Marycris G.

Villa March 16,2024

1.What is research methodology?
A research methodology describes the techniques and procedures used to identify and analyze
information regarding a specific research topic. It is a process by which researchers design their study so
that they can achieve their objectives using the selected research instruments. It includes all the important
aspects of research, including research design, data collection methods, data analysis methods, and the
overall framework within which the research is conducted.

Why is research methodology important?

Having a good research methodology in place has the following advantages:3
 Helps other researchers who may want to replicate your research; the explanations will be of benefit
to them.
 You can easily answer any questions about your research if they arise at a later stage.
 A research methodology provides a framework and guidelines for researchers to clearly define
research questions, hypotheses, and objectives.
 It helps researchers identify the most appropriate research design, sampling technique, and data
collection and analysis methods.
 A sound research methodology helps researchers ensure that their findings are valid and reliable and
free from biases and errors.
 It also helps ensure that ethical guidelines are followed while conducting research.
 A good research methodology helps researchers in planning their research efficiently, by ensuring
optimum usage of their time and resources.

2.What are the Differences Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research?

 Quantitative research is a more methodical approach to solving problems by generating and
using data. This form of research is used in quantifying data and variables into concrete data.
The surveys used in Quantitative Research includes online surveys, paper surveys and other
forms of survey used to complete the research.

Difference between Qualitative and Quantitative Research

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

A method for developing a better understanding of
human and social sciences, in understanding human
behaviour and personalities better
It employs a subjective approach
It is generally expressed using words
It has open-ended questions
Qualitative research needs only a few respondents
The data collection methods involved are interviews, The data collection methods involved are
focus groups, literature review, ethnography
Qualitative research is holistic in nature
The reasoning used to synthesise data in this
research is inductive
This method involves a process-oriented inquiry
It develops the initial understanding of data
The data taken in the Qualitative research method is The data taken in this method is pretty measurable
pretty verbal
The objective of this research method is to engage
and discover various ideas
It is one of the exploratory research methods
It is the method used to generate numerical data by
using a lot of techniques such as logical, statistical
and mathematical techniques
It employs an objective approach
It is expressed using graphs and numbers
It has multiple choice questions
Quantitative research requires many respondents
experiments, surveys, and observations expressed
in numbers
Quantitative Research is particularistic in nature
The reasoning used to synthesise data in this
research is deductive
This method does not involve a process-oriented
inquiry
It recommends a final course of action
The main objective of Quantitative research is to
examine the cause and effect between the variables
It is a conclusive research method
 3.What are the components of Preliminary before chapter 1?
Things to be examined and agreed upon prior to start writing a specific guide

General
Steps
o Step 1. Define the objectives of evaluation
o Step 2. Which is (or are) the disciplines(s) or categories of disciplines involved ?
o Step 3. Who needs evaluation ? Actors and stakeholders
o Step 4. Nature and type of evaluation
o Step 5. Dimensions of evaluation
o Step 6. Distribute responsibilities among the specific guide’s authors

4.What are the parts of Chapter I?

Chapter I: Introduction

 Introduction
 Background of the Problem
 Statement of the Problem
 Purpose of the Study
 Research Questions
 Significance of the Study
 Definition of Terms
 Assumptions, Limitations, and Delimitations
 Conclusion

How to make a CV for the first job?

1. Start with a strong personal statement.
2. Showcase work or internship experience.
3. List your education degrees.
4. Underline skills and talents.
5. Add extra sections.
6. Attach a cover letter.
7. Apply the right formatting

How to Format a CV
The following are some of the rules that you should follow when formatting your
curriculum vitae:

1. Length

The CV should not be too long and not too short. The length of the CV depends on the
education and working experience you have amassed over the years. For entry-level
positions, the CV length can be one to two pages, while the length can go up to 10 pages
for positions that require higher qualifications and more experienced personnel.

2. Font size

When writing a curriculum vitae, use a font that is easy to read and apply it to the whole
document. The recommended font styles include Arial, Calibri, Cambria and Times New
Roman. The font size should be between 10 to 12 points. The headings should be
boldened to distinguish them from the other information and make the CV organized.

3. Proper grammar and spelling

Sending a CV that has spelling, tense, or grammar errors would only serve to spoil your
chances of getting shortlisted for an interview. Before sending the CV to your prospective
employer, make sure to check it several times to correct any errors. Alternatively, ask a
friend to review the CV for any errors.

