

devices that utilize computers are also used in hospitals and other medical facilities.

4. Computer in baking

Banks can utilize computers for general-purpose calculations, to handle transactions,

to maintain ledgers, to issue fixed deposit receipts, to provide online services to

customers, etc. ATM is a very popular machine that utilizes computers to help account

holders easily withdraw money on demand. Similarly, other computer-based devices

are also utilized in banks for many purposes.

5. Computer in industry

In industries, computers are extensively used for the automatic control of machines and

equipment, measurement, displaying physical quantities, etc. Computers can efficiently

control things like temperature, current, power, etc. inside an industry. Similarly, they

can alarm the workers in the case of any miscalculations or hazardous situations.

6. Computer in military

Computers are widely used for defense purposes. Many advanced computer systems

have been built around the world to deflect missiles, detect enemy aircraft, etc. Many

different weapons and equipment used in the military including aircraft, warships,

missiles, and rockets also fully utilize computer systems for proper functioning.

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7. Computers in Engineering

Scientific and engineering designs and research require complex calculations and

computations. The designs of bridges, buildings, dams, towers, etc. have been greatly

assisted by computer graphic design and computer simulations. In today’s world, most

engineers utilize computers for many such purposes since such complex calculations

cannot be done by hand or calculators.

8. Computers in Entertainment

The entertainment industry has been using computers for many things. Consumers

generally use computers to gain access to entertainment facilities such as movies and

TV shows. The production of such programs and shows is also only possible through

the use of computers for graphic designing and animation. Games are also a popular

source of entertainment that is primarily accessed through computers.

9. Computers in robotics

Robotics is a developing field of science that makes extensive use of computers to

program and control machines. Robots are computer-controlled machines that are made

with specific work capabilities. Such robots can be used in many other fields such as

hospitals and businesses for other tasks as well.

10. Computer in government

Computers are used in most governmental works nowadays. They are primarily used

to store and record data about people and access such data quickly when required. Many

government agencies are encouraged to use e-governing which further simplifies the

various governmental procedures. Budget, census, tax collection, electronic voting

systems, etc. are some government fields that are supported by computers

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 HISTORY AND GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

Nowadays, computers can be found in the form of desktop computers, laptops, smartphones,

etc. The modern computers are a result of many decades of gradual development of computer

technologies.

In 1962, scientists decided to classify computers into different classes according to the device

technology, system architecture, processing mode, and languages used. Computers are

classified into five groups called the generations of computers. The various generations of

computers along with their duration and main device are mentioned in the table below.

Generation Duration Memory device

First generation 1942 to 1955 Vacuum tubes

Second generation 1956 to 1965 Transistor

Third generation 1966 to 1975 Integrated circuit (IC)

Fourth generation 1976 to 1990 Microprocessors

Fifth generation 1991 onwards Biochip

Every new generation of computers has better capability and higher speed than the previous

generation. There is also a successive decrease in size, power consumption, and price along

with an increase in storage capacity, versatility, and . The fourth generation of computers are

the computers used in the present by the general population for a wide variety of tasks.

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First generation computers

The first generation computers used vacuum tubes as the processor or main technology,

magnetic drum for data storage, and machine language as well as assembly language for giving

instructions. These computers were very large in size, and it was difficult to write programs in

this generation of computers.

➢ Some features of first-generation computers are mentioned below:

• The operating speed was in terms of milliseconds.

• It occupied large space, had slow processing, was inefficient, and had low accuracy.

• It generated much heat and consumed a large amount of power.

• They were used only for scientific and research purposes.

Examples: ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC etc.

Second generation computers

The second generation of computers utilized transistors as the main technology. The transistors

developed by John Burdeen, Walter Brattain, and William Schockley were much more

efficient than vacuum tubes. They had a smaller size, lower power consumption, and were

much faster than first generation computers since one transistor could replace 1000 vacuum

tubes.

➢ Some features of second generation computers are mentioned below:

• The operating speed was in terms of microseconds.

• Assembly-level and high-level languages such as COBOL and FORTRAN could be

understood by second generation computers.

