Chapter II Literature Review

2.1 Literature Review

Land Use and Land Cover Classification (LULC)

The LULC focuses primarily on how to classify the land and how that land are used by
the people. Many works has been done to examine the use of LULC analysis on remotely sensed
records. From 1986 to 2001 in Pallisa District, Uganda, Otukei et al.[46] carried out land cover
mapping and land cover assessing using DTs, SVMs and MLCs. They explored the use of
knowledge mining to find the required classification bands and thresholds for decision. The
analysis assessed the efficiency of the classification models, claiming that land cover elements
occur at an unpredictable pace.
According to desired classes, a few image classification models are available for
segmenting a multi-dimensional component space into homogenous regions and labelling
segments. Parametric classifiers accept a normally distributed dataset and statistical parameters
acquired properly from training data. The most broadly utilized parametric classifier is the MLC
(Maximum-Likelihood Classifier), which makes decision surfaces dependent on the mean and
covariance of each class. MLC [47] was first applied to IRS LISS-III images between 2001 and
2011 and classified in eight classes. Additionally, the study used a unique methodological
framework for post-classification adjustments. It considerably increased total classification
accuracy from 67.84 percent to 82.75 percent in 2001 and from 71.93 percent to 87.43 percent in
2011. Non-parametric classifiers don't accept a particular information appropriation to isolate a
multi-dimensional feature space into classes. Most normally utilized non-parametric classifiers
incorporate Decision Trees (DT) [48], Support Vector Machines (SVM) [49] and Expert Systems.
ML algorithms have been utilized according to pixel classifiers in remote sensing image
analysis [50]. Tais Grippa[51] et al. describe a method for mapping urban land use at the street

14
block level, emphasizing residential usage by utilizing veryhigh-resolution satellite images and
derived land-cover maps as input. For the classification of street blocks, a random forest (RF)
classifier is utilized, which achieves accuracies of 84 percent and 79 percent for five and six
land-use classifications, respectively. Random Forest classifier applied over urban communities
Dakar and Ouagadougou, cover more than 1000 km2 altogether, with a spatial resolution of 0.5
m. In the year 2019, Ali Jamali et al. [43] compared and contrasted eight machine learning
methods for image categorization in the northern region of Iran developed in the WEKA and R
programming languages.
Machine learning models[52][53][54] such as Random Forest, SVM[55][56], Decision
Tree, KNN[57], PCA [58] are successfully applied in many application areas.
In a variety of disciplines, deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) have lately
emerged as a dominating paradigm for machine learning. Obtaining a sufficiently big data set for
DCNN training is substantially difficult. This is an especially critical issue in the domain of
satellite image processing because vast collections of satellite and aerial images lack the detailed
label information found in other image modalities.
G. J. Scott et al. [59] have used transfer learning [60] and data augmentation [61] in
order to mitigate the partial availability of labelled training data. In [62] survey of Several DL-
based designs for showing real potential in the interpretation of HSI data are given. Classifiers
that are widely employed in DL for HSI classification are examined for their strengths and
weaknesses in this work to provide a comprehensive overview.The research concludes with some
observations and suggestions for future problems in using DL approaches to HSI classification.
[63] Suggested four approaches CNN, CapsNet, CNN (SMDTR-CNN), (SMDTR-
CapsNet). Approaches are judged on their overall-accuracy, kappa-coefficient and
precision by the group. The goal of work [64] modeled to assess the efficacy of CNN algorithms
for land categorization and LU change detection. Pre-trained CNN models were used to classify
the scene. CNN model combined with SVM achieve better results. In [65][66] domain adaptation
problem for land cover classification is studied. An ensemble decision strategy is used to handle
the additional and missing class problem.
To classify LULC utilising remote sensing images from diverse sources, such as radar
and hyperspectral datasets, the article [67] presents a deep learning framework for doing so.
Machine learning classifiers such as SVM, RF & KNN are compared to the suggested

15
methodology. The results show that the CNN outperforms the other approaches, reaching
excellent levels of performance across all datasets investigated, independent of their differences.
Authors of [68] combine K-means and oversampling techniques, solving the unbalanced
learning problem (SMOTE). K-means SMOTE increases the quality of freshly produced fake
data. Mixing integer and superstructure nonlinear programming methods, such as neuron number
selection and pruning, as well as input selection are all included in [69]. Covariance metrics are
used to increase test performance.

