MODULE 2:

:2 ELUDOM
BASIC PLANNING CONCEPTS
OVERVIEW OF URBAN AND REGIONAL
THEORIES AND ISSUES
THE COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING PROCESS

GROUP 2
 TOPIC 6:
BASIC PLANNING
CONCEPTS
 BASIC
PLANNING CONCEPTS

Ribbon
Development Broad Acre
City
City Beautiful Geddisain
Movement Triad

Neighbourhood Satellite
Planning Town
Garden City
Movement
GARDEN CITY
SIR EBENEZER HOWARD
Most potent planning model in Western urban planning
Created by Ebenezer Howard in 1898 to solve urban and
rural problems
Source of many key planning ideas during20th century
He analyzed the reasons for people to move to city or
country side.
The Garden City consists for different zones, street types
and garden
The core Core in center is about 4 sq. km and contains
central park, surrounded by a commercial, cultural and
administrative zone.

DE GUZMAN, JC BOY M
GARDEN CITY
SIR EBENEZER HOWARD
An impressive diagram of the three
magnets namely the town magnet,
country magnet with their advantages
and disadvantages and the third magnet
with attractive features of both town and
country life. Naturally people preferred the
third one namely Garden City.

DE GUZMAN, JC BOY M
CORE GARDEN CITY
PRINCIPLES
Strong community
Ordered development
Environmental quality

DE GUZMAN, JC BOY M
THE GARDEN CITY

DE GUZMAN, JC BOY M
 GARDEN CITIES

Ebenezer Howard Raymond Unwin & Barry Parker Louis de Soisson

Garden City Letchworth (First Developed Welwyn (Second
(Conceptualization) Garden City) Garden City)
DE GUZMAN, JC BOY M
 INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
Robert Owens Tony Garnier
Reform Movement Ideal City, New Lanark Une Cite Industrielle

DE GUZMAN, JC BOY M
DE GUZMAN, JC BOY M

CITY BEAUTIFUL
MOVEMENT

Daniel Burnham
Louis de Soisso
Father of American City Planning Chicago,
Welwyn (Second Garden City) Cleveland, San Francisco, Manila The
Neighborhood Unit & Baguio
DE GUZMAN, JC BOY M

NEW CAPITALS

Lucio Costa (Planner) Albert Myer (Original Planner) Walter Griffin (Planner) Sir Edward Lutyens
Oscar Niemeyer Le Corbusier (Took Over) Canberra, Australia Suburban (Planner)
(Architect) Chandigarh, India Super Blocks Decentralization City Beautiful New Delhi, India Low Garden
Brasilia, Brazil 800 x 1200 Movement City Type Density
 NEIGHBORHOOD PLANNING

CLARENCE ARTHUR PERRY (1872-1944) DEVELOPED

THE CONCEPT OF NEIGHBORHOOD PLANNING FOR
COMMUNITIES OF 5000-6000 PEOPLE, INITIALLY AS A
RESPONSE TO THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF INCREASING
SEA VEHICULAR TRAFFIC.

NEIGHBORHOOD PLANNING EMPOWERS

COMMUNITIES TO SHAPE THE FUTURE OF THEIR LIVING
AND WORKING SPACES, GRANTING THEM DIRECT
AUTHORITY TO ESTABLISH A COLLECTIVE VISION AND
INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT AND EXPANSION OF
THEIR AREA.

DE GUZMAN, JC BOY M .
 PRINCIPLES OF NEIGHBOURBOOD
PLANNING

SIZE BOUNDARIES PROTECTIVE

STRIPS

INTERNAL LAYOUT SHOPPING

STREET OF THE BUILDING CENTRES

DE GUZMAN, JC BOY M
 PRINCIPLES OF NEIGHBOURBOOD
PLANNING

COMMUNITY FACILITIES
CENTRES

DE GUZMAN, JC BOY M
PURPOSE OF NEIGHBOURBOOD
PLANNING

T0 MAKE THE PEOPLE SOCIALIZE

WITH ONE AND ANOTHER

TO ENABLE THE INHABITANTS TO

SHARE THE PUBLIC AMENITIES AND
RECREATIONAL FACILITIES.

TO SUPPORT A SAFETY AND

HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT WITHIN THE
NEIGHBORHOOD
TO PROVIDE SAFETY AND
EFFICIENCY TO ROAD USERS AND
PEDESTRIANS
TO MAINTAIN SAFETY AND
EFFICIENCY TO ROAD USERS AND
PEDESTRIANS

TO DETERMINE COMMUNITY’S
PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE

DE GUZMAN, JC BOY M
 EXAMPLES OF
NEIGHBORHOOD PLANNING

ASTOR PARK RIVER EAST(OSHKOSH WI) MACALESTER-

GREEN BAY, WI GROVELAND (ST.
PAUL MN)

DE GUZMAN, JC BOY M
 SATELLITE TOWN
SATELLITE TOWN IS BASICALLY A RESIDENTIAL AREA
ALONG WITH BASIC NEEDS OF LIFE, LOCATED OUTSIDE
THE PARENT CITY.

THE TERM SATELLITE IS USED TO INDICATE A BODY

UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A MORE POWERFUL BODY
BUT POSSESSING ITS OWN IDENTITY.

DE GUZMAN, JC BOY M.
SATELLITE TOWN
PLANNING
CONCEPT

DE GUZMAN, JC BOY M
CHARATERISTICS OF SATELLITE CITY

IT IS LOCATED OUTSIDE THE MAIN

CITY.