Curriculum Vitae vs. Resume

While both CVs and resumes are used by people applying for jobs, a CV is most often
used by someone with published works and research. A resume, on the other hand, is
usually only one page long, and the information included is not as detailed. A resume still
includes the individual’s work history, educational background, skills, career objectives, and
other personal information.

Admittedly, even knowing the differences and similarities between the two documents,
deciding which one to use for what still seems to be difficult. So here are some points to
remember:

1. Anyone who is from the US and Canada knows that most employers and recruiters
require a resume. After all, not everyone wants to spend the time delving into a
three-page curriculum vitae when they can ask questions during the interview itself.
Anyone applying for a job in the US and Canada is expected to submit a resume.
2. Most European countries, such as the UK and Ireland, use the curriculum vitae
extensively, taking the European Union CV format as a template. New Zealand also
prefers to use it more than the resume.
3. Australia, South Africa, and India adhere to a different set of “rules” on the use of the
two documents, citing that the curriculum vitae and the resume can be used
interchangeably. However, it is common to find in these countries that the CV is
used when applying for a job in the private sector and the resume for jobs in public
service.
The curriculum vitae, also known as a CV or vita, is a comprehensive statement
of your educational background, teaching, and research experience. It is the
standard representation of credentials within academia. • The full CV is only used
when applying for academic positions in four-year institutions.

What’s the difference between a CV and a resume?

While both CVs and resumes summarize your major activities and achievements, a
resume is more heavily focused on professional achievements and work history. An
academic CV, on the other hand, highlights academic accomplishments and summarizes
your educational experience, academic background and related information.

Think of a CV as basically a longer and more academic version of a resume. It details

your academic history, research interests, relevant work experience, publications,
honors/awards, accomplishments, etc. For grad schools, the CV is a quick indicator of
how extensive your background is in the field and how much academic potential you have.
Ultimately, grad schools use your academic resume to gauge how successful you’re likely
to be as a grad student.

Do I need an academic CV for graduate school?

 Like personal statements, CVs are a common grad school application document (though
not all programs require them). An academic CV serves the same basic purpose as a
regular CV: to secure you the job you want—in this case, the position of “grad student.”
Essentially, the CV is a sales pitch to grad schools, and you’re selling yourself!

In addition to your college transcripts, GRE scores, and personal statement or statement
of purpose, graduate schools often require applicants submit an academic CV. The rules
for composing a CV for a Master’s or doctoral application are slightly different than those
for a standard job application. Let’s take a closer look.

Academic CV Format Guidelines

No matter how compelling the content of your CV might be, it must still be clear and easy
for graduate admissions committee members to understand. Keep these formatting and
organization tips in mind when composing and revising your CV:

 Whatever formatting choices you make (e.g., indentation, font and text size, spacing,
grammar), keep it consistent throughout the document.
 Use bolding, italics, underlining, and capitalized words to highlight key information.

 Use reverse chronological order to list your experiences within the sections.

 Include the most important information to the top and left of each entry and place
associated dates to the right.

 Include page numbers on each page followed by your last name as a header or footer.

 Use academic verbs and terms in bulleted lists; vary your language and do not repeat the
same terms. (See our list of best verbs for CVs and resumes)

How long should a CV be?

While resumes should be concise and are usually limited to one or two pages, an
academic CV isn’t restricted by word count or number of pages. Because academic CVs
are submitted for careers in research and academia, they have all of the sections and
content of a professional CV, but they also require additional information about
publications, grants, teaching positions, research, conferences, etc.

It is difficult to shorten the length without shortening the number of CV sections you
include. Because the scope and depth of candidates’ academic careers vary greatly,
academic CVs that are as short as two pages or as long as five pages will likely not
surprise graduate admissions faculty.

How to Write an Academic CV

 Before we look at academic CV examples, let’s discuss the main sections of the CV and
how you can go about writing your CV from scratch. Take a look at the sections of the
academic CV and read about which information to include and where to put each CV
section. For academic CV examples, see the section that follows this one.

Academic CV Sections to Include (with

Examples)
A strong academic CV should include the following sections, starting from the top of the
list and moving through the bottom. This is the basic Academic CV structure, but some of
the subsections (such as research publications and academic awards) can be rearranged
to highlight your specific strengths and achievements.