Change Detection
Land cover change detection (LCCD) utilizing bi-temporal remote sensing pictures has
been a significant topic in remote sensing applications, because LCCD may provide timely and
large-scale land cover change information to aid urban development plans, such as urban
expansion, urban build up and research of city surface temperature change. In practice, a variety
of change detection approaches have been used [45]. These approaches can be classified as
"post-classification change detection methods" or "binary change detection methods" based on
their detection outcomes [70][13]. In this section, the related works in the same domain are
mentioned.
In [71], the authors used data from three Landsat TM and ETM+ pictures of Beijing taken
between April 9, 1995, and April 30, 2000. The land surface temperature (LST) and land use and
land cover (LULC) classifications were extracted from the dataset. TVX space was designed to
evaluate the impact of land changes on the LST index (TVX). Since dense vegetation is
associated with lower temperatures than sparse vegetation, this suggests that land-use change is a
substantial factor in LST rise.
The authors in [13] described a novel approach for updating land-cover maps by
identifying picture time series. The suggested method identifies an image for which no ground
truth information is available by using knowledge from an image taken at a different time in the
same area of interest. This method overcomes the two major flaws of prior approaches. 1) It is
unaffected by possible significant discrepancies in the land-cover class distributions of the source
and target domains, and 2) it can handle circumstances in which the two domains have different
sets of land-cover classes.
In [72], multi-source remote sensing data were utilized to track changes in land use in the
Zigui region from 2008 to 2014. During the analysis phase, the transfer matrix, various altitudes,
16
and the patch landscape index were considered. The entire area of vegetation dropped by 6.1 per
cent from 2008 to 2014, with the majority of the reduced vegetation changed into cultivated land.
Kamrul Islam et al. [73] used Landsat TM and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS images to examine
land-use changes in Chunati wildlife sanctuary (CWS) from 2005 to 2015. ArcGIS and ERDAS
Imagine were used for land-use change assessment. To derive supervised land use categorization,
the maximum likelihood classification technique was applied. It was discovered that around 256
ha of degraded forest area has increased over ten years (2005–2015), with an annual rate of
change of 25.56 percent.
Lloyd L. Coulter et al. conducted land use change in southern Ghana using dense stacks
of Landsat 7 ETM+ imagery. They discovered a decline in three types of natural vegetation and
agriculture. LULC maps derived between 2000 and 2010 suggest that roughly 26% of the
research area saw LULC change over the study period.
Urbanization is a global phenomenon. It is mostly caused by unplanned growth, increased
immigration, and a quickly growing population. Land use and land cover change are seen as
critical components of contemporary strategies for managing natural resources and monitoring
environmental changes in this setting. Ibrahim Rizk Hegazy and Mosbeh Rashed Kaloop [74]
used GIS to examine the detection of land-use change in Mansoura and Talkha between 1985 and
2010. Change detection study reveals that the built-up area has expanded by more than 30%,
from 28 to 255 km2, while agricultural land has decreased by 33%.
Mathias Schaefer and Nguyen Xuan Thinh [75] conducted a detailed analysis of land
cover change dynamics in 22 districts of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam, utilizing
moderate and high spatial resolution satellite images (Landsat and SPOT). They discovered that
this city has been undergoing significant structural change since the late 1980s market
liberalization. Significant difficulties arise as a result of uncontrolled urban sprawl caused by
rapid population increase and encroachment on agricultural land.
LULC and built-up surfaces in Delhi's suburbs [76] were examined in relation to
population increase and migration between 1990 and 2018. Landsat 5 (TM) and Landsat 8
(OLI/TIRS) data were used for the LU/LC classification of Delhi NCR. The Landsat data was
processed using the K-means clustering technique, followed by a change detection technique to
measure the LULC change. As a result of increasing built-up areas and open/fallow land and

17
 decreasing farmland and vegetation, considerable changes in LULC have been seen across the
study period.
In [29], the authors tried to solve challenges like settlement expansion in South Africa's
Limpopo Province and detecting deforestation in Australia's New South Wales. Compared to the
other tested approaches, the method exhibited a much shorter median detection delay (DD) with
equal rates of false alarms.
Table 3.1 shows a few existing works in LULC based on LULC classification techniques.
Table 3.1: Literature Survey

