SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UiTM SHAH ALAM

ECS727: STRUCTURAL REHABILITATION AND RETROFITTING

PREPARED FOR:
PM DR HISBANY MOHD HASHIM
IR DR OH CHAI LIAN

GROUP PROJECT
CASE STUDY: STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT AND PROPOSED
STRENGTHENING METHOD FOR SUPER FULL STORE MINI MARKET, MELAKA

PREPARED BY:
NO. NAME MATRICS NUMBER
1. FILZAH SOFIYA BINTI KAMARUZAMAN 2023697788
2. SITI HAJAR AISYAH BIN MOHD DIN 2023219056
3. ZAMIERA BINTI ZAMRAN 2023400442
(CE701 1A-GROUP 3)

SUBMISSION DATE:
10 JANUARY 2024
 TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………………………….... ii

LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………………….………. ii

1.0 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………….. 1

1.1 Contribution And Responsibility …………………………………………..…………. 2

2.0 EVALUATION OF THE DISTRESS STRUCTURE

2.1 Assessment Methods ……………………………………………………….………… 3

2.1.1 Defect Mapping / Visual Inspection ……………………………..…… 3

2.1.2 Core Test …………………………………………………………………. 4

2.2 Factors Causing Distress …………………………………………..………………… 7

3.0 REPAIR STRATEGY, MATERIALS AND METHODS ……………………………………. 8

3.1 Repair Method 1 (Section Enlargement-Concrete Jacketing Strengthening

Method) ………………………………………………………………………………… 8

3.2 Repair Method 2 (CFRP Strengthening Method) ………………………………… 11

4.0 DISCUSSION (CHOICE OF REPAIR) ……………………………………………….……. 13

5.0 CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………………………... 15

6.0 RERENCES ……………………………………………………………………………….….. 15

7.0 APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………………..………..17

A. Plan of Location
B. Bill of Quantities (For Assessment Method)
C. Method of Statements (For Assessment Method)
D. Photographic Records
E. Official Results
F. Drawing Typical Column Strengthening by using Concrete Jacketing
G. Product Data Sheet – SPT UHPC
H. Bill of Quantities (Concrete Jacketing Strengthening Method)

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.0: Full Store before fire ………………………………………………………………….. 1

Figure 1.1: Full Store after fire ………………………………………………………………..…… 1

Figure 2.0 Compression machine ………………………………………………………………… 6

Figure 3.0: The details of concrete jacketing types …………………………………………...… 8

Figure 3.1: The section enlargement process of concrete column strengthening …………..10

Figure 3.2: CFRP strengthening method on beam ……………………………………………. 12

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.0: The timeline of the work progress ………………..……………………………………2

Table 2.0: Summary of Ground Floor Defects ……………………………………………...…… 3

Table 2.1: Summary of 1st Floor Defects …………………………………………………..…….. 4

Table 2.2: Summary of 2nd Floor Defects …………………………………………………..……. 4

Table 2.3: Summary of Compression Strength Test Result ……………………………...……. 5

Table 3.0: Comparison between section enlargement (Concrete Jacketing) and CFRP
Strengthening Method …………………………………………………………….……………….13

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Structural integrity is a fundamental aspect of building design and construction, ensuring
that a structure can safely and effectively perform its intended functions throughout its
lifespan. The concept revolves around the ability of a building to withstand various loads,
environmental forces, and potential hazards without experiencing failure or compromise.
In essence, it encompasses the structural soundness and reliability of a building,
encompassing a range of considerations from material strength to overall system
resilience.

For this project, our group have choose the real-case project structure assessment
that conducted by Nattest Lab Sdn Bhd. to The Super Full Store Mini Market that located
on Taman Kenanga, Seksyen 3, 75200, Melaka. This building is a corner shop-lot of 3
storey building which are consist ground floor, 1st floor and 2nd floor and the area of this
shop-lot is about 400m2. There were fire incident happened on 24th July 2023 about 4 am
in the morning. The source of ignition that cause fire happened on this building from the
Jabatan Bomba Dan Penyelamat Melaka report is resistance heating that occurs due to
poor connection on the electrical wiring in distribution board (DB) that causes heating.
The plastic material of the wire insulation to ignite and cause a fire. So after the accident
happened, the owner of the shop-lot had appointed the contractor which is Kah Motor
Sdn. Bhd. to make some renovation. Before renovation can be proceed, the contractor
need some structural detailed info to ensure this building still safely can be used in future.
For the assessment structural integrity, Kah Motor Sdn. Bhd. had approached Nattest
Lab Sdn. Bhd. to do some testing for this building as Nattest Lab Sdn. Bhd. had known
for providing the services of material construction testing and structural integrity
assessment. For this project, the assessment start on 28th November 2023 until 11th
December 2023.

Figure 1.0 : Full Store before fire Figure 1.1 : Full Store after fire

The objective of this project are focusing structural integrity assessment of the
current building condition. Besides, to understand the various method of structural
integrity assessment and to determine quality, strength and performance of building. It
ensuring structural integrity in building structures is crucial for the safety and longevity of
the built environment. Structural integrity refers to the ability of a structure to withstand its
intended load without experiencing failure, deformation, or collapse.

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 1.1 Contribution and Responsibility
In order to make sure that this group project can be completed smoothly, few meetings
to delegate the tasks and site visit were conducted. Weekly progress also be monitored
every week to discuss on the problems and challenges encountered. Group ‘Whatsapp’
and google drive was created to make sure that the report can be done simultaneously
among the group members. Table below shows the timeline of the work progress.
Table 1.0: The timeline of the work progress.

DATE ACTIVITY PARTICIPATION ATTACHMENT

1/12/2023 Meeting 1 – Zamiera, Filzah &
Task Deligation (Thru Hajar
Google Meet)

6/12/2023 Site visit – Involve the Zamiera

testing at site

8/12/2023 Meeting 2 – Core test at Zamiera, Filzah &

Natttest Lab Sdn Bhd. Hajar

15/12/2023 Meeting 3 – Discussion of Zamiera, Filzah &

the detailed info for the Hajar
project (thru whatsapp)

5/1/2024 Compilation of the report Zamiera, Filzah &

Hajar

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2.0 EVALUATION OF THE DISTRESS STRUCTURE
2.1 Assessment Methods
2.1.1 Defect Mapping/Visual Inspection
Defect mapping/visual inspection in the structural integrity of a building involves
identifying, documenting, and visually representing any flaws, damages, or defects in the
structure. Visual inspection or known as Building Condition Assessment is a kind of
‘health check’ for the building. This process is crucial for assessing the overall health of
the building and determining necessary repairs or maintenance. It is used to determine
the general condition of a building for the purposes such as to ensure the building is safe
to occupy, finding of defects, hazards, and failure of the building, monitoring the asset
condition and use, asset valuation and others. The standard and code of practice for
visual inspection is under CP BS101: Code of Practice for Building Inspection Reports
and in-house developed procedure from Nattest Lab (NT-TP-V1-1.0)

For this project, the tester is conducting a visual inspection of the inside of the
burned building to find the defects of the building such as cracks of concrete, corrosion
of the steel bar, spalling, and others. The reason why this testing been used in this project
is because reviewing the defect with the naked eye is one of the simplest and powerful
ways to find flaws in it.

Methodology of Defect Mapping/Visual Inspection

There are three major steps to complete the works of visual inspection for The Super Full
Store Mini Market project which are:
1. Planning - All information and requirement of test method and standard were
identified. Personnel that were chosen for the project were briefed of the works to
be conducted and the targeted completion date were conveyed. The process of
the assessment starts with site visit where the engineers or competent personnel
will inspect the building and surroundings.
2. Implementation - The stage is to run all the works that was included in the BQ as
per planning stages. Activities such as photo-taking, measurement and collect
information from client (as well as any available as built drawing for references) is
taking for records.
3. Analysis - All the recorded data were tabulated to support the determination of
structural integrity of the project.

Here is the summary of the result from this project that had been found from this
project. For detailed data, the defect mapping result can be referred in the appendix.

Table 2.0: Summary of Ground Floor Defects

Ref Locations Findings

DF-11 Staircase (Gridline B-B1/1-2)
DF-12 Column (Gridline B/2)
DF-13 Column (Gridline B/2-3)
• Exposed steel reinforcement
• Spalling of concrete cover
• Exposed steel reinforcement,
• Spalling of concrete cover
• Spalling of concrete cover

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 DF-14 Column (Gridline B/1-2)
DF-15 Column (Gridline B-B1/2)
DF-16 Column (Gridline B/5)
DF-17 Beam (Gridline B-B1/2)
DF-18 Brick wall (Gridline B-B1/2
DF-19 Column (Gridline B/3)
• Column & beam joint damaged
• Spalling of concrete cover
• Spalling of concrete cover
• Exposed steel reinforcement
• Spalling of concrete cover
• Column & beam joint damaged
• Beam structural cracks at soffit
• Brick wall cracks (Non-structural defects)
• Delamination (Minor structural defects)

Table 2.1: Summary of 1st Floor Defects

Ref Locations Findings

DF-4 Beam (Gridline B-B1/1) • Vertical & diagonal cracks (structural
crack)
DF-5 Staircase (Gridline B-B1/1-2) • Exposed steel reinforcement,
• Honeycomb
DF-6 Beam (Gridline B-B1/2) • Column & beam joint cracks,
• Spalling of concrete cover
DF-7 Brick wall (Gridline B-B1/2-3) • Brick wall crack (Non-structural defects)
DF-8 Beam (Gridline B/1-2) • Vertical cracks on concrete cover
DF-9 Brick wall (Gridline B-B1/1) • Brick wall crack (Non-structural defects)
DF-10 Slab (Gridline B-B1/2-3) • Slab cracks on surface

Table 2.2: Summary of 2nd Floor Defects

Ref Locations Findings

DF-1 Beam (Gridline B-B1/2) • Spalling of concrete cover
DF-2 Brick wall (Gridline B-B2/2-3) • Brick wall crack (Non-structural defects)
DF-3 Brick wall (Gridline B-B1/1-2) • Brick wall crack (Non-structural defects)

2.1.2 Core Test

Compressive strength of concrete core is the strength of in situ concrete which include
the works of taking cores from hardened concrete or existing structure by core drill,
preparation of core sample for testing, and testing for determination of compressive
strength.

The compressive strength of concrete is a direct requisite of all concrete structures

that need to resist applied forces of whatever nature. To ensure concrete quality, standard
test specimens are examined during construction. These specimens, which give the
potential strength of concrete, are prepared, cured and tested according to relevant
standard specifications and codes under a controlled environment using a standardized
equipment. On the other hand, the in-situ strength of concrete was strongly impacted by

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various factors such as workmanship, transportation time and method, and others.
Hence, it is of a great importance to determine the in-situ strength of the structure,
especially when the cube test results are not available, or doubt arises on the cube test
results. The first statement is the case for rehabilitation or structural assessment of
existing building.

