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Chapter 5 – Chemical Reactions and Equations
5.1 (a) single-displacement reaction; (b) anhydrous; (c) molecular equation; (d) decomposition reaction;
(e) balanced equation; (f) reactant; (g) spectator ion; (h) combustion reaction; (i) precipitate
5.2 (a) combination reaction; (b) activity series; (c) chemical equation; (d) product; (e) ionic equation;
(f) neutralization reaction; (g) precipitation reaction; (h) net ionic equation; (i) double-displacement
reaction
5.3 Substances that are formed as a result of the reaction are the products. This reaction produces solid
aluminum oxide, Al2O3(s). You should pay attention to the substance formed and the state of the material
if it is given. The reactants are the substances used to form the products. The reactants are aluminum
metal, Al(s), and oxygen gas, O2(g) (i.e. “Aluminum metal reacts with oxygen gas”).
5.4 Substances that are formed as a result of the reaction are the products. Nitrogen gas and solid iodine, N2(g)
and I2(s), and energy are the reaction products (i.e. “Nitrogen gas and solid iodine form in an explosive
reaction”). You should pay attention to the substance formed and the state of the material if it is given.
The reactants are the substances used to form the products. The reactant is nitrogen triiodide, NI3 (i.e.
“when nitrogen triiodide is detonated”).
5.5 Image A represents the reactants because it contains both fluorine and xenon. Images B-D show product
molecules, but only image C represents the products. In a chemical reaction, mass must be conserved. In
image A there are two xenon atoms and eight fluorine atoms. In order for mass to be conserved, the same
number of each type of atom must be present in the products.
5.6 Make sure you look carefully at the images to distinguish between the chemical formulas for ozone (three
red spheres) and oxygen (two red spheres). Image C represents the reactants because it contains both ozone
and carbon monoxide. The products are represented by image D. Images A and B represent mixtures of
reactants and products.
5.7 Mass must be conserved in a chemical reaction. In order for mass to be conserved, the same number of
each type of atom must be present in both the products and reactants. The image is not accurate because
mass is not conserved. To fix the image, you first need to count the number of each type of atom. Here’s a
summary of the atoms present in the reactants and products:
Atom Reactants Products
H 10 12
N 4 4
The numbers of hydrogen atoms do not match in the reactants and products. If you add one hydrogen
molecule to the reactant image, the numbers will balance and the molecular-level diagram will be accurate.
5.8 Mass must be conserved in a chemical reaction. In order for mass to be conserved, the same number of
each type of atom must be present in both the products and reactants. The image is not accurate because
mass is not conserved. To fix the image, you first need to count the number of each type of atom. Here’s a
summary of the atoms present in the reactants and products:
H 10 10
O 6 5
51
The numbers of oxygen atoms do not match in the reactants and products. If you add one hydrogen
molecule to the reactant image and one molecule of water (H2O) to the product image, the numbers will
balance and the molecular-level diagram will be accurate.
H 12 12
O 6 6
5.9 The law of conservation of mass is obeyed when the same number of each type of atom is present in both
the products and reactants. In the product image you could have 5 molecules and one unreacted atom.
5.10 The law of conservation of mass is obeyed when the same number of each type of atom is present in both
the products and reactants. In the product image you could have 1 unreacted molecule and 5 unreacted
atoms. Two molecules of product should be shown.
5.11 One oxygen molecule (two oxygen atoms) and two sulfur dioxide molecules must react for every two
sulfur trioxide molecules (SO3) produced. Since there are four sulfur dioxide molecules, both oxygen
molecules will react. This means that none of the reactants remain after the reaction, and we should show
four sulfur trioxide molecules as the reaction products.
52
5.12 One oxygen molecule (two oxygen atoms) and two NO molecules must react for every two NO2 produced.
Since there are six NO molecules, all of the oxygen molecules will react. We should show six NO2
molecules as the reaction products.
5.13 Three signs that a chemical reaction is occurring are evident: (1) a brown gas is forming, (2) bubbles are
being produced, and (3) the solution is changing color (assuming that the liquid was not green to start
with).
5.14 Two signs that a chemical reaction is occurring are evident: (1) the color of the mixture is different than the
color of either solution and (2) a new substance (the yellow solid) is forming. You can tell a solid is
formed because the solution becomes opaque (i.e. you can’t see through it).
5.15 We are starting and ending with CO2, so no new substances are formed. A chemical reaction has not taken
place. What we are observing is a change in the physical state of CO2.
5.16 There are several signs that a chemical reaction has taken place: the formation of “a blue solution” indicates
that a color change occurred. In addition, formation of a “black deposit” indicates the production of a new
substance.
5.17 There is a rearrangement of the atoms into new substances. Since new substances are formed, a chemical
reaction has taken place.
5.18 In the image on the left, the molecules are composed of one red and two white spheres, just as they are in
the image on the right. When a chemical reaction takes place new substances are formed. A chemical
reaction is not occurring here, because no new substance is formed.
5.19 The solution shown on the left has the spheres placed closer together, while in the solution shown on the
right the spheres have moved farther apart. Since no new chemical substances have formed, a chemical
reaction has not taken place. This is what you would expect to see in dilution.
5.20 A rearrangement of the atoms in a substance is an indication that a chemical reaction has taken place.
Since the molecules have different shapes in the reactant and product images, we conclude that a chemical
reaction has occurred.
5.21 A chemical equation is a chemist’s shorthand way of showing what happens during a chemical reaction. It
identifies the formulas of the reactants and products and demonstrates how mass is conserved during the
reaction. You can think of a chemical equation as a chemist’s recipe for making new substances. The
reactants are the ingredients (i.e. melted chocolate or solid chocolate chips) and the products are what are
produced by the reaction (i.e. fudge or cookies). Like a recipe, the chemical equation indicates the states of
the materials and the quantities of substances that are used (the reactants) and produced (the products).
5.22 A chemical reaction is any process that produces a new substance. A chemical equation is the shorthand
that chemists use to describe that reaction. The chemical equation includes the quantities and physical
states of the substances used (the reactants) and produced (the products) in the ideal reaction.
53
5.23 To decide if a reaction has taken place, we have to determine whether a new substance has been formed.
(a) This equation represents a chemical reaction. Carbonic acid, H2CO3(aq), has been formed from the
reaction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
(b) This equation represents a physical change. The chemical compositions of solid water (ice) and liquid
water are the same, so a chemical reaction did not occur.
(c) This equation represents a chemical reaction. Even though the same atoms are present in the reactant
and product, the order in which they are connected is different so the substances are different
compounds.
5.24 (a) This equation represents a chemical reaction. New substances, TiO2(s) and HCl(aq), are formed from
TiCl4 and H2O.
(b) This equation represents a chemical reaction. Solid Li2O forms from the elements Li and O2.
(c) The process of dissolving a salt in water is usually considered a physical change. Salts are composed
of ions (for example, KBr(s) is actually a collection of K+ and Br ions). When a salt dissolves, the
ions are separated from each other by water molecules. However, the structure of the ions does not
change.
5.25 Balancing a chemical equation demonstrates how mass is conserved during a reaction. A balanced
equation is a quantitative tool for determining the amounts of reactant(s) used and of product(s) produced.
5.26 Chemical equations are descriptions of particular chemical reactions. Changing subscripts in the formulas
of reactant or product species changes the identities of the substances involved in the reaction the equation
is describing.
5.27 In balancing the equation, we add coefficients so that the number of each type of atom is the same on the
reactant and product sides of the equation.
(a) To start with, we write the skeletal equation for the reaction:
NaH(s) + H2O(l)  H2(g) + NaOH(aq)
When we count the number of each type of atom in the reactants and products, we find that this
equation is already balanced.
Atoms in Reactants Atoms in Products
1 Na 3H 1O 1 Na 3H 1O
(b) We start by writing the skeletal equation:

Al(s) + Cl2(g)  AlCl3(s) Unbalanced
We count the number of each type of atom on each side of the unbalanced equation to determine where
to start balancing the equation.
1 Al 2 Cl 1 Al 3 Cl
The chlorines are not balanced. To balance, we need to find a common factor. The smallest factor
would be 6. We use coefficients of 3 and 2 on Cl2(g) and AlCl3(s), respectively
Al(s) + 3Cl2(g)  2AlCl3(s)
1 Al 6 Cl 2 Al 6 Cl
Now we balance the Al on the reactant side, using a coefficient of 2.

2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g)  2AlCl3(s)
54
2 Al 6 Cl 2 Al 6 Cl
Since the number of each type of atom on the reactant and product sides of the equation is the same,
the equation is balanced.
2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g)  2AlCl3(s) Balanced
5.28 In balancing the equation, we add coefficients so that the number of each type of atom is the same on the
reactant and product sides of the equation.
(a) We start by writing the skeletal equation:
Na(s) + O2(g)  Na2O(s) Unbalanced
1 Na 2O 2 Na 1O
You can start by balancing either the oxygen or the sodium. If you start with oxygen, you need a
coefficient of 2 in front of the Na2O.
Na(s) + O2(g)  2Na2O(s) Unbalanced
1 Na 2O 4 Na 2O
Since there are four sodium atoms on the right, we use a coefficient of 4 with Na:
4Na(s) + O2(g)  2Na2O(s)
4 Na 2O 4 Na 2O
4Na(s) + O2(g)  2Na2O(s) Balanced
Cu(NO3)2(s)  CuO(s) + NO2(g) + O2(g) Unbalanced
1 Cu 2N 6O 1 Cu 1N 5O
Since copper is already balanced, we need to start with either the nitrogen or the oxygen. It is usually
best to start by balancing the atoms that appear in the smallest number of compounds. In this case that
is nitrogen. We balance the nitrogen by placing a coefficient of 2 in front of NO2.
Cu(NO3)2(s)  CuO(s) + 2NO2(g) + O2(g)
When you count atoms, don’t forget that you have also increased the number of oxygen atoms in the
product at the same time you increased the number of nitrogen atoms.
1 Cu 2N 6O 1 Cu 2N 7O
55
Since there are not enough oxygen atoms on the reactant side (and there is only one reactant) we need
to add a coefficient of 2 in front of the Cu(NO3)2(s). We will also have to increase the coefficient for
NO2 to keep the number of nitrogen atoms balanced.
2 Cu(NO3)2(s)  CuO(s) + 4 NO2(g) + O2(g)
2 Cu 4N 12 O 1 Cu 4N 11 O
The last step is to balance number of copper and oxygen atoms:

2 Cu(NO3)2(s)  2 CuO(s) + 4 NO2(g) + O2(g)
2 Cu 4N 12 O 2 Cu 4N 12 O
2 Cu(NO3)2(s)  2 CuO(s) + 4 NO2(g) + O2(g) Balanced
5.29 There are two nitrogen molecules (N2) and six chlorine molecules (Cl2) in the reactant image, and 4 NCl3
molecules in the product image. The large spacing between the molecules allows us to assume that the
reactants and products are in the gas state. The balanced chemical equation is:
2N2(g) + 6Cl2(g)  4NCl3(g)
The coefficients of a balanced equation should be written as the smallest possible whole numbers. Since
each of the coefficients is divisible by 2, we reduce them by dividing each by 2.
N2(g) + 3Cl2(g)  2NCl3(g) Balanced
5.30 There are three methane molecules (CH4) and six oxygen molecules (O2) in the reactant image and three
carbon dioxide molecules (CO2) and six water (H2O) molecules in the product image. The large spacing
between the molecules allows us to assume the reactants and products are in the gas state. The balanced
chemical equation is:
3CH4(g) + 6O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
The coefficients of a balanced equation should be written as the smallest possible whole numbers. Since
each of the coefficients is divisible by 3, we reduce them by dividing each by 3.
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) Balanced
5.31 Magnesium is a solid and it burns in the presence of oxygen, O2(g), from the air. The product is also a
solid (indicated by the statement “ash-like substance”). Image B matches the reactants most closely
because it shows the correct states of materials in the reactants. Also, if we assume that magnesium oxide
is formed, the chemical formula for the product would be MgO(s). This also matches image B. The
skeletal equation for this reaction is:
Mg(s) + O2(g)  MgO(s) Unbalanced
1 Mg 2O 1 Mg 1O
We add a coefficient of 2 to MgO to balance the oxygen:

Mg(s) + O2(g)  2MgO(s)
1 Mg 2O 2 Mg 2O
56
Then we add a coefficient of 2 to Mg to complete the balancing process:
2Mg(s) + O2(g)  2MgO(s)
2 Mg 2O 2 Mg 2O
2Mg(s) + O2(g)  2MgO(s) Balanced
5.32 Image A matches this description most closely. The water molecules (shown in the background of the
reactant and product images) are closely spaced and randomly oriented. This is what we would expect for a
substance in the liquid phase. Metallic sodium should be a solid with a well defined structure. The
products include aqueous sodium hydroxide, so we expect to find Na + and OH ions surrounded by water
molecules. Finally, we see several H2 molecules in the solution. The skeletal equation for the reaction is:
Na(s) + H2O(l)  NaOH(aq) + H2(g) Unbalanced
1 Na 2H 1O 1 Na 3H 1O
It is easiest to balance this reaction using a fractional coefficient (1/2) for the hydrogen molecule.
Na(s) + H2O(l)  NaOH(aq) + ½H2(g)
1 Na 2H 1O 1 Na 2H 1O
This technique is best applied when everything except atoms of one element (i.e. H2, O2, S8, etc.) is
balanced. By using a fractional coefficient, we can change the amount of one type of atom without
affecting the others. We remove the fractional coefficient in this case by multiplying all the coefficients by
2 (the denominator of the fraction) to remove the fraction.
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) Balanced
5.33 According to the balanced chemical equation for this reaction, for each molecule of H2 and I2 that are
consumed in the reaction, two HI molecules are produced. Since three H2 and three I2 molecules are
shown, we must show six molecules of HI in the product image of the molecular-level diagram.
5.34 According to the balanced chemical equation for this reaction, for every two molecules of NO and CO that
are consumed in the reaction, one molecule of N2 and two molecules of CO2 are produced. Since four NO
and four CO molecules are shown in the left image, we must show two molecules of N2 and four molecules
of CO2 in the product image.
57
5.35 Our molecular-level diagram should include two molecules of NO2 as the reactants and one molecule of
N2O4 as the products. The law of conservation of mass must be satisfied for the diagram to be accurate. In
each image there are two nitrogen atoms and four oxygen atoms.
5.36 Our molecular-level diagram should include two molecules of F2 and two molecules of H2O as the
reactants and four HF molecules and two O2 molecules as the products. The law of conservation of mass
must be obeyed for the diagram to be accurate. In each image there are four fluorine atoms, four hydrogen
atoms, and two oxygen atoms.

5.37 (a) We start by writing the skeletal equation:
Al(s) + Cl2(g)  AlCl3(s) Unbalanced
Start by taking an inventory of atoms present on each side to help determine where to start balancing
the equation.
1 Al 2 Cl 1 Al 3 Cl
Only the chlorines are not balanced. To balance, we need to find a common factor for 2 and 3. The
smallest factor would be 6. We use coefficients of 3 and 2 on Cl 2(g) and AlCl3(s), respectively
Al(s) + 3Cl2(g)  2AlCl3(s)
1 Al 6 Cl 2 Al 6 Cl
We recheck our inventory and find that we need to balance the Al on the reactant side using a
coefficient of 2.
2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g)  2AlCl3(s)
2 Al 6 Cl 2 Al 6 Cl
2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g)  2AlCl3(s) Balanced
58
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + K2CrO4(aq)  PbCrO4(s) + KNO3(aq) Unbalanced
In the inventory it is perferable to keep polyatomic ions together as groups. This works when the
polyatomic ions are not changed in the reaction:
Reactants Products
1 Pb 2 NO3 2K 1 CrO4 1 Pb 1 NO3 1K 1 CrO4
Start by balancing nitrates or potassium ions. Using a two in front of KNO 3 balances both potassiums
and nitrates!
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + K2CrO4(aq)  PbCrO4(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
Reactants Products
1 Pb 2 NO3 2K 1 CrO4 1 Pb 1 NO3 2K 1 CrO4
(c) We start by writing the skeletal equation:
Li(s) + H2O(l)  LiOH(aq) + H2(g) Unbalanced