IT IS PHYSICALLY SEPARATED FROM

THE PARENT CITY BY RURAL
TERRITORY.

IT IS NOT SELF SUFFICIENT & DEPENDS

ON PARENT CITY

IT IS RESIDENTIAL AREA HAVING LOCAL

SHOPS & SCHOOLS FOR CHILDREN ETC

IT IS CONNECTED TO THE PARENT CITY

BY ROADS OR HIGHWAYS.

ITS SIZE AND DEVELOPMENT ARE

CONTROLLED IN SUCH A WAY THAT IT
DOES NOT BECOME A RIVAL TO THE
PARENT CITY.

DE GUZMAN, JC BOY M.
 ADVANTAGES OF SATELLITE TOWN

IMPROVE ACCESS
REDUCE URBAN TO SERVICE AND REDUCE
SPRAWL AMMENITIES CONGESTION AND
POLLUTION

ECONOMIC BETTER QUALITY LIFE INCREASING HOUSING

DEVELOPMENT DIVERSITY

CATIVO, PATRICK
 DISADVANTAGES OF SATELLITE
TOWN

HIGH DEVELOPMENT LAND AQUISITION INTEGRATION WITH

COST ISSUES SURROUNDING
AREAS

LACK OF JOBS TRANSPORTATION LACK OF URBAN

CHALLENGES CHARACTER

CATIVO, PATRICK
 EXAMPLE OF SATELLITE
TOWN IN PAKISTAN

SATELLITE TOWN SATELLITE TOWN JHELUM NORTH KARACHI

RAWALPINDI

CATIVO,PATRICK
 CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT
THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT WAS A REFORM
PHILOSOPHY IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY UNITED STATES
THAT AIMED TO BEAUTIFY CITIES THROUGH GRAND
BOULEVARDS, PUBLIC PARKS, AND MONUMENTAL
ARCHITECTURE. IT SOUGHT TO UPLIFT CITIZENS' SPIRITS AND
CREATE A MORE HARMONIOUS SOCIAL ORDER IN RESPONSE
TO RAPID INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANIZATION.

ADVOCATES EMPHASIZED COMPREHENSIVE URBAN

PLANNING, CIVIC ENGAGEMENT, AND SOCIAL REFORM,
LEAVING A LASTING IMPACT ON URBAN DESIGN AND THE
DEVELOPMENT OF MANY AMERICAN CITIES.

CATIVO, PATRICK JOSE V.

 FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS

BEAUTIFICATION COMPREHENSIVE GREEN SPACES

PLANNING

MONUMENTALITY CLASICAL AND ORDER AND

NEOCLASICAL SYMMETRY
ARCHITECTURE

CATIVO, PATRICK JOSE V.

 CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT

BENEFITS
ENHANCED QUALITY OF LIFE THROUGH AESTHETIC
IMPROVEMENTS
UPLIFTED CITIZENS' SPIRITS AND PROMOTED SOCIAL
HARMONY
IMPROVED URBAN ORGANIZATION AND EFFICIENCY IN
TRANSPORTATION
STRENGTHENED COMMUNITIES AND FOSTERED CIVIC PRIDE
PROMOTED PUBLIC HEALTH THROUGH BETTER
INFRASTRUCTURE
LEFT A LASTING IMPACT ON URBAN DESIGN AND PLANNING IN
AMERICAN CITIES

CATIVO, PATRICK JOSE

 EXAMPLE OF CITY
BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT

CHICAGO WASHINGTON D.C SAN FRANCISCO

CATIVO,PATRICK JOSE
 GEDDISIAN TRIAD
IS A CONCEPT IN CITY PLANNING THAT EMPHASIZES
THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSIDERING PEOPLE (FOLK),
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES (WORK), AND THE PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENT (PLACE) TO CREATE HOLISTIC,
SUSTAINABLE URBAN SPACES.

PROPOSED BY SIR PATRICK GEDDES, REPRESENTS A

HOLISTIC APPROACH TO CITY PLANNING THAT
EMPHASIZES THE INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF THE
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
OF URBAN LIFE.

CATIVO, PATRICK JOSE.

 GEDDISIAN TRIAD
IT SUGGESTS THAT EFFECTIVE CITY PLANNING SHOULD
CONSIDER THE NEEDS AND ASPIRATIONS OF THE
LOCAL COMMUNITY (FOLK), SUPPORT A DIVERSE AND
SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY (WORK), AND BE MINDFUL OF
THE NATURAL AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT (PLACE). BY
INTEGRATING THESE THREE ELEMENTS, PLANNERS
CAN CREATE CITIES THAT ARE NOT ONLY FUNCTIONAL
AND EFFICIENT BUT ALSO SOCIALLY INCLUSIVE,
ECONOMICALLY VIBRANT, AND ENVIRONMENTALLY
SUSTAINABLE.)