Coring gives the most reliable measure of in-situ compressive strength at a test
location. However, coring is expensive and the holes where the cores were extracted
need re-instatement.

For this project, concrete core sample were extracted at site and tested at lab.
There are 4 samples for 2nd floor, 3 samples for 1st floor and 6 samples at ground floor.
The summary of the result core test from this project that had been found from this project.
For detail data, the core test result can be referred in the appendix.

Table 2.3: Summary of Compression Strength Test Result

Location Structure Compressive Strength (MPa)

Ground Floor Beam (P1) 11.7
Beam (P2) 15.1
Beam (P10) 21,2
Beam (P11) 25.6
Beam (P12) 15.8
Column (P13) 9.6
Column (P14) 17.2
Beam (P15) 9.7
1st Floor Beam (P7) 14.6
Beam (P8) 14.1
Column (P9) 16.6
2nd Floor Beam (P3) 13.8
Beam (P4) 20.7
Beam (P5) 17.8
Beam (P6) 11.9

Methodology Of Sampling Core And Core Test

The core samples were prepared and tested according to BS EN 12504-1: 2019.
1. Bar Detection and Covermeter
Sampling work by coring shall evade cutting steal bar due to many reasons. One
is due to the reason steel bar is included to reinforced concrete, that is to
compensate mechanical properties that concrete lacks which is tension. The other
reason is due to testing works, where it is agreed that steel bar in the core sample
will reduce the strength of the concrete under test.
2. Taking Cores
The preferred diameter of core samples is 100mm but any diameter which are
equal or bigger than 75mm are acceptable according to BS EN 13791 (2019). The
standard also specifies that if it is not practical to use ≥75mm diameter cores due

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 to reinforcement detailing, core diameter of not less than 50mm can be adopted
with additional provision detailed by the standard. Core should be taken at points
away from joints or edges of the concrete element, and where there is little or no
reinforcement. Consideration shall be made about any structural implications
resulting from taking a core sample. Drilling through reinforcement shall be avoided
wherever possible, because by BS EN 12504-1 (2019) gives provision to reject
core test specimen that contain reinforcement unless several requirements where
met, which are:
i) 1:1 core with not more than 2.0% volume fraction of reinforcement
ii) 2:1 core where the reinforcement is completely within 30mm of the
ends of the core and the volume fraction of reinforcement is not more
than 2.0%.
In these cases, the presence of reinforcement may be regarded as having no
impact on the core strength. For other cases, the impact of reinforcement on core
strength is variable, and any result is unlikely to represent the strength of the
concrete. For this reason, the result should be rejected.
3. Test Sample Preparation
All core samples shall be kept in a sealed container (or any other technique) in
order to preserve the samples’ moisture, to prevent concrete-air reaction and
others. The samples were cut to either length/diameter ratio of 2 if the strength
result is to be compared to cylinder strength, or length/diameter ratio of 1 if the
strength result is to be compared to cube strength. BS EN 12504-1 (2019) also
give details for the length/diameter ratio:
i) To be classified as a 2:1 core, the capped or ground length to
diameter ratio shall be within the range of 1.95 to 2.05.
ii) To be classified as a 1:1 core, the capped or ground length to
diameter ratio shall be within the range of 0.90 to 1.10. End
preparation by grinding is recommended as it is the most precise
method of preparing the ends of the specimen, but other methods
(calcium aluminate cement mortar or sulphur mixture) have similar
precision for normal strength concretes.
4. Testing of Prepared Core Samples
The prepared core samples are tested using a Class 1 compression machine with
speed of 0.6 ± 0.2 MPa/s as per BS EN 12390-3: 2019.

Figure 2.0 : Compression machine

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 2.2 Factors Causing Distress
Firstly, on the condition survey and visual inspection summary, the defect photos from
appendix showed that most of the surface of concrete mainly on beams and columns start
to spall and cracks after the fire incident. Major damages were found at the ground floor
of The Super Full Store Mini Market, Melaka the further affected the upper levels of
building. Although concrete has been categorised as one of the most-resistant material,
but it will still lose its structural strength characteristics and no longer possess full
structural capacity when exposed to long burning dire exceeded 2 hours or more. In
standard practice and guidelines of concrete design, the minimum fire resistance hour
shall be 1.5 hours to 2 hours while concrete cover usually about 25mm to 30mm.

Regards to the compressive strength test results, the test result showed this
building is understrength if compared to the assumption of building concrete grade shall
be minimum 25MPa or 30Mpa. Concrete strength at ground floor is the worst due to fire
exposure which is about 40% loss of structural capacity, especially on column where
compression force is important to transfer the building load down to foundation.
Furthermore, the mechanical properties and performance of steel reinforcement are not
tested yet. So, the structural capacity might be even lower after cracks and spalling of
concrete causing the steel reinforcement contact with air and moisture and eventually
corrode further.

When a fire occurs, it can cause significant damage to a structure, leading to distress
and compromising its integrity. The factors contributing to distress in a structure due to
fire damage include:
i) High Temperatures:
Fires generate extremely high temperatures that can weaken structural materials
such as steel and concrete. Excessive heat can cause steel to lose its strength
and concrete to undergo thermal spalling (breaking apart due to rapid heating and
cooling).
ii) Structural Deformation:
The intense heat from a fire can lead to structural deformation. Materials may
expand, warp, or buckle, altering the original shape and compromising the
structural integrity of the building.
iii) Material Weakening:
Elevated temperatures can cause materials like steel and concrete to lose their
strength. The reduction in material strength can compromise load-bearing capacity
and structural stability.
iv) Loss of Support:
Fires can damage or weaken support elements such as columns, beams, and
load-bearing walls. This loss of support can result in structural instability and
distress.

In the aftermath of a fire, a thorough structural assessment is crucial to determine

the extent of damage and the necessary steps for repairs or reconstruction. Professional
structural engineers, architects, and fire investigators play key roles in evaluating and
addressing the distress caused by fire damage.

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3.0 REPAIR STARTEGY, MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this project, there are two method of repair works that can be proposed which are
Section Enlargement (Concrete Jacketing) and CRFP strengthening method. Concrete
jacketing and CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) strengthening are common
methods used in structural engineering to enhance the load-carrying capacity and
durability of existing structures. Let's explore each method:

Concrete jacketing involves adding a new layer of concrete to the existing structure to
enhance its strength and load-bearing capacity while CFRP strengthening involves
applying layers of carbon fibre sheets externally to enhance the strength and performance
of structural elements. The detail work can be seen at bill of quantities that can be refer
at appendix. There are pro and cons from these two methods that we can see in the
explanation in Section 3.1 and Section 3.2. This project reference of standard for repair
work is refer and follow to BS EN :1504.

3.1 Repair 1: Section Enlargement (Concrete Jacketing)

Retrofitting concrete members can involve various techniques, one of which is section
enlargement. Enlargement is the process of achieving the desired section properties and
performance by enclosing the existing structural member with a reinforced concrete jacket
(Heiza et al., 2014). By using this technique, additional concrete is added to an existing
structural member in the form of a jacket or overlay. It required additional reinforced
concrete shell which consist of reinforcing steel cage and a different concrete material to
be placed around the damaged column. Adhesive material or anchorage bolts are used
to improve bonding between the column and new layers, It is also possible to use
reinforced or unreinforced additional concrete. According to a study conducted by Naji et
al., (2021), the ultimate load capacity of the column can be increased by using reinforced
concrete jackets with the increase in the longitudinal steel bars. The figure below shows
the example of details of concrete jacketing for square and rectangular reinforced
concrete columns.

Figure 3.0: The details of concrete jacketing types (Naji et al., 2021)

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Advantages & Disadvantages:

All the structural elements such as columns, beams, slabs, and walls can all be made
larger with section enlargement to improve stiffness or add load-bearing capacity. By
comparing section enlargement strengthening method to FRP and steel plates, it has
several benefits as it improved compatibility as well as increase the stiffness (Nuroji et
al., 2020). Section enlargement allows members to be made stiffer or more capable of
supporting a load. In addition, the flexural capacity of reinforced concrete members can
be enhanced by strengthening through section enlargement method. Naji et al., (2021)
also mentioned that by implementing the technique of concrete jacketing, it can improve
the axial load carrying capacity, flexural strength, and ductility of the column as well as
the stiffness of the structure during seismic activity. It is also a common technique for
restoring the severely damaged or improving the earthquake-prone reinforced concrete
columns.

However, in terms of strengthening techniques, this approach is regarded as

traditional. The disadvantages of this method are the requirement to build new formwork
and the increase in concrete member size that results from building the jacket. Besides,
concrete jackets increase the weight of column sections and enlarge them. It also
demands more labor and quality control, time consuming which require more time to build
(Naji et al., 2021). Although the cost of materials is relatively low, labor is rather expensive
and time consuming which make the overall operation cost for this method can be quite
expensive (Heiza et al., 2014).

Design/structural analysis:

Other than that, the structural analysis of the column is needed to determine the size of
the jacket as well as the quantity and diameter of the steel bars used in the jacketing
process. Under all circumstances, the enlargement's design should account for the weight
of the added concrete. In order to guarantee proper flow of concrete around the bars,
there should be enough space allowed between the surface of the concrete member and
the recently added reinforcement. It is crucial to make sure that the clearance is greater
than the maximum aggregate size allows for the achievement of this (Alkhrdaji & Thomas,
2002).

There are situations where, prior to applying this technique, the loads applied to
the column must be temporarily reduced or eliminated. Thus, mechanical jacks between
floors are used to accomplish this. For instance, the figure below shows the section
enlargement process of concrete column strengthening in residential buildings where the
beams were supported with metallic supports during column strengthening. After that, it
shows the installation of new steel cage around concrete column during strengthening
process using RC jacketing and the concrete column condition after the strengthening
process (Heiza et al., 2014).

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 Figure 3.1: The section enlargement process of concrete column strengthening.

Method/procedure:

Generally, application process for this method can be broken down into the following
steps which are removing the deteriorated concrete, cleaning and preparing the surfaces
to ensure that the repair material will bond to them, replacing or adding additional
reinforcement, protecting the reinforcement in certain situations, and finally applying the
repair material. The bonding condition also crucial in order to increase the column
capacity where the load capacity was higher on the treated and bonded surface with
welded ties than on the other conditions (Naji et al., 2021). The column surface needs to
be roughened using the right techniques in order to ensure good mechanical interlocking
between the old and new concrete. Column surfaces can be roughened using a variety
of techniques, including sandblasting, hand chipping, jackhammering, electric
hammering, water demolition, and iron brushing. In addition, the bonding between
columns and concrete jackets can also be improved by surface roughening with
mechanical wire brushing, mechanical scarification, and the use of shear studs.

Propose design approach:

According to a study conducted by Naji et al., (2021), it shows that the jacketing method
by using Ultra-High Performance Self-Compacting Concrete (UHPSCC) with steel
reinforcement resulted in higher ultimate capacity load than the other
techniques. Therefore, the design for the proposed structural strengthening employs the
method of structural strengthening by way of enlargement with Ultra High-Performance
Concrete (UHPC) reinforced with high tensile rebar drilled and embedded into the existing
concrete column within the annular enlargement perimeter.

