Batch-6 FR Work

CHAPTER NO CONTENTS PAGE NO
ABSTRACT i
LIST OF TABLES ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Embedded System Implementation 02
1.2 Embedded system hardware 03
1.3 Embedded system software 05
1.4 Applications 06
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 09
3 EXISTING SYSTEM 12
4 PROPOSED SYSTEM 17
4.1 Working of Proposed System 21
5 HARDWARE & SOFTWARE

REQUIREMENTS
5.1 Arduino 23
5.1.1 Introduction to Arduino 25
5.1.2 Arduino Pinout 26
5.1.3 Arduino UNO Technical Specifications 29
5.1.4 Communication And Programming 30
5.1.5 Applications 31
5.2 MQ135 Sensor 32
5.2.1 MQ135 sensor features 32
5.2.2 working 33
5.3 MQ136 sensor 35
5.3.1 MQ136 sensor features 35
5.3.2 Technical data of MQ136 sensor 36
5.3.3 Applications of MQ136 sensor 36
5.4 Power supply 37
5.5 Relay 37
5.5.1 Features of Relay 37
5.5.2 Specifications of Relay 38
5.5.3 Applications of Relay 38
5.6 12V DC Fan 39
5.6.1 Features of fan 39
5.7 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 40
5.7.1 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 40
5.7.2 How does the Light Emitting Diode work? 41
5.7.3 LCD materials 42
5.7.4 LCD structure 42
5.7.5 Applications of LCD 43
5.7.6 Advantages of using LCDs 44
5.8 Activated Charcoal 44
5.8.1 Charcoal filter structure 45
5.8.2 Absorption capacity analysis 47

5.8.3 Charcoal Analysis 49
5.8.4 Reactivation of Charcoal 49
5.9 Arduino IDE 51
5.9.1 Introduction to Arduino IDE 51
5.9.2 Libraries 58
5.9.3 How to select the board? 59
5.9.4 Boot Loader 62
5.9.5 Code 63
5.9.6 Benefits of Air Purification 65
6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
6.1 Result of the project 67
6.2 Conclusion 68
6.3 Future Scope 68
REFERENCES 69
ABSTRACT
This project describes the process of improving the Air Quality Index at Major Ports by using
the Activated Charcoal filter. It involves air quality detection sensors to monitor the number of
pollutants and it is interfaced with a microcontroller, Arduino (Arduino UNO R3). If the gas sensors
sense the pollutants from the port area, sensors output goes to an active low condition, low signals
are overlooked by the Arduino. Here two sensors are used they are MQ135 and MQ136, the MQ135
is a gas detecting sensor and it gives the overall AQI (Air Quality Index) and the second one MQ136
is also a gas detecting sensor, which detects the amount of sulfur dioxide (SO2), when the threshold
value reaches then the active high signal will be sent to the fan from the Arduino UNO, the Arduino
UNO turns ON the fan. The fan pulls the air into the Activated charcoal filter, the activated charcoal
absorbs the pollutants from the air and releases the purified air.
KEYWORDS: Arduino, MQ135 sensor, MQ136 sensor, Activated charcoal filter.
i
LIST OF TABLES
S.NO TABLE NAME PAGE NO
5.1.3 Arduino UNO Technical Specifications 29
5.3.2 Technical data of MQ136 sensor 36
5.5.2 Specifications of Relay 38
ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator

CPU Central Processing Unit
VCC Voltage Common Collector
IOREF Input Output Reference
SPI Serial Peripheral interface
SCK Serial Clock
TWI Two wire Interface
ARM Advanced RISC Machines
PIC Peripheral Interface Controller
USB Universal serial Bus
IDE Integrated Development environment
PWM Pulse Width Modulation
MAC Media access Control Address
LED Light Emitting Diode
RAM Random Access Memory
ROM Read only Memory
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
S.NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

1.1 Overview of embedded system 03
3.1 Pollutant absorber design 14
3.2 SOA concentration with and without absorber 15
5.1 Arduino 23
5.1.2 Microcontroller 24
5.1.3 Arduino UNO 25
5.1.4 Arduino Pinout 26
5.2.1 MQ135 Sensor 32
5.2.2 Pin configuration of MQ135 33
5.2.3 Sensitivity of MQ135 34
5.3.1 MQ136 Sensor 35
5.5.1 Relay 37
5.6.1 12V DC Fan 39
5.7.1 Liquid Crystal Display LCD 41
5.7.2 Working of an LED 41
5.7.3 Symbol of LED 42
5.7.4 Structure of LED 43
5.8.1 Activated Charcoal 44
5.8.2 Charcoal filter structure with fan and circuit 45
5.8.3 Charcoal filter structure without fan and circuit 46
6.1 Results of the Project 67
iv
POLLUTION ABSORBER DESIGN TO IMPROVE AQI USING ACTIVATED CHARCOAL FILTER
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
DEPARTMENT OF MECH, VEMU, CHITTOOR. Page 1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Major air pollutants generated by port activities include carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), Sulphur oxides (SOx), and particulate matter (PM). The
health effects of prolonged exposure to these compounds include respiratory diseases, cardiovascular
disease, lung cancer and premature death. Major air pollutants generated by port activities include
carbon. So, by keeping it in the concept of the project we have determined to develop an examining
system that finds the number of pollutants in the air and absorbs the pollution through the activated
charcoal. The main objective of this project is that to improve the air quality index with low cost. In this
project we are trying to implement a new methodology to filter the air.
1.1 Embedded System

Implementation
An embedded system is one kind of a computer system mainly designed to perform several tasks like
to access, process, and store and also control the data in various electronics-based systems. Embedded
systems are a combination of hardware and software where software is usually known as firmware
that is embedded into the hardware. One of its most important characteristics of these systems is, it
gives the o/p within the time limits. Embedded systems support to make the work more perfect and
convenient so, we frequently use embedded systems in simple and complex devices too. The applications
of embedded systems mainly involve in our real life for several devices like microwave, calculators, TV
remote control, home security and neighborhood traffic control systems, etc.

User interface
Embedded systems
software Hardware
Inputs Outputs
Link to other systems
Fig 1.1 Overview of embedded system

Embedded system
Embedded system includes mainly two sections, they are
1. Hardware
2. Software
1.2 Embedded System Hardware

As with any electronic system, an embedded system requires a hardware platform on which it
performs the operation. Embedded system hardware is built with a microprocessor or
microcontroller. The embedded system hardware has elements like input output (I/O) interfaces,
user interface, memory and the display.
Power Supply Usually, an embedded system consists of:
1. Serial communication ports
2. Output Circuits

Embedded systems use different processors for its desired operation. Some of theprocessors
used are
1. Microprocessor
2.Microcontroller
3.Digital signal processor

Microprocessor & Microcontroller
Microprocessor
1. CPU on a chip.
2. We can attach required amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ports.
3.Expensive due to external peripherals.
4.Large in size
5.Generalpurpose
Microcontroller
1. Computer on a chip
2.Fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O ports

3. Low cost
4. Compact in size.
5. Specific –purpose

1.3 Embedded System Software
The embedded system software is written to perform a specific function. It is typically written in a
high-level format and then compiled down to provide code that can be lodged within a non-volatile
memory within the hardware. An embedded system software is designed to keep in view of the three
limits:
1. Availability of system memory
2. Availability of processor’s speed
Bringing software and hardware together for embedded system
To make software to work with embedded systems we need to bring software and hardware
together for this purpose we need to burn our source code into microprocessor or microcontroller
which is a hardware component and which takes care of all operations to be done by embedded
system according to our code.
Generally, we write source codes for embedded systems in assembly language, but the processors
run only executable files. The process of converting the source code representation of your
embedded software into an executable binary image involves three distinct steps:
1. Each of the source files must be compiled or assembled into an object file.
2. All of the object files that result from the first step must be linked together to producer single object file,
called the re-locatable program.
3. Physical memory addresses must be assigned to the relative offsets.
4. The re-located program in a process called relocation.
The result of final step is a file containing an executable binary image that is ready to run on the
embedded system.

