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Tbbell Document 3163
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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology Martini Nath 9th Edition Test Bank
Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Muscle tissue, one of the four basic tissue groups, consists chiefly of cells that are highly
specialized for
A) conduction.
B) contraction.
C) peristalsis.
D) cushioning.
E) secretion.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 10-1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
3) At each end of the muscle, the collagen fibers of the epimysium, and each perimysium and
endomysium, come together to form a
A) tendon.
B) satellite cell.
C) ligament.
D) tenosynovium.
E) sheath.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 10-2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
4) The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire skeletal muscle is the
A) tendon.
B) epimysium.
C) endomysium.
D) perimysium.
E) fascicle.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 10-2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
1
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
5) Nerves and blood vessels that service a muscle fiber are located in the connective tissues of its
A) endomysium.
B) perimysium.
C) sarcolemma.
D) sarcomere.
E) myofibrils.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 10-2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
6) A fascicle is
A) a group of muscle fibers that are encased in the perimysium.
B) the belly of a muscle.
C) a group of muscle fibers that are all part of the same motor unit.
D) a group of muscle fibers and motor neurons.
E) a collection of myofibrils in a muscle fiber.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 10-2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
7) The delicate connective tissue that surrounds the skeletal muscle fibers and ties adjacent
muscle fibers together is the
A) endomysium.
B) perimysium.
C) epimysium.
D) superficial fascia.
E) periosteum.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 10-2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
8) The bundle of collagen fibers at the end of a skeletal muscle that attaches the muscle to bone
is called a(n)
A) fascicle.
B) tendon.
C) ligament.
D) epimysium.
E) myofibril.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 10-2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
2
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9) Put the following structures in order from superficial to deep:
1. muscle fiber
2. perimysium
3. myofibril
4. fascicle
5. endomysium
6. epimysium
A) 1, 5, 4, 3, 2, 6
B) 6, 2, 5, 4, 1, 3
C) 6, 2, 4, 5, 1, 3
D) 1, 3, 5, 6, 4, 2
E) 2, 3, 1, 4, 6, 5
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 10-2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
10) Interactions between actin and myosin filaments of the sarcomere are responsible for
A) muscle fatigue.
B) the conduction of neural stimulation to the muscle fiber.
C) muscle contraction.
D) muscle relaxation.
E) the striped appearance of skeletal muscle.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
3
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
13) Skeletal muscle fibers are formed from embryonic cells called
A) sarcomeres.
B) myofibrils.
C) myoblasts.
D) fascicles.
E) myomeres.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
4
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
17) Muscle fibers differ from "typical cells" in that muscle fibers
A) lack a plasma membrane.
B) have many nuclei.
C) are very small.
D) lack mitochondria.
E) have large gaps in the cell membrane.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
18) Which of the following best describes the term sarcoplasmic reticulum?
A) protein that accounts for elasticity of resting muscle
B) repeating unit of striated myofibrils
C) storage and release site for calcium ions
D) thin filaments are anchored here
E) largely made of myosin molecules
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
20) The region of the sarcomere containing the thick filaments is the
A) Z line.
B) M line.
C) H band.
D) A band.
E) I band.
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
5
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
21) The skeletal muscle complex known as the triad consists of
A) actin, myosin, and filaments.
B) a transverse tubule and two terminal cisternae.
C) filaments, myofibrils, and sarcomeres.
D) A bands, H bands, and I bands.
E) actin, myosin, and sarcomeres.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
23) The area in the center of the A band that contains no thin filaments is the
A) Z line.
B) M line.
C) H band.
D) I band.
E) zone of overlap.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
6
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
25) At rest, the tropomyosin molecule is held in place by
A) actin molecules.
B) myosin molecules.
C) troponin molecules.
D) ATP molecules.
E) calcium ions.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
28) The region of the sarcomere that always contains thin filaments is the
A) Z line.
B) M line.
C) H band.
D) A band.
E) I band.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
7
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
29) At rest, active sites on the actin are blocked by
A) myosin molecules.
B) troponin molecules.
C) tropomyosin molecules.
D) calcium ions.
E) ATP molecules.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
30) The series of membranous channels that surround each myofibril is the
A) sarcoplasmic reticulum.
B) sarcoplasm.