BENEFITS
HOLISTIC APPROACH TO CITY PLANNING
ENCOURAGES COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
PROMOTES ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
CONSIDERS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
IMPROVES QUALITY OF LIFE IN CITIES

CATIVO, PATRICK JOSE

 PATRICK GEDDES
FOUNDER OF GEDDISIAN TRIAD

SIR PATRICK GEDDES (1854-1932) WAS A SCOTTISH

BIOLOGIST, SOCIOLOGIST, PHILANTHROPIST, AND
PIONEERING TOWN PLANNER.
HE COINED THE TERM "CONURBATION" AND IS NOTED
FOR HIS WORK IN URBAN REVITALIZATION,
ESPECIALLY IN CITIES LIKE EDINBURGH AND TEL AVIV.
FATHER OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING
FIRST TO LINK SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS INTO TOWN
PLANNING
“SURVEY BEFORE PLAN”

CATIVO, PATRICK JOSE

PATRICK GEDDES PLANNING CONCEPT

RURAL DEVELOPMENT, URBAN PLANNING, AND CITY

DESIGN ARE NOT THE SAME AND ADOPTING A
COMMON PLANNING PROCESS IS DISASTUROUS

“CONURBATION” WAVES OF POPULATION INFLOW TO

LARGE CITIES FOLLOWED BY OVERCROWDING SLUM
FORMATION AND THEN THE WAVE OF BACKFLOW-
THE WHOLE PROCESS RESULTING IN AMORPHOUS
SPRAWL, WASTE AND UNNECESSARY OBSOLESCENCE

CATIVO, PATRICK JOSE

RIBBON DEVELOPMENT
·RIBBON DEVELOPMENT IS THE SPREADING OF URBAN
FUNCTIONS THROUGH AN ACCESSIBLE ROAD BY THE
EFFECT OF URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL DYNAMICS,

·RIBBON DEVELOPMENT CAN ALSO BE COMPARED WITH

THE LINEAR VILLAGE WHISH IS A VILLAGE THAT GREW
ALONG A TRANSPORTATION ROUTE NOTAS PART OF A
CITYS EXPANSIONS

DOLES, JHON LLOYD Y.

 RIBBON DEVELOPMENT
FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
RIBBON FORM OF DEVELOPMENT

GOOD ELECTRICITY WATER SOURCES

SORROUNDINGS

SEWAGE DISPOSAL TRANSPORTATION

DOLES, JHON LLOYD Y.
RIBBON DEVELOPMENT
BENEFITS
·THIS DEVELOPMENT TENDS TO HELP IN BETTER TRANSPORT FACILITIES.
·IT PROVIDES EASY ACCESS TO GOODS AND SERVICES.
·IT HELPS THE BUSINESS MINDERS IN INCREASING THEIR WEALTH BY
ESTABLISHING THEIR WORKSHOPS, SHOPS, FACTORIES ETC.
·MOREOVER, IT HELPS THE STUDENTS IN HAVING THE BETTER
EDUCATION BY REDUCING THEIR TRAVEL TIME AND BY CONNECTING
THEIR TOWNS WITH MODERN CITIES HAVING UNIVERSITIES AND
SCHOOLS.
·IT ALSO HELPS IN GIVING A BOON TO THE INCOME OF SMALL FARMERS
BY ALLOWING THEM TO SELL THEIR PRODUCTS IN CITIES.
·TIMESAVING BECAUSE ALL THE FACILITIES ARE AVAILABLE JUST AT
THE DOORSTEP WHETHER ITS TRANSPORT FACILITIES, FOOD, OR ANY
OTHER THING.

PROBLEMS CAUSES BY RIBBON

DEVELOPMENT
·UNECONOMIC EXTENSIONS OF UTILITIES
·LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS
·DECREASE IN THE CAPACITY OF ROADS
·DAMAGE IN SCENIC QUALITY
·ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL DAMAGES

DOLES, JHON LLOYD Y.

 BROAD ACRE CITY

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

FOUNDER OF ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE

JUNE9, 1867- APRIL 9, 1959) WAS AN AMERICAN

ARCHITECT, DESIGNER, WRITER, AND EDUCATOR. HE
DESIGNED MORE THAN 1,000 STRUCTURES OVER A
CREATIVE OF 70 YEARS.

WRIGHT BELIEVED IN DESIGINING IN HARMNONY WITH

HUMANITY AND ITS ENVIRONMMENT,, A PHILOSOPY
CALLED ‘ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE’

HE PROPOSED THE ‘BROADACRE CITY’ AN URBAN OR

SUBURBAN DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT

HE PRESENTED THE IDEA IN HIS BOOK ‘THE

DISAPPEARING CITY’ IN 1932.
BROAD ACRE CITY

BROADACRE CITY IS A CONCEPT DEVELOPED BY

THE RENOWNED AMERICAN ARCHITECT FRANK
LLOYD WRIGHT IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY.
WRIGHT ENVISIONED BROADACRE CITY AS A
DECENTRALIZED, UTOPIAN URBAN PLAN THAT
AIMED TO REVOLUTIONIZE THE WAY PEOPLE
LIVED, WORKED, AND INTERACTED WITH THEIR
ENVIRONMENT.

THE CENTRAL IDEA BEHIND BROADACRE CITY

WAS TO PROVIDE EACH FAMILY WITH AN ACRE OF
LAND, HENCE THE NAME "BROADACRE," WHERE
THEY COULD LIVE IN HARMONY WITH NATURE
AND HAVE ACCESS TO ALL NECESSARY
AMENITIES WITHIN WALKING DISTANCE. THIS
DECENTRALIZED APPROACH AIMED TO
ELIMINATE THE CONGESTION AND SOCIAL
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH TRADITIONAL
URBAN CENTERS.
DOLES, JHON LLOYD Y.
BROAD ACRE CITY

BROADACRE CITY WAS THE ANTITHESIS

OF A CITY AND THE APTHEOSIS OF
NEWLY BORN SUBURBIA, SHAPE
THROUGH WRIGTHS PARTICULAR
VISION.