1.4 Applications
Embedded systems have different applications. A few select applications of embedded systems are
smart cards, telecommunications, satellites, missiles, digital consumer electronics, computer
networking, etc.
Embedded Systems in Automobiles

1. Motor Control System
2. Engine or Body Safety
3. Robotics in Assembly Line
4. Mobile and E-Com Access
Embedded systems in Telecommunications
1. Mobile Computing
2. Networking
3. Wireless Communications
Embedded Systems in Smart Cards

1. Banking
2. Telephone
3. Security Systems
4. Implementation flow

Stage 1
Considering the problems of existing methods and giving solution to that problem that requirements
for our proposed system
Stage 2
Considering the hardware requirements for the proposed system for this we need select the below
components:
1. Microcontroller
2. Inputs for the proposed system (ex: sensors, drivers etc…,)
3. Outputs (ex: relays, loads)
Stage 3
After considering hardware requirements, now we need to check out the software requirements.
Based on the microcontroller we select there exists different software for coding, compiling,
debugging. we need to write source code for that proposed system based on our requirements and
compile, debug the code in that software. After completing all the requirements of software and
hardware we need to bring both together to work our system. For this we need to burn our source
code into microcontroller, after burning our source code to microcontroller then connect all input
and output modules as per our requirement.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Pollutant Absorber Design to Minimize Air Pollution Emissions from Industry

To cite this article: Yayat Ruhiat and Yudi Guntara 2020 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci.
Eng. 854 012039
In this research, the manufacture of pollutant absorber using local raw materials of
coconut shell charcoal. This natural material is used as absorber because the cost is relatively
inexpensive and easy to obtain in the Banten area. To maintain the resilience of the device to absorb
pollutants is done by condensation. This is done to cool and dissolve pollutants. Coconut shell, as
an absorber base, is first made into charcoal or called carbonization. The furnace used to make
charcoal is a traditional ground furnace with a curing time of 3 days. Massa shell made charcoal is
100 kg. The charcoal produced is around 30 kg. Then the charcoal is broken into granular 2-3 cm
diameter using a bat. The second step is to process dehydration using 2% NaOH salt. Charcoal that
has been in granular form is put into a wall pond containing NaOH salt solution. Charcoal is soaked
for 24 hours. After going through the process of immersion, then the charcoal is drained. Charcoal
already drained then insert it into the activation space to be converted into activated charcoal. The
principle in this third step is to open the pores of the charcoal to become more extensive. This
activation is carried out for 48 hours. The dried charcoal is then put in a plastic bag to be transported
to UPB Suralaya.
REMOVAL OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE FROM FLUE GASES IN THERMAL

PLANTS D.S.N. Prasad, Rashmi Sharma, Shveta Acharya, Meenakshi Saxena
and Arun Kumar Sharma*Department of Chemistry, S.D. Govt. College,
Beawar-305901, Rajasthan.
The demand of electricity is continuous increasing and it is expected to double in 7 -10

years and the pollution in the environment likely to increase in the coming years. The main
pollutants from the thermal power plants are dust and objectible gases like CO, CO2, SO2, NO2
etc. SO2 is a major constituent in air pollution. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) which produces during
combustion of Coal in power plants and reacts with atmospheric water and oxygen to produce

sulphuric acid (H2SO4). This sulphuric acid is a component of acid rain, which lowers the pH of
soil and freshwater bodies, resulting in substantial damage to the natural environment and chemical
weathering of statues and structures. Hence our aim of the project is removal of SO2 in flue gases
and production of commercial applicable product with these gases. Laboratory studies were
conducted to compare the efficiency of different concentration of NaOH, pH of solution, and
temperature of NaOH solution for absorption of SO2 contained in flue gases. Thus it is concluded
that the 5 % Conc. of the NaOH is found to be optimum as compared to higher concentrations. pH
of the solution should be alkaline for good absorption of SO2.
Absorption Pollutants Carbon Monoxide (CO) in the Air Using Sansevieria and
Scindapsus Aureus Anisa Furtakhul Janah, Sulhadi, Teguh Darsono.
This research belongs to a descriptive exploratory study which used snakes’ plant
(Sansevieria) and betel ivory (Scindapsus Aureus) as the samples. The data were collected both
quantitatively and qualitatively. The quantitative data were obtained by the calculation of the
concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) which can be absorbed by the leaves of Sansevieria and
Scindapsus Aureus using AAS test (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer), while the qualitative
data were described through quantitative data collection. Based on the results of research and
discussion, it can be concluded that the higher the temperature of the water used for watering plants,
the higher the ability of plants to absorb carbon monoxide (CO) in the air. Besides, the plants which
placed in the bright room absorb more CO gas, due to the plant has adequate nutrition for growth
and development. From this research, the Scindapsus Aureus plants absorb more CO gas when
compared with the Sansevieria plant. Both plants absorb most of the CO gas when doused with
water in the temperature of 35 C.
H. Zheng, K. Xiong, P. Fan and Z. Zhong, "Data Analysis on Outdoor–Indoor
Air Quality Variation: Buildings’ Producing Dynamic Filter Effects," in IEEE
Systems Journal, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 4386-4397, Dec. 2019, DOI:
10.1109/JSYST.2019.2910594.
Recently, air quality issues have attracted much more attention. This paper aims to find an
effective way to analyze the buildings' effects on the air quality variation between indoor and outdoor.
To do so, we treat the building as a dynamic filter system by regarding the outdoor PM2.5, the indoor
PM2.5, and the building as the input, the output, and a response system, respectively. To analyze the

filtering effect produced by buildings, the statistical distribution of the indoor PM2.5 per hour is
studied, and the interrelationship between the indoor and the outdoor PM2.5 is explored in time
domain. Some interesting physical laws are discovered by using the collected data. First, the indoor
PM2.5 per hour follows Gaussian distribution in most cases. Second, the indoor PM2.5 has a positive
correlation with the corresponding outdoor one. Third, a linear regression model with high accuracy
on analyzing the indoor PM2.5 is presented, which indicates that the indoor PM2.5 consists of two
parts-one comes from the outdoor PM2.5 penetrating into the building and the other comes from the
indoor environment. Fourth, by applying different system identification methods, it is found that the
B-J model is the best one in characterizing the memory effects of the building for both long time and
short time scales.

CHAPTER 3
EXISTING SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3
EXISTING SYSTEM
To maintain the resilience of the device to absorb pollutants is done by condensation.

This is done to cool and dissolve pollutants. Coconut shell, as an absorber base, is first made into
charcoal or called carbonization. The furnace used to make charcoal is a traditional ground furnace
with a curing time of 3 days. Massa shell made charcoal is 100 kg. The charcoal produced is around
30 kg. Then the charcoal is broken into granular 2-3 cm diameter using a bat. The second step is to
process dehydration using 2% NaOH salt. Charcoal that has been in granular form is put into a wall
pond containing NaOH salt solution. Charcoal is soaked for 24 hours. After going through the process
of immersion, then the charcoal is drained. Charcoal already drained then insert it into the activation
space to be converted into activated charcoal. The principle in this third step is to open the pores of
the charcoal to become more extensive. This activation is carried out for 48 hours. The dried
charcoal is then put in a plastic bag to be transported to UPB Suralaya.
Most of the charcoal that is so, in the test beforehand whether the sample is in compliance
with SNI 06 - 3730-1995 Deng's parameter is missing part in 950*C, levels of Water, levels of ash .
The sample used is first converted into granules smooth yang sifted by size sieve 30 mesh.
Moisture content and ash content are determined using the gravimetric method. Water content influences
the absorption quality of activated carbon because high water content will reduce the absorption
of activated carbon against gas or liquid. Determination activated carbon ash is done for me Knowing
the content of the metal oxide d natural activated carbon. Ash in which obtained from the activated
carbon results of research that is 5 % meet the standards SNI standard is a maximum of 10%. The
adsorption capacity of activated carbon against 12 correlates with the surface area of activated
carbon. The pore surface area is an essential parameter in determining the quality of an activated
carbon as an adsorbent. This is because the pore surface area is one factor that affects the adsorption
capacity of an adsorbent. The activated carbon of research results has an absorption capacity of 802
mg/g and meets the SNI set standards, which is a minimum of 750 mg/g.

Pollutant absorber of coconut shell charcoal with condensation system serves to absorb all kinds
of pollutants emitted from industry, especially in this study is SO2. By looking at picture 1, the
product stored in chamber 1, then flows through the tube in chamber 2. In chamber 2, the absorbed
pollutants are then separated with a separate r through the enthalpies process by lowering the
temperature and keeping energy from being lost. In this process, various types of particles derived
from smoke will be obtained. After each particle is formed, the process is continued with adsorbs by
the activated charcoal, which is carried out in chamber 3. In chamber 3, the smoke particles will be
changed into charged ions. Because the production process takes place continuously, it will be obtained
ions with large enough ions that can be used as a source of electrical energy.
The design of the prototype application of pollutant absorber in the UPB Suralaya chimney is
presented in figure below
Figure 3.1 Pollutant absorber design

pollutants coming out of the chimney is absorbed by the filter and then accommodated in
chamber 1. And then contaminants are separated in chamber 2, then every kind of pollutants are
stored in the chamber 3. Activated charcoal is placed before the chamber 3. The flow of contaminants
at any sub tools detected using a control instrument. To keep the flow of particles in each pipe made
with a condensation system by maintaining the humidity tool. The working method of the device is
to absorb all types of pollutants that come out of the chimney. Contaminants captured by the absorber
filter are collected in chambers through capillary tubes. To maintain the change of separating and
changing smoke particles into charged ions created by a condensation system by supporting energy
through the enthalpy process. SO2 concentration measurements were carried out for ten weeks.

