# Error & classification

¥Éohe of quantity Stine

measured value of a
quantity Instrumental
End
syst÷Éfy→
→
/↳ Random
→ Environmental

↳ Reason unknown → observational

↳ Gross
↳ human carelessness & mistake
be minimised
*
by working
on

systematic
can

or cause
reason

d- Random error can

be reduced
by repeating
& takes the
the

observations a
large
number
all
of times
airthmatic mean
of is made times
observation n
→
If
numbers
of
-

the random error

reduces to
(Yn) times
→

be minimised
* Gross scorer can

& alertness
by increasing
the
sincerity of observes .
# Representetimge.org
value
Absolutely Difference
in true
①
the
to the individual measured helve of
Represented as @ n)
quantity
.

Dre , n n,
¥11 mil
-
-
=

D Zzz = n -
Nz

taken for
readings ang
times as xz

y the
- -

,
-

* n

air tin metic mean

nmeai-sl-n.E.si
/ If true value

(
the

)
Nemea → True value is
or I
not
given)
② Momabsoluteeorar-ldnn.eu or 54
all obsolete errors

of
Moan value

tbniltlb.kz/t¥n---tIdnn/Bkmea-?n-
Are mean =

knit
,
③
Rdetiueorfraetiondesoar
absolute to tire
Ratio eras

of
man

mean value

¢¥g=(•nobso#-enag
RE = DR mean

⑤ or
-
Mean Value

%EE.lu?- e mfxioo9oenor- CsIi -Noo)

% Error =(

the
→ Relative error gives accuracy
measure

increases
, so
if percentage
decreases
error

accuracy
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#
or s obstruction

✗ = AIB (Dn=bAtDB#
↳ max possible error

fetish
-
= (A # B) ± / DATA B)

p÷=¥t±÷&%→w
addition
(p¥IBof
substraction absolute
Both in or
,

error is same but % Error in substation

,

(AtBbA InmintT
of
that
is more
-
as
-
addition same
quantity
→
② Multiolicetonf-Divisim.gg
AXB
, p ,,
N=

4%1=(2-1)+(1-1) E- =¥A+;D

DINO --bµ-tY§)Nw Is -42¥ tp§ Noo

(¥A_ again
Noo +

µ¥tN•tY§ not Son

Sum percentage of error
percentage
of
error

③ Powa→Ñ=☐¥t¥t=&¥A
"
B÷=n☐¥
% Ensor
-3
n§¥- 100J Dnf
✗ - Noo

n times the individual error

y #
Yu A[B÷ ME -_mb¥_tnD§-tl¥
=

% error 4%+1001--4%1=+97-1 tlzc.jo

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✗ too +
n§¥x too ICE Nog
+