C) sarcomere.
D) sarcolemma.
E) endomysium.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
31) Which statement about the microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle fibers is true?
A) Tubular extensions of the sarcolemma penetrate the fiber transversely.
B) Cross striations result from the lateral alignment of thick and thin filaments.
C) Each fiber has many nuclei.
D) Muscle fibers are continuous from tendon to tendon.
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
32) The thin filaments of striated muscle are made primarily of which protein(s)?
A) actin
B) tropomyosin
C) troponin
D) nebulin
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
8
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
33) When a skeletal muscle fiber contracts,
A) the H bands and I bands get smaller.
B) the zones of overlap get larger.
C) the Z lines get closer together.
D) the width of the A band remains constant.
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
34) Since each myofibril is attached at either end of the muscle fiber, when sarcomeres shorten,
the muscle fiber
A) lengthens.
B) shortens.
C) strengthens.
D) weakens.
E) pulls from the middle.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
9
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10-1 Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Use Figure 10-1 to answer the following questions:
36) Which of the following are found in the structure labeled "3"?
A) actin
B) myosin
C) titin
D) tropomyosin
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
10
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
37) What physiological process occurs in the structure labeled "7"?
A) release of neurotransmitter
B) conduction of the action potential into the cell interior
C) activity of acetylcholinesterase
D) release of protein into the muscle fiber
E) the sliding filament theory
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
40) Which structure actively pumps calcium ions out of the sarcoplasm to produce relaxation?
A) 6
B) 7
C) 1
D) 3
E) 2
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
11
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
41) Where are the myosin molecules located?
A) 4
B) 5
C) 6
D) 7
E) 8
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
12
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
45) In response to action potentials arriving along the transverse tubules, the sarcoplasmic
reticulum releases
A) acetylcholine.
B) sodium ions.
C) potassium ions.
D) calcium ions.
E) hydrogen ions.
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
47) The narrow space between the synaptic terminal and the muscle fiber is the
A) synaptic knob.
B) motor end plate.
C) motor unit.
D) synaptic cleft.
E) M line.
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
48) Active sites on the actin become available for binding after
A) actin binds to troponin.
B) troponin binds to tropomyosin.
C) calcium binds to troponin.
D) calcium binds to tropomyosin.
E) myosin binds to troponin.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
13
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
49) Receptors for acetylcholine are located on the
A) synaptic knob.
B) motor end plate.
C) sarcomere.
D) synaptic cleft.
E) transverse tubule.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
51) The most important factor in decreasing the intracellular concentration of calcium ion after
contraction is
A) active transport of calcium across the sarcolemma.
B) active transport of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
C) active transport of calcium into the synaptic cleft.
D) diffusion of calcium out of the cell.
E) diffusion of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
52) Which of the following acts as an ATPase during the contraction cycle of muscle?
A) actin molecules
B) troponin molecules
C) tropomyosin molecules
D) the head portion of the myosin molecule
E) the tail portion of the myosin molecule
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
14
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
53) When calcium ion binds to troponin,
A) tropomyosin moves into the groove between the helical actin strands.
B) active sites on the myosin are exposed.
C) actin heads will bind to myosin.
D) muscle relaxation occurs.
E) myosin shortens.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
54) Which of the following become connected by myosin cross-bridges during muscle
contraction?
A) thin filaments and thick filaments
B) thick filaments and titin filaments
C) z disks and actin filaments
D) thick filaments and t-tubules
E) thin filaments and t-tubules
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
55) After death, muscle fibers run out of ATP and calcium begins to leak from the sarcoplasmic
reticulum into the sarcoplasm. This results in a condition known as
A) tetany.
B) treppe.
C) depolarization.
D) rigor mortis.
E) oxygen debt.
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
15
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
57) In a sarcomere, cross-bridge attachment occurs specifically in the
A) zone of overlap.
B) A band.
C) I band.
D) M line.
E) H band.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
58) Physical evidence that supports the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction includes
A) constant distance between Z lines during contraction.
B) decreased width of the H band during contraction.
C) increased width of the I band during contraction.
D) decreased width of the A band during contraction.
E) the I band + H band distance is constant during contraction.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
16
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
60) The following is a list of the events that occur during a muscle contraction.