Year Author Technique/Model Typical Class Accuracy

Input Range
Data
2012 Naidoo et Pixel-based RF Landsat 5 Classification of 87.68%
al. savanna tree
species
2014 Dragozi et Pixel-based SVM IKONOS Burned Area 81.96%
al. Mapping
( Mount Parnitha,
Greece)
2015 Ahmed et Pixel-based RF Landsat coastal temperate 88%
al LiDAR forests on
Vancouver Island,
British Columbia
2017 D. Ienco et RNN, RF, Naive Landsat 8 Land Cover 72.43%-
al. Bayes, KNN, and Classification 74.28%
SVMs
2018 Tjeng SVM SPOT LULC of Jakarta 80.17%
Wawan City
Cenggoro
et al.
2017 S. Kaliraj MLC Landsat 8 LULC change 81.16%
et al. detection of
Kanyakumari
coast
2020 Prabuddh MLC Landsat 5 LULC change 85.67%
Kumar detection on
Mishra et Himalaya
al.
2015 Anand Object-based Landsat 7 city of Mirabello 72.8%
Vetrivel et OBIA SVM (Italy)

18
 al.
2017 Xiaodong Object-based Landsat 7 Land Cover 94%
Zhang et Autoencoder Classification, (training)
2018 Stefanos Object-based XGboost Landsat 8 LULC urban 88.44%
Georganos Classification
et al.
2018 Xin-Yi Deep Learning GAOFEN- Land Cover 87.12 %
Tong et al. CNN 2 CLasification(GI
D Data)
2013 Aiying Pixelbased+Objectbased Landsat 5 Land Cover 75.44%
Zhang et IKONOS Classification
al. Mongolia
2019 Shouji Du, Pixelbased+Objectbased LiDAR Land Cover 92.4%
Shihong Clasification
Du

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 According to Kiran Bagade unsupervised classification comes with some drawbacks and
supervised classification comes with more benefits because supervised classification provides us
more accuracy as compared to unsupervised classification so first of all ISODATA unsupervised
order was applied for image classification. So we have collective both classifiers give more
exactness. MLC (Supervised) general accuracy was 69%, MLC (Hybrid) general accuracy was
85%. MBC (Supervised) overall accuracy was 56%, whereas MBC (Hybrid) general accuracy
was 83%. Also an outcome demonstrates that Hybrid characterization gives more precise
outcomes when contrasted with supervised classification technique alone. [6]

As per C.R. Prakash said that the LULC is very crucial element for environment change;
here author collected LISS 3 data to display the change occurred in Greater Hyderabad
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Municipal Corporation, LULC has big impact on sustainable development of city. As per the
research methodology is concerned he followed fundamental steps such as database gathering,
visual interpretation, ground truth analysis and thereafter he prepared map and come to
conclusion that for the proper planning, management and administration of city LULC must
frequently monitor by authority which will help to make city clean, green and healthy. [7]

As per Amol D.Vibhute RS and GIS used for LULC mapping of Aurangabad region of
Maharashtra. LISS3 data is used and to improve visual image interpretation filtration such as
median and sharpen with linear contrast stretch these enhancement techniques also used, Envi
and Arc GIS software were used for image classification. Here different classifiers used for
supervision. Accuracy assessment is done with the help of error matrix, kappa coefficient and
ground truth analysis. Among all classifiers the maximum like hood classifier resulted superior,
so we understand that MLC is best image classification technique. [8]

According to Sandipan Das said urbanization is an overall issue because more

population expansion has led to critical problems such as destruction of agricultural land illegal
constructions this made urban governance critical task to maintain human health, so this study
discuss about different classes their past and presence using supervised classification for change
detection. Here LISS 3 and Landsat TM images were used for classification. Urban planning is
always important task for urban planners, decision makers, policy designers to achieve this goal
land use land cover changes are very useful, by merging resolution of PAN and LISS 3 improved
the resolution of multispectral image. The result have shown that settlement area has increased
and agricultural are got decreased. [9]