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 • They used magnetic core memory as primary memory and magnetic tape as secondary

memory.

• They consumed less electricity and could handle more complex calculations.

Examples: IBM 1620, IBM 1401, CDC 3600 etc.

Third generation computers

Third generation computers made use of IC (Integrated Circuits), also known as chips.

Integrated circuits were developed by John Kilby and Robert Noyce in 1958. A single IC has

many components placed on a single silicon chip that makes them faster despite having a small

size. Keyboard and mouse were introduced as input devices.

➢ Some of the features of third generation computers are mentioned below

• The operating speed was in terms of nanoseconds.

• High-level languages could be used which made programming easier.

• Semiconductor memory was used as primary memory and Magnetic disks were used

as secondary memory.

• A multiprogramming facility was developed.

Examples: IBM 360, ICL 1900, IBM 370, VAX 750 etc.

Fourth generation computers

The fourth generation computers use microprocessors as the main technology. The present-

day computers are fourth generation computers. These computers utilize VLSI (Very Large

Scale Integration). These computers could be used by the public for general use or official use.

Fourth generation computers are faster, more reliable, cheaper, and more versatile than others.

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 ➢ Some of the features of fourth generation computers are mentioned below

• The operating speed is measured in terms of picoseconds.

• This generation of computers can understand high level language such as JavaScript,

HTML, C++, etc. as well as 4GL.

• Semiconductor memory is used as primary memory, while optical and magnetic discs

(CD, floppy disk, pen drive, etc.) are used as secondary memory.

• Multiprocessing and multiprogramming languages are used.

• The size of computers is reduced to desktops, laptops, and smartphones.

Examples: IBM-PC, Pentium-I, Pentium-II etc.

Fifth generation computers

The fifth generation computers are the upcoming generation of computers. They will use bio-

chips and AI as the main technology. These computers use ULSI (Ultra Large Scale

Integration) and are much faster than any previous generation of computers. They are expected

to use Knowledge-based Information Processing System (KIPS) and possess intelligence like

humans. Japan and the USA are currently developing this type of computer.

➢ Some of the features of fifth generation computers are mentioned below

• They can perform a large number of parallel processing and are thus very fast.

• Superconductor technology such as bio-chips and Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) are used

as memory devices.

• They can understand natural language and develop programs based on it.

• PROLOG (Programming Logics) is used as operating system.

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 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF LOGIC GATES

Logic gates are electric circuits that operate on one or more input signals to produce an output

signal. Logic gates are the basic component of a digital computer, as they perform all basic

binary operations. Logic gates are embodied in the Integrated Circuits (IC), and there are many

different types of gates with their own specific function and graphical symbol.

The input signal of logic gates accepts the binary signal, and provides a single output signal

within the specified range of values which is also a binary signal.

The different types of Logic Gates are mentioned below:

AND gate

OR gate
Basic Gates
NOT gate

NAND gate

NOR gate
Universal Gates

Exclusive OR gate (XOR gate)

Exclusive NOR gate (XNOR gate) Other Gates

❖ AND Gate: AND gate is a gate which produces one output signal with one or more

input signals. If both the input signals are 1, then the output is also 1, otherwise it is 0.

Operation symbol: x or (.) Boolean function: F = A . B

Logic diagram:
A
F=A.B
B

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 Truth table of AND gate:

Input 1 Input 2 output

A B F=A.B

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

❖ OR Gate: OR gate is a gate which produces one output signal with one or more input

signals. If any one of the input signals is 1, then the output is also 1, otherwise it is 0.

Operation symbol: + Boolean function: F = A + B

Logic diagram:
A
F=A+B
B

Truth table of OR gate:

Input 1 Input 2 output

A B F=A+B

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

❖ NOT Gate: NOT gate is a gate which produces one output signal with one input

signal. If the input signal is 1, then the output is 0, otherwise it is 1.