1. Myosin cross-bridges bind to the actin.
2. The free myosin head splits ATP.
3. Calcium ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
4. The myosin head pivots toward the center of the sarcomere.
5. Calcium ion binds to troponin.
6. The myosin head binds an ATP molecule and detaches from the actin.
The correct sequence of these events is
A) 1, 3, 5, 4, 6, 2.
B) 5, 1, 4, 6, 2, 3.
C) 3, 5, 1, 2, 4, 6.
D) 3, 5, 1, 4, 6, 2.
E) 1, 4, 6, 2, 3, 5.
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
61) How would the loss of acetylcholinesterase from the motor end plate affect skeletal muscle?
A) It would make the muscles less excitable.
B) It would produce muscle weakness.
C) It would cause spastic paralysis (muscles are contracted and unable to relax).
D) It would cause flaccid paralysis (muscles are relaxed and unable to contract).
E) It would have little effect on skeletal muscles.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
62) When acetylcholine binds to receptors at the motor end plate, the end plate membrane
becomes
A) more permeable to sodium ions.
B) less permeable to sodium ions.
C) more permeable to calcium ions.
D) less permeable to potassium ions.
E) repolarized.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
17
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
63) The cytoplasm of the neuromuscular terminal contains vesicles filled with molecules of the
neurotransmitter
A) epinephrine.
B) norepinephrine.
C) acetylcholine.
D) antidiuretic hormone.
E) adrenaline.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
66) Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters that are released by ________ when the action
potential arrives.
A) endocytosis
B) apoptosis
C) exocytosis
D) hydrolysis
E) sodium
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
18
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
67) The muscle weakness of myasthenia gravis results from
A) insufficient acetylcholine release from presynaptic vesicles.
B) loss of acetylcholine receptors in the end-plate membrane.
C) the motor neuron action potential being too small to shock the muscle fibers.
D) excessive acetylcholinesterase that destroys the neurotransmitter.
E) inability of the muscle fiber to produce ATP.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
68) A patient takes a medication that blocks ACh receptors of skeletal muscle fibers. What is
this drug's effect on skeletal muscle contraction?
A) increases tone in the muscle
B) causes a strong contraction similar to a "charlie horse" cramp
C) increases the muscle's excitability
D) produces a strong, continuous state of contraction
E) reduces the muscle's ability for contraction
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
69) The rapid rise and fall in force produced by a muscle fiber after a single action potential is
A) a tetanus.
B) an unfused tetanus.
C) a twitch.
D) an end plate potential.
E) a muscle action potential.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 10-5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
70) When a muscle is stimulated repeatedly at a high rate, the amount of tension gradually
increases to a steady maximum tension. This is called
A) incomplete tetanus.
B) complete tetanus.
C) a twitch.
D) wave summation.
E) recruitment.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 10-5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
19
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
71) A muscle producing tension that peaks and falls at intermediate stimulus rates is said to be in
A) incomplete tetanus.
B) complete tetanus.
C) treppe.
D) wave summation.
E) recruitment.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 10-5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
72) If a second stimulus arrives before the relaxation phase has ended, a second, more powerful
contraction occurs. This is called
A) incomplete tetanus.
B) complete tetanus.
C) treppe.
D) wave summation.
E) recruitment.
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 10-5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
73) A single motor neuron together with all the muscle fibers it innervates is called
A) an end foot.
B) an end plate.
C) a motor unit.
D) a dermatome.
E) a myotome.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 10-5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
20
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
75) The increase in muscle tension that is produced by increasing the number of active motor
units is called
A) incomplete tetanus.
B) complete tetanus.
C) treppe.
D) wave summation.
E) recruitment.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 10-5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
76) The type of contraction in which the muscle fibers do not shorten is called
A) tetany.
B) treppe.
C) concentric.
D) isotonic.
E) isometric.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 10-5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
77) A weight-lifter strains to lift a heavy weight and there is no movement of the person's arms
holding on to the weight. This type of contraction is called a/an ________ contraction.
A) isometric
B) tetanus
C) isotonic
D) treppe
E) concentric
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 10-5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
78) Suppose that you try to pick up an object and discover that it is much heavier than you
expected. Which process must occur in the muscle to increase tension so you can pick up the
object?