Ultra High-Performance Concrete (UPHC) is defined as a self-consolidating high

ductility remediation concrete. The constituents commonly consist of cement, silica fume,
fine quartz sand, superplasticizers, steel fibres mixed in low water cement ratio. The
implementation of UHPC provides a viable concrete structure with ultra-high strength
properties benefiting from improved compressive strength and tensile strength. By owing
to its optimized packing density and dense microstructure. It also exhibits very low
porosity, permeability, and chloride ion penetration. The addition of steel fibres within
UHPC further improves the ductility in the post-peak stage of the load-deformation thus
enhancing its durability and reliability. Therefore, the proposed pre-packages material is

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SPT-UHPC with design strength of min. 100MPa on the 28th day of compressive cube
strength. (see attached Appendix F for Typical Column Strengthening by Using Concrete
Jacketing, Appendix G for Product Datasheet and Appendix H for Bill of Quantity for
Concrete Jacketing Strengthening Method).

3.2 Repair 2: CFRP Strengthening Method

According to Dong et al. (2013), CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) strengthening
is a method used in construction and structural engineering to enhance the load-bearing
capacity and durability of concrete, steel, or masonry structures. CFRP comprises high-
strength carbon fibres embedded in a polymer resin matrix, providing exceptional strength
and stiffness. The benefits of using carbon fibre reinforcement include improved strength
and durability, lower weight, increased stiffness, improved fatigue resistance and reduced
corrosion from humidity or saltwater exposure.Strengthens concrete structures which is
the material’s hardness allows it to be cut easily without losing much integrity; carbon
fibre increases tensile strength, which means that when under tension, there will be little
elongation before breaking or cracking. Carbon fibre has better corrosion resistance than
steel, so it would not rust like metal over time, contributing to its longevity. Unlike other
materials, such as wood, it can withstand harsh weather conditions with minimal damage.
Carbon fibre is used for structural strengthening because the material allows engineers
to increase the load structures can withstand. CFRP is ideal for situations where weight
restrictions might otherwise make them impractical. CFRP is more resistant to damage
from environmental factors like humidity and saltwater because it does not absorb
moisture.

Installation Process:

Surface preparation is a crucial initial step in the reinforcement process, involving

meticulous cleaning and preparation of the designated area. Techniques such as
sanding, grinding, or shot blasting are employed to establish a textured surface,
optimizing adhesion. Subsequently, an epoxy adhesive is meticulously applied onto the
treated surface, serving as a binding agent for the Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer
(CFRP) material. Precisely positioned pre-cured carbon fiber sheets or strips are then
strategically placed in accordance with engineering specifications. In some cases,
multiple layers are meticulously applied, each oriented to fulfill specific strengthening
requirements. Following the placement of CFRP, the curing stage commences, initiating
the chemical process that solidifies the epoxy adhesive, firmly bonding the CFRP to the
structure. This comprehensive process ensures the effective integration of CFRP,
enhancing the structural integrity and durability of the targeted element.

Advantage and disadvantage:

CFRP strengthening offers a swift, tidy alternative to traditional methods like concrete
jacketing or steel plating, involving the application of epoxy adhesive and affixing pre-
cured carbon fiber sheets or strips in specific patterns for enhanced structural integrity. It
avoids wet work, maintaining a dry process that's aesthetically pleasing, but demands
skilled technicians versed in composite materials for meticulous surface preparation,

11
precise epoxy application, and accurate placement of CFRP according to engineering
requirements. Despite its relatively higher initial cost due to quality materials and skilled
labor, CFRP's durability and extended lifespan often justify the investment by
circumventing ongoing maintenance expenses associated with weaker structures.

Overall, CFRP strengthening offers a combination of speed, cleanliness, and

durability in structural reinforcement. While it may involve a higher initial cost and require
skilled workers, its advantages often outweigh these factors by providing long-lasting and
effective structural enhancement without the need for invasive wet work.

Propose design approach:

The proposed design approach for Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP)
strengthening method integrates a comprehensive assessment of structural
requirements, employing advanced analysis techniques to evaluate load distribution and
stress concentration areas. This method encompasses meticulous surface preparation,
ensuring optimal bonding between the substrate and CFRP materials through a tailored
adhesive application technique. By strategically placing CFRP laminates or wraps,
considering load paths and potential failure modes, the design emphasizes enhancing
structural integrity while minimizing material usage. Continuous monitoring and quality
control throughout the installation process further validate the effectiveness of the
strengthening, ensuring long-term durability and improved performance of the reinforced
structure.

Figure 3.2: CFRP strengthening method on beam

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 4.0 DISCUSSION (CHOICE OF REPAIR)

Assessing the current structure is a crucial part of any project involving structural
upgrading, rehabilitation, or strengthening. Based on the assessment of the current
structures that were conducted, the affected areas were mostly on the surface of the
concrete, mainly on beams and columns on the ground floor where the structural member
started to spall and crack after the fire incident. It is known that concrete has low thermal
conductivity which makes it one of the most fire-resistant materials. However, if the
concrete were exposed to fire for more than 2 hours, it will lose the structural strength
characteristics as well as no longer possess full structural capacity.

According to Heiza et al., (2014), there are some factors that need to be considered
when choosing strengthening techniques and materials such as the limited access to the
work areas, operating time schedule, budget and financial limitations, the required useful
life of the structure, environmental aspects and the limitation of weather, effect of the
strengthening on loading mechanism for adjacent structural members, as well as
architectural requirement. Table below shows the comparison of the two proposed
strengthening methods which are by implementing section enlargement (concrete
jacketing) and CFRP.

Table 3.0: Comparison between section enlargement (Concrete Jacketing) and CFRP
Strengthening Method.

Consideration Repair 1 Repair 2

(Section Enlargement (CFRP Strengthening Method)

Strengthening Method)

Overall Function Increase the ultimate load capacity of Improved strength and durability, lower
the column, improve stiffness, weight, increased stiffness, improved
compatibility and load bearing capacity fatigue resistance and reduced
of structural members. It also corrosion from humidity or saltwater
improves the axial load carrying exposure.
capacity, flexural strength, and ductility
of the column as well as the stiffness of
the structure during seismic activity.

Time consuming Slow process as it requires erecting Quicker method compared to traditional
steel bars, building new formwork and strengthening techniques like concrete
the increase in concrete member size jacketing or steel plating.
that results from building the jacket
which is time consuming and requires
more time to build.

Skilled labour Required more labours and quality Required skill labour
control.

13
Overall Costing Cost of materials is relatively low;
labour is rather expensive and time
consuming which makes the overall
operation cost for this method can be
quite expensive. But it is cheaper
compared to CFRP.
Expensive compared to some traditional
methods due to the cost of high-quality
carbon fiber materials, specialized
adhesives, and the expertise required for
installation.

Feasibility The application method includes many Easy to install, fast and neat.
processes including drilling works for
rebars and grouting where wet works
are also involved.

Health and Safety Increase safety restoring the severely The use of CFRP will not harm health,
damaged or improving the earthquake- but on the contrary, it will increase
prone reinforced concrete columns. safety.

Environment This technique is more sustainable Utilization of carbon fiber composites

solution compared to simply just results in increased rate of pollution due
demolishing and reconstructing the to its inability to be repaired and
entire building. recycled.

After comparing the two repair methods that were discussed which are section
enlargement (concrete jacketing) and CFRP strengthening method, the most suitable
strengthening technique is by using section enlargement (concrete jacketing)
strengthening method. Concrete jacketing strengthening methods can certainly increase
the ultimate load capacity of a column, improve stiffness, compatibility, and load bearing
capacity of structural members. It also improves the axial load carrying capacity, flexural
strength, and ductility of the column as well as the stiffness of the structure during seismic
activity. Although this method takes more time to be implemented as it includes many
processes including drilling works for rebars and grouting, however, the cost of materials
is relatively low. Therefore, the overall cost for the concrete jacketing method can be
much cheaper compared to CFRP as it also does not require many skilled workers as
CFRP strengthening method where the skilled labour can be quite expensive too.

While it is relatively simple and effective to implement strengthening techniques that

involve superimposing external reinforcement, such as CFRP, there are situations where
the interface between the external reinforcing component and the concrete experiences
debonding and delamination. Additional claims emphasized the occurrence of
longitudinal shear failure and the change in failure mode from flexural to flexure-shear.
This will further impact the member's ductility behaviour (Nuroji et al., 2020). In addition,
the proposed strengthening method avoids the vulnerability concern of externally applied
CFRP lamination associated with fire damage as the epoxy resin matrix in CFRP would
start to undergo thermal degradation beyond the epoxy’s glass transition temperature
from 70°C.Therefore, risking loss of bonding with the substrate surface and reducing its
confinement effect and load carrying capacity.

14
5.0 CONCLUSION
After comparing the two repair methods, section enlargement (concrete jacketing) and
CFRP strengthening, it is determined that the most suitable strengthening technique is
section enlargement (concrete jacketing). This method can increase the ultimate load
capacity of a column, improve stiffness, compatibility, and load-bearing capacity of
structural members. It also enhances the axial load carrying capacity, flexural strength,
and ductility of the column, as well as the stiffness of the structure during seismic activity.
Although it is a time-consuming process, the cost of materials is relatively low, making
the overall cost for the concrete jacketing method much cheaper compared to CFRP.

In terms of sustainability, the repair works align with SDG9 - Industry, Innovation,
and Infrastructure. The use of section enlargement (concrete jacketing) as a
strengthening method contributes to the sustainability of the built environment by
improving the structural integrity of the building. This aligns with the goal of promoting
sustainable industrialization, fostering innovation, and building resilient infrastructure.
Additionally, the use of concrete jacketing method supports the longevity and safety of
the built environment, which is essential for sustainable development.

In conclusion, the importance of structural integrity assessment and the use of

suitable repair methods to ensure the safety and longevity of buildings. The chosen repair
method, section enlargement (concrete jacketing), not only addresses the structural
damage but also contributes to the sustainability of the built environment in line with
SDG9.

6.0 REFERENCES

Standards:

CP BS101:Code of Practice for Building Inspection Reports

BS EN 1504 (FOR REPAIR WORK)

BS EN 12504-1: 2019. (CORE TEST)

Articles:
Alkhrdaji, B. T., & Thomas, J. (2002). Methods of Upgrading Concrete Structures.
Concrete Repair Bulletin, 10–15.
Choobbor, S. S., Hawileh, R. A., Abu-obeidah, A., & Abdalla, J. A. (2019). Performance
of hybrid carbon and basalt FRP sheets in strengthening concrete beams in fl exure.
Composite Structures, 227(March), 111337.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111337

Dong, J., Wang, Q., & Guan, Z. (2013). Composites: Part B Structural behaviour of RC
beams with external flexural and flexural – shear strengthening by FRP sheets.
Composites Part B, 44(1), 604–612.