1. Contact Information
2. Research Objective or Personal Profile

3. Education Section

4. Professional Appointments

5. Research Publications

6. Awards and Honors

7. Grants and Fellowships

8. Conferences Attended

9. Teaching Experience

10. Research Experience

11. Additional Activities

12. Languages and Skills

13. References

1. Contact Information

Your academic curriculum vitae must include your full contact information, including the
following:

 Full name
 Professional title and affiliation (if applicable)

 Institutional address (if you are currently registered as a student)

 Your home address

 Your email address

 Your telephone number

 LinkedIn profile or other professional profile links (if applicable)

In more business-related fields or industries, adding your LinkedIn profile in your contact
information section is recommended to give reviewers a more holistic understanding of
your academic and professional profile.

Check out our article on how to use your LinkedIn profile to attract employers.

2. Research Objective or Personal Profile

A research objective for an academic CV is a concise paragraph (or long sentence)

detailing your specific research plans and goals.

A personal profile gives summarizes your academic background and crowning

achievements.

Should you choose a research objective or a personal profile?

If you are writing a research CV, include a research objective. For example, indicate that
you are applying to graduate research programs or seeking research grants for your
project or study

A research objective will catch the graduate admission committee’s attention and make
them want to take a closer look at you as a candidate.

Academic CV research objective example for PhD application

MA student in Sociology and Gender Studies at North American University who made the
President’s List for for six consecutive semest

Academic CV personal profile example for a post-doctoral

university position

Proven excellence in the development of a strong rapport with undergraduate students,

colleagues, and administrators as a lecturer at a major research university. Exhibits
expertise in the creation and implementation of lifelong learning programs and the
personalized development of strategies and activities to propel learning in Higher
Education, specifically in the field of Education. Experienced lecturer, inspirational tutor,
and focused researcher with a knack for recognizing and encouraging growth in
 individuals. Has completed a Master’s and PhD in Sociology and Education with a BA in
Educational Administration.

What makes this CV personal profile example so compelling? Again, the details included
about the applicant’s academic history and achievements make the reader take note and
provide concrete examples of success, proving the candidate’s academic acumen and
verifiable achievements.

3. Education Section
If you are applying to an academic position, the Education section is the most essential
part of your academic CV.

List your postsecondary degrees in reverse chronological order. Begin with your most
recent education (whether or not you have received a degree at the time of application),
follow it with your previous education/degree, and then list the ones before these.

Include the following educational details:

 Year of completion or expected completion (do not include starting dates)

 Type of Degree

 Your major

 Any minor degrees (if applicable)

 Your department and institution

 Your honors and awards

 Dissertation/Thesis Title and Advisor (if applicable)

Because this is arguably the most important academic CV section, make sure that all of
the information is completely accurate and that you have not left out any details that
highlight your skills as a student.

4. Professional Appointments
Following the education section, list your employment/professional positions on your
academic CV. These should be positions related to academia rather than previous jobs or
positions you held in the private section (whether it be a chef or a CEO). These
appointments are typically tenure-track positions, not ad hoc and adjunct professor gigs,
nor TA (teacher assistant) experience. You should instead label this kind of experience
under “Teaching Experience,” which we discuss further down the list.
 List the following information for each entry in your “Professional Appointments” section:

 Institution (university/college name)

 Department

 Your professional title

 Dates employed (include beginning and end dates)

 Duties in this position

5. Research Publications
Divide your publications into two distinct sections: peer-reviewed publications and other
publications. List peer-reviewed publications first, as these tend to carry more weight in
academia. Use a subheading to distinguish these sections for the reader and make your
CV details easier to understand.

Within each subsection, further divide your publications in the following order:

 Books
 Book chapters

 Peer-reviewed journal articles

 Contributions to edited volumes equivalent to peer-reviewed journals

All of your other research publications should be put into a subcategory titled “Other
Publications.” This includes all documents published by a third party that did not receive
peer review, whether it is an academic journal, a science magazine, a website, or any
other publishing platform.

Tip: When listing your publications, choose one academic formatting style (MLA
style, Chicago style, APA style, etc.) and apply it throughout your academic CV. Unsure
which formatting style to use? Check the website of the school you are applying to and
see what citation style they use.