A) wave summation
B) isotonic contraction
C) complete tetanus
D) recruitment
E) treppe
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 10-5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
21
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
79) In which of the following would the motor units have the fewest muscle fibers?
A) muscles of the neck
B) postural muscles of the back
C) muscles that control the eyes
D) thigh muscles
E) calf muscles
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 10-5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
22
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10-2 Muscle Contractions
Use Figure 10-2 to answer the following questions:
82) What is thought to happen in a muscle during the response shown in graph (a)?
A) It is getting stronger with exercise.
B) There is a gradual increase in the concentration of calcium ions in the sarcoplasm.
C) It is fatigued and must make repeated efforts to twitch normally.
D) It is aged and has lost contractile proteins.
E) It is producing more ATP as tension increases.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 10-5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
23
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
83) To produce a contraction similar to the one in graph (b), the muscle
A) must be stimulated to the point of fatigue.
B) must be stimulated again before it has relaxed from the previous stimulation.
C) is excited by a stimulus of increasing intensity.
D) is caused to produce isolated twitches.
E) gradually warms up.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 10-5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
24
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
87) During the recovery period the body's need for oxygen is increased because
A) muscle cells are producing energy anaerobically.
B) the individual is panting.
C) additional oxygen is required to restore energy reserves consumed during exercise.
D) the liver requires more oxygen to produce lactic acid.
E) the muscles are not producing ATP.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 10-6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
25
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
91) Aerobic metabolism normally provides ________ percent of the ATP demands of a resting
muscle cell.
A) 25
B) 50
C) 70
D) 95
E) 100
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 10-6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
92) After heavy exercise, if energy reserves in a muscle are depleted, ________ occurs.
A) an oxygen debt
B) paralysis
C) treppe
D) tetanus
E) atrophy
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 10-6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
93) During the recovery period following exercise, all of the following are true, except
A) lactic acid is removed from muscle cells.
B) the muscle actively produces ATP.
C) muscle fibers are unable to contract.
D) oxygen is consumed at above the resting rate.
E) heat is generated.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 10-6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
26
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
95) Which of the following hormones directly stimulates growth of muscle tissue, leading to
increased muscle mass?
A) epinephrine
B) thyroid hormone
C) testosterone
D) parathyroid hormone
E) calcitonin
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 10-6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
97) Because skeletal muscle contractions demand large quantities of ATP, skeletal muscles have
A) a rich nerve supply.
B) a rich blood supply and few mitochondria
C) abundant mitochondria and a poor blood supply.
D) adipose tissue between fibers to supply nutrients for ATP production.
E) many mitochondria and a rich blood supply.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 10-6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
98) Decreased blood flow to a muscle could result in all of the following, except
A) muscle fatigue.
B) an oxygen debt.
C) an increase in intracellular glycogen.
D) a shift to anaerobic glycolysis.
E) an increase in intracellular lactic acid.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 10-6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
27
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
99) How would an elevated level of thyroid hormone in the body affect skeletal muscles?
A) It would stimulate atrophy.
B) It would stimulate hypertrophy.
C) It would stimulate energy use and heat production.
D) It would decrease heat production by muscle tissue.
E) It would cause an increase in muscle mass.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 10-6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
100) Heat energy produced from muscle contraction is released by the ________ system.
A) integumentary
B) respiratory
C) cardiovascular
D) urinary
E) endocrine
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 10-6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
101) The type of muscle fiber that is most resistant to fatigue is the ________ fiber.
A) fast
B) slow
C) intermediate
D) anaerobic
E) high-density
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 10-7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
28
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
103) Muscles that move the eyeball have
A) fast fibers.
B) slow fibers.
C) intermediate fibers.
D) circular fibers.
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 10-7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
105) Fast muscle fibers can adapt to aerobic metabolism by generating more mitochondria in
response to
A) repeated, exhaustive stimulation.
B) sustained low levels of muscle activity.
C) high amounts of oxygen.
D) increased levels of testosterone.
E) prolonged periods of inactivity.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 10-7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
106) Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding human muscles?
A) Most have both slow and fast fibers.
B) Slow fibers are abundant in the calf muscles.
C) Eye muscles are composed entirely of fast fibers.