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 Operation symbol: ( ‘ ) Boolean function: F = A’

Logic diagram:

A F = A’

Truth table of AND gate:

Input output

A F = A’

0 1

1 0

❖ NAND Gate: NAND gate is a gate which produces one output signal with one or

more input signals. This gate is a combination of AND gate and NOT gate. If both the

input signals are 1, then the output is also 0, otherwise it is 1.

Operation symbol: (.)‘ Boolean function: F = (A . B)‘

Logic diagram:
A
F = (A . B)‘
B

Truth table of Input 1 Input 2 output

NAND gate: A B F = (A . B)‘

0 0 1

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

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❖ NOR Gate: NOR gate is a gate which produces one output signal with one or more

input signals. This gate is a combination of OR gate and NOT gate. If both the input

signals are 0, then the output is 1, otherwise it is 0.

Operation symbol: ( + )‘ Boolean function: F = (A + B)‘

Logic diagram:
A
F = (A + B)‘
B

Truth table of NOR gate:

Input 1 Input 2 output

A B F = (A + B)‘

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 0

❖ Exclusive-OR (XOR) gate: XOR gate is a gate which produces one output signal

with one or more input signals. If both the input signals are different, then the output is

1, otherwise it is 0.

Operation symbol: Boolean function: F = A B

Logic diagram:
A
F = (A B)
B
= A‘.B + A.B‘

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 Truth table of XOR gate:

Input 1 Input 2 output

A B F = (A B)

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

❖ Exclusive-NOR (XNOR) Gate: XNOR gate is a gate which produces one output

signal with one or more input signals. If both the input signals are same, then the output

is 1, otherwise it is 0.

Operation symbol: Boolean function: F = (A B)

Logic diagram:
A
F = (A B)
B
= A‘.B‘ + A.B
Truth table of XNOR gate:
Input 1 Input 2 output

A B F = (A B)

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

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 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA AND LAWS OF BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

Boolean algebra is the algebra of logic, which deals with the study of binary variables and

logical operations. This is a two-valued system of algebra that represents logical relationships

and operations. The values are 1 and 0.

A set of rules or Laws of Boolean Algebra expressions have been invented to help reduce the

number of logic gates needed to perform a particular logic operation resulting in a list of

functions or theorems known commonly as the Laws of Boolean Algebra.

There are many laws of Boolean Algebra, they are mentioned below:

Name of the law Mathematical expresssion

Identity law A+0 = A A.1= A

Boundedness law A+1 = 1 A.0 = 0

Idempotent law A+A = A A.A = A

Complement law A+A’ = 1 A.A’ = 0

Double Negation law

(A’)’ = A
(Involution law)

Commutative law A+B = B+A A.B = B.A

Associative law (A+B)+C = A+(B+C) (A.B).C = A.(B.C)

Distributive law A+(B.C) = (A+B).(A+C) A.(B+C) = A.B+A.C

De Morgan’s law (A+B)’ = A’.B’ (A.B)’ = A’+B’

Absorption law A+(A.B) = A A.(A+B) = A

Some of the laws have been verified below:

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 ❖ Compliment law: It states that, “When an OR operation is performed between a

variable and its complement, the result is 1. Similarly, when an AND operation is

performed between a variable and its complement, the result is 0.”

Mathematically, A + A’ = 1 and A . A’= 0

Proof:

A + A’ = 1 A . A’= 0
A A’ RESULT A A’ RESULT
0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0

Thus, the complement law is verified.

❖ Associative law: It states that, “Associative law using the OR function states that

ORing more than two Boolean variables will return the same output, irrespective of the

order of the variables in the equation and their grouping. No matter which order the

variables are swapped in, ORing them will always give the same result.”

And,

“Associative law using the AND function states that ANDing more than two Boolean

variables will return the same output, irrespective of the order of the variables in the

equation and their grouping. No matter which order the variables are swapped in,

ANDing them will always give the same result.”

Mathematically, (A+B)+C = A+(B+C) and, (A.B).C = A.(B.C)

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 Proof of associative law: (A+B)+C = A+(B+C)

Input Output 1 Output 2

(B+C) (A+B)
A B C A+(B+C) (A+B)+C

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 1 0 1

0 1 0 1 1 1 1

0 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 0 0 0 1 1 1

1 0 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 0 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Here, output 1 and output 2 are equal. This verifies the associative law. The second

statement can be proven in a similar manner.