The trial results show that activated charcoal can absorb Sox. At the beginning of use, activated
charcoal functions optimally in absorbing pollutants, especially Sox, but after passing seven weeks,
the charcoal starts to decrease its function. This is caused by a pretty drastic drop in temperature.
Charcoal will be optimal at 900°C heating. Because at that temperature the pores in the charcoal
will be opened by the presence of high heat penetration and if there are pores that have opened it will
cause an increase in pore diameter which causes complex compounds especially those that close the
charcoal pore out so that the pollutant absorption will be higher. But it can be concluded that this
prototype can be used as a step to reduce pollution emissions.
Figure 3.2 SOA concentration with and without absorber
Pollutant absorber from coconut shell charcoal with condensation system is a control
technique to reduce sea pollution. The difference between this tool and the tool previously seen in
the position and function of the instrument. The feature of the previous device was only to absorb or
separate coal-fueled pollutants, while this tool was able to absorb and separate pollutants from
different fuels. From the function side of this tool can absorb SOA emitted. The absorbed products
are then separated by a separator; after being separated, the pollutants are then absorbed so that they
can be used as an energy source. The factors that influence adsorption include physical and chemical
properties of adsorbent and adsorbate, liquid phase (pH, temperature), gas properties
(temperature, pressure), adsorbate concentration, and contact time of adsorbent and adsorbate.
Coconut shell can be used as activated charcoal because it is relatively cheap and easy toobtain.
Almost all parameters analyzed on the activated charcoal as a result of the research meet the
requirements of the Indonesian National Standard now active. The use of activated charcoal as
an ingredient absorbs SO2 can be applied to the industry, especially the use of coal fuel.

CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED SYSTEM

CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED SYSTEM
Major air pollutants generated by port activities include carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), Sulphur oxides (SOx), and particulate matter (PM). The
health effects of prolonged exposure to these compounds include respiratory diseases, cardiovascular
disease, lung cancer and premature death. Major air pollutants generated by port activities include
carbon. So, by keeping it in the concept of the project we have determined to develop an examining
system that finds the number of pollutants in the air and absorbs the pollution through the activated
charcoal. The main objective of this project is that to improve the air quality index with low cost. In this
project we are trying to implement a new methodology to filter the air.
FEATURES OF ATMEGA328 MICROCONTROLLER

1. It is an opensource platform where anyone can modify and optimize the board based on
the number of instructions and task they want to achieve.
2. This board comes with a built-in regulation feature which keeps the voltage under control
whenthe device is connected to the external device.
3. Reset pin is added in the board that reset the whole board and takes the running program in
the initial stage. This pin is useful when board hangs up in the middle of the running
program; pushing this pin will clear everything up in the program and starts the program
right from the beginning.
4. There are 14 I/O digital and 6 analog pins incorporated in the board that allows the external
connection with any circuit with the board. These pins provide the flexibility and ease of use
tothe external devices that can be connected through these pins. There is no hard and fast
interfacerequired to connect the devices to the board. Simply plug the external device into
the pins of theboard that are laid out on the board in the form of the header.
5. The 6 analog pins are marked as A0 to A5 and come with a resolution of 10bits. These pins
measure from 0 to 5V, however, they can be configured to the high-range using analog
Reference() function and AREF pin.
6. 13KB of flash memory is used to store the number of instructions in the form of code.
7. Only 5V is required to turn the board on, which can be achieved directly using USB port or
external adopter, however, it can support external power source up to 12 which can be
regulated and limitto 5V or 3.3V based on the requirement of the project.
8. Atmega328 microcontroller is placed on the board that comes with a number of features
like timers, counters, interrupts, PWM, CPU, I/O pins and based on a 16MHz clock that
helps in producing more frequency and number of instructions per cycle.

COMPONENTS WORKING
ARDUINO
Arduino Uno is a very valuable addition in the electronics that consists of USB interface, 14 digital
I/O pins, 6 analog pins, and Atmega328 microcontroller. It also supports serial communication
using Tx and Rx pins. There are many versions of Arduino boards introduced in the market like
Arduino Uno, Arduino Due, Arduino Leonardo, Arduino Mega, however, most common versions
are Arduino Uno and Arduino Mega. If you are planning to create a project relating to digital
electronics, embedded system, robotics, or IoT, then using Arduino Uno would be the best, easy
and most economical option.
MQ 135 SENSOR
The MQ 135 Gas sensor can detect gases like Ammonia (NH3), sulfur (S), Benzene (C6H6), CO2,
and other harmful gases and smoke. Similar to other MQ series gas sensor, this sensor also has a
digital and analog output pin. When the level of these gases goes beyond a threshold limit in the
air the digital pin goes high. This threshold value can be set by using the on-board potentiometer.
The analog output pin, outputs an analog voltage which can be used to approximate the level of
these gases in the atmosphere. The MQ 135 air quality sensor module operates at 5V and consumes
around 150mA. It requires some pre-heating before it could actually give accurate results.
The MQ 135 is one of the popular gas sensors from the MQ series of sensors that are commonly
used in air quality control equipment. It operates from 2.5V to 5.0V and can provide both digital
and analog output.
MQ 136 SENSOR
The MQ 136 Gas Sensor can be used to monitor the concentration of Hydrogen Sulfide gas (H2S). This Module
simplifies using the MQ 136 gas sensor by providing digital as well as analog output which can be interfaced to
Microcontrollers, Arduino and Raspberry pi. Sensitive material of MQ 136 gas sensor is SnO2, which with lower
conductivity in clean air. When the target Hydrogen sulfide gas exist, the sensor’s conductivity is higher along with
the Hydrogen sulfide concentration rising.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
Activated carbon is usually derived from waste products such as coconut husks; waste from paper mills has
been studied as a source. These bulk sources are converted into charcoal before being 'activated'. When
derived from coal it is referred to as activated coal. Activated coke is derived from coke. Activated carbon,
also called activated charcoal, is a form of carbon commonly used to filter contaminants from water
and air, among many other uses. It is processed (activated) to have small, low-volume pores that
increase the surface area available for adsorption (which is not the same as absorption) or chemical
reactions. Activation is analogous to making popcorn from dried corn kernels: popcorn is light,
fluffy, and its kernels have a high surface-area-to-volume ratio. Activated is sometimes replaced
by active.
12V DC Fan
Mechanically, a fan can be any revolving vane, or vanes used for producing currents of air. Fans
produce air flows with high volume and low pressure (although higher than ambient pressure), as
opposed to compressors which produce high pressures at a comparatively low volume. A fan blade
will often rotate when exposed to an air-fluid stream. 12V DC Cooling Fan 2-inch 50mm, the direct
current fans, or DC fans, are powered with a potential of fixed value such as the voltage of a battery.
It features maintenance-free double ball bearings, long service life, sufficient heat dissipation air
volume, and air pressure.
LED
The Light emitting diode is a two-lead semiconductor light source. In 1962, Nick Holon yak has
come up with an idea of light emitting diode, and he was working for the General Electric company.
The LED is a special type of diode and they have similar electrical characteristics of a PN junction
diode. Hence the LED allows the flow of current in the forward direction and blocks the current in the
reverse.

POWER SUPPLY
A power supply is a component that provides at least one electrical charge with power. It typically
converts one type of electrical power to another, but it can also convert a different Energy form in
electrical energy, such as solar, mechanical, or chemical. A power supply provides electrical power
to components. Usually, the term refers to devices built into the powered component. Computer
power supplies, for example, convert AC current to DC current and are generally located along with
at least one fan at the back of the computer case.
4.1 WORKING OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
1. In this system the components used are Arduino microcontroller, MQ135 sensor, MQ136 sensor,12V
DC Fan, Activated Charcoal, Red LED and Green LEDs.
2. Arduino is the main controller which takes INPUT and gives OUTPUT according to the program.
3. Initially in this system it involves air quality detection sensors to monitor the number of pollutants
and it is interfaced with a microcontroller, Arduino (Arduino UNO R3).
4. If the gas sensors sense the pollutants from the port area, sensors output goes to an active low
condition, low signals are overlooked by the Arduino.
5. Here two sensors are used they are MQ135 and MQ136, the MQ135 is a gas detecting sensor and
it gives the overall AQI (Air Quality Index) and the second one MQ136 is also a gas detecting
sensor, which detects the amount of sulfur dioxide (SO2).
6. When the threshold value reaches then the active high signal will be sent to the fan from the
Arduino UNO, the Arduino UNO turns ON the fan.
7. The fan pulls the air into the Activated charcoal filter, the activated charcoal absorbs the pollutants
from the air and releases the purified air.

CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE & SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
5.1 Arduino
Arduino Uno is a very valuable addition in the electronics that consists of USB interface, 14
digital I/O pins, 6 analog pins, and Atmega328 microcontroller. It also supports serial
communication using Tx and Rx pins.
There are many versions of Arduino boards introduced in the market like Arduino Uno, Arduino
Due, Arduino Leonardo, Arduino Mega, however, most common versions are Arduino Uno and
Arduino Mega. If you are planning to create a project relating to digital electronics, embedded
system, robotics, or IoT, then using Arduino Uno would be the best, easy and most economical
option.
Fig 5.1 Arduino

It is an open-source platform, means the boards and software are readily availableand anyone can
modify and optimize the boards for better functionality. The software used for Arduino devices
is called IDE (Integrated Development Environment) which is free to use and required some
basic skills to learn it. It can be programmed using C and C++ language.
Some people get confused between Microcontroller and Arduino. While former isjust an on
system 40 pin chip that comes with a built-in microprocessor and later is a board that comes
with the microcontroller in the base of the board, bootloader and allows easy access to input-
output pins and makes uploading or burning of the program very easy.
Fig 5.1.2 Microcontroller
While learning microcontroller requires some expertise and skills. Never the less, we can say
every Arduino is basically a microcontroller but not every microcontroller is an Arduino.

5.1.1 Introduction to Arduino:
1. Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board developed by Arduino.cc which is an opensource

electronics platform mainly based on AVR microcontroller Atmega328.
2. First Arduino project was started in Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in 2003 by David
Cuartillas and Massimo Banzi with the intention of providing a cheap and flexible way to
students and professional for controlling a number of devices in the real world.
3. The current version of Arduino Uno comes with USB interface, 6 analog input pins, 14 I/O
digital ports that are used to connect with external electronic circuits. Out of 14 I/O ports, 6 pins
can be used for PWM output.
4. It allows the designers to control and sense the external electronic devices in the real world
Fig 5.1.3 Arduino UNO

5. This board comes with all the features required to run the controller and can be directly
connected to the computer through USB cable that is used to transfer the code to the controller
using IDE (Integrated Development Environment) software, mainly developed to program
Arduino. IDE is equally compatible with Windows, MAC or Linux Systems; however, Windows
is preferable to use. Programming languages like C and C++ are used in IDE.
6. Apart from USB, battery or AC to DC adopter can also be used to power the board.
7. Arduino Uno boards are quite similar to other boards in Arduino family in terms of use and
functionality, however, Uno boards don’t come with FTDI USB to Serial driver chip.
8. There are many versions of Uno boards available, however, Arduino Nano V3 and Arduino Uno
are the most official versions that come with Atmega328 8-bit AVR Atmel microcontroller where
RAM memory is 32KB.
9. When nature and functionality of the task go complex, Micro SD card can be added in theboards
to make them store more information.
5.1.2 Arduino Pinout
Arduino Uno is based on AVR microcontroller called Atmega328. This controller comes with
2KB SRAM, 32KB of flash memory, 1KB of EEPROM. Arduino Board comes with 14 digital
pins and 6 analog pins. ON-chip ADC is used to sample these pins. A 16 MHz frequency crystal
oscillator is equipped on the board. Following figure shows the pinout of the Arduino Uno.
Fig 5.1.4 Arduino Pinout

Pin Description
There are several I/O digital and analog pins placed on the board which operates at 5V. These pins
come with standard operating ratings ranging between 20mA to 40mA. Internal pull-up resistors
are used in the board that limits the current exceeding from the given operating conditions.
However, too much increase in current makes these resisters useless and damages the device.
LED
Arduino Uno comes with built-in LED which is connected through pin 13. Providing HIGH
value to the pin will turn it ON and LOW will turn it OFF.
Vin
It is the input voltage provided to the Arduino Board. It is different than 5 V supplied through a
USB port. This pin is used to supply voltage. If a voltage is provided through power jack, it can be
accessed through this pin.
5V
This board comes with the ability to provide voltage regulation. 5V pin is used to provide output
regulated voltage. The board is powered up using three ways i.e. USB, Vin pin of the board or DC
power jack. USB supports voltage around 5V while Vin and Power Jack support a voltage ranges
between 7V to 20V. It is recommended to operate the board on 5V. It is important to note that, if a
voltage is supplied through 5V or 3.3V pins, they result in bypassing the voltage regulation that can
damage the board if voltage surpasses from its limit.
GND
These are ground pins. More than one ground pins are provided on the board which can be used as
per requirement.

Reset
This pin is incorporated on the board which resets the program running on the board. Instead of
physical reset on the board, IDE comes with a feature of resetting the board through programming.
IOREF
This pin is very useful for providing voltage reference to the board. A shield is used to read the voltage
across this pin which then select the proper power source.
PWM
PWM is provided by 3, 5, 6,9,10, 11pins. These pins are configured to provide 8-bit output PWM.
SPI
It is known as Serial Peripheral Interface. Four pins 10(SS), 11(MOSI), 12(MISO), 13(SCK)
provide SPI communication with the help of SPI library.
AREF
It is called Analog Reference. This pin is used for providing a reference voltage to the analog
inputs.
TWI
It is called Two-wire Interface. TWI communication is accessed through Wire Library. A4
and A5 pins are used for this purpose.
Serial Communication
Serial communication is carried out through two pins called Pin 0 (Rx) and Pin 1 (Tx).
Rx pin is used to receive data while Tx pin is used to transmit data.
External Interrupts
Pin 2 and 3 are used for providing external interrupts. An interrupt is called by providing LOW or
changing value.

5.1.3 Arduino Uno Technical Specifications
Microcontroller ATmega328P –8-bitAVRfamily

microcontroller
Operating Voltage 5V
Recommended Input Voltage 7-12V
Input Voltage Limits 6-20V
Analog Input Pins 6 (A0 – A5)
Digital I/O Pins 14 (Out of which 6 provide PWM output)
DC Current on I/O Pins 40 Ma
DC Current on 3.3V Pin 50 Ma
Flash Memory 32 KB (0.5 KB is used for Bootloader)
SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1 KB
Frequency (Clock Speed) 16 MHz
Table 5.1.3 Arduino UNO Technical Specifications

5.1.4 Communication and Programming
Arduino Uno comes with an ability of interfacing with other Arduino boards,
microcontrollers and computer. The Atmega328 placed on the board provides serial
communication using pins like Rx and Tx. The Atmega16U2 incorporated on the board provides a
pathway for serial communication using USB com drivers. Serial monitor is provided on the IDE
software which is used to send or receive text data from the board. If LEDs placed on the Rx and
Tx pins will flash, they indicate the transmission of data.
Arduino Uno is programmed using Arduino Software which a cross-platform application called
IDE is written in Java. The AVR microcontroller Atmega328 laid out on the base comes with built-
in boot loader that sets you free from using a separate burner to upload the program on the board.

5.1.5 Applications
Arduino Uno comes with a wide range of applications. A larger number of people are using Arduino
boards for developing sensors and instruments that are used in scientific research. Following are
some main applications of the board.
1. Embedded System
2. Security and Defense System
3. Digital Electronics and Robotics
4. Parking Lot Counter

5. Weighing Machines
6. Traffic Light Count Down Timer

7. Medical Instrument
8. Emergency Light for Railways
9. Home Automation
10.Industrial Automation
There are a lot of other microcontrollers available in the market that are more powerful and cheap
as compared to Arduino board. So, why you prefer Arduino Uno. Actually, Arduino comes with a
big community that is developing and sharing the knowledge with a wide range of audience. Quick
support is available pertaining to technical aspects of any electronic project. When you decide
Arduino board over other controllers, you don’t need to arrange extra peripherals and devices as
most of the functions are readily available on the board that makes your project economical in nature
and free from a lot of technical expertise.