As reported by Nayana S. RS and GIS is used to monitor activity on land using LISS 4
high resolution images, where preprocessing is done to obtain high quality image and accuracy in
result ENVI software is used for further processing of images where MLC algorithm is used for
classifying different components in images such as follow land, crop land, built up area, non crop
land. Here ground surrey is used to match accuracy of result. [10]

As per Yogesh V Kene traditional per pixel classification method comes with several
problems such as mingle of pixels to tackle such problems author introduced OBIA (Object

21
Based Image Analysis method where classification is done on homogeneous image segments
means pixels form cluster by taking consideration of some properties such as texture, shape
spatial relationship, intensity. Landsat 8 OLI (Operation Land Manager) is used which is
collected from us government website, for object extraction from image edge based and curvelet
transformation is used. After image classification we come to know that radial basis neural
network and back propagation also used. OBIA gives better result than traditional per pixel
classification method, as well as highly accurate result is obtained with the help of OBIA. [11]

As reported by Kanta Tamta the overall goal of this paper is to present classification of
high resolution image using fuzzy set, here image is divided into different classes. OBIA method
is used to produce better result and nearest neighborhood algorithm is used to discriminate
different land cover classes. Image classification and further processing high end software
eCognition developer 8.9 Software used. [12]

As per Mohit Kumar this paper talks about a tool opticks which is open source tool used
for image analysis. This toll is used to partition image by taking into consideration different
characteristics temporal, spatial and spectral, spatial bandwidth, spectral bandwidth, minimum
region area, perimeter, roundness, compactness, centroid, contrast, direction, roughness, mean
red, mean green, mean blue, standard deviation green, standard deviation blue, standard deviation
red. [13]

As per Gaurav Kalidas Pakhale In this study, the pixel-based and object based image
classification is used with the help of Landsat 7 remote sensing image with different spectral
bands. Ground truth play big role while dealing with map preparation. ANN and SVM algorithms
are used for classification both of the algorithms comes with their features and shortcomings.
ENVI 4.3 and eCongnition 4.0 software used for further processing means for image
segmentation and classification is done using nearest neighborhood process. An image
classification neural system is finished by surface element extraction and at that point applying
the back propagation. The average back propagation system has an info layer, a yield layer, and
no less than one shrouded layer. Each layer is completely associated with the succeeding layer.
The Neural Net method in ENVI programming utilizes standard back spread for administered

22
learning. Learning happens by changing the weights in the hub to limit the contrast between the
yield hub initiation and the yield. [14]

According to Narayan Kayet LULC is a critical component for the interconnection of

the human exercises and condition an observing which is valuable to discover the deviations to
spare a viable situation. Remote sensing is an exceptionally helpful apparatus for the issue of
LULC checking, which can be useful to choose the allotment of LULC. Remote sensing data
collected from different authorized websites for research work, LISS 3 is collected from Bhuvan
and Landsat collected from US Gov website. This investigation includes the appraisal of LULC.
GIS software ArcMap is used to solve problems of classification ground data is also important
for identifying correct classification, user accuracy, producer accuracy and kappa coefficient is
also calculated to check exactness achieved. [15]

According to Ramita Manandhar classification of remote sensing data is always a big

challenge because classification depends upon several factors such as landscape structure. MSS
and TM remote sensing images collected for processing, this data has history of large archive as
well as cost reduction and availability so used widely for sake of LULC classification. Despite
the fact that the MLC is a broadly utilized classifier, it couldn't perform attractively in
determining exact and dependable order of Built-up and Vineyard LULC classifications. In this
investigation, we could fundamentally enhance MLC maps by joining extra information, for
example, arrive utilize, DEM, spatial surface and NDVI estimation of the Landsat symbolism
utilizing a speculation testing structure based arrangement of order. This investigation has shown
the value of coordinating subordinate information and learning based guidelines into a grouping
plan to enhance exactness of LULC order. [16]

According to Pallavi Nain the remote sensing patterns are expanding vastly and have
wide points of interest of digitized satellite pictures. Different remote sensing procedures have
been embraced which make the utilization of precision appraisal essential. For the checking and
the administration of the regular assets the remote sensing has turned into the fundamental
apparatus. From the previous couple of years, the remotely sensing information helps in mapping
normal assets, foundations and ecological investigations. Different sorts of remotely sensing
information have been utilized as a part of LULC orders. Land cover can be portrayed as the