EACH U,S, FAMILY WOULD BE GIVEN A

ONE-ACRE(.40 HECTARE)PLOT OF LAND
FROM THE FEDERAL LANDS RESERVES
AND A WRIGHT-CONCIEVED
COMMUNITY WOULD BE BUILT A NEW
FROM THIS.

DOLES, JHON LLOYD Y.

 VISION OF THE
BROADACRE CITY

BROADACRE CITY WOULD CONSIST OF LOW-DENSITY,

SINGLE-FAMILY HOMES SURROUNDED BY GREEN
SPACES, AGRICULTURAL AREAS, AND SMALL-SCALE
INDUSTRIES. THE CITY WOULD BE INTERCONNECTED
THROUGH A NETWORK OF ROADS, BUT
AUTOMOBILES WERE NOT MEANT TO DOMINATE THE
LANDSCAPE; INSTEAD, WRIGHT EMPHASIZED THE
IMPORTANCE OF PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY DESIGN.

FURTHERMORE, BROADACRE CITY WAS DESIGNED

TO INTEGRATE VARIOUS FUNCTIONS OF LIFE,
INCLUDING RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL,
AGRICULTURAL, AND RECREATIONAL, INTO A
HARMONIOUS WHOLE. WRIGHT BELIEVED THAT THIS
HOLISTIC APPROACH WOULD FOSTER A SENSE OF
COMMUNITY AND ENCOURAGE INDIVIDUAL
CREATIVITY AND SELF-SUFFICIENCY

DOLES, JHON LLOYD Y.

 TOPIC 7:
OVERVIEW OF URBAN AND
REGIONAL PLANNING THEORIES
AND ISSUES IMPLICATION TO
ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICES
ITS NATURE, MEANING, AND IMPORTANCE
 URBAN
it is a characteristic of a city. It is a City that exhibits a
large amount of developments and small amount of
space between buildings.

REGIONAL
relating to a particular region, area, or district.

DAILEG, JOHN PHILIP T.

 URBAN
PLANNING
is a technique and method of
development that contributes to
the organization, development
and evolution of urban areas and
their urbanising environs, based
on economic, social, legal and
aesthetic concepts and conditions
in order to promote the welfare of
public and quality of environment.

DAILEG, JOHN PHILIP T.

 GOAL OF
PLANNING
to guide the development of a city
or town that it furthers the welfare
of its current and future residents
by creating convenient, equitable,
healthful, efficient and attractive
environments.

DAILEG, JOHN PHILIP T.

 THREE KEY ASPECTS
OF URBAN/CITY
PLANNING

01 02 03
PHYSICAL SOCIAL ECONOMIC
ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT

DAILEG, JOHN PHILIP T.

REGIONAL
PLANNING
It is a specific type of planning,
based on a specific planning
structure (regional system), for
inducing public action aimed at
societal well-being.

DAILEG, JOHN PHILIP T.

 PURPOSE OF
REGIONAL PLANNING
The purpose of regional planning is to identify
regional outcomes to help achieve state interest.

DAILEG, JOHN PHILIP T.

 ENVIRONMENTAL
PLANNING
a multi-disciplinary art and science of analyzing,
specifying, clarifying, harmonizing, managing and
regulating the use and development of land and
water resources, in relation to their environs, for the
development of sustainable communities and
ecosystems.

DAILEG, JOHN PHILIP T.

 ENVIRONMENTAL
PLANNER
refers to a person who is registered and licensed to
practice environmental planning.

DAILEG, JOHN PHILIP T.

 BRIEF HISTORY
URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING
Towns originated from human settlements transitioning
from hunting-gathering to agriculture, necessitating
proximity to water sources for irrigation.

Urban planning evolved with societal complexity, featuring

hierarchical layouts around central religious or societal
structures.

Modern urban planning emerged from the Industrial

Revolution, expanding cities with industrial centers, leading
to focus on sanitation and aesthetics in response to
epidemics, eventually emphasizing environmental
sustainability and community involvement.
DAILEG, JOHN PHILIP T.
21ST CENTURY
PRACTICES

ELLAMIL, RUSSELL D.
MOBILITY
TRANSITION
is a set of social, technological and political processes
of converting traffic (including freight transport) and
mobility to sustainable transport with renewable energy
resources, and an integration of several different modes
of private transport and local public transport. It also
includes social change, a redistribution of public spaces,
and different ways of financing and spending money in
urban planning.

ELLAMIL, RUSSELL D.
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
Sustainable urban development is becoming increasingly
important in cities and towns around the world as people strive
to reduce their environmental footprint and build resilient,
equitable and healthy communities. To achieve sustainability,
cities must focus on three key aspects: economic, social, and
environmental. By adopting strategic approaches to
sustainable urban development, cities and towns can not only
improve their infrastructure and services, but they can also
reduce their environmental impact and meet the needs of their
residents.

ELLAMIL, RUSSELL D.
SMART CITIES
In Denmark, Smart Cities and Communities projects have been
carried out in many towns and cities, usually by the municipal
government in collaboration with business and academia. For
governments, the Smart Cities and Communities is attractive
because it represents an opportunity to improve its towns and
cities and to access a large global market. Most of the
governments are ramping up their efforts to remove barriers
that are preventing regional and municipal governments from
applying Smart Cities and Communities solutions and local
businesses from developing and exporting related products and
services.