1 Li 2H 1O 1 Li 3H 1O
Notice that the hydrogens are the only atoms not balanced, but on the product side, the hydrogens
appear in two different substances. If we change the number of H 2 and H2O molecules, the reaction
will continue to be unbalanced. The solution is to use a coefficient of 2 on the H2O and see where it
might lead you.
Li(s) + 2H2O(l)  LiOH(aq) + H2(g) Unbalanced

1 Li 4H 2O 1 Li 3H 1O
Next balance the oxygens:
Li(s) + 2H2O(l)  2LiOH(aq) + H2(g) Unbalanced

1 Li 4H 2O 2 Li 4H 2O
The last step is to balance the lithium atoms and check.
2Li(s) + 2H2O(l)  2LiOH(aq) + H2(g) Balanced

2 Li 4H 2O 2 Li 4H 2 O
(d) We start by writing the skeletal equation:
C6H14(g) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(g) Unbalanced

6C 14H 2O 1C 2H 3O
59
In the combustion reactions of hydrocarbons it is usually easiest to begin by balancing the carbon and
leave the balancing of oxygen for the last step. This follows the general concepts of balancing the
atoms that appear in the smallest number of substances first (you could have also started with
hydrogen) and balancing the substances appearing as pure elements last.
C6H14(g) + O2(g)  6CO2(g) + H2O(g) Unbalanced

6C 14H 2O 6C 2H 13O
C6H14(g) + O2(g)  6CO2(g) + 7H2O(g) Unbalanced

6C 14H 2O 6C 14H 19O
To balance the oxygen, we use a coefficient of 19/2 for O2:
C6H14(g) + 19/2 O2(g)  6CO2(g) + 7H2O(g)
While this equation is balanced, we need to remove the fraction by multiplying the entire equation by a
factor of two.
2C6H14(g) + 19 O2(g)  12CO2(g) + 14H2O(g) Balanced

12C 28H 38O 12C 28H 38O
5.38 (a) You are given the skeletal equation:
Mg(s) + O2(g)  MgO(s) Unbalanced
Start by taking an inventory of atoms present on each side to help determine where to start balancing
the equation.

1 Mg 2O 1 Mg 1O
Since the oxygens are not balanced, we use a coefficient of 2 in front of MgO
Mg(s) + O2(g)  2MgO(s) Unbalanced

1 Mg 2O 2 Mg 2O
Coefficient of 2 on Mg balances the equation:
2Mg(s) + O2(g)  2MgO(s) Balanced

2 Mg 2O 2 Mg 2O
510
(b) Zn(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)  Zn(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s) Balanced
Zn(s) + AgNO3(aq)  Zn(NO3)2(aq) + Ag(s) Unbalanced
In the inventory it is perferable to keep polyatomic ions together as groups. This works when the
polyatomic ions are not changed in the reaction:
Reactants Products
1 Zn 1 Ag 1 NO3 1 Zn 1 Ag 2 NO3
Since the nitrates are not balanced, we start by using a coefficient of 2 in front of AgNO3
Zn(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)  Zn(NO3)2(aq) + Ag(s)
Reactants Products
1 Zn 2 Ag 2 NO3 1 Zn 1 Ag 2 NO3
A coefficient in front of the Ag in the product finish the balancing process.

Zn(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)  Zn(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
Reactants Products
1 Zn 2 Ag 2 NO3 1 Zn 2 Ag 2 NO3
(c) 2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g)  4CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) Balanced
C2H2(g) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(g) unbalanced

2C 2H 2O 1C 2H 3O
In the combustion reactions of hydrocarbons it is usually easiest to begin by balancing the carbon and
leave the balancing of oxygen for the last step. This follows the general concepts of balancing the
atoms that appear in the smallest number of substances first (you could have also started with
hydrogen) and balancing the substances appearing as pure elements last. Start with a coefficient of 2
in front of CO2.
C2H2(g) + O2(g)  2CO2(g) + H2O(g) unbalanced
2C 2H 2O 2C 2H 5O
To balance the oxygen, we use a coefficient of 5/2 for

C2H2(g) + 5/2O2(g)  2CO2(g) + H2O(g) unbalanced
2C 2H 5O 2C 2H 5O
While this equation is balanced, we need to remove the fraction by multiplying the entire equation by a
factor of two.
2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g)  4CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
4C 4H 10 O 4C 4H 10 O
(d) C12H22O11(s) + 8KClO3(l)  12CO2(g) + 11H2O(g) + 8KCl(s) Balanced

C12H22O11(s) + KClO3(l)  CO2(g) + H2O(g) + KCl(s) Unbalanced
Reactants Products
12C 22H 14O 1K 1Cl 1C 2H 3O 1K 1Cl
Start by balaning products with the reactant C12H22O11. As with hydrocarbons, balance C and H first:
C12H22O11(s) + KClO3(l)  12CO2(g) + 11H2O(g) + KCl(s)
Reactants Products
12C 22H 14O 1K 1Cl 12C 22H 35O 1K 1Cl
There are 35 oxygen atoms in the products and 11 in the reactants. Ignore the oxygens in KClO 3
because it is unbalanced. This means that KClO 3 needs to provide 24 oxgyen atoms. A coefficient of
eight will provide those oxygens.
511
C12H22O11(s) + 8KClO3(l)  12CO2(g) + 11H2O(g) + KCl(s)
Reactants Products
12C 22H 35O 8K 8Cl 12C 22H 35O 1K 1Cl
A coefficient of eight in front of KCl balances the equation:
C12H22O11(s) + 8KClO3(l)  12CO2(g) + 11H2O(g) + 8KCl(s)
Reactants Products
12C 22H 35O 8K 8Cl 12C 22H 35O 8K 8Cl
5.39 (a) We start by writing the skeletal equation:

CuCl2(aq) + AgNO3(aq)  Cu(NO3)2(aq) + AgCl(s) Unbalanced
When balancing chemical equations that contain polyatomic ions which do not undergo chemical
change during the reaction, treat the ions as whole units in the same way that you would treat
individual atoms.
Reactants Products
1 Cu 2 Cl 1 Ag 1 NO3 1 Cu 1 Cl 1 Ag 1 NO3
You can balance this equation by starting with either Cl or NO 3–.