6. Awards and Honors

This section allows you to show off how your skills and achievements were officially
acknowledged. List all academic honors and awards you have received in reverse
chronological order, just like the education and professional appointments sections.
Include the name of the award, which year you received it, and the institution that awarded
it to you.
 Should you include how much money you were awarded? While this is not recommended
for most academic fields (including humanities and social sciences), it is more common for
business or STEM fields.

7. Fellowships and Grants

It is important to include fellowships and grants you received because it evidences that
your research has been novel and valuable enough to attract funding from institutions or
third parties.

Just like with awards and honors, list your grants and fellowships in reverse chronological
order. Enter the years your fellowship or grant spanned and the name of the institution or
entity providing the funding. Whether you disclose the specific dollar amount of funding
you received depends on your field of study, just as with awards and honors.

8. Conferences Attended
Involvement in academic conferences shows admissions committees that you are already
an active member of the research community. List the academic conferences in which you
took part and divide this section into three subsections:

 Invited talks—conferences you presented at other institutions to which you received an

invitation
 Campus talks—lectures you gave on your own institution’s campus

 Conference participation—conferences you participated in (attended) but gave no

lecture

9. Teaching Experience
The “Teaching Experience” section is distinct from the “Professional Appointments”
section discussed above. In the Teaching Experience CV section, list any courses you
taught as a TA (teacher’s assistant) you have taught. If you taught fewer than ten courses,
list all of them out. Included the name of the institution, your department, your specific
teaching role, and the dates you taught in this position.

If you have a long tenure as an academic scholar and your academic CV Appointments
section strongly highlights your strengths and achievements, in the Teaching Experience
sections you could list only the institutions at which you were a TA. Since it is likely that
you will be teaching, lecturing, or mentoring undergraduates and other research students
in your postgraduate role, this section is helpful in making you stand out from other
graduate, doctoral, or postdoctoral candidates.
 10. Research Experience
In the “Research Experience” section of your CV, list all of the academic research posts at
which you served. As with the other CV sections, enter these positions in reverse
chronological order.

If you have significant experience (and your academic CV is filling up), you might want to
limit research and lab positions to only the most pertinent to the research position to which
you are applying. Include the following research positions:

 Full-time Researcher
 Research Associate

 Research Assistant

For an academic or research CV, if you do not have much research experience, include all
research projects in which you participated–even the research projects with the smallest
roles, budget, length, or scope.

11. Additional Activities

If you have any other activities, distinctions, positions, etc. that do not fit into the above
academic CV sections, include them here.

The following items might fit in the “Additional Activities” section:

 Extracurriculars (clubs, societies, sports teams, etc.)

 Jobs unrelated to your academic career

 Service to profession

 Media coverage

 Volunteer work

12. Languages and Skills

Many non-academic professional job positions require unique skillsets to succeed. The
same can be true with academic and research positions at universities, especially when
you speak a language that might come in handy with the specific area of study or with the
other researchers you are likely to be working alongside.

Include all the languages in which you are proficient enough to read and understand
academic texts. Qualify your proficiency level with the following terms and phrases:
 IntermediateNative/bilingual in Language
 Can read Language with a dictionary

 Advanced use of Language

 Fully proficient in Language

 Native fluency in Language

 Native/Bilingual Language speaker

If you only have a basic comprehension of a language (or if you simply minored in it a
decade ago but never really used it), omit these from this section.

Including skills on an academic CV is optional and MIGHT appear somewhat amateur if it

is not a skill that is difficult and would likely contribute to your competency in your research
position. In general, include a skill only if you are in a scientific or technical field (STEM
fields) and if they realistically make you a better candidate.

13. References
The final section of your academic CV is the “References” section. Only include
references from individuals who know you well and have first-hand experience working
with you, either in the capacity of a manager, instructor, or professor, or as a colleague
who can attest to your character and how well you worked in that position. Avoid using
personal references and never use family members or acquaintances–unless they can
somehow attest to your strength as an academic.

List your references in the order of their importance or ability to back up your candidacy. In
other words, list the referrers you would want the admissions faculty to contact first and
who would give you a shining review.