ELLAMIL, RUSSELL D.
THEORIES EXPLAINING
THE EMERGENCE OF
CITIES

ELLAMIL, RUSSELL D.
 CENTRAL PLACE
THEORY
Central Place theory emphasizes that
the central location of a city gives it
maximum access to its human
inhabitants and whatever resources they
produce.

BASIC ELEMENTS OF CENTRAL

PLACE THEORY ARE:
A central good
A central place
A complimentary region

ELLAMIL, RUSSELL D.
WHY HEXAGON?
The arrangement of the Central places/
settlements: As transport is equally easy in all
direction, each central place will have a circular
market area as shown in C in the following
diagram:

However, the circular shape of the market areas

results in either un-served areas or over-served
areas. To solve this problem, Walter suggested
the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in
D in the above diagram. Within a given area
there will be fewer high order cities and towns
in relation to the lower order villages and
hamlets. For any given order, theoretically, the
settlements will be equidistant from each other.
The higher order settlements will be further
apart than the lower order ones

ELLAMIL, RUSSELL D.
FINDING THE TWO MAIN CONCEPTS OF
CENTRAL PLACE THEORY
HINTERLANDS As per Walter Christaller, Central Place Theory is
based on 2 fundamental concepts which are
“Threshold” and “Range”

ELLAMIL, RUSSELL D.
PUBLIC CHOICE
THEORY
Advanced by Paul Peterson in his 1981 book,
City Limits. States that urban politicians and
governing regimes are subordinate to the
overall economic principles that force cities to
compete to capture new investment and
capital. The competitive nature of cities
encourages the business elite and politicians to
favour new development

ELLAMIL, RUSSELL D.
BID-RENT CURVE
THEORY
Geographical economic theory
that refers to how the price
and demand for real estate
change as the distance from
the central business district
(CBD) .

This is based upon the idea

that retail establishments wish
to maximize their profitability,
so they are much more willing
to pay more for land close to
the CBD and less for land
further away from this area.
The amount they are willing to
pay is called "bid rent".

ELLAMIL, RUSSELL D.
THEORIES EXPLAINING
HOW THE CITIES ARE
ARRANGED:

ELLAMIL, RUSSELL D.
GRID MODEL/HIPPODAMIAN PLAN
Proposed by Hippodamus of Miletus
who is considered the father of rational
city planning. The center of the city
contains the agora (Market place),
theaters, and temples. Private rooms
surround the city’s public arenas. The
plan can be laid out uniformly over any
kind of terrain since it’s based on
angles and measurements.

Figure 1. the roman town of timgad

ELLAMIL, RUSSELL D.
GRID MODEL/HIPPODAMIAN PLAN

Figure 2. Barcelona, Spain ELLAMIL, RUSSELL D.

CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL

Also known as The

1. CBD
Burgess Model, The Bull's
2. ZONE OF TRANSITION
Eye Model.Developed in
3. ZONE OF INDEPENDENT
the 1920's by the urban
WORKERS’ HOMES
sociologist Ernest 4. ZONE OF BETTER
Burgess. The model RESIDENCES
portrays how cities social 5. COMMUTER’S ZONE
groups are spatially
arranged in a series of
rings. The size of the rings
may vary, but the order
always remains the same. ELLAMIL, RUSSELL D.
CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL

Chicago served as the

original model for Ernest
Burgess, as he was a
professor at the
University of Chicago,
which was part of the
Chicago Regional
Planning Association.
Figure 3. Chicago, Illinois
ELLAMIL, RUSSELL D.
MULTIPLE NUCLEI METHOD
1. CBD
2. WHOLESALE, LIGHT MANUFACTURING
3. LOW-CLASS RESIDENTIAL
4. MEDIUM-CLASS RESIDENTIAL
5. HIGH-CLASS RESIDENTIAL
6. HEAVY MANUFACTURING
7. OUTLYING BUSINESS DISTRICT
8. RESIDENTIAL SUBURB
9. INDUSTRIAL SUBURB

The Multiple Nuclei Model is an ecological model created by

Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the 1945. City grows from several
independent points rather than from one central business district. As
these expand, they merge to form a single urban area. Ports,
universities, airports and parks also act as nodes. Based on the idea that
people have greater movement due to increased car ownership.
ELLAMIL, RUSSELL D.
MULTIPLE NUCLEI METHOD

Figure 4. Los Angeles, California ELLAMIL, RUSSELL D.

URBAN REALMS MODEL
Developed by James E. Vance Jr.
in the 1960’s. Each realm is a
separate economic, social and
political entity that is linked
together to form a larger metro
framework.suburbs are within the
sphere of influence of the central
city and its metropolitan CBD.
Now urban realms have become,
so large they even have exurbs,
not just suburbs.