15
Hawileh, R. A., Nuaimi, N. Al, Nawaz, W., Abdalla, J. A., & Sohail, M. G. (2022). Flexural
and Bond Behavior of Concrete Beams Strengthened with CFRP and Galvanized
Steel Mesh Laminates. 27(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-
5576.0000651

Heiza, K., Nabil, A., Meleka, N. N., & M, T. (2014). Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete
Structures – Different Strengthening Techniques. Sixth International Conference on
Nano-Technology in Construction, March.
Júlio, E. S., Branco, F., & Silva, V. D. (2003). Structural rehabilitation of columns with
reinforced concrete jacketing. Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials, 5(1),
29–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/pse.140
Liu, M., Fan, X. H., Zuo, Y. Z., & Song, B. F. (2013). Strengthening and retrofitting of the
industries building after fires. Advanced Materials Research, 671–674(January
2010), 778–781. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.671-674.778
Naji, A. J., Al-Jelawy, H. M., Saadoon, S. A., & Ejel, A. T. (2021). Rehabilitation and
strengthening techniques for reinforced concrete columns: Review. Journal of
Physics: Conference Series, 1895(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-
6596/1895/1/012049
Nuroji, Hung, C. C., Prasetya, B. H., & Han, A. (2020). The behavior of reinforced concrete
members with section enlargement using self-compacting concrete. International
Review of Civil Engineering, 11(3), 121–126.
https://doi.org/10.15866/irece.v11i3.18574

16
7.0 APPENDICES
A. Plan of Location
B. Bill of Quantities (For Assessment Method)
C. Method of Statements (For Assessment Method)
D. Photographic Records
E. Official Results
F. Drawing Typical Column Strengthening by using Concrete Jacketing
G. Product Data Sheet – SPT UHPC
H. Bill of Quantities (Concrete Jacketing Strengthening Method)

17
APPENDINCES
A. Plan of Location
 KEY PLAN DALAM FAIL NO. MBMB

49 (LOT 897 & LOT 898)

Q JALAN TUN PERAK,
NO. PELAN ...................................................................................................

TAMAN LAM SING,

north MUKIM KAWASAN BANDAR V(5),
DAERAH MELAKA TENGAH,
RUANGAN UNTUK KELULUSAN PIHAK MAJLIS

MELAKA BANDARAYA BERSEJARAH

scale : NTS

6m

JA
LA
LE

N
TU
BA (JA

N
PE
R L AN T

RA
JA UN

K
LA PERA
TAPAK CADANGAN

E
N
B

N K)
I
O

L
U

Y
N

SE
DARI LEBUH D

A
D
AMJ
A

N
R

DI
Y

O
B
L

AD
I
N

A
O

UP
Y

E
N
L

I
I

L
N

Y
3/2
E

R
GA

A
JA

AN

D
0]
KEN
LA

E
[1

N
N

N
I N G
N

LA

00

U
JA I L D

I
31

O
TU

B U

L
B
N

I N G
PE

Y
I S T
RA

]
E X

R
[5
JA

A
00
LA

16

D
3/2
N

GA

N
]
TU

[5
AN

U
E
KEN

86
N

O
13
AN
PE

I
JA

B
JA

L
RA

24
LA

00

Y
K
N

[8

R
] 1
KE

[1

A
15
NA

00

D
14
[5

33

N
NG

U
A

5
3/

UP
57
20

[6 [5]
42 45
45
5
3/2

0 0 00
9]
[1
9] [14

2 1 15
EXIST
A ]

BAIKPULIH BANGUNAN

9
NG H
NA

]
[6
KE

00
N ITALY
LA

17
JA
BAKERY
EXISTING

]
[8
LEGEND

4
00
B
57

24
O

25
HYDRANT SEMUA UKURAN MESTI DISEMAK DI ATAS TAPAK BINAAN. HANYA UKURAN YANG
45
22
U
N
5 3/
[1
3/ 2
D 9

3/
18 ]
GA
A

5 NG
A
N
Y
R 93
6 DICATITKAN SAHAJA PERLU DIGUNAKAN. SEBARANG SELISIHAN HENDAKLAH
3/2 NA NA
[6

B
DF - Defect Mapping
L
E KE
2]
DILAPORKAN DENGAN SEGERA KEPADA ARKITEK SEMUA UKURAN MUKTAMAD
NK
A
I
A N

NG LA N
E

A LA
NK
EN JA
JA KE JALAN
N G ADALAH TERTAKLUK KEPADA TAPAK DAN ARAHAN ARKITEK.

0]
LA HANG TUAH

[2
36
A
J
A
25

3
07
[1

60
N - Coring
2]
X
KE PROJEK
N
LOCATION PLAN LA
38

2
20
[1
U - UPV

]
[6
3]

47
J CADANGAN BAIKPULIH KEDAI 3 TINGKAT YANG

17
TMH 9

Q 49 (LOT 897 & LOT 898) TNB POLES

R - XRF TERBAKAR SEDIADA DI NO. 49 (LOT 897 & LOT 898),

1
JALAN TUN PERAK, JALAN TUN PERAK, TAMAN LAM SING, MUKIM
TAMAN LAM SING, SITE PLAN KAWASAN BANDAR V (5), DAERAH MELAKA
north MUKIM KAWASAN BANDAR V(5),
49 (LOT 897 & LOT 898) TENGAH, MELAKA BANDARAYA BERSEJARAH
DAERAH MELAKA TENGAH,
MELAKA BANDARAYA BERSEJARAH
Q JALAN TUN PERAK,
TAMAN LAM SING,
scale : NTS
north MUKIM KAWASAN BANDAR V(5),
DAERAH MELAKA TENGAH,
MELAKA BANDARAYA BERSEJARAH
scale : 1:200 UNTUK:- TETUAN SUPER FULL STORE SDN. BHD.
A B Y C A B Y C
21009 [69] 21009 [69] TANDATANGAN PENYEWA BANGUNAN
1747 [6] 6007 [20] 2400 [8] 1700 [6] 1500 [5] 3314 [11] 1386 [5] 1600 [5] 3100 [10] 1747 [6] 6007 [20] 2400 [8] 1700 [6] 1500 [5] 3314 [11] 1386 [5] 1600 [5] 3100 [10]

EXIST. ALUMN. FRAME WITH TOP HUNG

ABOVE TO MANUF'S DETAIL ..................................................................
1 B O U N D A R Y L I N E B O U N D A R Y L I N E

EXIST. RC STAIRCASE
B O U N D A R Y L I N E

(P7) (KAH-01-03)
SUPER FULL STORE SDN. BHD. 9399995-K
LIM CIAO NGOH
NO: 20 T: 255 MM R: 160 MM 840503 - 04 - 5182
EXIST. EXIST. DF-8 EXIST. X U R
900 HT. MS RAILING TO DETAIL 49, TAMAN LAM SING, JALAN TUN PERAK
DF-1 BATH 1 EXIST. BATH 2 75300 MELAKA
3820 [13]

OFFICE EXIST. UTILITIES

1 EXIST. 14.9 m²
tiles TOILET 2
TOILET 1 EXIST. WALL TILES AREA 14.9 m²
TANDATANGAN TUAN BANGUNAN
tiles
R
UP UP

(KAH-G-07) EXIST. 750 MM X 2100 MM PVC FLUSH DF-5

DOOR TO MANUF'S DETAIL C/W FRAME
2 DF-12 X R UP DN

UP DF-15 (P8) (KAH-01-01/02) X U R

R DF-6
EXIST. H.W FRAME DECORATIVE TIMBER SOLID ..................................................................
DOOR DF-10 (P8) (KAH-01-04)
3625 [12]

(KAH-G-06) X KAH MOTOR COMPANY SDN. BHD. 3954 -X

DF-13 WISMA KAH MOTOR, 10TH FLOOR
(P15) 566 JALAN IPOH, 51200 KUALA LUMPUR
L I N E

L I N E
DF-14 DF-7
ARKITEK
DF-9
D A R Y

D A R Y

OF
G X U R
3 X U
IN
B O U N

B O U N

RO
D (P14) (KAH-G-01)
(P12)
IL

G
DF-18
U

IN
E

E
B
N

N
G
18936 [62]

D
G
I

I
IN

IL
N EXIST. FIXED GLASS WINDOW TO MANUF' ...............................................................................
L

L
TI X R

U
5745 [19]

DETAIL Ar. Mohd Fuad Bin Ahmad

IST
IS

B
Y

Y
A R K I T E K
X R (P9) (KAH-01-05)
X
R

R
No. Pendaftaran LAM : A/M 184

G
E X U R
EX
A

A
(P11) (KAH-G-04/05)

N
(P10) (KAH-G-03/02)
D

D
TI
X X

AF A
N

N
ARKITEK FUAD AHMAD

IS
EXIST.115mm THK. BRICKWALL WITH 19MM
U

U
EXIST. EXIST. EXIST. EXIST. EXIST.

X
THK. PLASTERING ON BOTHSIDE NO. 63, JALAN SP 4, TAMAN SEMABOK PERDANA
O

O
E
OPEN TERRACE SHOP LOT 898 SHOP LOT 897 SHOP LOT 898 SHOP LOT 897 75050 SEMABOK, MELAKA
B

B
TEL: 06 288 8748 FAX: 06 - 282 4045
EMAIL: afaarchitect01@gmail.com
4 X X U
EXIST. GUTTER
(P1) (P13)
DF-17 "SAYA MEMPERAKUI BAHAWA DETAIL-DETAIL DALAM PELAN-PELAN INI ADALAH MENURUT KEHENDAK-
DF-16 EXIST. MS FOLDING DOOR KEHENDAK UNDANG - UNDANG KECIL BANGUNAN SERAGAM 1984 DAN SAYA TERIMA
TANGGUNGJAWAB PENUH DENGAN SEWAJARNYA."
4245 [14]

X U
EXIST. RC COLUMN
TAJUK LUKISAN
5745 [19]

(P2)
EXIST. ROLLER SHUTTER TO MANUF'S DETAIL - KEY PLAN
- LOCATION PLAN
EXIST. MS COLUMN
- SITE PLAN
1500 [5]

- GROUND FLOOR PLAN

B

B
O

- FIRST FLOOR PLAN

U

5
N

N
D

D
A

A
R

R
Y

Y
2400 [8]

L
I

I
N

EXIST. WALKWAY EXIST. WALKWAY

E

(BELOW) SCALE AS SHOWN DATE OGOS 2023

B O U N D A R Y L I N E B O U N D A R Y L I N E
DRAWN BY azwanMH & firdiazriq CHECKED BY A.R.A