Include the following in this order:

 Full name and academic title

 Physical mailing address

 Telephone number

 Email address

Academic CV Examples by Section

Now that you have a template for what to include in your academic CV sections, let’s look
at some examples of academic CV sections with actual applicant information included.
Remember that the best CVs are those that clearly state the applicant’s qualifications,
skills, and achievements. Let’s go through the CV section-by-section to see how best to
highlight these elements of your academic profile. Note that although this example CV
does not include EVERY section detailed above, this doesn’t mean that YOU shouldn’t
include any of those sections if you have the experiences to fill them in.
What Is a Research Problem Statement? A research problem statement is a
clear, concise, and specific statement that describes the issue or problem that
the research project addresses. It should be written in a way that is easily
understandable to both experts and non-experts in the field.

A problem statement is an explanation in research that describes the issue that is in need of
study. What problem is the research attempting to address? Having a Problem Statement allows the
reader to quickly understand the purpose and intent of the research. The importance of writing your
research proposal cannot be stressed enough. Check for more information on Writing a Scientific
Research Project Proposal.

It is expected to be brief and concise, and should not include the findings of the research
or detailed data. The average length of a research statement is generally about one page. It is going
to define the problem, which can be thought of as a gap in the information base. There may be
several solutions to this gap or lack of information, but that is not the concern of the problem
statement. Its purpose is to summarize the current information and where
a lack of knowledge may be presenting a problem that needs to be investigated.

The purpose of the problem statement is to identify the issue that is a concern and focus it in a
way that allows it to be studied in a systematic way. It defines the problem and proposes a way to
research a solution, or demonstrates why further information is needed in order for a solution to
become possible.

What is Included in a Problem Statement?

Besides identifying the gap of understanding or the weakness of necessary data, it is important to
explain the significance of this lack.

-How will your research contribute to the existing knowledge base in your field of study?

-How is it significant?

-Why does it matter?

Not all problems have only one solution so demonstrating the need for additional research can also
be included in your problem statement. Once you identify the problem and the need for a solution, or
for further study, then you can show how you intend to collect the needed data and present it.

How to Write a Statement of Problem in Research Proposal

It is helpful to begin with your goal. What do you see as the achievable goal if the problem you
outline is solved? How will the proposed research theoretically change anything? What are the
potential outcomes?

Then you can discuss how the problem prevents the ability to reach your realistic and achievable
solution. It is what stands in the way of changing an issue for the better. Talk about the present state
of affairs and how the problem impacts a person’s life, for example.

It’s helpful at this point to generally layout the present knowledge and understanding of the subject
at hand, before then describing the gaps of knowledge that are currently in need of study. Your
problem statement is a proposed solution to address one of these gaps.

A good problem statement will also layout the repercussions of leaving the problem as it currently
stands. What is the significance of not addressing this problem? What are the possible future
outcomes?
Example of Problem Statement in Research Proposal

If, for example, you intended to research the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the immune
system, you would begin with a review of the current knowledge of vitamin D’s known function in
relation to the immune system and how a deficiency of it impacts a person’s defenses.

You would describe the ideal environment in the body when there is a sufficient level of vitamin D.
Then, begin to identify the problems associated with vitamin D deficiency and the difficulty of raising
the level through supplementation, along with the consequences of that deficiency. Here you are
beginning to identify the problem of a common deficiency and the current difficulty of increasing the
level of vitamin D in the blood.

At this stage, you may begin to identify the problem and narrow it down in a way that is practical to a
research project. Perhaps you are proposing a novel way of introducing Vitamin D in a way that allows
for better absorption by the gut, or in a combination with another product that increases its level in
the blood.

Describe the way your research in this area will contribute to the knowledge base on how to increase
levels of vitamin D in a specific group of subjects, perhaps menopausal women with breast cancer.
The research proposal is then described in practical terms.

How to write a problem statement in research?

Problem statements differ depending on the type and topic of research and vary between a few
sentences to a few paragraphs.

However, the problem statement should not drag on needlessly. Despite the absence of a fixed
format, a good research problem statement usually consists of three main parts:

Context: This section explains the background for your research. It identifies the problem and
describes an ideal scenario that could exist in the absence of the problem. It also includes any past
attempts and shortcomings at solving the problem.

Significance: This section defines how the problem prevents the ideal scenario from being achieved,
including its negative impacts on the society or field of research. It should include who will be the
most affected by a solution to the problem, the relevance of the study that you are proposing, and
how it can contribute to the existing body of research.