23
world's part which is used by water, vegetation and so on though the land utilize can be depicted
as the method for using the land by human for the natural surroundings like industry, horticulture
and so forth. Despite the fact that land cover and land utilize are the tradable terms, on the basis
of NDVI further processing is done where vegetation and non vegetation index is calculated and
maps prepared of Landsat 7 satellite image. [17]

As indicated by Anil Kumar Tengli remote detecting is the exploration of acquiring data
about earth's surface without being in contact with object. This is finished by detecting and
recording reflected or transmitted vitality and preparing, investigating and applying that data.
ERDAS IMAGINE 8.7 is principally used for processing. GIS software allows the user to
execute different operations on an image. ERDAS IMAGINE suite which has developed to
support most optical and radar mapping satellites. Classification exactness is also anticipated
using the field awareness obtained from work surveys. Data on urban development, LULC
ponder is exceptionally valuable to neighborhood administration and urban organizers for the
enhancement of feasible arrangements of reasonable extension of the city. [18]

As indicated by Sewata Tomar LULC is a significant component in understanding the

relations of the human activities with the environment and thus it is essential to be able to
replicate changes. The land cover mapping of study region was attempted using distantly sensed
images of Landsat and Google Earth imagery. The study area was classified into five components
on the source of field study, geographical conditions, and remote sensing data.
LULC changes have been detected by image processing technique in EDRAS imagine 2014 and
ArcGIS 10.3. The images obtained from USGS government site and applied supervised
classification, prepared maps. [19]

As per Vali Abbas Ali Satellite images and geographic information system (GIS) are
significant data resources for the dynamic examination of landscape renovations. The application
of these data made achievable to monitor the changes in different land uses in less time, at low
cost and with enhanced correctness. In this study LULC changes were investigated using of
remote sensing and GIS Processing operations was achieved using ENVI4.7 software. Here
maximum likehood classifier is used. Wetland have been decreased and decreasing trend in

24
theses LULC categories can be led to decline of soil worth, increase of dust storms and wind
erosion in the region. [20]

According to Saroj LISS 3 data is collected for the sake of classification, the present
study shows that satellite remote sensing based land cover mapping is very valuable & helpful.
The study confirmed that the functions of GIS help in studying the changes in land use pattern of
an area. For image visualization various parameters are taken into considerations such as tone,
shape, texture, size, pattern and association. Arc GIS, ERDAS and MS-Office software’s used for
result gathering. [21]

According to Zahra Hassan the alteration of Earth's earthbound surface by human

exercises is regularly known as Land use land cover change (LULCC) around the world. In spite
of the fact that alteration of land by people to acquire jobs and different fundamentals has been
there for a large number of years, the degree, power and rate of LULCC are far more prominent
presently than were before. In the present examination, appraisal of LULC and their change
location were done utilizing advanced digital image preparing procedures. Investigation
uncovered those urban territories, farming zones and water expanded amid 1992– 2012 bringing
about generous diminishment of timberland region and fruitless land. The expansion in the water
was inconsequential. In any case, the significant drinking water store of the city confronted decay
by 19.5 %. [22]

As Manish K Tiwari said that as human and common powers adjust the scene, asset
organizations discover it progressively vital to screen and survey these variations. The goal of
this investigation frames the examination completed in this part. The outcomes are displayed
advice of maps, graphs and measurable tables. They incorporate the static, change and
anticipated LULC of each class. Number of LULC classes created such as Built-up,
Land/Village, Industrial area, Agriculture Land, West Land, Dense Forest, Degraded Forest,
Water Body, River, Railway Line, National Highway, Village Road, Drainage, Canals. [23]

As indicated by Saleh Daqamseh in this study IKONOS images with high spatial
resolution have been used for urban planning. This research explores approaches to improve
urban planning and build up the database for types of patterns area within the urban scheme in

25
central of Almadinah Almunawarah using remote sensing based on texture analysis applications
and Geospatial Information System (GIS software’s). It has been compared with Traditional
method (Field Survey) of urban planning classification in Almadinah Almunawarah. The data
used in development collected from Global Land Cover Facility, www.landcover.org. The
IKONOS datasets provide temporal and reliable information for extraction and monitoring of
urban classes features. IKNOS available with 4 bands Red, Green, Blue and Panchromatic bands
with 4 meter and 1 meter resolution. [24]