D) Slow fibers are abundant in the back muscles.
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 10-7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
29
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
107) When comparing slow muscle fibers to fast muscle fibers, slow fibers
A) take about three times as long to reach peak tension.
B) have much smaller fiber diameters.
C) generate much less tension.
D) are rich in the red protein myoglobin.
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 10-7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
108) Large-diameter, densely packed myofibrils, large glycogen reserves, and few mitochondria
are characteristics of
A) slow fibers.
B) intermediate fibers.
C) fast fibers.
D) red muscles.
E) fatty muscles.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 10-7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
109) Which type of muscle fibers are best adapted for prolonged contraction such as standing all
day?
A) uninucleated fibers
B) striated fibers
C) fast fibers
D) slow fibers
E) intermediate fibers
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 10-7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
30
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
111) Which of the following statements is false?
A) Cardiac muscle contractions cannot be summated.
B) Skeletal muscle contractions may be summated.
C) Skeletal muscle stimulation is neural.
D) Cardiac muscle stimulation is neural.
E) Cardiocytes are interconnected through intercalated discs.
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 10-8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
112) The ability of smooth muscle to function over a wide range of lengths is called
A) elasticity.
B) contractility.
C) extensibility.
D) plasticity.
E) variability.
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 10-8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
31
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Short Answer Questions
116) The protein that is found in the Z line of a sarcomere is called ________.
Answer: actinin
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
117) The protein that regulates muscle contraction by controlling the availability of active sites
on actin is called ________.
Answer: tropomyosin
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
120) Stem cells located between the endomysium and sarcolemma that function in the repair of
damaged muscle tissue are called ________.
Answer: satellite cells
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
121) The complex of a transverse tubule and two adjacent terminal cisternae is known as a
________.
Answer: triad
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
122) The structural theory that explains how a muscle fiber contracts is called the ________.
Answer: sliding filament theory
Learning Outcome: 10-3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
32
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
123) Communication between axons and muscle fibers occurs at specialized synapses called
________.
Answer: neuromuscular junctions
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
124) Active sites become exposed when calcium ions bind to ________.
Answer: troponin
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
125) Cross bridge detachment is caused by ________ binding to the myosin head.
Answer: ATP
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
126) The sequence of processes that links the action potential to contraction is called ________.
Answer: excitation-contraction coupling
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
127) An infection by the bacterium Clostridium tetani can cause the disease called ________.
Answer: tetanus
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
33
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Essay Questions
130) Describe the basic sequence of events that occurs as an action potential arrives at the
neuromuscular junction and is transmitted to the muscle cell.
Answer: The action potential triggers the exocytosis of neurotransmitters stored in vesicles in
the axon ending. This acetylcholine binds to receptors in the motor end plate, increasing the
muscle membrane permeability to sodium. Acetylcholinesterase destroys the acetylcholine,
ensuring that each nerve action potential produces only a single twitch. The influx of these
positive sodium ions triggers an action potential. The action potential spreads in both directions
away from the end plate across the entire surface of the muscle fiber and into the interior via
transverse tubules, triggering a pulse of calcium ion release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum,
which generates a brief small twitch. With additional stimuli, calcium ion builds up and higher
tensions are produced.
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
131) A hypothetical genetic disease causes the body to produce antibodies that compete with
acetylcholine for receptors on the motor end plate. Patients with this disease exhibit varying
degrees of muscle weakness and flaccid paralysis in the affected muscles. If you could
administer a drug that inhibits acetylcholinesterase or a drug that blocks acetylcholine, which one
would you use to alleviate these symptoms?
Answer: This is a case of competition between acetylcholine and the antibody. To make the
patient's acetylcholine more effective, a drug that inhibits acetylcholinesterase would slow the
breakdown of his acetylcholine, relieving some of the weakness. An acetylcholine blocker would
be worse than doing nothing.
Learning Outcome: 10-4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
132) Describe a motor unit. How many fibers does a muscle unit contain?
Answer: A motor unit consists of all of the skeletal muscle fibers controlled by a single motor
neuron. They may have as few as 10 fibers (eye muscles) or as many as 10,000 (back muscles).