❖ Distributive law: This law states that, “The product of two variables, when added

to a third variable, produces the same result as when we add each variable with the third

variable separately and multiply their sums.”

And,

“The sum of two variables, when multiplied to a third variable, produces the same result

as when we multiply each variable with the third variable separately and add their

products.”

Mathematically, A + ( B . C ) = ( A + B ) . ( A + C ) and, A.(B+C) = (A.B) + (A.C)

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 Proof of distributive law:

Input Output 1 Output 2

(B.C) (A+B) (A+C)
A B C A+(B.C) (A+B).(A+C)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1

1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Since output 1 and output 2 are same, Distributive law is verified. The second statement

can also be proven in a similar way.

❖ De-Morgan’s law: It states that, “The complement of the union of two sets is the

same as the intersection of their complements.”

And,

“The complement of the intersection of two sets is the same as the union of their

complements.”

Mathematically, (A + B)’ = A’ . B’, and (A . B)’ = A’ + B’

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Proof of De-Morgan’s law:

(A + B)’ = A’ . B’ (A . B)’ = A’ + B’
A B A + B (A + B)’ A’ B’ A’. B’ A B A . B (A. B)’ A’ B’ A’ + B’
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Thus, De-Morgan’s law is verified in this manner.

❖ Commutative law: This law states that, “ORing more than two Boolean variables

will return the same output, irrespective of the order of the variables in the equation

and their grouping.”

And,

“ANDing more than two Boolean variables will return the same output, irrespective of

the order of the variables in the equation and their grouping.”

Mathematically, A + B = B + A, and A . B = B . A

Proof for commutative law:

A+B=B+A A.B=B.A
A B A+B B+A A B A.B B.A
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Thus, the commutative law is verified in this manner.

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 SUMMARY

The computer is an electronic, automatic device that makes use of a large variety of

programs and physical components to process data obtained as input and produce

an output. The computer is a device that has many different characteristics that enable it

to perform calculations, namely speed, accuracy, diligence, versatility, storage,

processing, automatic, etc. Similarly, computer is applicable in many different fields due

to its power of processing and its multi-tasking ability. Some of the fields in which

computers are fully utilized are; business, education, health, industry, communication,

entertainment, governance, defense, engineering, etc. Thus, due to such different uses,

computer is very important for the functioning of the modern world.

Computers have a long history of development. The different stages of development of

computers are divided as “Generations of computer”. There are a total of five generations;

first generation (1942-1955), second generation (1956-1965), third generation (1966-

1975), fourth generation (1976-1991), and fifth generation (1991 onwards). All these

generations have their own different main technologies, and each successive generation

has greater speed, accuracy, and power than the previous generation, while also having

smaller size, price and lower cost.

Logic gates are the electric circuits that carry out the binary operations within the

computer. They are significant components for the proper functioning of the computer.

Logic gates accept one or more input signals and process them to produce an output

signal. Some of the various logic gates are; AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate, NAND gate,

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NOR gate, XOR gate, XNOR gate. All of these different logic gates have their own

function.

Boolean algebra is the algebra of logic, which deals with the study of binary variables

and logical operations. A set of rules or Laws of Boolean Algebra expressions have been

invented to help reduce the number of logic gates needed to perform a particular logic operation

resulting in a list of functions or theorems known commonly as the Laws of Boolean Algebra.

The laws of Boolean algebra are:

1. Identity law

2. Boundedness law

3. Idempotent law

4. Complement law

5. Double Negation law

6. Commutative law

7. Associative law

8. Distributive law

9. De Morgan’s law

10. Absorption law

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 REFERENCES

The contents of this report are prepared with reference to the sources mentioned below:
• A textbook of COMPUTER SCIENCE, Heritage publishers and distributors.
• Essentials of computer science, Asmita publications.
• www.byjus.com
• www.studysmarter.co.uk
• www.javatpoint.com
• ecomputernotes.com

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