According to Bahram Salehi Urban land cover categorization utilizing vey high
resolution (VHR) satellite image has been a motivating assignment in remote detecting social
orders since the dispatch of first VHR satellite in 1999. While the picture of numerous VHR
satellites, for example, IKONOS, QuickBird, and GeoEye contains just four multispectral groups
in the obvious and close infrared piece of electromagnetic range, these four groups bring down
order exactness. Results demonstrate that such measures expands the general order exactness and
the PA of impenetrable land cover writes, however diminishes the characterization accurateness
of vegetation territories. [25]

According to Nagarajun Arveti Land use/land cover (LULC) information is essential for
the selection, planning and implementation of management strategies to meet the increasing
demands for basic human needs and welfare of the ever growing population. This paper
illustrates the status of land use/land cover in the Tirupati area of Andhra Pradesh state using an
integrated approach of remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). The National
Land use/Land cover classification developed by National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) and
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) divides the land in the study area into five Level I
classes. [26]

According to Anindya Haldera in genuine situation, as remotely detected pictures, the

gathering of preparing tests to configuration regulated classifier is not generally conceivable
because of the shortage of accessible data and cost of securing of the ground truth data. A
conceivable other option to this, is unsupervised order called grouping which does not require
any named design. So as to produce the land use outline unsupervised way, remotely detected
picture division might be seen as a bunching errand. Different endeavors have been made for
land use forecast from remotely detected information in directed and in addition unsupervised
26
system. Roused from amass shaping conduct of genuine ants, keeping in mind the end goal to
naturally produce land use maps from multispectral remotely detected pictures, we have
proposed two novel subterranean insect state based calculations. One is a directed strategy,
regarding land utilize delineate as example order issue accepting few marked pixels are
accessible from various land use areas. The other one is an unsupervised procedure considering
land use outline as grouping based picture division issue. The proposed administered APC
calculation is contrasted and two other famous grouping calculations, MLP and SVM. [27]

As per Anahita Ghazvini there are no of ways in conducting data mining that available
from clustering, association rule mining, prediction and classification. Here learning algorithms
are used such as Support Vector Machines (SVM), Naive Bayes, and Artificial Neural Network
(ANN). When leading information mining, the decision of calculation to utilize is a critical
choice since it relies upon components, for example, the nature or sort of information under
examination, and the objective result of the information mining action. Naive Bayes turns out to
be speedier than the Multilayer Perception, however with a weakness regarding precision in light
of the fact that the Multilayer Perception leads the pack in exactness. [28]

As indicated by Sayed Fadel a significant advance in the acknowledgment systems of

Latin and Chinese characters has been accomplished. By differentiate Arabic Optical character
recognition is as yet slacking in show disdain toward that the intrigue and research here is
winding up more concentrated than previously. This is on the grounds that the Arabic is a cursive
dialect, composed from appropriate to left, each character has two to four unique structures as
indicated by its situation in the word, and a few characters are related with correlative parts
above, underneath, or inside the character. Bolster Vector Machines (SVMs) are utilized
effectively to recognize Latin, and Chinese characters. This paper contemplates the impact of
various bit works on the execution of SVMs for perceiving Arabic characters. Eleven diverse bit
capacities are utilized all through this investigation. The goal is to indicate which kind of bit
capacities gives the best acknowledgment rate. The subsequent portion capacities can be
considered as base for future investigations going for improving their execution. Laplacian kernel
function gives best result. [29]

27
 As indicated by B. Yekkehkhany in this paper, a framework is prepared which is based
on Support Vector Machines (SVM) for crop classification using polar metric features extracted
from multi-temporal Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imageries. Here different kernel functions
are used and compared in this study for mapping the input space to higher Hilbert dimension
space. Kernel functions are listed as linear, polynomials and Radial Based Function (RBF). The
investigational tests shows an SVM classifier with RBF kernel for three dates of data increases
the Overall Accuracy (OA) to up to 3% in comparison to using linear kernel function, and up to
1% in comparison to a 3rd degree polynomial kernel function. [30]