ELLAMIL, RUSSELL D.
URBAN REALMS MODEL

Figure 5. Istanbul, Turkey

ELLAMIL, RUSSELL D.
SECTOR MODEL
1. CBD
2. ZONE OF TRANSITION
3. ZONE OF INDEPENDENT
WORKERS’ HOMES
4. ZONE OF BETTER
RESIDENCES
5. COMMUTER’S ZONE (HIGH
CLASS RESIDENTIAL

ELLAMIL, RUSSELL D.
 ISSUE, CRITICISM/
LIMITATION
INDIVIDUAL CONTROL OR SMALL
PARCELS OF LAND
ARBITRARY POLITICAL BOUNDARIES

IRREGULARITY OF
ENVIRONMENTAL SITE
HERITAGE OF PAST
CONSTRUCTION
ANTICIPATION OF
FUTURE CHANGE
DELA CRUZ, LYKA MAE
 ISSUE & CRITICISM/ LIMITATION
INDIVIDUAL CONTROL
OR SMALL PARCELS
OF LAND
Private ownership of small parcels of urban land sometimes interferes
with the effective control of the space pattern of the city like the
following.

1. If a private owner enjoys unrestricted right to use his/her land.

2. If in a continuous residential area where two houses walls are
shared, the problem arises in such areas when one house
owner is willing to renovate the house and another is not in
case of deterioration.
3. If a private builder wants to undertake a project developing
or reconstructing the building on the same land.

DELA CRUZ, LYKA MAE D,

 ISSUE & CRITICISM/ LIMITATION
ARBITRARY POLITICAL
BOUNDARIES

Effective urban planning requires that the city/town be dealt with as

an integrated natural unit. An adequate plan covers not only the built-
up area of the city but also parts of the unoccupied hinterland, which
need to be controlled in order to secure both orderly future growth of
the city/town and reasonable protection of its residents.

Specific examples of difficulties resulting from the lack of integrated

control or the lack of proper demarcation may be found explicitly in
peripheral urban areas. But it is also true of inner city areas also.

DELA CRUZ, LYKA MAE D,

 ISSUE & CRITICISM/ LIMITATION
IRREGULARITY OF
ENVIRONMENTAL SITE
Features of physical site influence the spatial pattern of the city/town
like:

1. Different sections of the city have unequal value as building

sites as the underlying soil and rock formations affect the
soundness of the foundations, characteristics of subsoil
drainage, etc.
2. Topography affects the routes of transportation.
3. Advantageous for certain manufacturing and commercial
activities.
4. Some parts of the city provide better aminities than others.

DELA CRUZ, LYKA MAE D,

 ISSUE & CRITICISM/ LIMITATION
HERITAGE OF PAST
CONSTRUCTION

• The heritage of the city-town unfortunately does not comply

with the contemporary needs.

Thus, the heritage of the past does not satisty the needs of the
present population; hence it presents both urgent problems
and formidable obstacles to the planner.

DELA CRUZ, LYKA MAE D,

 ISSUE & CRITICISM/ LIMITATION
ANTICIPATION OF
FUTURE CHANGE
The city planner cannot exactly say the future changes that
may affect the city. But he can anticipate some of the
changes and provide for it in the plan.

These may turn out to be inadequate in the long run.

Thus, a planner in trying to anticipate the future needs as

related to the spatial pattern of the city faces exceptional
difficulties because he/she cannot always foresee new
inventions or their effects.

DELA CRUZ, LYKA MAE D,

 IMPORTANCE OF URBAN
AND REGIONAL
PLANNINGG

Helps the Cities to Grow

Improves Quality of Life
Predict Disasters
Positive Impact on Economy
Safe and Healthy Lifestyle for Everyone
Develop the Nation

DELA CRUZ, LYKA MAE D,

 DREAM CITIES:
SEVEN URBAN IDEAS
THAT SHAPE THE
WORLD
Wade Graham

1. CASTLES 5. CORALS
2. MONUMENTS 6. MALLS
3. SLABS 7. HABITATS
4. HOMESTEADS
 In order to go forward and consider
the city that might be, we must look
at the many visions of our cities
since the beginning of the massive
urbanization that marks this
century.
Moshe Safdie, 1997
1.
CASTLES
Bertram Goodhue and the Romantic City

DALOPE, CEDRIX DANVER V.

 BRIEF HISTORY
Fertile Cresent, Indus Valley, Europe, Egypt,
ANTECEDENTS and China
Proliferation of castles
9th and 10th
CENTURIES
From 1000 onwards, castles in Europe
11th and 12th increased greatly but by the late 12th
CENTURIES century, it went into decline.
Castles were mostly built by Military Orders.
13th to 15th Gunpowder was introduced and spread
CENTURIES quickly.
 BRIEF HISTORY
Bastions and star forts
16th CENTURY
Many castles were refortfied and some
LATER USE castles are not meant to be fortified.
AND REVIVAL
CASTLES
BERTRAM GOODHUE
GOTHIC REVIVAL AND SPANISH COLONIAL
REVIVAL DESIGN

Created a distinctive interpretation of

Spanish Colonial architecture into the
Spanish Colonial Revival Style as a
dominant Californian regional vernacular.
Influenced the dominance of the Spanish
Colonial Revival style in major public and
private architecture of 1920s Hawaii.
Sometimes credited with being part of
popularizing the Art Deco style in
America.

Nebraska State Capitol Building

 ROMANTIC CITY
Goodhue's designs often reflected a
romantic vision of the city, with a focus on
creating spaces that inspired a sense of
wonder and appreciation for the past.

His works were characterized by intricate

detailing, classical motifs, and a sense of
timelessness.
 INDEPENDENT
PRACTICE
GOTHIC REVIVAL SPANISH COLONIAL REVIVAL

Cathedral of St. John the El Prado Quadrangle

Divine
 Of course, the Castle is a fantasy, in
which the commuter is a country
gentleman instead of a city functionary.
2.
MONUMENTS
Daniel Burnham and the Ordered City

DALOPE, CEDRIX DANVER V.