Y Y NO. LUKISAN
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
scale 1:100
FIRST FLOOR PLAN
scale 1:100
AFA (MEL) / EXT / 2023 - 053 1
 DALAM FAIL NO. MBMB
A B Y C A B Y C
NO. PELAN ...................................................................................................
21009 [69] 21009 [69]
1747 [6] 6007 [20] 2400 [8] 1700 [6] 1500 [5] 3314 [11] 1386 [5] 1600 [5] 3100 [10] 1747 [6] 6007 [20] 2400 [8] 1700 [6] 1500 [5] 3314 [11] 1386 [5] 1600 [5] 3100 [10]

RUANGAN UNTUK KELULUSAN PIHAK MAJLIS

DF-4 EXIST. TOP HUNG WINDOW

1
B O U N D A R Y L I N E B O U N D A R Y L I N E

EXIST. EXIST.
EXIST. FOLDING WINDOW
EXIST. BATH 3 EXIST. BATH 4
3820 [13]

EXIST. UTILITIES EXIST. UTILITIES

TOILET 3 TOILET 4
AREA 14.9 m²
EXIST. RC STAIRCASE AREA 14.9 m²
tiles T: 255 MM R: 160 MM tiles

UP
900 HT. MS RAILING TO DETAIL UP

DF-3
2 UP DN UP DN

DF-1
3625 [12]

H.W FRAME DECORATIVE TIMBER SOLID

DOOR

)
L I N E

L I N E

)
OR

OR
DF-2
D A R Y

D A R Y
LO

FLO
3
t F
B O U N

B O U N

1st
(1s

E
N

N
18936 [62]

W(
I

I
G

G
L

L
W

IN

IN
5745 [19]

LO
LO

Y
D

D
R

R
IL

IL
BE
A

A
BE

BU

BU
D

D
X X

N
OF
EXIST.115mm THK. BRICKWALL WITH 19MM
OF

G
U

U
EXIST. EXIST. THK. PLASTERING ON BOTHSIDE EXIST. EXIST.

N
O

O
RO
SHOP LOT 898 SHOP LOT 897 SHOP LOT 898 SHOP LOT 897
RO

TI

TI
B

B
IS

IS
4
EX

EX
BAIKPULIH BANGUNAN
4245 [14]

EXIST. RC COLUMN
5745 [19]

SEMUA UKURAN MESTI DISEMAK DI ATAS TAPAK BINAAN. HANYA UKURAN YANG
DICATITKAN SAHAJA PERLU DIGUNAKAN. SEBARANG SELISIHAN HENDAKLAH
DILAPORKAN DENGAN SEGERA KEPADA ARKITEK SEMUA UKURAN MUKTAMAD
ADALAH TERTAKLUK KEPADA TAPAK DAN ARAHAN ARKITEK.
(P3) (KAH-02-04)
X R U
1500 [5]

X U R PROJEK
B

B
O

O
U

U
(P5) (KAH-02-02) CADANGAN BAIKPULIH KEDAI 3 TINGKAT YANG
5
N

N
D

D
A

A
TERBAKAR SEDIADA DI NO. 49 (LOT 897 & LOT 898),
R

R
X R
Y

Y
2400 [8]

L
JALAN TUN PERAK, TAMAN LAM SING, MUKIM
I

I
(P6) (KAH-02-03)
N

N
E

E
EXIST. FIXED GLASS WINDOW TO MANUF' KAWASAN BANDAR V (5), DAERAH MELAKA
DETAIL
TENGAH, MELAKA BANDARAYA BERSEJARAH
6 B O U N D A R Y L I N E B O U N D A R Y L I N E

X R
Y Y
SECOND FLOOR PLAN
scale 1:100
(P4) (KAH-02-01)
THIRD FLOOR PLAN
scale 1:100
UNTUK:- TETUAN SUPER FULL STORE SDN. BHD.

A B Y C A B C TANDATANGAN PENYEWA BANGUNAN

21009 [69]
1747 [6] 6007 [20] 2400 [8] 7900 [26] 1600 [5] 3100 [10] 21009 [69]
6007 [20] 2400 [8] 1700 [6] 1500 [5] 3314 [11] 1386 [5] 1600 [5] 3100 [10]
..................................................................
TO BE DEMOLISH SUPER FULL STORE SDN. BHD. 9399995-K
ROOFTOP LIM CIAO NGOH
1
B O U N D A R Y L I N E
LEVEL
840503 - 04 - 5182
EXIST, METAL CLADDING 49, TAMAN LAM SING, JALAN TUN PERAK
EXSIT.RC 75300 MELAKA
ROOF
FLATROOF EXIST. LAUNDRY
3820 [13]

TANDATANGAN TUAN BANGUNAN

3400 [11]
AREA 25.0 m²
tiles

UP

EXIST. LAUNDRY ROOFTOP

LEVEL
EXIST, ROOF LINE ABOVE AREA
2
..................................................................
2492 [8]

KAH MOTOR COMPANY SDN. BHD. 3954 -X

3400 [11]
WISMA KAH MOTOR, 10TH FLOOR
566 JALAN IPOH, 51200 KUALA LUMPUR
EXIST. FIXED GLASS WINDOW
L I N E

TO MANUF'S DETAIL ARKITEK

)

3
OR

EXIST. EXIST. 3 rd FLOOR

LEVEL
SHOP LOT 898 SHOP LOT 897
D A R Y

LO
B O U N

t F
4208 [14]

EXIST.RC COLUMN

17000 [56]
3400 [11]
E

E
1s

N
N

N
18936 [62]

N
...............................................................................

I
W(

EXIST. UPVC DOOR

I

L
G

I
Ar. Mohd Fuad Bin Ahmad
L

L
A R K I T E K
IN

EXIST. EXIST.

Y
LO

2 nd FLOOR No. Pendaftaran LAM : A/M 184

Y

Y
D

R
LEVEL
SHOP LOT 898 SHOP LOT 897
R

R
4

A
IL
BE

D
BU

AF A
ARKITEK FUAD AHMAD
D

N
OF

U
NO. 63, JALAN SP 4, TAMAN SEMABOK PERDANA
G

3400 [11]
U

U
EXIST.

O
75050 SEMABOK, MELAKA
EXIST. TIMBER DOOR
N
4208 [14]

O
RO

O
TEL: 06 288 8748 FAX: 06 - 282 4045

B
OPEN YARD
TI

EMAIL: afaarchitect01@gmail.com
B

B
228.1 m²
IS

tiles
X EXIST, METAL CLADDING
EXIST. EXIST.
EX

ROOF DISCHARGE TO EXIST. 1st FLOOR

LEVEL "SAYA MEMPERAKUI BAHAWA DETAIL-DETAIL DALAM PELAN-PELAN INI ADALAH MENURUT KEHENDAK-
STAINLESS STEEL GUTTER SHOP LOT 898 SHOP LOT 897 KEHENDAK UNDANG - UNDANG KECIL BANGUNAN SERAGAM 1984 DAN SAYA TERIMA
TANGGUNGJAWAB PENUH DENGAN SEWAJARNYA."

5 TAJUK LUKISAN

3400 [11]
EXIST. MS GRILL
2708 [9]

- SECOND FLOOR PLAN

4208 [14]

EXIST. EXIST.
- THIRD FLOOR PLAN
EXIST. G FLOOR

OPEN TERRACE SHOP LOT 898 SHOP LOT 897 LEVEL - ROOF PLAN
- SECTION X-X
1500 [5]

B
O

SECTION X-X
U

6
N
D
A

scale 1:100
R
Y
2400 [8]

L
I
N

SCALE AS SHOWN DATE OGOS 2023

E

DRAWN BY azwanMH & firdiazriq CHECKED BY A.R.A

B O U N D A R Y L I N E

NO. LUKISAN
Y
ROOF PLAN
scale 1:100 AFA (MEL) / EXT / 2023 - 053 2
 DALAM FAIL NO. MBMB

1 2 3 4 5 6 C B A NO. PELAN ...................................................................................................

21009 [69]
18936 [62] 3100 [10] 1600 [5] 1386 [5] 3314 [11] 1500 [5] 1700 [6] 2400 [8] 6007 [20]
3820 [13] 3625 [12] 5745 [19] 5746 [19] 2400 [8] RUANGAN UNTUK KELULUSAN PIHAK MAJLIS

ROOFTOP TO BE DEMOLISH
LEVEL

EXIST, METAL CLADDING

3400 [11]

ROOF

EXIST, METAL CLADDING

ROOFTOP EXIST. LAUNDRY EXIST. WALL
LEVEL
AREA OPEN YARD

EXIST. FIXED GLASS WINDOW

3400 [11]

TO MANUF'S DETAIL

EXIST. UPVC DOOR

3 rd FLOOR
EXIST. EXIST. EXIST. WALL TILE
LEVEL
TOILET 4 SHOP LOT 898
E

E
N

E
17000 [56]
3400 [11]

N
N

N
I

I
L

L
EXIST. FIXED GLASS WINDOW

L
Y

Y
TO MANUF' DETAIL

Y
R

R
EXIST.

Y
2 nd FLOOR EXIST.

R
A

R
LEVEL
SHOP LOT 898 EXIST.RC COLUMN

A
TOILET 3

A
D

D
D

D
N

N
N

N
U

U
O

O
3400 [11]

O
B

B
B

B
EXIST. FIXED GLASS WINDOW
TO MANUF' DETAIL
1st FLOOR EXIST. EXIST.
LEVEL
TOILET 2 SHOP LOT 898 BAIKPULIH BANGUNAN
EXIST. FIXED GLASS WINDOW
SEMUA UKURAN MESTI DISEMAK DI ATAS TAPAK BINAAN. HANYA UKURAN YANG
3400 [11]

TO MANUF'S DETAIL DICATITKAN SAHAJA PERLU DIGUNAKAN. SEBARANG SELISIHAN HENDAKLAH

EXIST. UPVC DOOR DILAPORKAN DENGAN SEGERA KEPADA ARKITEK SEMUA UKURAN MUKTAMAD
ADALAH TERTAKLUK KEPADA TAPAK DAN ARAHAN ARKITEK.

G FLOOR EXIST. EXIST. EXIST. EXIST. ROLLER SHUTTER

LEVEL
TOILET 1 SHOP LOT 898 WALKWAY PROJEK

CADANGAN BAIKPULIH KEDAI 3 TINGKAT YANG

SECTION Y-Y
scale 1:100
REAR ELEVATION
scale 1:100
TERBAKAR SEDIADA DI NO. 49 (LOT 897 & LOT 898),
JALAN TUN PERAK, TAMAN LAM SING, MUKIM
KAWASAN BANDAR V (5), DAERAH MELAKA
TENGAH, MELAKA BANDARAYA BERSEJARAH

UNTUK:- TETUAN SUPER FULL STORE SDN. BHD.