5.2 MQ135 sensor

The MQ135 is one of the popular gas sensors from the MQ series of sensors that are commonly
used in air quality control equipment. It operates from 2.5V to 5.0V and can provide both digital
and analog output. The MQ135 Gas sensor can detect gases like Ammonia (NH3), sulfur (S),
Benzene (C6H6), CO2, and other harmful gases and smoke. Similar to other MQ series gas sensor,
this sensor also has a digital and analog output pin. When the level of these gases goes beyond a
threshold limit in the air the digital pin goes high. This threshold value can be set by using the on-
board potentiometer. The analog output pin, outputs an analog voltage which can be used to
approximate the level of these gases in the atmosphere. The MQ135 air quality sensor module
operates at 5V and consumes around 150mA. It requires some pre-heating before it could actually
give accurate results.
Fig 5.2.1 MQ135 sensor
5.2.1 MQ135 Sensor Features
1. Operating Voltage: 2.5V to 5.0V
2. Power consumption: 150mA
3. Detect/Measure: NH3, NOx, CO2, Alcohol, Benzene, Smoke
4. Typical operating Voltage: 5V
5. Digital Output: 0V to 5V (TTL Logic) @ 5V VCC
6. Analog Output: 0-5V @ 5V VCC

5.2.2 MQ135 Sensor – Working
Detect Harmful Gases using Digital Pin:
The digital output pin of the sensor can be used to detect harmful gases in the environment. The
sensitivity of the digital pin can be controlled by using the 10k potentiometer. If the gas is detected the indicator
LED D0 will turn on and the digital pin will go from logic high to logic low (0V). The LM393 Op-Amp
Comparator IC is used to compare the actual gas value with the value set using the potentiometer. If the actual
gas value increases than the set value then the digital output pin gets low.
Because of the onboard LM393 comparator IC the MQ135 Gas sensor module can also be used without
the need of an external microcontroller. Simply power up the module and set the sensitivity of the digital pin
using the potentiometer, then when the module detects the gas, the digital pin will go low. This digital pin can
directly be used to drive a buzzer or LED with the help of simple transistors.
Fig 5.2.2: Pin configuration of MQ135

Measure PPM Value using Analog Pin:
The Analog output pin of the sensor can be used to measure the PPM value of the required
gas. To do this we need to use an external microcontroller like Arduino. The microcontroller will
measure the value of analog voltage and perform some calculations to find the value of Rs/Ro where
Rs is the sensor resistance when gas is present and Ro is sensor resistance at clean air. Once we find
this ratio of Rs/Ro we can use it to calculate the PPM value of required gas using the graph below
which is taken from the datasheet of MQ135 Sensor.
Sensitivity adjustment:
Resistance value of MQ135 is difference to various kinds and various concentration gases. So, when
using this component, sensitivity adjustments are very necessary. We recommend that you calibrate
the detector for 100ppm NH3 or 50ppm alcohol concentration in air and use value of load resistance
(RL) about 20 kilo ohms.
When accurately measuring, the proper alarm point for the gas detector should be determined after
considering the temperature and humidity influence.
Fig 5.2.3: Sensitivity of MQ135
The above figure shows the typical dependence of MQ135 on temperature and humidity.

5.3 MQ136 Sensor
Sensitive material of MQ136 gas sensor is SnO2, which with lower conductivity in
clean air. When the target SO2 gas exist, the sensor’s conductivity is higher along with the
gas concentration rising.
Please use simple electro circuit, convert change of conductivity to correspond output signal
of gas concentration.
MQ 136 gas sensor has high sensitivity to SO2, also could be used to detect other
vapor which contains Sulfur. It has low sensitivity to normal combustible gases, which is with
low cost and suitable for different application.
Fig 5.3.1 MQ136 sensors
5.3.1 MQ136 Sensor Features
 Dual signal output (analogy output and TTL level output).

 The TTL output effective signal is low. (The signal light is on when the output is low and
can be directly connected to the microcontroller).
 Analog output 0 ~ 5V voltage, the higher the concentration the higher the voltage.
 Good sensitivity to hydrogen sulfide, liquefied gas, natural gas, city gas, and smoke.
 Fast response recovery characteristics.
 The main chip: LM393, ZYMQ-136 gas sensors.
 Long life and reliable stability.
 Simple drive circuit.

5.3.2 Technical data of MQ136 Sensor
Model No. MQ136

Sensor Type Semiconductor
Standard Encapsulation Bakelite (Black Bakelite)
Detection Gas SO2
Concentration 1-200ppm (SO2)
Loop Voltage V 24VDC
Heater Voltage Vn 5.0V+0.2VACorDC
Circuit
Load
Rr
Resistance Adjustable
Heater
Resistance Rn 31C! +3CtRoomTern.
Heater
900mW
consumption s
Character
Sensing
R 2Kn-2oKn(in50ppmSO2)
Resistance
Sensitivity S Rs (in air) /ks(50ppu50) TJ
Slope a TO.6(k»„„„, /k,,.„„SO.)
Tern. Humidity 20”C+2’C:65%+5%RH
Vc:5.0V+0.1V:
Condition Standard test circuit
VH:5.0V+0.1V
Preheat time Over48hours
Table 5.3.2 Technical data of MQ136 Sensor
5.3.3 Applications of MQ136 sensor

*Domestic SO2 concentration detector.
*Industrial SO2 leakage detector.

*Portable SO2 detector.

5.4 Power Supply
A power supply is a component that provides at least one electrical charge with power. It typically
converts one type of electrical power to another, but it can also convert a different Energy form in
electrical energy, such as solar, mechanical, or chemical.
A power supply provides electrical power to components. Usually, the term refers to devices built
into the powered component. Computer power supplies, for example, convert Alternating current
to Direct current and are generally located along with at least one fan at the back of the computer
case.
5.5 Relay
This is a 1 Channel 5V Relay Module without Optocoupler for Arduino, be able to control various
appliances, and other equipment with large current. It can be controlled directly by Micro-controller
(Arduino, 8051, AVR, PIC, DSP, ARM, ARM, MSP430, TTL logic).
5V 1-Channel Relay interface board, and each one needs 15-20mA Driver Current.
Fig 5.5.1 Relay
5.5.1 Features of Relay

 Equipped with high-current relay, AC250V 10A; DC30V 10A
 Indication LEDs for Relay output status
 Equipped with screw holes for easy installation

 5V 1-Channel Relay interface board, and each one needs 15-20mA Driver Current.
 Equipped with high-current relay, AC250V 10A; DC30V 10A.
 Standard interface that can be controlled directly by microcontroller (Arduino, 8051, AVR,
PIC, DSP, ARM, ARM, MSP430, TTL logic).
 Indication LED s for Relay output status.
5.5.2 Specifications of Relay
Operating Voltage 5
(VDC)
Max. Current(mA) 20
Channel 1
Current Capacity at 10A
AC250V
Current Capacity at 10A
DC30V
Length (mm) 53
Width (mm) 28
Height (mm) 19
Weight (gm) 18
Table 5.5.2 Specifications of Relay

5.5.3 Applications of Relay
 Lighting control systems.
 Telecommunication.
 Industrial process controllers.
 Traffic control.
 Motor drives control.
 Protection systems of electrical power system.
 Computer interfaces.
 Automotive.

5.6 12V DC Fan
12V 8025 DC Cooling Fan - 3 inch is operating at 12V with a dimension of 80x80mm. They
are typically found in ATX Computer cases, servers, and other enclosed equipment but they can also
be used in a variety of other projects requiring moderate airflow.
The fan spins at ~2600 RPM and can move approximately 30CFM. It is fairly quiet – just
30.7dBA. To use the fan, simply connect Red to 12V, Black to Ground.
Fig 5.6.1 12V DC Fan
5.6.1 Features of Fan

Input Voltage : 12VDC
Current : 0.25A
Noise : 30.7dBA
Weight : 72g
Wire Gauge : 26AWG
RPM : 2600RPM @ 12VDC
Air Flow : 30.7 CFM
Dimensions : 80 x 80 x 25mm
Wire Length : 40cm
Mounting : Ball Bearing