Learning Outcome: 10-5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
133) Thirty minutes after Mary has completed a 25-km race, she begins to notice severe muscle
soreness and stiffness in her legs. Her urine is dark colored. She wonders whether she may have
damaged her muscles during the race. She visits the ER, and the doctor orders several blood
tests. What kind of blood tests can help determine whether muscle damage has occurred?
Answer: If muscle damage occurred, the doctor would find enzymes such as creatine
phosphokinase and proteins such as myoglobin or troponin in the bloodstream released by
injured skeletal muscle cells. The level of these substances correlates with the severity of the
injury.
Learning Outcome: 10-6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
34
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology Martini Nath 9th Edition Test Bank
134) Megan wants to enter a weight-lifting competition and consults you as to what type of
muscle fibers she needs to develop and how she should go about it. What would you suggest to
her?
Answer: Weight lifting requires anaerobic endurance. Megan would want to develop her fast
fibers for short-term maximum strength. She would achieve this by engaging in activities that
involve frequent, brief, but intensive workouts, such as with heavy weights to the point of muscle
fatigue. The fatigue triggers the production of new myofilament proteins, leading to muscle bulk
and strength.
Learning Outcome: 10-7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
135) Many visceral smooth muscle cells lack motor neuron innervation. How are their
contractions coordinated and controlled?
Answer: Gap junctions interconnect visceral smooth muscle fibers. An action potential that
begins in one will spread to its surrounding neighbors. The action potential can be triggered by
stretching, hormones, chemical changes, or stimulation at a myoneural junction on a distant
smooth muscle cell.
Learning Outcome: 10-9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
35
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Oder vielmehr in das Haus des Amīr 'Ali Pascha, seines ältesten
Bruders, und zwar weil 'Abd ul Kādir dort gewohnt und in den trüben
Tagen des Blutbades von 1860 tausend Christen daselbst
beherbergt hat. Ein Schimmer von Mut und Vaterlandsliebe
verherrlicht seinen Namen, und außerdem verleiht sein Reichtum
dem bejahrten weisen Manne Ansehen und Macht, besitzt doch die
Familie 'Abd ul Kādir das ganze Viertel, das sie bewohnt, als ihr
eigen. Das Haus macht, wie alle großen Häuser in Damaskus,
äußerlich nichts von sich. Aus einer kleinen krummen Straße traten
wir durch eine Tür in einen dunklen Gang, bogen um etliche Ecken
und sahen uns in einem rings mit Orangenbäumen bepflanzten
Marmorhof, in dessen Mitte sich ein Springbrunnen befand. Auf
diesen Hof mündeten alle größeren Räume; nachdem sämtliche
Türen weit für mich geöffnet worden waren, präsentierte ein Diener
Kaffee und Konfekt. Ich bewunderte die Verzierungen der Mauern
und das in die Marmorbecken plätschernde Wasser, das durch
Marmorrinnen abfloß. Wie bei allen Palästen in Damaskus, so war
auch hier jede Fensterbrüstung mit einem gurgelnden Wässerchen
versehen, so daß die in den Raum eindringende Luft immer feuchte
Kühle mit sich führt. Der Amīr 'Ali war zwar nicht anwesend, aber
sein Haushofmeister, — er trug ganz den Typus eines
hochherrschaftlichen Dieners und befleißigte sich jener ehrerbietigen
Vertraulichkeit, die der untergebene Orientale sich so leicht aneignet
— zeigte uns die Schätze seines Herrn. Da war der juwelenbesetzte
Säbel, den Napoleon III. dem alten Amīr überreicht hatte, dann 'Abd
ul Kādirs Flinten und einige schwere, silberbeschlagene Schwerter
von 'Abd ul 'Aziz ibn er Raschid aus dem letzten Jahre. Wie ich
hörte, verbindet eine alte Freundschaft die algerische Familie mit
den Lords von Haīl. Ferner zeigte er uns verschiedene Gemälde von
'Abd ul Kādir: wie er seine Reiterei anführt, wie er in Versailles mit
Napoleon die Stufen des Palastes hinunterschreitet in der Haltung
eines Mannes, der gewinnt und nicht verliert, und endlich Amīr als
Greis in Damaskus; überall trägt er die weiße, algerische Tracht, die
er überhaupt nie ablegt, immer zeigt er auch dieselben ernsten und
würdevollen Züge. Und nun wurde ich über eine kleine Brücke
geführt, die hinter dem großen Hofe einen Bach überspannte, und
wir gelangten aus einem Garten voll Veilchen in die Ställe. So luftig,
hell und trocken waren sie, wie nur die besten europäischen Ställe
sein könnten. Hier standen zwei prächtige Araberstuten aus dem
Gestüte der Ruwalla, und, fast ebenso wertvoll wie sie, ein gut
zugerittenes Maultier. Auf unserm Rundgang begleitete uns ein
Mann, der scheinbar nicht zu dem Haushalt gehörte. Er blickte so
melancholisch drein, daß er mir auffiel, und ich Sēlim Beg nach ihm
fragte. »Ein Christ,« erklärte dieser, »er entstammt einer reichen
Familie, die ihre Religion zu wechseln gezwungen war und bei Amīr
Ali Zuflucht suchte.« Weiter hörte ich nichts von ihm, aber er paßte
in das Bild, das 'Abd ul Kādirs Haus mir hinterließ: eine Wohnstätte
edler Leute, die von einer gut geschulten Dienerschaft geleitet wird,
und die, mit allen Annehmlichkeiten des Lebens versehen, auch den
Bedrängten Schutz gewährt.