1 2 3 4 5 6 A B C
TANDATANGAN PENYEWA BANGUNAN

18936 [62] 21009 [69]

3820 [13] 3625 [12] 5745 [19] 5746 [19] 2400 [8] 6007 [20] 2400 [8] 1700 [6] 1500 [5] 3314 [11] 1386 [5] 1600 [5] 3100 [10]

..................................................................
ROOFTOP SUPER FULL STORE SDN. BHD. 9399995-K
LEVEL LIM CIAO NGOH
840503 - 04 - 5182
49, TAMAN LAM SING, JALAN TUN PERAK
75300 MELAKA
3400 [11]

TANDATANGAN TUAN BANGUNAN

ROOFTOP
LEVEL

..................................................................
KAH MOTOR COMPANY SDN. BHD. 3954 -X
3400 [11]

WISMA KAH MOTOR, 10TH FLOOR

566 JALAN IPOH, 51200 KUALA LUMPUR

3 rd FLOOR E ARKITEK
LEVEL X
IS
TI
N G
G
E

IN
N

B
E

E
17000 [56]

D
3400 [11]

U
IL
N

N
I

IL
L

U
I

I
D B ...............................................................................
L

L
IN
Y

Ar. Mohd Fuad Bin Ahmad

G G
R

Y
A R K I T E K
2 nd FLOOR
I N
A

R
No. Pendaftaran LAM : A/M 184
ST
LEVEL
A

A
D

I
X
D

D
N

E
N

N
AF A
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ARKITEK FUAD AHMAD

O

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3400 [11]

O
NO. 63, JALAN SP 4, TAMAN SEMABOK PERDANA
B

75050 SEMABOK, MELAKA

B

B
TEL: 06 288 8748 FAX: 06 - 282 4045
EMAIL: afaarchitect01@gmail.com

1st FLOOR
LEVEL
"SAYA MEMPERAKUI BAHAWA DETAIL-DETAIL DALAM PELAN-PELAN INI ADALAH MENURUT KEHENDAK-
KEHENDAK UNDANG - UNDANG KECIL BANGUNAN SERAGAM 1984 DAN SAYA TERIMA
VOID TANGGUNGJAWAB PENUH DENGAN SEWAJARNYA."
3400 [11]

TAJUK LUKISAN

- SECTION Y-Y
G FLOOR - FRONT ELEVATION
LEVEL
- REAR ELEVATION
- SIDE ELEVATION

SIDE ELEVATION
scale 1:100
FRONT ELEVATION
scale 1:100

SCALE AS SHOWN DATE OGOS 2023

DRAWN BY azwanMH & firdiazriq CHECKED BY A.R.A

NO. LUKISAN

AFA (MEL) / EXT / 2023 - 053 3

APPENDINCES
B. BILL OF QUANTITIES
 REVISED QUOTATION FOR SITE AND LABORATORY TESTING & REPAIR WORK
PROJECT: STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT FOR THE SUPER FULL STORE MINI MARKET,
MALACCA CITY

Thank you for your inquiry. We are pleased to quote our best price for your kind consideration.

U/PRICE AMOUNT
ITEM DESCRIPTION QUANTITY
(RM) (RM)

1.0 PRELIMINARIES
1.1 Mobilisation and demoblisation :
Labour, Machineries, Equipment, Deliveries of materials LS 4,000.00
1.2 Allow for provision all necessary insurance LS 1,000.00
a) Contractor all risk & third party liabilities
b) Workmen Compensation
1.3 Compliying with all safety, health & wellfare regulations
a) Provision PPE
1.4 Site cleaning & cleaning of construction debris LS 1,000.00

2.0 ASSESSMENT METHOD

2.1 Visual Condition Survey LS 2,500.00
- to determine defect possible due to high temperature
2.2 Concrete coring Ø75mm / Length 200mm 15 nos 150.00 2,250.00
- concrete sampling for insitu strength test
2.3 Concrete Core Compressive Test (Nattest KL branch) 15 nos 120.00 1,800.00
- inclusive of cutting, trimming and capping
2.4 Genset rental 4 days 100.00 400.00
2.5 Mobilisation of competent tester & equipment for site works trip 650.00 650.00

3.0 REPAIR METHOD

3.1 Strengthening to deficient column (UHPC) LS 16,500.00 16,500.00
Provision of skill labour, materials, tool and equipment to carry
out strengthening deficient column by way of enlargement with
SPT-UHPC, self-consolidating high ductility remediation concrete
reinforced with high tensile rebar and shear key drilled and
embedded into existing concrete column
3.2 Structure strengthening by using CFRP system LS 19,000.00
Provision of skill labour, materials, tool and equipment to carry
out strengthening by using CRFP using bond chemical by
applying Epoxy Primer before laying carbon fiber

Preparation and submission of COMPREHENSIVE factual report set

4.0 600.00

5.0 Professional Engineer Endorsement set 800.00

REMARK:
- Standby Charge (Test Cancellation) will be charged RM400/day
if tests have to be stopped intentionally or unintentionally
for 1.5 hours & above due any issue.
Payment Term : Cash / 60% Deposit & 40% prior report collection Subtotal 26,500.00
Validity : 30 days 6% SST 1,590.00
Delivery : To be advised upon confirmation Total 28,090.00
 APPENDINCES
C. METHOD OF STATEMENT (MOS)
 TEST PROCEDURE
Doc No : NT-TP-SC-1.0
Title: Issue No : 1
REBAR SCANNING Rev : 0
Last Review Date : 17th May 2022

1.0 Scope
This method statement describes the procedure of carrying out covermeter mapping of
reinforcement bars in concrete structures for locating the rebar positions

2.0 Reference
2.1 BS 1881: Testing Concrete: Part 204: 1988 Recommendations on the use
of electromagnetic covermeters.
2.2 Operational Manual

3.0 Equipment

No. Description Capacity / Range

3.1 Scanner < 100 mm

Page |1
 TEST PROCEDURE
Doc No : NT-TP-SC-1.0
Title: Issue No : 1
REBAR SCANNING Rev : 0
Last Review Date : 17th May 2022

4.0 Flow chart for Rebar Scanning process

Start

Visual
Inspection

No Inform
Okay?
Client

Yes

Rebar
Scanning

Generate
Report

End

Page |2
 TEST PROCEDURE
Doc No : NT-TP-SC-1.0
Title: Issue No : 1
REBAR SCANNING Rev : 0
Last Review Date : 17th May 2022

5.0 Procedure
5.1 The selected scan locations shall be smooth and flat concrete surfaces.
- 600mm x 600mm area
5.2 Check that the scanner wheels are clean and free from sand or dirt’s.
5.3 Switch on the scanner.
5.4 Place the scanner on the starting point. Ensure that the scanner is aligned
correctly.
5.5 Complete the scanning along the horizontal and vertical gridlines.
5.6 When the scan is complete, sketch the images to the form for viewing
and evaluation.
5.7 Complete the scanning on other locations.

6.0 Documentation
6.1 Official Report

Page |3
 METHOD STATEMENT
Doc No : NT-CCT-1.3
Title: Issue No : 2
CONCRETE CORING WORK Rev : 1.5
Effective Date : 17th May 2022

1.0 Purpose
1.1 This method statement describes the procedure for drilling and extraction of
concrete core samples from structural elements at the site for the purpose of
determination of concrete compressive strength.

2.0 Reference
2.1 BS EN 12504-1 : 2009 / BS EN 12504-1 : 2019

3.0 Equipment
3.1 An electric core drill machine complete with a 75mm or 100mm or any size
diameter core bit.
3.2 An electric submersible pump.
3.3 A rotary hammer drill complete with a 16mm drill bit at a length of 100mm
3.4 Measuring tape
3.5 Drop-in anchor bolts
3.6 A supply of clean water and electricity
3.7 Shrinkage-compensated cementitious grout (SIKA Grout 215)

4.0 Procedure
4.1 Preliminary preparation and assembling coring machine
4.1.1 Use the hammer drill and set an anchor bolt firmly into the concrete adjacent
to the core location.
4.1.2 Mount the core drill machine securely by fastening the pole base onto the
anchor bolt.
4.1.3 Connect the electricity and water supply system to the core drill machine.
4.1.4 Switch on the machine and start drilling by turning the handle slowly and
applying a light pressure until the required core length of 100mm.
4.1.5 Remove the machine and extract the core carefully from the structure.
4.1.6 Use a waterproof marker for marking and identifying the core sample. For
proof of evidence of sampling, the client or engineer may leave their initials
on the cores.
4.1.7 The direction of drilling in relation to the direction of casting and the details
of the structural component shall be recorded.
4.1.8 Complete the core sampling at other locations.
4.1.9 The core samples shall be properly packed and sent back to the laboratory
for examination, end preparation and determination of compressive strength
in accordance with the relevant procedure.

Page |1
 METHOD STATEMENT
Doc No : NT-CCT-1.3
Title: Issue No : 2
CONCRETE CORING WORK Rev : 1.5
Effective Date : 17th May 2022

Example;

Horizontal

5.0 Reinstatement of Cored Holes

5.1 Use water to remove slurry and clean the cored hole.
5.2 Remove surplus water inside the hole.
5.3 Mix the shrinkage-compensated cementitious grout to a uniform consistency.
5.4 Fill up the holes with the grout in layers and ram with a rod to ensure proper
compaction.
5.5 Smoothen the grout with a trowel so that surface is flush with the concrete.

Example;

Page |2
 METHOD STATEMENT
Doc No : NT-CCT-1.3
Title: Issue No : 2
CONCRETE CORING WORK Rev : 1.5
Effective Date : 17th May 2022

HEALTH AND SAFETY PRECAUTION

6.0 SAFETY ASPECT IN WORKING IN CONFINED SPACE

Air Sampling

The site personnel shall ensure the air in the confined space should be tested for oxygen content,
flammability, and toxic contamination. If no dangerous air contamination, oxygen deficiency, or
enrichment is found, and no other hazards exits, the space can safely entered.

Ventilation

If the confined space has contained hazardous substances, it is important for the confined space
to be emptied and thoroughly flushed or purged before entry. In addition, supplemental
mechanical ventilation (eg. exhaust fan) must be provided.

Lighting and Excess

Site personnel shall provide sufficient lighting while coring is on going. It is important to have
sufficient space to enable at least two worker with the coring machine to enter the coring place

6.1 ELECTRICAL SAFETY

Before connecting to the power, check leads, plugs, connectors, switches, and accessories. etc
for expiry date and damage – NEVER USE DEFECTIVE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT.

Do not run leads on the floor or through areas of water

Equipment that is no double insulated (plugged or directed wired) should be connected to

safety switches

6.2 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

Personal Protective Equipment (and clothing) is used by workers to limit their exposure to
hazards. Areas where it is necessary to use personal protective equipment shall be designated by
means of sign posting.

Head Protection Headwear is used to protect the head from bumps, the sun, heat or falling
objects. For example, hardhats should be worn whenever you are in
designated Safety Helmet Area.

Feet Protection Safety footwear is worn to protect feet from hazards such as blows caused
by falling objects, slips and trips and chemical splashes. Examples are steel
capped boots and rubber boots.
Hand Protection Various type of gloves are available to protect hands from cuts and
abrasions, heat or chemical splashes.