CuCl2(aq) + AgNO3(aq)  Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgCl(s)
Reactants Products
1 Cu 2 Cl 1 Ag 1 NO3– 1 Cu 2 Cl 2 Ag 2 NO3–
CuCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq)  Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgCl(s) Balanced

Reactants Products
1 Cu 2 Cl 2 Ag 2 NO3– 1 Cu 2 Cl 2 Ag 2 NO3–
Since the number of each type of atom on both sides of the equation is the same, the equation is
balanced.

S8(s) + O2(g)  SO2(g) Unbalanced
Reactants Products
8S 2O 1S 2O
Begin by balancing S, because O already appears to be balanced.

S8(s) + O2(g)  8SO2(g)
Reactants Products
8S 2O 8S 16 O
Add a coefficient of 8 for O2 to balance the equation.

S8(s) + 8O2(g)  8SO2(g) Balanced
Reactants Products
8S 16 O 8S 16 O
balanced.
512
(c) We start by writing the skeletal equation:
Reactants Products
3C 8H 2O 1C 2H 3O
In combustion reactions of hydrocarbons (hydrocarbon + molecular oxygen  carbon dioxide +

water), we begin by balancing the carbon. This follows the general concept of balancing the atoms
that appear in the smallest number of substances first (you could have also started with hydrogen). We
add a coefficient of 3 for CO2.
C3H8(g) + O2(g)  3CO2(g) + H2O(g)
Reactants Products
3C 8H 2O 3C 2H 7O
Continue balancing all the other types of atoms in C3H8 before proceeding to balance the oxygen. We
add a coefficient of 4 for H2O.
C3H8(g) + O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
Reactants Products
3C 8H 2O 3C 8H 10 O
Finally, add a coefficient of 5 for O2.

C3H8(l) + 5O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) Balanced
Reactants Products
3C 8H 10 O 3C 8H 10 O
balanced.
5.40 (a) Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq)  2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l) Balanced

Al2O3(s) + HCl(aq)  AlCl3(aq) + H2O(l) Unbalanced
Reactants Products
2 Al 3O 1H 1 Cl 1 Al 1O 2H 1 Cl
We begin by balancing the Al with coefficient of 2 for AlCl3.

Al2O3(s) + HCl(aq)  2AlCl3(aq) + H2O(l)
Reactants Products
2 Al 3O 1H 1 Cl 2 Al 1O 2H 6 Cl
Continue balancing all the types of atoms in Al 2O3 before proceeding to balance the other elements.
Al2O3(s) + HCl(aq)  2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
Reactants Products
2 Al 3O 1H 1 Cl 2 Al 3O 6H 6 Cl
Balance the H and Cl by adding a coefficient of 6 for HCl.
513
Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq)  2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l) Balanced
Reactants Products
2 Al 3O 6H 6 Cl 2 Al 3O 6H 6 Cl
balanced.
(b) PCl3(l) + 3AgF(s)  PF3(g) + 3AgCl(s) Balanced

PCl3(l) + AgF(s)  PF3(g) + AgCl(s) Unbalanced
Reactants Products
1P 3 Cl 1 Ag 1F 1P 1 Cl 1 Ag 3F
Begin by balancing either Cl or F.

PCl3(l) + AgF(s)  PF3(g) + 3AgCl(s)
Reactants Products
1P 3 Cl 1 Ag 1F 1P 3 Cl 3 Ag 3F
PCl3(l) + 3AgF(s)  PF3(g) + 3AgCl(s) Balanced

Reactants Products
1P 3 Cl 3 Ag 3F 1P 3 Cl 3 Ag 3F
balanced.
(c) 2NO2(g)  2NO(g) + O2(g) Balanced

NO2(g)  NO(g) + O2(g) Unbalanced
Reactants Products
1N 2O 1N 3O
Since nitrogen is balanced, we have to start with O. Since we only need half of the oxygen provided
by O2, we use a coefficient of 1/2 for O2 to balance the equation.
NO2(g)  NO(g) + 1/2O2(g)
Reactants Products
1N 2O 1N 2O
Since the number of each type of atom on both sides of the equation is the same, theoretically, the
reaction is balanced. However, the coefficients of a balanced equation need to be whole numbers so we
multiply all the coefficients by 2 to remove the fraction.
2NO2(g)  2NO(g) + O2(g) Balanced
Reactants Products
2N 4O 2N 4O
5.41 Copper and silver, Cu and Ag, are metals, so they, like virtually all the metals, occur in the solid state.
Silver nitrate is an ionic compound. The formulas for silver ion and nitrate ion are Ag+ and NO3–,
respectively (see Figures 3.12 and 3.17 if you need help with the ion formulas). The formula for an
aqueous solution of silver nitrate is AgNO3(aq). From the ion name, copper(II), we know that the formula
514
for copper ion is Cu2+. The formula for an aqueous solution of copper(II) nitrate is Cu(NO 3)2(aq). The
unbalanced chemical equation is:
Cu (s) + AgNO3(aq)  Cu(NO3)2(aq) + Ag(s) Unbalanced
When balancing chemical equations that contain polyatomic ions which do not undergo chemical change
during the reaction, treat the ions as whole units in the same way that you would treat individual atoms.
Reactants Products
1 Cu 1 Ag 1 NO3– 1 Cu 1 Ag 2 NO3–
Balance NO3– by placing a coefficient of 2 in front of AgNO3.