Tor der Tekyah.
Dreschplatz in Karyatein.
Mein letzter Tag in Damaskus war ein Freitag. Nun ist Damaskus
an einem schönen Freitag ein Anblick, der auch einer weiten Reise
wert ist. Die gesamte männliche Bevölkerung paradiert in den besten
Gewändern durch die Straßen, die Geschäfte in Zuckerwaren und
die in getragenen Kleidern florieren, den fertig vorgerichteten
Speisen in den Eßwarenläden entströmen wahrhaft verlockende
Gerüche, und prächtig aufgezäumte Rosse galoppieren den Weg am
Flusse Abana entlang. Am zeitigen Nachmittag bekam ich
vornehmen Besuch, als ersten Mohammed Pascha, den Scheich
von Djerūd, letzteres eine Oase halbwegs nach Palmyra. Djerūdi ist
der zweitgrößte Brigant im ganzen Lande, der größte aber (niemand
wird ihm den Rang streitig machen) ist Fayyād Agha von Karyatein,
einer anderen Oase an der Straße nach Palmyra. Fayyād mag wohl
ein schlimmer Bösewicht sein, wenn er mich auch höflich genug
behandelte, als ich seinen Weg kreuzte, Djerūdis Schurkerei aber ist
ganz anderer Art. Dieser große kräftige Mann mit dem Glasauge war
seiner Zeit ein tüchtiger Reiter und Räuber, denn in seinen Adern
fließt arabisches Blut, und sein Großvater entstammte dem stolzen
Geschlecht der 'Anazeh. Aber nun ist er alt, schwerfällig und
gichtisch geworden und wünscht weiter nichts als Frieden, den er
jedoch mit Rücksicht auf sein Vorleben und die Lage von Djerūd, die
diese Oase zu einem günstigen Zufluchtsort für alle unruhigen
Geister der Wüste macht, schwerlich erlangen wird. Er muß sich
sowohl mit seinen arabischen Stammesbrüdern als auch mit der
Regierung gut stellen; während jede dieser Parteien seinen Einfluß
auf die andre auszunützen sucht, muß er selbst von beiden Nutzen
zu ziehen suchen, sein Glasauge auf die Forderungen des
Gesetzes, das gesunde auf seinen eignen Vorteil richten. So
wenigstens verstehe ich ihn. In gerechtfertigtem Unwillen hat
mancher Konsul schon vom Vāli seine sofortige Hinrichtung verlangt,
aber zu einem solchen Schritt kann sich der Vāli nicht entschließen,
wenn er auch nicht selten eine besondere Greueltat durch
Verhängung einer Kerkerhaft geahndet hat. Wie er sagt, hat die
Regierung in Djerūdi gelegentlich einen nützlichen Mann gesehen,
und — der Vāli muß es ja am besten wissen. Zu seinem großen
Kummer hat Mohammed Pascha keine Söhne als Erben seines
immensen Reichtums, und die Grünspechte, in Gestalt einer Schar