Page |3
 METHOD STATEMENT
Doc No : NT-CCT-1.3
Title: Issue No : 2
CONCRETE CORING WORK Rev : 1.5
Effective Date : 17th May 2022

Hearing Hearing protection is used to limit exposure to damaging levels of noise in

Protection areas where the noise level is high or when using grinding or other high
noise equipment such as compressed air or presses.

6.3 Identification
6.3.1 Immediately after cutting mark each core clearly and indelibly, indicating its
location and orientation within the member. Record the direction of drilling of
each core relative to the direction of casting.
6.4 Examination
6.4.1 Examine each specimen for compaction, for the presence of voids, for
honeycombing and for cracks.

6.5 Measurement
6.5.1 Measure the diameter and the length after end preparation. Weigh each
specimen and determine the density. Measure the size of any reinforcing
bars.
6.6 End Preparation
6.6.1 Capping using High Strength Epoxy Mortar shall be made as thin as possible
and shall not exceed 10mm thickness at any point.
6.7 Storage
6.7.1 After capping, immerse the specimen in water for at least 2 days before
testing.
6.8 Testing
6.8.1 Test the core immediately on removal from the water and whilst it is still
wet.

Page |4
 METHOD STATEMENT
Doc No : NT-CCT-1.3
Title: Issue No : 2
CONCRETE CORING WORK Rev : 1.5
Effective Date : 17th May 2022

6.9 Compression Machine

4.8.1 Wipe the bearing surfaces of the testing machine and of any auxiliary
platens clean and remove any water, loose sand or other material from the
ends of the core. Centre the core carefully on the lower platen of the
machine.
4.8.2 Select a constant rate of loading within the range 0.6 N/mm²∙s ± 0.2
N/mm²·s. After the application of the initial load, which does not exceed
approximately 30% of the failure load, apply the load to the specimen
without shock and increase continuously at the selected constant rate until
no greater load can be sustained. Record the maximum force.

Page |5
 METHOD STATEMENT
Title: Doc No : NT-MS-RC-1.0
Issue No :1
REINSTATEMENT OF Rev :0
CORED HOLES Effective Date : 16th May 2023

1.0 Purpose
 This method statement outlines the procedure to reinstate cored holes once coring
works have been completed.

2.0 References
 In-house method / Product Data Sheet Sika Monotop®-412 My

3.0 Equipment / Products Used

 Grouting apparatus
 Suitable plywood for installation of formwork (if required)
 Genset (if required)
 Sika products
 Tools box

4.0 Reinstatement of cored holes procedures

4.1 Remove all damaged or loose materials from the cored holes.

4.2 Apply bonding agent on concrete surface (if required).

4.3 Assemble formwork (if necessary) or patch back the exposed area with Sika
MonoTop®-412 MY based on the ratio stated in product data sheet.

4.4 Apply curing compound on concrete surface in order to avoid early hydration
and allow it to set.

4.5 Paint the reinstatement area after receiving approval from P.P.

P ag e |1
 TEST PROCEDURE
Doc No : NT-TP-CCO-1.2
Title:
Issue No : 6
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF Rev : 6
CONCRETE CORE Last Review Date : 17th May 2022

1.0 Purpose
1.1 To determine the compressive strength of cylindrical cores drilled from concrete.
1.2 This test method describes a method for taking cores from hardened concrete
and preparing them for testing and for the method for determining their
compressive strength.

2.0 Scope
This test method specifies methods of taking cores from hardened concrete, their
examination, preparation for testing and determination of concrete strength.

3.0 Reference
3.1 BS EN 12504-1 : 2009 / BS EN 12504-1 : 2019

4.0 Equipment

No. Description Capacity / Range

4.1 Coring Machine Double Speed
4.2 Compression Test Machine 3000 kN
4.3 Electronic Balance 6 kg
4.4 Digital Caliper 200 mm
4.5 Grinding Machine -
4.6 Feeler Gauge -
4.7 Capping Material Sulphur / Conbextra GP -
4.8 Steel Collar 100 mm
4.9 Capping Plate -

Page |1
 TEST PROCEDURE
Doc No : NT-TP-CCO-1.2
Title:
Issue No : 6
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF Rev : 6
CONCRETE CORE Last Review Date : 17th May 2022

5.0 Flow chart for Compressive Strength of Concrete Core testing process

Start

Visual
Inspection

No Inform
Okay? Client

Yes

Compression of
Core Sample

Generate
Report

End

Page |2
 TEST PROCEDURE
Doc No : NT-TP-CCO-1.2
Title:
Issue No : 6
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF Rev : 6
CONCRETE CORE Last Review Date : 17th May 2022

6.0 Procedure
Sizes of cores
6.0.1 The preferred diameter size is 100mm.
o 2,0 if the strength result is to be compared to cylinder strength;
o 1,0 if the strength result is to be compared to cube strength..

Drilling
6.0.2 Drill the cores perpendicular to the surface in such a manner as not to damage
the cores. Keep the drill rigidly positioned during coring. Drilling through
reinforcement shall be avoided wherever possible.

Identification
6.0.3 Immediately after drilling, clearly and indelibly mark each core. Record its
location and orientation within the element from which it has been drilled. If a
core is subsequently cut to produce a number of specimens, mark each
specimen to indicate its position and orientation within the original core. The
core shall be surface dried with a dry cloth or paper towel and then placed in a
sealed container to avoid moisture exchange.

Examination
6.0.4 Examine each specimen for compaction, for the presence of voids, for
honeycombing and for cracks.

Measurement
6.0.5 Measure the diameter and the length before and after end preparation. Six
measurements are taken to get average for diameter and length of core. Weigh
each specimen and determine the density before end preparation. Measure the
the diameter of bars and distance from the centre of bar to the end.

End Preparation
6.0.6 When it is necessary to reduce the length of core, saw the core perpendicular to
its longitudinal axis.
6.0.7 Grinding or Capping using either High Strength Epoxy Mortar or Sulphur
Compound shall be made as thin as possible and shall not exceed 10mm
thickness at any point.

Page |3
 TEST PROCEDURE
Doc No : NT-TP-CCO-1.2
Title:
Issue No : 6
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF Rev : 6
CONCRETE CORE Last Review Date : 17th May 2022

Storage
6.0.8 Place sample in the sealed container / water (if required) at least 2 days before
testing.
6.0.9 Take out sample from the sealed container / water, wipe the surface with a dry
cloth or paper towel, leave exposed to laboratory air for 16h to 24h, cap and
test within 24h of being exposed.
6.0.10 Cores with cracked or loose caps shall not be tested.
6.0.11 Wipe the bearing surfaces of the testing machine and of any auxiliary platens
Clean and remove any water, loose sand or other material from the ends of the
core. Centre the core carefully on the lower platen of the machine.
6.0.12 Select a constant rate of loading within the range 0.6 N/mm²∙s ± 0.2 N/mm²·s.
After the application of the initial load, which does not exceed approximately
30% of the failure load, apply the load to the specimen without shock and
increase continuously at the selected constant rate until no greater load can be
sustained. Record the maximum force.

Calculations
6.0.13 Calculate the compressive strength of each core by dividing the maximum load
by the cross sectional area, calculated from the average diameter and express
the result to the nearest 0.1N/mm2.

6.0.14 For cores free of reinforcement. Calculate the estimated in-situ cube strength to
the nearest 0.5 N/mm2 from the following equation:

Estimated in-situ cube strength

Kis, cube = 2.5

1.5 + 1/λ

Kis, cyl = 2.0

1.5 + 1/λ
Where,
The correction factor (Kis) are valid for cores with a λ value of between
1.0 and 1.2 for in-situ cube strength determination and between 1.6
and 2.4 for in-situ cylinder strength determination.

Page |4
 TEST PROCEDURE
Doc No : NT-TP-CCO-1.2
Title:
Issue No : 6
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF Rev : 6
CONCRETE CORE Last Review Date : 17th May 2022

λ is the length (after end preparation) / diameter ratio

6.0.15 For cores with reinforcement perpendicular to the core axes. Calculate the
estimated in-situ cube strength by the following factors:

For cores containing a single bar:

1.0+ 1.5 φrd
φ cl
For specimens containing two bars no further apart than the diameter of the
larger bar, only the bar corresponding to the higher value of ɸrd need to be
considered. If the bars are further apart, their combined effect should be
assessed by using the factor:

1.0+ 1.5 Σ φrd

φ cl

Where,
φr is the diameter of the reinforcement
φc is the diameter of specimen
d is the distance of axis of bar from nearer end of specimen
l is the length of uncapped specimen

Note:
* It should be noted that the in-situ strength estimated from the above formula
cannot be equated to standard cube strength.
* Do not test cores with cracked, hollow or loose caps.

7.0 Documentation
7.1 Official Report

Page |5
 METHOD OF STATEMENT
Doc No : NT-TP-VI-1.0
Title: Issue No : 1
DEFECT MAPPING WORKS Rev : 0
Effective Date : 21st April 2022

1.0 Purpose
A non-destructive examination method used to evaluate an item by observation. Visual
inspection or known as Building Condition Assessment is a kind of ‘health check’ for the
building. It is used to determine the general condition of a building for the
purposes below:-
 Ensure the building is safe to occupy
 Finding of defects, hazards and failure of the building
 Monitoring the asset condition and use
 Prediction of deterioration/ forecasts for future performance
 Asset valuation

2.0 Reference
CP BS101 : Code of Practice for Building Inspection Reports
In house developed procedure

3.0 Equipment

No. Description
3.1 Camera for photographic records
Good eyesight (optical and mechanical aids optional to improve
3.2
inspection quality)

4.0 Procedure

4.1 The process of the assessment starts with site visit where the engineers or
competent personnel will inspect the building and surroundings.

4.2 Activities such as photo-taking, measurement and collect information from client
(as well as any available as built drawing for references) is taking for records.

4.3 The scope of building condition assessment may include not limited to:-
 Building structure & foundation
 Components and infrastructure (e.g. parking lots, drainage, roads, curbs, etc..)
 Roofing systems
 Plumbing systems
 Electrical systems
 Mechanical systems
P a g e | 180
 METHOD OF STATEMENT
Doc No : NT-TP-VI-1.0
Title: Issue No : 1
DEFECT MAPPING WORKS Rev : 0
Effective Date : 21st April 2020

4.4 All information collected will be analyse and evaluate. Detailed report with
observation, problem and recommendation/ proposal (if required) will be generate.