5.7 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
The Light emitting diode is a two-lead semiconductor light source. In 1962, Nick Holon yak has
come up with an idea of light emitting diode, and he was working for the General Electric company.
The LED is a special type of diode and they have similar electrical characteristics of a PN junction
diode. Hence the LED allows the flow of current in the forward direction and blocks the current in the
reverse
direction. The LED occupies the small area which is less than the 1 mm2. The applications of LEDs
used to make various electrical and electronic projects. In this article, we will discuss the working
principle of the LED and its applications.
5.7.1 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is a type of flat-panel display technology that utilizes liquid crystals to produce
images or text. LCDs have gained widespread use, gradually replacing other display technologies such as LEDs
(Light Emitting Diodes), particularly for applications requiring the display of numbers, characters, and graphics.
Here are some key features and advantages of LCDs:
a. Cost-effectiveness: One of the primary factors driving the adoption of LCDs is their decreasing cost compared
to other display technologies. As manufacturing processes have improved and economies of scale have been
achieved, the cost of producing LCDs has decreased, making them more accessible for various applications.
b. Versatility: LCDs offer the capability to display a wide range of content, including numbers, characters, and
graphics. Unlike LEDs, which are typically limited to displaying numbers and a few characters, LCDs can present
more complex information and designs.
c. Integrated controller: Many LCD modules come with an integrated controller, which helps in simplifying the
interface between the LCD and the controlling device, such as a microcontroller or CPU (Central Processing Unit).
This integrated controller offloads the task of refreshing the display from the CPU, allowing for more efficient
operation and reduced workload on the controlling device.
d. Ease of programming: LCDs are relatively easy to program for displaying characters and graphics. Various
software libraries and development tools are available to simplify the process of designing and displaying content
on an LCD. This ease of programming makes LCDs suitable for applications where specific messages or
information need to be displayed dynamically on a small-scale screen.

Fig 5.7.1 LCD
5.7.2 How does the Light Emitting Diode work
The light emitting diode simply, we know as a diode. When the diode is forward biased, then the
electrons & holes are moving fast across the junction and they are combining constantly, removing
one another out. Soon after the electrons are moving from the n-type to the p-type silicon, it
combines with the holes, then it disappears. Hence it makes the complete atom & more stable and
it gives the little burst of energy in the form of a tiny packet or photon of light.
Fig 5.7.2 Working of LCD

Schematic
Fig 5.7.3 Symbol of LCD

1. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology relies on manipulating the properties of liquid crystals
sandwiched between layers of glass to control the passage of light, enabling the display of images or text.
2. Unlike Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) which emit light directly, LCDs utilize a backlight source to
illuminate the display, and the light is modulated by liquid crystals to produce images or characters.
5.7.3 LCD Materials
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) utilize specialized materials to manipulate light and produce images. Key
components include:
1. Liquid Crystals: LCDs rely on liquid crystal molecules, which can be oriented by an electric field, to control
the passage of light. These molecules are typically arranged between layers of glass and can change orientation
in response to an applied electric current.
2. Polarizing Filters and Transparent Electrodes: Polarizing filters are essential components that help control
the polarization of light passing through the display. Transparent electrodes are used to apply electric
fields to the liquid crystal layer, influencing the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules and thus modulating
the passage of light.
5.7.4 LCD Structure
The structure of a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is crucial for controlling the manipulation of light and displaying
images. LCDs are constructed to ensure efficient light transmission and image formation through various layers
and components:
1. Liquid Crystal Layer: At the core of an LCD is the liquid crystal layer, comprised of molecules that can be
manipulated by an electric field. This layer sits between two layers of glass and serves as the medium through
which light is modulated to produce images.
2. Polarizing Filters: LCDs incorporate polarizing filters to control the polarization of light passing through the
display. These filters help ensure that only light with the desired orientation contributes to image formation,
enhancing contrast and clarity.
3. Transparent Electrodes: Transparent electrodes are used to apply electric fields to the liquid crystal layer,
influencing the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules and thus modulating the passage of light. These
electrodes play a crucial role in controlling the display of images and text.

4 Color Filters (in Color LCDs): In color LCDs, additional layers of color filters are incorporated to produce a
full spectrum of colors. These filters selectively absorb and transmit different wavelengths of light, enabling
the display of vibrant and accurate color images.
5 Backlight Unit: Many LCDs include a backlight unit, which provides illumination to the display. This
backlight shines through the liquid crystal layer and is modulated to produce images or text visible to the
viewer.
Fig 5.7.4 Structure of LCD
5.7.5 Applications of LCD
 Consumer Electronics
 Automotive Displays
 Medical Equipment
 Industrial Control Panels
 Public Information Displays
 Point-of-Sale Terminals
 Digital Signage
 Gaming Devices
 Wearable Technology
 Instrumentation-Displays

5.7.6 Advantages of using LCDs
1. Energy Efficiency: LCDs consume less power compared to traditional cathode ray tube (CRT) displays,
making them suitable for battery-powered devices and energy-saving applications.
2. Color Accuracy: LCDs can display colors accurately without the need for color filters, resulting in
efficient color reproduction and lower initial costs compared to other lighting methods.
3. Directional Light Emission: The design of LCDs allows for focused light emission, eliminating the need
for external reflectors to direct light, unlike incandescent or fluorescent sources.
4. Stable Color Temperature: LCDs maintain consistent color temperature even when dimmed, unlike
incandescent bulbs which tend to shift towards yellow as brightness decreases.
5. Durability: LCDs are resilient to frequent on-off cycling, making them suitable for applications with
frequent switching. They are also less prone to damage from external shocks compared to fluorescent or
incandescent bulbs.
6. Long Lifespan: LCDs have a relatively long operational lifespan, with some models lasting up to 50,000
hours. This longevity surpasses traditional fluorescent tubes and incandescent bulbs, reducing the need
for frequent replacements.
7. Gradual Dimming: LCDs dim gradually over time instead of abruptly failing, providing users with ample
warning before replacement is necessary.
8. Rapid Illumination: LCDs illuminate quickly, with most achieving full brightness in microseconds,
ensuring rapid response times for various applications.
5.8 Activated Charcoal
The manufacture of activated charcoal makes it extremely absorbent, allowing it to bind to

molecules, ions, or atoms and remove them from dissolved substances. Making activated charcoal
involves heating carbon-richmaterials, such as wood, peat, coconut shells, or sawdust, to very high
temperatures.
Fig 5.8.1 Activated charcoal

Realtime Implementation of Activated charcoal filter (Structure):
Length of the pole = 12 ft.
Diameter of the pole = 1 ft.
Dimensions of the fan = l * b = 3*3 ft.
Dimensions of the charcoal grill = l*b*h=36*36*3 inches
Fig 5.8.2 Charcoal Filter structure with fan and circuit
The above figure depicts the real time implementation structure of the activated charcoal filter that
is designed in Solid works software.

Fig 5.8.3 Charcoal Filter structure without fan and circuit
Length of the pole = 12 ft.
Diameter of the pole = 1 ft.
Dimensions of the charcoal grill:

Height of the grill = 36 inches
Outer circle diameter = 36 inches
Inner circle diameter = 33 inches

5.8.2 ABSORBTION CAPACITY ANALYSIS
Discharge rate of fan in real time installation (includingmeasurements)

Volume of air coming from the fan = v = 126.54 m^3/s
Volume of air entering into the charcoal filter = 80 m^3/s (Approx.)Let us assume that the air
contain 30% of pollutants.
Volume of pollutants entering into the active charcoal = (30/100) *80
= 24 m^3/s
According to www.researchgate.net
The efficiency of the charcoal = 70-80%
Due to two-layer filtration the efficiency of the charcoal = 75% (Approx.)
Therefore, the volume of air filtered through the charcoal = (75/100) *24
=18 m^3/s

5.8.3 CHARCOAL ANALYSIS
Amount of charcoal required to fill each grill (Square shaped) = 5 Kgs(Approx.)
Amount of charcoal required to fill each grill (Hallow Cylinder) = 12 Kgs(Approx.)
How to reuse charcoal:
The activated charcoal can absorb SO2. At the beginning of use, activated charcoal functions
optimally in absorbing pollutants, especially SO2, but after passing seven weeks, the charcoal starts
to decrease its function. Thisis caused by a pretty drastic drop in temperature. Charcoal will be optimal
at 900°C heating. Because at that temperature the pores in the charcoal will be opened by the presence
of high heat penetration and if there are pores that have opened it will cause an increase in pore
diameter which causes complex compounds especially those that close the charcoal pore out so that
the pollutant absorption will be higher. But it can be concluded that this prototypecan used as a step
to reduce pollution emissions.
The quality of the charcoal taken in the grill can be determined by usinga sensor which is
interfaced with the Arduino. When the contaminated charcoal is heated up to specific temperature,
all the pollutants will be released from the charcoal. Those can be converted into a useful product.
5.8.4 Reactivation of Charcoal
In the processes of reactivation of charcoal all the pollutants are released. In such elevated
temperature the toxic gases will become more toxic. So, the process should be conducted in a closed
chamber with inert gases. And to makethese pollutants into a useful product we will use the following
chemical equations.
SO2 Conversion:
NaOH + SO2 Na2SO3 + H2ONa2SO3 + SO2 2NaSO3