DANIEL BURNHAM
FATHER OF AMERICAN CITY PLANNING

A proponent of the Beaux-Art

movement

Also best known for his skyscrapers, city

planning, and for the White City

Together with Frederick Law Olmstead

and John Wellborn Root, designed the
World’s Columbian Exposition, the first
comprehensive planning document in
the U.S.
 ORDERED CITY
Daniel Burnham was a prominent figure in
the City Beautiful movement, which
emerged in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries..

Burnham believed in the importance of

comprehensive planning to create cities that
functioned efficiently and were visually
pleasing.

Burnham believed that an ordered city would

not only enhance the physical environment
but also contribute to social order and
progress.
 NOTABLE COMMISSIONS

CHICAGO MANILA BAGUIO

 NOTABLE COMMISSIONS

WORLD’S FLATIRON BUILDING WASHINGTON

COLUMBIAN UNION STATION
EXPOSITION
3.SLABS
Le Corbusier, Robert Moses, and the Rational City

DACUMOS, STANLY J.
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Slabs, as conceptualized by architects like Le
Corbusier and urban planners like Robert
Moses, epitomize the Rational City.

This approach emphasized large-scale,

modernist urban planning characterized by
geometrically organized, high-rise buildings,
and expansive highways.

While it aimed to streamline efficiency and

address urban issues, it often neglected
human-scale considerations and community
vitality.
LE CORBUSIER
MOST IMPORTANT ARCHITECT OF THE MODERN AGE

Le Corbusier, a pioneering architect of the

20th century, envisioned cities as efficient,
rational machines.

His concept of the Radiant City, with its

towering skyscrapers set within green spaces
and interconnected by highways, sought to
solve urban congestion and social problems
through strict geometric order.

However, his vision often neglected the

nuances of human experience and
community life.
ROBERT MOSES
THE MASTER BUILDER

Robert Moses, a powerful urban planner in

mid-20th century America, implemented Le
Corbusier's principles in projects like New
York's Cross Bronx Expressway and Lower
Manhattan Expressway.

Moses aimed to modernize cities by

introducing highways and high-rise housing
projects, yet his approach led to widespread
displacement of communities, particularly
those of lower socioeconomic status.
THE RADIANT CITY

The Rational City, influenced by Le Corbusier

and Robert Moses, prioritizes efficiency and
order over human-scale considerations.

Characterized by high-rise towers, vast

highways, and segregated land use, this
approach aimed to resolve urban problems
through systematic planning.

However, it often resulted in alienation, social

fragmentation, and the destruction of historic
neighborhoods.
4.
HOMESTEADS
Frank Lloyd Wright and the Anticity

DACUMOS, STANLY J.
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Homesteads, championed by Frank Lloyd
Wright, represent an alternative to the
Rational City paradigm.

Wright's concept of the Anticity emphasizes

organic architecture, integration with nature,
and decentralization, aiming to create
harmonious communities that respect the
human scale and foster a sense of belonging.
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
THE GREATEST AMERICAN ARCHITECT OF ALL TIME

Frank Lloyd Wright, a seminal figure in

modern architecture, rejected the dense,
mechanized urbanism of his contemporaries.

Instead, he proposed organic architecture

that harmonized with its surroundings,
exemplified by designs like Fallingwater and
the Guggenheim Museum.

Wright believed in decentralized, human-

scale communities that embraced nature and
celebrated individuality.
THE ANTICITY
The Anticity, as envisioned by Frank Lloyd
Wright, emphasizes decentralization, organic
architecture, and community cohesion.

Rejecting the high-rise towers and congested

highways of the Rational City, the Anticity
seeks to integrate human habitation with
nature, fostering a sense of place and
belonging.

Wright's approach prioritizes the individual

and small-scale communities over large-scale
urbanization.
5.
CORALS
Jane Jacobs, Andres Duany, and the Self-Organizing City

CONSOLACION, KARL PATRICK

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Corals, inspired by urban theorists like Jane
Jacobs and urban designers like Andres
Duany, advocate for the Self-Organizing City.

This approach promotes mixed-use

neighborhoods, walkable streets, and
community participation, recognizing the
importance of organic growth, diversity, and
human interaction in urban environments.
JANE JACOBS
THE MOTHER OF VANCOUVERISM

Jane Jacobs, a renowned urban theorist,

challenged the top-down planning
approaches of her time.

Her seminal work, "The Death and Life of

Great American Cities," celebrated the vitality
of mixed-use neighborhoods, pedestrian-
friendly streets, and grassroots community
activism.

Jacobs emphasized the importance of

diversity, complexity, and organic growth in
fostering vibrant urban environments.
ANDRES DUANY
ARCHITECT, URBAN DESIGNER, PLANNER, AND AUTHOR

Andres Duany, along with his wife Elizabeth

Plater-Zyberk, pioneered the New Urbanism
movement, which promotes sustainable,
community-oriented development.

Through projects like Seaside, Florida, Duany

advocates for walkable neighborhoods,
diverse housing options, and public spaces
that facilitate social interaction.

His approach emphasizes human-scale

design, connectivity, and environmental
stewardship.
THE SELF-ORGANIZING CITY
The Self-Organizing City, influenced by Jane
Jacobs and Andres Duany, embraces bottom-
up processes, mixed land uses, and
community engagement.