Cu (s) + 2AgNO3(aq)  Cu(NO3)2(aq) + Ag(s)
Reactants Products
1 Cu 2 Ag 2 NO3– 1 Cu 1 Ag 2 NO3–
The equation is balanced when we add a coefficient of 2 for Ag(s).

Cu (s) + 2AgNO3(aq)  Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s) Balanced
5.42 The formulas for barium and chloride ions are Ba2+ and Cl, respectively. The formula for aqueous barium
chloride is BaCl2(aq), and the formulas for sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid are H2SO4(aq) and HCl(aq),
respectively. Since the charges on barium and sulfate ions are of the same magnitude (2+ and 2-,
respectively), the formula of barium sulfate is BaSO4(s) (Table 5.3). See Figures 3.12 and 3.17 and the
nomenclature rules for acids in Chapter 3 if you need more help with these formulas. The unbalanced
equation is:
BaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq)  BaSO4(s) + HCl(aq) Unbalanced
When balancing chemical equations that contain polyatomic ions which do not undergo chemical change
during the reaction, treat the ions as whole units in the same way that you would treat individual atoms.
Reactants Products
1 Ba 2 Cl 2H 1 SO42– 1 Ba 1 Cl 1H 1 SO42–
Begin by balancing Cl.

BaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2HCl(aq) Balanced
Reactants Products
1 Ba 2 Cl 2H 1 SO42– 1 Ba 2 Cl 2H 1 SO42–
Since the number of each type of atom is the same on both sides of the equation, the equation is balanced.
5.43 Table 5.1 lists the characteristics of the reactants and products for the different classifications of reactions.
Decomposition: Reactants: 1 compound; Products: 2 elements or smaller compounds
Combination: Reactants: 2 elements or compounds; Products: 1 compound
Single-displacement: Reactants: 1 element and 1 compound; Products: 1 element and 1 compound
Double-displacement: Reactants: 2 compounds; Products: 2 compounds
5.44 Table 5.1 lists the characteristics of the reactants and products for the different classifications of reactions.
There are many different examples that you could have picked (if you need ideas, look through the sections of
this chapter). As you select example reactions, make sure they match the descriptions given in Table 5.1.
Decomposition: Reactants: 1compound; Products: 2 elements or smaller compounds
H2CO3(aq)  CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Combination: Reactants: 2 elements or compounds; Products: 1 compound
2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(l)
515
Single-displacement: Reactants: 1 element and 1 compound; Products: 1 element and 1 compound
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)  2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)
Double-displacement: Reactants: 2 compounds; Products: 2 compounds
CuCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq)  Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgCl(s)
5.45 For help classifying reactions, refer to Table 5.1. We can classify two of the types based on the number of
products and reactants in the chemical equation. In combination reactions, 2 substances combine to form 1
new substance; in decomposition reactions, 1 compound forms several new substances. Equations
indicating 2 reactants and 2 products represent either single- or double-displacement reactions. If one of
the reactants and one of the products is an element, the reaction is single-displacement.
(a) combination
(b) single-displacement
(c) decomposition
indicating 2 reactants and 2 products represent either single- or double-displacement reactions. If one of
the reactants and one of the products is an element, the reaction is single-displacement.
(a) decomposition
(b) double-displacement
(c) combination
5.47 From the description we learn that there are two reactants: sodium chloride and lead(II) nitrate. These are
both compounds. There are also two products: lead(II) chloride and sodium nitrate. Since these are also
compounds, the reaction is double-displacement (2 compounds as reactants and 2 compounds as products).
5.48 The reactants are solid sulfur and oxygen gas. These are both elements. Since there is only one product,
sulfur dioxide, which is a compound, this is a combination reaction (2 elements or compounds as reactants
and 1compound as the product).
5.49 (a) There are two different substances in the reactant image and only one substance in the product image.
This is a combination reaction.
(b) The dark red and gray spheres of solid represent two different elements. The gray spheres are
displacing the dark red spheres. One compound and 1 element are producing another compound and
element. This is a single-displacement reaction.
5.50 (a) The image on the left represents some type of ionic compound. On the right, the different types of
atoms have recombined into elements. This is a decomposition reaction.
(b) The image on the left represents an aqueous solution of two different ionic compounds. The image on
the right indicates the presence of two new compounds, one of which is water soluble and one that is
not. This is a double displacement reaction.
new substance. In decomposition reactions, 1 compound forms several new substances. Equations
indicating 2 reactants and 2 products represent either single- or double-displacement reactions. If 1 of the
reactants and 1 of the products is an element, the reaction is single-displacement.
(a) double-displacement: CaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)  CaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
(b) single-displacement: Ba(s) + 2HCl(aq)  BaCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(c) combination: N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
(d) This reaction does not easily fit the classification scheme given in Table 5.1; however, it is most like a
single-displacement reaction. CO is displacing iron from FeO:
FeO(s) + CO(g) heat
 Fe(s) + CO2(g)
516
(e) combination: CaO(s) + H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(aq)
(f) double-displacement: Na2CrO4(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)  PbCrO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
(g) single-displacement: 2KI(aq) + Cl2(g)  2KCl(aq) + I2(aq)
(h) decomposition: 2NaHCO3(s) heat
 Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)
5.52 For help classifying reactions, refer to Table 5.1. We can classify two of the types on the number of
indicating 2 reactants and 2 products represent either single- or double-displacement reactions. If 1 of the
reactants and 1 of the products is an element, the reaction is single-displacement.
(a) combination: GaH3 + N(CH3)3  (CH3)3NGaH3
(b) single-displacement: Ca(s) +2H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
(c) single-displacement: N2(g) + CaC2(s)  2C(s) + CaNCN(s)
(d) combination: N2(g) + 3Mg(s)  Mg3N2(s)
(e) decomposition: NH4Cl(s)  NH3(g) + HCl(g)
(f) combination: CaO(s) + SO3(g) heat
 CaSO4(s)
(g) decomposition: PCl5(g) heat
 PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
(h) double-displacement: Ca3N2(s) + 6H2O(l)   3Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2NH3(g)
heat
5.53 Carbonate-containing compounds (except Group IA (1)), when heated, produce the metal oxide and carbon
dioxide gas (Table 5.2). In this case, we know that nickel has a 2+ charge to balance the charge of the 2
carbonate ion. The oxide will be NiO. The balanced chemical equation is NiCO3(s)  NiO(s) + CO2(g).
5.54 When chloride-containing compounds are heated they decompose, forming chlorine gas and the elemental
metal (Table 5.2). In this case, platinum(IV) chloride, PtCl4, decomposes to produce platinum metal, Pt,
and chlorine gas, Cl2. The balanced chemical equation is PtCl4(s)  Pt(s) + 2Cl2(g). Note: Most ionic
compounds (such as PtCl4) are solids, and molecular chlorine is a gas.
5.55 See Table 5.2.