NO2 Conversion:
2NaOH + 2NO2 NaNO2 + NaNO3 + HO2

CO2 Conversion:
2NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O
CO Conversion:
2NaOH + CO Na2CO3 + H2
NO Conversion:
4NO + 2NaOH 2NaNO2 + N2O + H2O
COST ANALYSIS
Estimation of the total cost to make a real-time module:
 Fan with 2HP motor – 15,000/-

 Activated Charcoal – 2,000/-
 Fan Grill – 1,500/-
 Charcoal Grill – 1,000/- (per one grill)
 Base – 3,000/-
 12 feet pole (Hallow) – 6,000/-
 Iron plate (6*3) – 2,500/-
 Motor Driver – 3,600/-
 Microcontroller – 1,300/-
 Relay Switch – 400/-
 Pollution measuring sensors – (Based on the range)
 Smell detecting sensor for charcoal – 2,000/-

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
5.9 Arduino IDE
where IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment
An official software introduced by Arduino.cc, that is mainly used for writing, compiling and
uploading the code in the Arduino Device. Almost all Arduino modules are compatible with
this software that is an open source and is readily available to install and start compiling the
code on the go.
5.9.1 Introduction to Arduino IDE
Arduino IDE is an opensource software that is mainly used for writing and compiling
the code into the Arduino Module.
It is an official Arduino software, making code compilation too easy that even a common
person with no prior technical knowledge can get their feet wet with the learning process.
It is easily available for operating systems like MAC, Windows, and Linux and runs on
the Java Platform that comes with inbuilt functions and commands that play a vital role
for debugging, editing and compiling the code in the environment.
A range of Arduino modules available including Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega, Arduino
Leonardo, Arduino Micro and many more.
Each of them contains a microcontroller on the board that is actually programmed and
accepts the information in the form of code.

The main code, also known as a sketch, created on the IDE platform will ultimately
generate a Hex File which is then transferred and uploaded in the controller on the
board.
The IDE environment mainly contains two basic parts: Editor and Compiler where
former is used for writing the required code and later is used for compiling and
uploading the code into the given Arduino Module.
This environment supports both C and C++languages.
How to install Arduino IDE
• 1. Menu Bar
• 2. Text Editor
• 3. Output Pane
Get the latest version. You can choose between the Installer (.exe) and the Zip packages. We
suggest you use the first one that installs directly everything you need to use the Arduino Software
(IDE), including the drivers. With the Zip package you need to install the drivers manually.

The bar appearing on the top is called Menu Bar that comes with five different options as
follow
File – You can open a new window for writing the code or open an existing one. Following table
shows the number of further subdivisions the file option is categorized into.

As you go to the preference section and check the compilation section, Output Pane will
show the code compilation as you click the upload button.

And at the end of compilation, it will show you the hex file it has generated for the recent sketch
that will send to the Arduino Board for the specific task you aim to achieve.
Edit: Used for copying and pasting the code with further modification for font
Sketch: For compiling and programming
Tools: Mainly used for testing projects. The Programmer section in this panel isused
for burning a bootloader to the new microcontroller.
Help: In case you are feeling skeptical about software, complete help is available from
getting started to troubleshooting.
The Six Buttons appearing under the Menu tab are connected with the running program
as follow.

The check mark appearing in the circular button is used to verify the code. Clickthis
once you have written your code.
The arrow key will upload & transfer the required code to the Arduino board. The
dottedpaper is used for creating a new file.
The upward arrow is reserved for opening an existing Arduino project. The
downward arrow is used to save the current running code.
The button appearing on the top right corner is a Serial Monitor – A separate pop-up window
that acts as an independent terminal and plays a vital role for sending and receiving the Serial
Data. You can also go to the Tools panel and select Serial Monitor, or pressing Ctrl+Shift+M
all at once will open it instantly. The Serial Monitor will actually help to debug the written
Sketches where you can get a hold of how your program is operating. Your Arduino Module
should be connected to your computer by USB cable in order to activate the Serial Monitor.
You need to select the baud rate of the Arduino Board you are using right now. For my Arduino
Uno Baud Rate is 9600, as you write the following code and click the Serial Monitor, the output
will show as the image below.

The main screen below the Menu bard is known as a simple text editor used for
writing the required code.

The bottom of the main screen is described as an Output Pane that mainly highlights the
compilation status of the running code: the memory used by the code, and errors occurred in the
program. You need to fix those errors before you intend to upload the hex file into your Arduino
Module.
More or less, Arduino C language works similar to the regular C language used for any embedded
system microcontroller, however, there are some dedicated libraries used for calling and executing
specific functions on the board.
5.9.2 Libraries
Libraries are very useful for adding the extra functionality into the Arduino Module. There is a list of
libraries you can add by clicking the Sketch button in the menu bar and going to Include Library.

As you click the Include Library and Add the respective library it will on the top of the sketch with a
#include sign. Suppose, I Include the EEPROM library, it will appear on the text editor as
#include <EEPROM.h>.
Most of the libraries are pre-installed and come with the Arduino software. However, you can
also download them from the external sources.
Making pins Input and output
The digital Read and digital Write commands are used for addressing and making the Arduino pins as
an input and output respectively.
These commands are text sensitive i.e. you need to write them down the exact way they are given
like digital Write starting with small “d” and write with capital “W” Writing it down with Digital
write or digital write won’t be calling or addressing any function.
5.9.3 How to select the board
In order to upload the sketch, you need to select the relevant board you are using and the ports
for that operating system. As you click the Tools on the Menu, it will open like the figure below.
Just go to the “Board” section and select the board you aim to work on. Similarly, COM1, COM2, COM4,
COM5, COM7 or higher are reserved for the serial and USB board. You can look for the USB serial
device in the port section of the Windows Device Manager. Following figure shows the COM4 that I have
used for my project, indicating the Arduino Uno with COM4 port at the right bottom corner of the screen.

Just go to the “Board” section and select the board you aim to work on. Similarly, COM1, COM2,
COM4, COM5, COM7 or higher are reserved for the serial and USB board. You can look for
the USB serial device in the port section of the Windows Device Manager. Following figure
shows the COM4 that I have used for my project, indicating the Arduino Uno with COM4 port at
the right bottom corner of the screen.

After correct selection of both Board and Serial Port, click the verify and then upload button
appearing in the upper left corner of the six button section or you can go to the Sketch section
and press verify/compile and then upload.
The sketch is written in the text editor and is then saved with the file extension. It is important to
note that the recent Arduino Modules will reset automatically as you compile and press the
upload button the IDE software, however, older version may require the physical reset on the
board.
Once you upload the code, TX and RX LEDs will blink on the board, indicating the desired
program is running successfully.
Note: The port selection criteria mentioned above is dedicated for Windows operating
system only, you can check this Guide if you are using MAC or Linux.
The amazing thing about this software is that no prior arrangement or bulk of mess is
required to install this software, you will be write.

5.9.4 Boot Loader
As you go to the Tools section, you will find a bootloader at the end. It is very helpful to burn the code
directly into the controller, setting you free from buying the external burner to burn the required
code.
When you buy the new Arduino Module, the boot loader is already installed inside the controller.
However, if you intend to buy a controller and put in the Arduino module, you need to burn the
bootloader again inside the controller by going to the Tools section and selecting the burn boot load.