5.0 Documentation
5.1 Official Visual Inspection Report

P a g e | 181
APPENDINCES
D. PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDS
PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDS
PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDS
PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDS
PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDS
PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDS
APPENDINCES
E. OFFICIAL RESULTS
 NT23/0684

1. SUMMARY OF RESULTS
1.1. Condition Survey
Inspected by: Zamiera, Fazley & Hazril
Date of inspection: 6th December 2023
Reported by: Zamiera
Ref Element Type of Defect Photographic Observation
Df-1 -2nd floor Non-structural
- beam - Plaster spalling
- GL B-B1/2

Df-2 - 2nd floor Non-structural

- brick wall - Brickwall crack
- GL B-B2/2-3 (Gap >0.5mm)

Df-3 - 2nd Floor Non-structural

- brick wall - Plaster spalling
- GL B-B1/1-2

1|Page
 NT23/0684

Ref Element Type of Defect Photographic Observation

Df-4 - 1st Floor Structural
- Beam - shrinkage crack (w
- GL B-B1/1 ≤ 0.3mm)

Non- structural
- plaster spalling

Df-5 - 1st Floor Non-structural

- Staircase - Honeycomb (A ≤
- GL B-B1/1-2 0.5m²)

Df-6 - 1st Floor Non-structural

- Beam - Plaster spalling
- GL B-B1/2

2|Page
 NT23/0684

Ref Element Type of Defect Photographic Observation

Df-7 - 1st Floor Non-structural
- brick wall - Brickwall crack
- GL B-B1/2-3 (Gap > 0.5mm)

Df-8 - 2nd Floor Structural

- Beam - Shrinkage crack (W
- GL B/1-2 ≤ 0.3mm)

Df-9 - 1st Floor Non-structural

- brick wall - Brick wall crack
- GL B-B1/1 (Gap > 0.5mm)

3|Page
 NT23/0684

Ref Element Type of Defect Photographic Observation

Df-10 - 1st Floor Structural
(1) - Slab - Shrinkage crack
- GL B-B1/2-3 (0.3m ≤w≤ 3mm)

Df-10 - 1st floor Structural

(2) - Slab - Shrinkage crack
- GL B-B1/2-3 (0.3m ≤w≤ 3mm)

**it was observed

the crack depth is
more than 90mm
(slab thickness
~110mm)

Df-11 - Ground Structural

(1) Floor - Honeycomb (A ≤
- Staircase 0.5m²)
- GL B-B1/1-2 **shows signs of
dehydration process

4|Page
 NT23/0684

Ref Element Type of Defect Photographic Observation

Df-11 - Ground Structural
(2) Floor - Damaged concrete
- Staircase
- GL B-B1/1-2

Df-11 - Ground Structural

(3) Floor - Spalling (A ≤
- Staircase 0.5m²)
- GL B-B1/1-2

Df-12 - Ground Structural

Floor - Spalling (A ≤
- Column 0.5m²)
- GL B/2

5|Page
 NT23/0684

Ref Element Type of Defect Photographic Observation

Df-13 - Ground Structural
Floor - Spalling (A ≤
- Column 0.5m²)
- GL B/2-3

Df-14 - Ground Structural

(1) Floor - Spalling (A ≤
- Column 0.5m²)
- GL B-B1/2-3 - Shrinkage crack
(0.3m ≤w≤ 3mm)

Df-14 - Ground Structural

(2) Floor - Column failure
- Column (shear)
- GL B-B1/2

6|Page
 NT23/0684

Ref Element Type of Defect Photographic Observation

Df-15 - Ground Non-structural
Floor - Plaster spalling
- Beam
- GL B-B1/2

Df-16 - Ground Structural

Floor - Crack (w<5mm)
- Column
- GL B/5 Non-structural
- Plaster spalling

Df-17 - Ground Structural

Floor - Shrinkage crack
- Beam (0.3m ≤w≤ 3mm)
- GL B-B1/5

7|Page
 NT23/0684

Ref Element Type of Defect Photographic Observation

Df-18 - Ground Non-structural
Floor - Brick wall Crack
- Brick wall (W >0.5m)
- GL B-B1/2-3

Df-19 - Ground Structural

Floor - Scaling (A ≤ 0.5m²)
- Column
- GL B/3 Non-structural
- Plaster spalling

8|Page
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 6/12/2023
6/12/2023

8/12/2023

6/12/2023 6/12/2023 6/12/2023

 6/12/2023

6/12/2023

8/12/2023

6/12/2023 6/12/2023 6/12/2023

 APPENDICES
F. Drawing Typical Column Strengthening by using Concrete Jacketing
 GROUND FLOOR S.S.L
REINFORCEMENTS TERMINATED WITH 90° BEND
AS SHOWN IN DETAIL "B:
12Ø 120

NOTES:

60
1. UHPC DENOTES ULTRA HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE WITH MINIMUM 28th DAY
CUBE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF 100MPa.
EXISTING RC BEAM 2. THE COLUMNS STRENGTHENING DESIGN IS CALCULATED BASED ON EXISTING
COLUMN TRIBUTARY LOADING BACK-CALCULATED. DETAIL 'B'
3. FINAL CONCRETE COVER TO BE 25mm DETAIL 'A'
SCALE: NTS
SCALE: NTS

75 75 NO. COLUMN ORI. SIZE FINAL SIZE GROUT THK. REINFORCEMENT ULS COLUMN
MARK LOAD
1 C1 600x250 750x400 75 mm 12T12 (V) & T12-200c/c (H) 3,132kN SHEAR KEY SIZE VERTICAL HORIZONTAL
MARK SPACING SPACING
2 C2 600x250 750x400 75 mm 12T12 (V) & T12-200c/c (H) 3,132 kN
STRUCTURAL FLOOR HEIGHT (3500)

S1 T12 200mm c/c 300mm c/c

3 C6 900x400 1050x550 75 mm 18T12 (V) & T12-200c/c (H) 8,463 kN
EXISTING 4 C9 900x400 1050x550 75 mm 18T12 (V) & T12-200c/c (H) 8,463 kN
COLUMN SIZE
S.S.L. TO SLAB SOFFIT
LIMITS OF WORK

550
400

75 400 75
75 250 75

75

75
T12 SHEAR KEY (REFER TO TABLE)
S1 FILL WITH HILTI RE500 V4 (REFER DETAIL 'A')
UHPC GROUTING WITHIN 75mm WIDE S1
ANNULAR PERIMETER
S1

S1

300

600
300

750
REBAR CAGE REFER TO TABLE
STEEL REINFORCEMENT REFER TO TABLE ABOVE S1
EXISTING COLUMN PERIMETER

1050

900

300
ROUGHENED TO 3-6mm AMPLITUDE
EXISTING COLUMN PERIMETER S1 TO RECEIVE NEW GROUT S1
ROUGHENED TO 3-6mm AMPLITUDE
TO RECEIVE NEW GROUT

300

75
S1

REINFORCEMENTS IN DRILLED HOLES S1 S1 600mm x 250mm RC COLUMN

EMBEDDED 120mm WITH HILTI RE500 V4 STRENGTHENING DETAIL
SCALE: 1:15

75
BASEMENT S.S.L

900mm x 400mm RC COLUMN

L

STRENGTHENING DETAIL
EXISTING RC BASEMENT SLAB SCALE: 1:15

LEGEND:
TYPICAL ELEVATION FOR COLUMN STRENGTHENING LIMITS OF WORK - UHPC GROUTING
BY UHPC AND STEEL REINFORCEMENT
EXISTING RC STRUCTURE
SCALE: 1:25

REV. DESCRIPTION BY DATE PROJECT: CLIENT: CONTRACTOR: DRAWING TITLE:

00 PROPOSED RC COLUMN STRENGTHENING TYPICAL COLUMN STRENGTHENING DETAIL
WORKS TO EXISTING UNDERSTRENGTH
COLUMNS BY MEANS OF ULTRA-HIGH
PERFORMANCE CONCRETE (UHPC)
ENGLARGEMENT
DWG NO: REV: 00

DRAWN BY: DATE:

FOR APPROVAL FOR INFO FOR CONSTRUCTION SHEET SIZE: A3 CHECKED BY:

SCALE: AS SHOWN
APPENDICES
G. Product Data Sheet – SPT UHPC
 APPENDICES
H. Bill of Quantities (Concrete Jacketing Strengthening Method)
 r
�
� PROPOSED SPALLING REPAIR WORKS AND COLUMN STRENGTHENIN

L t.
AMOUNT
ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT RATE
RM
QTY
Note: All quantities are povisional and subject final measurement on site

1.0 PRELIMINARIES
1.1 Mobilisation and demobilisation of: L. Sum 4,000.00
a) Labour
b) Machineries
c) Equipment
d) Accessories
e) Delivery of materials
f) Other necessary fo the proper execution of the works

1.2 Allow for provision all necessary insurances such as: L. Sum 1,000.00
a) Contractor All Risks & Third Party Liabilities
b) Workmen Compensation

1.3 Complying with all safety, health and welfare regulations pertaining to work sites L. Sum 1,500.00
and all people employed thereon including:
a) Provision PPE
b) Life saving and first aid equipment

1.4 Provision transpotation & accomodation for workmen off site. L. Sum 1,000.00

1.5 Site cleaning and clearing of construction debris through the construction and upon L. Sum 1,000.00
completion of works and other related works and to dispose at contractor own
dumping site.

1.6 Design, contrsuct, maintain and remove all temporary platform and vertical L. Sum 3,500.00
propping during entire course of the remdial work.

2.0 FORMWORK REPAIR

Provision of skill labour, material, tools and equipment to carry out formwork
grouting method by using Sika Grout 215, high strength cementitious grout
including all necessary woks as following:.

2.1 ii Defect Column size (600 x 2301mm

a) 1600mm Height (ClO) No 1 L. Sum 3,400.00
b) 2200mm Height (C4) No 1 L. Sum 4,600.00
c) 1400mm Height No 1 L. Sum 2,900.00
d) 2100mm Height (C3) NO 1 L. Sum 4,400.00

ii) Defect Column size (900 x 400)mm

a) 1600mm Height (C7) No 1 L. Sum 5,200.00
b) 1800mm Height (CS) NO 1 L. Sum 5,900.00
c) 1400mm Height (CS) NO 1 L. Sum 4,600.00
d) 1400mm Height NO 1 L. Sum 6,500.00
e) 1600mm Height NO 1 L. Sum 5,200.00
f) 1000mm Height NO 1 L. Sum 3,300.00
g) 1000mm Height NO 1 L. Sum 3,300.00
h) 500mm Height NO 1 L. Sum 1,700.00
i) 1000mm Height NO 1 L. Sum 3,300.00

2.2 Staircase Sofflt Defect No 1 L. Sum 5,000.00

2.3 Staircase Beam Defect No 1 L. Sum 1,300.00

3.0 STRENGTHENING TO DEFICIENT COLUMN

Provision of skill labour, material, tools and equipment to carry out strengthening
to deficient column by way of enlargement with SPT-UHPC, self consolidating high
ductility remediation concrete reinforced with high tensile rebar and shear key
drilled and embedded into the existing concrete column as following:

a) Cl Column - 600 x 230 nos 1 L.Sum 16,000.00

b) C2 Column - 600 x 230 nos 1 L.Sum 16,000.00
c) CG Column - 900 x 400 nos 1 L.Sum 28,000.00
d) C9 Column - 900 x 400 nos 1 L.SUm 28,000.00

TOTAL AMOUNT 160,600.00