(a) CaCO3(s) heat
 CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Metal carbonates (except Group IA (1)) decompose to produce carbon dioxide and the metal oxide.
We determine the formula of the metal oxide from the charge on the metal and the 2 charge of the
oxide ion (i.e. Ca2+ and O2 produce CaO).
(b) CuSO45H2O(s) heat

 CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(g)
Hydrates decompose by separation of the water from the ionic compound.
5.56 See Table 5.2.

(a) Cu(OH)2(s) heat
 CuO(s) + H2O(g)
Hydroxides decompose to the metal oxide with the loss of water (as a vapor or gas). Even at the high
temperatures needed to decompose many of these compounds, ionic compounds remain in the solid
state.
(b) 2NaN3(s) 
 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)
heat
Azides often decompose to produce nitrogen gas.
5.57 See Table 5.3

2Mg(s) + O2(g)  2MgO(s)
Combination reactions result in the formation of 1 product from 2 reactants. If the reactants are a metal and
a nonmetal, we can reliably predict that the metal will form a cation and the nonmetal will form an anion.
517
When oxygen reacts with elements, the oxides of those elements are formed. With metals, the products are
the metal oxides. Magnesium is a Group IIA (2) metal. This means that it will form an ion with a 2+
charge. The formula for oxide ion is O2. The formula for the metal oxide product in this reaction is MgO.
5.58 See Table 5.3