5.9.5 CODE
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2); // set the LCD address to 0x27 for a 16 chars and 2 line display
#include <DHT.h>
#define DHTPIN A3 //A1
#define DHTTYPE DHT11
DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);
float mq135_value, mq136_value, temperature, humidity;
#define mq135_pin A1 //A2

#define mq136_pin A2 //A3
#define relay_pin A0
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
dht.begin();
lcd.begin(); // initialize the lcd
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Air Pollution");
lcd.print("Monitoring system");
pinMode(mq135_pin, INPUT);
pinMode(mq136_pin, INPUT);
pinMode(relay_pin, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(relay_pin, HIGH);
}
void loop()
{
lcd.print("Readings..... ");
delay(500);
humidity = dht.readHumidity();

temperature = dht.readTemperature();
Serial.print("Temperature = ");
Serial.println(temperature);
Serial.print("Humidity = ");
Serial.println(humidity);
lcd.print("Temp: ");
lcd.print(temperature);
lcd.print(" *C ");
delay(1000);
lcd.print("Humidity: ");
lcd.print(humidity);
lcd.print(" % ");
delay(1000);
mq135_value = analogRead(mq135_pin);
Serial.print("air sensor= ");
Serial.println(mq135_value);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Air Value: ");
lcd.print(mq135_value);
if (mq135_value >= 100)
{
lcd.print("Polluted Air Detected");
digitalWrite(relay_pin, LOW);
delay(1000);
}
else
{
lcd.print("Safe Air Detected");
digitalWrite(relay_pin, HIGH);
delay(1000);
}

mq136_value = digitalRead(mq136_pin);
Serial.print("SO sensor= ");
Serial.println(mq136_value);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("SO Value: ");
lcd.print(mq136_value);
if (mq136_value == 1)
{
lcd.print("Sulphur Detected");
delay(1000);
}
else
{
lcd.print("Safe Gases Detected");
delay(1000);
}
}
5.9.6 Benefits of Air Purification
 Relieves Symptoms of Asthma.
 Eliminates Harmful Chemicals from Indoor and Outdoor Environments.
 Neutralizes Unpleasant Odors.
 Reduces the Chances of Airborne Diseases.
 Improves Sleep.
 Removes Harmful Radon.
 Eliminates Hazardous Asbestos Particles.
 Can Increase Life Expectancy.
 Improves marine animals’ lifespan

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
6.1 RESULT OF THE PROJECT
Fig 6.1: Results of the Project

6.2 CONCLUSION
The main objective of the project is to reduce the pollutants concentration in the air that to
in the port area. The designed system modules can further be optimized and altered according to
their usage. More importantfact that came up during the project analysis is that all the components
used inthe system design are available easily.
Thus, we conclude that the activated charcoal filter not only has good adsorption
performance and low price, but also can reactivated and it can be reused for the same filtration
process again. Due to the usage of activated charcoal the efficiency of the filtering process lies
between 60-80%.
6.3 FUTURE SCOPE
The project can be used as a base for improving AQI (Air Quality Index) using charcoal
for air filtration. The used activated charcoal can be reused after performing specific processes.

REFERENCES
[1] D. Pope, V. Mishra, L. Thompson, A. R. Siddiqui, E. Rehfuess, and M. Weber, “Risk

of Low Birth Weight and Stillbirth Associated With Indoor Air Pollution From
Solid Fuel Use in Developing Countries,” Epidemiol. Rev., vol. 32, pp. 70—81, 2010.
[2] Y. Ruhiat, S. Sutisna, A. Hasani, M. Kuswantoro, S. Widiastuti, and R. Fahrizal, “A

Formation Model in Distribution of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Concentrations in Cilegon
City with the Use of Grid Technique,” Int. J. Interdiciplinary Environ. Stud., vol. 11,
no. 3, 2016.
[3] Y. Ruhiat, “Model Prediski Distribusi Laju Penyebaran Pencemar SOz dan Debu dari
Kawasan Industri Cilegon,” Institut Pertanian Bogor, 2009.
[4] J. Wang, Y. Qiu, Y. Ma, S. He, and N. Liu, “Quantifying the geographical distribution
effect on decreasing aggregated nitrogen oxides intensity in the Chinese electrical
generation system,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 222, no. x, pp. 856—864, 2019.
[5] M. T. Lim, A. Phan, D. Roddy, and A. Harvey, “Technologies for measurement and
mitigation of particulate emissions from domestic combustion of biomass: A review,”
Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 49, pp. 574—584, 2015.
[6] G. Astarita, D. Savage, and A. Bisio, Gas Treating with Chemical Solvents. New York:
Wiley, 1983.
[7] R. Byer and M. Garbuny, “Pollutant Detection by Absorption Using Mie Scattering
and Topographic Targets as Retroreflectors,” Appl. Opt., vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 1—10,
1973.
[8] S. Fujii, H. Cha, N. Kagi, H. Miyamura, and Y. Kim, “Effects on Air Pollutant Removal
by Plant Absorption and Adsorption,” Build. Environ., vol. 40, pp. 105—112, 2004.
[9] I. Popescu, C. Stihi, G. Cimpoca, G. Dima, G. Vlaicu, and A. Gheboianu,

“Environmental Samples Analysis by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) and
Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES),” Romammnia J.
Physic, vol. 54, pp. 1—6, 2009.
[10] M. Chin, T. Diehl, O. Dubovic, T. Eck, B. Holben, and A. Sinyuk, “Light Absorption by
Pollution, Dust, and Biomass Burning Aerosols: A Global Model Study and Evaluation
with Aeronet Measurements,” Ann. Geophys., 2009.

[11] Y. Ruhiat, F. C. Wibowo, and Y. Oktarisa, “Air Pollutants Minimalization of Pollutant

Absorber with Condensation System,” J. Appl. Phy, vol. 846, pp. 1—7, 2017.
[12] F. F. Polii, “Effects of Activation Temperature and Duration Time on the Quality of the
Active Charcoal of Coconut Wood,” J. Ind. Has. Perkeb., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 21—28,
2017.
[13] Ruhiat Y., & Guntara Y. (2020, May). Pollutant Absorber Design to Minimize Air
Pollution Emissions from Industry. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and
Engineering (Vol. 854, No. 1, p. 012039). IOP Publishing
[14] Walker TR, Adebambo O, Del Aguila Feijoo MC, Elhaimer E, Hossain T, Edwards
SJ, Morrison CE, Romo J,Sharma N, Taylor S, Zomorodi S (2019). "Environmental
Effects of Marine Transportation". World Seas: An Environmental
Evaluation. pp. 505–530.

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CHAPTER NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

5 HARDWARE & SOFTWARE

5.3.1 MQ136 sensor features 35

5.3.2 Technical data of MQ136 sensor 36

5.3.3 Applications of MQ136 sensor 36

5.4 Power supply 37

5.5.1 Features of Relay 37

5.5.2 Specifications of Relay 38

5.5.3 Applications of Relay 38

5.6 12V DC Fan 39

5.6.1 Features of fan 39

5.7 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 40

5.7.1 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 40

5.7.2 How does the Light Emitting Diode work? 41

5.7.3 LCD materials 42

5.7.4 LCD structure 42

5.7.5 Applications of LCD 43

5.7.6 Advantages of using LCDs 44

5.8 Activated Charcoal 44

5.8.1 Charcoal filter structure 45

5.8.2 Absorption capacity analysis 47

5.8.4 Reactivation of Charcoal 49

5.9 Arduino IDE 51

5.9.1 Introduction to Arduino IDE 51

5.9.3 How to select the board? 59

5.9.4 Boot Loader 62

5.9.6 Benefits of Air Purification 65

6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 Result of the project 67

6.3 Future Scope 68

KEYWORDS: Arduino, MQ135 sensor, MQ136 sensor, Activated charcoal filter.

S.NO TABLE NAME PAGE NO

5.1.3 Arduino UNO Technical Specifications 29

5.3.2 Technical data of MQ136 sensor 36

5.5.2 Specifications of Relay 38

AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator

S.NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

DEPARTMENT OF MECH, VEMU, CHITTOOR. Page 1

1.1 Embedded System

DEPARTMENT OF MECH, VEMU, CHITTOOR. Page 2

Link to other systems

Fig 1.1 Overview of embedded system

1.2 Embedded System Hardware

DEPARTMENT OF MECH, VEMU, CHITTOOR. Page 3

3.Digital signal processor

2.Fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O ports

DEPARTMENT OF MECH, VEMU, CHITTOOR. Page 4

1.3 Embedded System Software

Bringing software and hardware together for embedded system

DEPARTMENT OF MECH, VEMU, CHITTOOR. Page 5

Embedded Systems in Automobiles

Embedded Systems in Smart Cards

DEPARTMENT OF MECH, VEMU, CHITTOOR. Page 6

3. Outputs (ex: relays, loads)

DEPARTMENT OF MECH, VEMU, CHITTOOR. Page 7

DEPARTMENT OF MECH, VEMU, CHITTOOR. Page 8

Pollutant Absorber Design to Minimize Air Pollution Emissions from Industry

REMOVAL OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE FROM FLUE GASES IN THERMAL

The demand of electricity is continuous increasing and it is expected to double in 7 -10

DEPARTMENT OF MECH, VEMU, CHITTOOR. Page 9

DEPARTMENT OF MECH, VEMU, CHITTOOR. Page 10

DEPARTMENT OF MECH, VEMU, CHITTOOR. Page 11

DEPARTMENT OF MECH, VEMU, CHITTOOR. Page 12