As per Tiaojun Zeng Here LULC of Shihezi area is shown by using remote sensing
images from 2003 to 2013. With the fast improvement of economy and urbanization in the locale
over the previous decade the city has experienced quick changes, the land utilize types and
spatial structure after some time, awesome changes have happened. Based remote monitoring
changes in Shihezi City LULC, this dynamic of LULC information more exact handle,
broadened dynamic checking of urban development land will be more logical expectation
patterns changes in LULC, land use helpful guidance for basic leadership divisions for reference.
In this paper, support vector machine classification, by introducing a radial basis function
nonlinear transformation mapping to high-dimensional space, extract them nonlinear
characteristics, enhanced separability between different types, decrease misclassification
phenomenon, to get better the correctness of remote sensing image classification. Accuracy
obtained just by comparative analysis where radial basis function gave good result. [31]

As indicated by S. Bharathi Most of applications in GIS used remote sensing images for
different purposes, developing mapping products for nation security, assessment of ecological
damage, monitoring of land use, radiation monitoring, urban development, growth regulation,
soil evaluation, and crop yield appraisal. There are number of algorithms which provide best of
best result for the sake of classification and mapping. We have used texture based supervised
classification. Here we compared all classification methods. KNN, SVM and Neural network are
use, where all of this classifier performs well but ANN gives a lot of time to produce result. Land
use mapping has been done by comparing the images and area of the land used is calculated. [32]

28
 As per Chanika Sukawattanavijit land use land cover classification easily improved
using remotely sensed data from different authorized sources. The use of genetic algorithms
(GAs) and support vector machines (SVMs) used to improve classification. GA was implemented
for feature selection and parameter optimization. In this letter, a GA-SVM algorithm was
proposed as a method of classifying multifrequency RADARSAT-2 (RS2) SAR images. The
results showed improved classification accuracy and demonstrated the advantages of using the
GA-SVM algorithm, which provided the best accuracy using fewer features. [33]

According to A.V. Rajeswari now a day’s RS provides large amount of information from
satellite images. This gathered information is more accurate and useful for mankind benefits.
This paper attempts to contribute classification of different classes and collected images over
time period. For the sake of classification, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector
Machine (SVM) are used. A comparison of both the classifiers is done using Kappa coefficient,
and SVM is found to have outperformed ANN. [34]

As per T. Vignesh to classify the satellite images into different land use/land cover classes such
as water, building, cropland, forest, etc, to monitor the environmental impacts. In this paper,
images are grouped into a variety of clusters using a novel SVD trace function clustering
algorithm. The clustered samples are used as a training set in a novel unsupervised Ensemble
Minimization Learning algorithm (EML) for classification. The main aim of using EML is to
classify the forest, vegetative land patterns, build up area in rural and urban areas with the use of
best accuracy rate. Finding: Our proposed methods provides 90.56% classification rate with low
error rate. Our proposed methods experimented with three different real data sets. The
experimental results indicate that our proposed unsupervised model outperforms than the
previous techniques. It could be using for land use/land cover change detection, under water
object identification, coastal area monitoring. [35]

2.2 Discussion & Summary

This chapter of Review of literature was purposed to present the scenario of researches
and studies in the field of GIS and its application for different areas in general and land use in

29
particular. It is observed that two major approaches have been implemented i) unsupervised and
ii) object oriented. Studies have shown the significance of both approaches. However, a
comparative study of different approaches and methods is needed to enhance the accuracy of the
results and effective work in the land use changes detection.

The field of GIS and its applications is changing with continuously emerging techniques
and methods. These methods may be competent to deal with different problems in different
situations. The methods which can produce the results with high accuracy and closely associated
with ground realities are required by scholars, academicians and professionals of this field. On
this backdrop, comparative studies are significant to fill up the knowledge gap up to some extent.

The present study in its own scope and limitation deals with the issues discussed above
and provides a meaningful analysis of land use cover change detection using GIS. It is intended
to predict best suitable algorithms for Land Use Land Cover classification and accuracy
assessment as per ground truth, in urban and semi urban area using remote sensing images which
available as open data set. The present study within its scope and limitation contributes to fill up
the observed gap of lack of comparative study.

30