Unlike the top-down planning of the Rational

City, this approach recognizes the value of
organic growth, social interaction, and
cultural diversity in shaping vibrant urban
environments.

By empowering communities and fostering

connectivity, the Self-Organizing City
promotes resilience, creativity, and a sense of
belonging.
6.MALLS
Victor Gruen, Jon Jerde, and the Shopping City

CUARESMA, ANDREA MAE Q.

IS SHOPPING A
RECIPE FOR
THE CITY?
 CUARESMA, ANDREA MAE Q.

BRIEF HISTORY
No more than a few hundred shopping centers of any size
1945 had been built.

In the U.S. global motorization provided a strong incentive

1950s to the rapid development of cities’ periphery.

1960s 2 Americans: 1 Car

In spite of the rapid development, peripheral streets didn’t

take over all functions of central streets, causing some
shopping and social vacuum.
Residents of the suburbs had to go to the center to
participate in cultural life, have fun, make necessary
purchases and more.

Which resulted to variety of problems including:

traffic congestions on city roads;

lack of parking spaces;
limited access to public buildings and facilities;
and, as a consequence, environmental
degradation.

CUARESMA, ANDREA MAE Q.

VICTOR GRUEN
CREATOR OF THE FIRST SHOPPING MALLS

Considered malls as constructions

combining under one roof:

public space
pedestrian social space
recreational and entertainment
facilities,
catering and trade.

According to Gruen, mall is actually an

urban environment, satisfying both
periphery and center residents

CUARESMA, ANDREA MAE Q.

VICTOR GRUEN
CREATOR OF THE FIRST SHOPPING MALLS

The building that was meant to become an

embodiment of an American dream
transformed into a purely commercial project.

Gruen was accused of all the related negative

phenomena.

Due to dense urban construction the spatial

structure of mall got more complicated: it
became more multistorey, underground
malls were constructed, mall was divided
into separate functional blocks
CUARESMA, ANDREA MAE Q.
JON JERDER
AMERICA’S MALL MAESTRO

He constructed thrilling, multi-levelled

worlds connected by spiral staircases and
swooping ramps, supercharged urban
stage sets that sampled styles from across
time and place with promiscuous glee.

His brand of “place making” has become

the ubiquitous strategy for retail-led
urban regeneration around the world

CUARESMA, ANDREA MAE Q.

 SHOPPING CITY

Progression of malls charted

a ratcheting evolution of the
form from the standard
suburban planning and
design.

Jon Jerde’s remodeling of West side Pavilion (1985)

CUARESMA, ANDREA MAE Q.

“CITY” LOOK
Historically themed pastiche
architecture
Streetcars on tracks running
down the middle of the
“street,”
Panoply of constant
entertainment in the form of
music and performers.

Grove in Hollywood (2002)

 SHOPPING CITY

Grove in Hollywood (2002) Americana in Glendale (2008)

Luxury residences topped retail streetscapes, serviced
by private elevators, rooftop swimming pools, and valet
parking. CUARESMA, ANDREA MAE Q.
7.
HABITATS
Kenzo Tange, Norman Foster, and the
Techno-Ecological City

CUARESMA, ANDREA MAE Q.

WORLD DESIGN
CONFERENCE
1960
To understand the shift from
a mechanical to a
biodynamic age.

The first major introduction

to Metabolism Architecture.

CUARESMA, ANDREA MAE Q.

METABOLISM
PROPOSALS FOR NEW URBANISM

Kikutake’s “Ocean City,” composed of his Tower

City and Marine City projects, plus an
amalgamation of them called Ocean City.
CUARESMA, ANDREA MAE Q.
METABOLISM
PROPOSALS FOR NEW URBANISM

Kurokawa contributed “Space City,” which

included his Wall City and Agricultural City with
its mushroom houses.
CUARESMA, ANDREA MAE Q.
METABOLISM
PROPOSALS FOR NEW URBANISM

Otaka and Maki cowrote “Toward Group Form,”

which abandoned the modernist quest for “total
architecture” and prescribed instead a clustered
structural framework inside.
CUARESMA, ANDREA MAE Q.
OSAKA EXPO ‘70
The results astonished, streets
became full of life with space-
age installations, colors
flooded all 330 hectares of
responsible terrain. Wonders
built as a forecast of the
future about to come.

CUARESMA, ANDREA MAE Q.

NORMAN FOSTER
HIGH-TECH ARCHITECTURE

Known for designing with

integrations of advanced
technology and sustainability

Metabolist visions of “organic”

cities in the sky have found
echoes in a series of Foster
skyscrapers incorporating
atriums and gardens

CUARESMA, ANDREA MAE Q.

 CUARESMA, ANDREA MAE Q.

HEARST TOWER, NEW YORK (2006) THE GHERKIN BUILDING, LONDON (2004)
 CUARESMA, ANDREA MAE Q.

LONDON CITY HALL (2002) BUNDESTAG, BERLIN (1999)

 DREAM CITIES:
SEVEN URBAN IDEAS
THAT SHAPE THE
WORLD
Wade Graham
 SUMMARY AND
CONCLUSION
Architecture isn’t created in a vacuum.

It is an interaction between ideas, often Utopian and real

life which has to realize that vision. It’s also acknowledged
that the people behind these ideas are all too human and
not as perfect as their ideas were supposed to be.