Solution: This section describes the aim and objectives of your research, and your solution to
overcome the problem. Finally, it need not focus on the perfect solution, but rather on addressing a
realistic goal to move closer to the ideal scenario.

Here is a cheat sheet to help you with formulating a good problem statement.

1. Begin with a clear indication that the problem statement is going to be discussed next. You can
start with a generic sentence like, “The problem that this study addresses…” This will inform your
readers of what to expect next.

2. Next, mention the consequences of not solving the problem. You can touch upon who is or will
be affected if the problem continues, and how.

3. Conclude with indicating the type of research/information that is needed to solve the problem. Be
sure to reference authors who may have suggested the necessity of such research.

This will then directly lead to your proposed research objective and workplan and how that is
expected to solve the problem i.e., close the research gap.

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What is Included in a Problem Statement?

Besides identifying the gap of understanding or the weakness of necessary data, it is important to
explain the significance of this lack.

-How will your research contribute to the existing knowledge base in your field of study?

-How is it significant?

-Why does it matter?

Not all problems have only one solution so demonstrating the need for additional research can also
be included in your problem statement. Once you identify the problem and the need for a solution, or
for further study, then you can show how you intend to collect the needed data and present it.

How to Write a Statement of Problem in

Research Proposal
It is helpful to begin with your goal. What do you see as the achievable goal if the problem you
outline is solved? How will the proposed research theoretically change anything? What are the
potential outcomes?

Then you can discuss how the problem prevents the ability to reach your realistic and achievable
solution. It is what stands in the way of changing an issue for the better. Talk about the present state
of affairs and how the problem impacts a person’s life, for example.

It’s helpful at this point to generally layout the present knowledge and understanding of the subject
at hand, before then describing the gaps of knowledge that are currently in need of study. Your
problem statement is a proposed solution to address one of these gaps.

A good problem statement will also layout the repercussions of leaving the problem as it currently
stands. What is the significance of not addressing this problem? What are the possible future
outcomes?

Example of Problem Statement in Research Proposal

If, for example, you intended to research the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the immune
system, you would begin with a review of the current knowledge of vitamin D’s known function in
relation to the immune system and how a deficiency of it impacts a person’s defenses.

You would describe the ideal environment in the body when there is a sufficient level of vitamin D.
Then, begin to identify the problems associated with vitamin D deficiency and the difficulty of raising
the level through supplementation, along with the consequences of that deficiency. Here you are
beginning to identify the problem of a common deficiency and the current difficulty of increasing the
level of vitamin D in the blood.

At this stage, you may begin to identify the problem and narrow it down in a way that is practical to a
research project. Perhaps you are proposing a novel way of introducing Vitamin D in a way that allows
for better absorption by the gut, or in a combination with another product that increases its level in
the blood.

Describe the way your research in this area will contribute to the knowledge base on how to increase
levels of vitamin D in a specific group of subjects, perhaps menopausal women with breast cancer.
The research proposal is then described in practical terms.

How to write a problem statement in research?

Problem statements differ depending on the type and topic of research and vary between a few
sentences to a few paragraphs.

However, the problem statement should not drag on needlessly. Despite the absence of a fixed
format, a good research problem statement usually consists of three main parts:

Context: This section explains the background for your research. It identifies the problem and
describes an ideal scenario that could exist in the absence of the problem. It also includes any past
attempts and shortcomings at solving the problem.

Significance: This section defines how the problem prevents the ideal scenario from being achieved,
including its negative impacts on the society or field of research. It should include who will be the
most affected by a solution to the problem, the relevance of the study that you are proposing, and
how it can contribute to the existing body of research.

Solution: This section describes the aim and objectives of your research, and your solution to
overcome the problem. Finally, it need not focus on the perfect solution, but rather on addressing a
realistic goal to move closer to the ideal scenario.

Here is a cheat sheet to help you with formulating a good problem statement.

1. Begin with a clear indication that the problem statement is going to be discussed next. You can
start with a generic sentence like, “The problem that this study addresses…” This will inform your
readers of what to expect next.

2. Next, mention the consequences of not solving the problem. You can touch upon who is or will
be affected if the problem continues, and how.

3. Conclude with indicating the type