2Na(s) + Cl2(g)  2NaCl(s)
Combination reactions result in the formation of 1 product from 2 reactants. If the reactants are a metal and
a nonmetal, we can reliably predict that the metal will form a cation and the nonmetal will form an anion.
When molecular chlorine, Cl2, reacts with metals, the chlorides of the metals are formed. Sodium is a
Group IA (1) metal so it will form a 1+ ion. The formula for chloride ion is Cl. The formula for the metal
chloride is NaCl (salt).
5.59 Combination reactions result in the formation of 1 product from 2 reactants (see Table 5.3). If the reactants
are a metal and a nonmetal, you can reliably predict that the metal will form a cation and the nonmetal will
form an anion. In other situations, simply try to combine the two reactants to form a product you
recognize.
(a) 3Ca(s) + N2(g)  Ca3N2(s)
Calcium and nitrogen (metal and nonmetal) form the Ca2+ and N3 ions based on their positions on the
periodic table. We predict that the product they form is Ca3N2.
(b) 2K(s) + Br2(l)  2KBr(s)
Metals and nonmetals often react to form metal salts.
(c) 4Al(s) +3O2(g)  2Al2O3(s)
Aluminum and oxygen (metal and nonmetal) form Al3+ and O2 ions, based on their positions on the
periodic table. We predict that the product they form is Al2O3.
5.60 Combination reactions result in the formation of 1 product from 2 reactants (see Table 5.3). Metals and
nonmetals often react to form metal salts. Each of these products is the metal salt formed the two reactants.
(a) 4Na(s) + O2(g)  2Na2O(s)
(b) 2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g)  2AlCl3(s)
(c) Ca(s) + F2(g)  CaF2(s)
5.61 In a single-displacement reaction, 1 element displaces its ionic counterpart from a compound. That is, a
metal displaces the metal ion, or a nonmetal displaces the nonmetal ion. To determine whether a reaction
occurs, we compare the activities of the metals involved (Figure 5.21). If the metal is more active than the
metal whose ion appears in the compound, a reaction occurs. In these cases, the formula for the ionic
product is determined by the metal ion that is produced. If you can’t predict the charge (i.e. it is not listed
in Figure 3.12), assume that it has a charge of 2+. For example if Fe displaces Cu, Fe will form a 2+ ion.
In this type of single-displacement reaction, the formula for the anion remains unchanged.
(a) Zn is higher on the activity series than Ag so a reaction occurs. Zn forms a 2+ ion, and Ag + is
displaced, forming silver metal, Ag(s).
Zn(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)  2Ag(s) + Zn(NO3)2(aq)
(b) Na is higher on the activity series than Fe so a reaction occurs. Na forms a 1+ ion, and Fe2+ is
displaced, forming iron metal, Fe(s).
2Na(s) + FeCl2(s)  2NaCl(s) + Fe(s)
5. 62 In a single-displacement reaction, 1 element displaces its ionic counterpart from a compound. That is, a
metal whose ion appears in the compound, a reaction occurs. In these cases, the formula for the ionic
518
product is determined by the metal ion that is produced. If you can’t predict the charge (i.e. it is not listed
in Figure 3.12), assume that it has a charge of 2+. For example if Fe displaces Cu, Fe will form a 2+ ion.
In this type of single-displacement reaction, the formula for the anion remains unchanged.
(a) Al (s) higher on the activity series than Cu so a reaction occurs. Al forms a 3+ ion, and Cu 2+ is
displaced as copper metal, Cu(s).
2Al(s) + 3CuSO4(aq)  Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3Cu(s)
(b) Cs is higher in activity than H2 so a reaction occurs. In reactions of active metals with water, hydrogen
gas is formed. Cs forms a 1+ ion, and H+ is displaced as H2(g). When metals displace H+ from H2O
(or HOH), the product is a metal hydroxide.
2Cs(s) + 2H2O(l)  2CsOH(aq) + H2(g)
metal displaces the metal ion or a nonmetal displaces the nonmetal ion. The formulas for the products are
determined by the element or ions that are produced (i.e. metal or diatomic molecules, etc.). When Zn
displaces Sn, Zn will form a 2+ ion (Figure 3.12). In this single-displacement reaction, the formula for the
anion remains unchanged. Since the formula for chloride ion is Cl, the product is ZnCl2. The balanced
equation is:
Zn(s) + SnCl2(aq)  ZnCl2(aq) + Sn(s)
metal displaces the metal ion or a nonmetal displaces the nonmetal ion. The formulas for the products are
determined by the element or ions that are produced (i.e. metal or diatomic molecules, etc.). When Mg
displaces Cu, Mg will form a 2+ ion. In this single-displacement reaction, the formula for the anion
remains unchanged.
Mg(s) + CuSO4(aq)  Cu(s) + MgSO4(aq)
5.65 In reactions of metals with hydrochloric acid solution or water, one product will always be hydrogen gas
(H2). To determine whether a reaction takes place, compare the activity of the metal (not the metal ion
found in the product) with the activity of hydrogen gas (Figure 5.21). If the metal is higher in the activity
series than hydrogen gas, a reaction will take place. Some metals are more active than others. Those that
are more active react under less extreme conditions.
(a) Ca is more active than H2. Because it is so high on the activity series, it will displace hydrogen from
water and form an acidic solution. As noted on the activity series shown in Figure 5.21, if a substance
reacts with cold water, it also reacts with steam and acid.
Ca reacts with water: Ca(s) + 2H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
Ca reacts with HCl: Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(b) Fe is more active than H2. This means that Fe can displace H2 under the proper conditions. As is noted
in Figure 5.21, Fe is not active enough to displace hydrogen in cold water, but can do so from either
hydrochloric acid solution or from steam.
Fe reacts with steam: Fe(s) + 2 H2O(g)  Fe(OH)2(s) + H2(g)
Fe reacts with HCl: Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq)  FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(c) No reaction. Copper is below H2 on the activity series. There are no reaction conditions which favor a
reaction of copper with water or HCl solutions.
5.66 In reactions of metals with hydrochloric acid solutions or water, one product will always be hydrogen gas
(H2). To determine whether a reaction takes place, compare the activity of the metal (not the metal ion
found in the product) with the activity of hydrogen gas (Figure 5.21). If the metal is higher in the activity
series than hydrogen gas, a reaction will take place. Some metals are more active than others. Those that
are more active react under less extreme conditions.
519
(a) Cr is more active than H2. This means that it can displace hydrogen under the right conditions.
However, Cr is not active enough to displace hydrogen in cold water. Either hydrochloric acid
solution or steam is required to cause a reaction. Chromium forms a 2+ ion in the activity series.
Cr reacts with HCl: Cr(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CrCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Cr reacts with steam: Cr(s) + 2H2O(g)  Cr(OH)2(s) + H2(g)
(b) No reaction. Bismuth is below H2 on the activity series. There are no reaction conditions which favor
a reaction of bismuth with water or HCl solutions.
(c) K is more active than H2. Because it is so high on the activity series, K will displace hydrogen from
water and from hydrochloric acid solution. As noted on the activity series, if a substance reacts with
cold water, it also reacts with steam and acid.
K reacts with water: 2K(s) + 2H2O(l)  2KOH(aq) + H2(g)
K reacts with HCl: 2K(s) + 2HCl(aq)  2KCl(aq) + H2(g)
metal whose ion appears in the compound, a reaction occurs.
(a) Magnesium is more active than aluminum. The reaction occurs.
(b) Zinc is less active than magnesium. No reaction occurs.
(c) Copper is less active than lead. No reaction occurs.
(d) Nickel is more active than silver. The reaction occurs.
5.68 In a single displacement reaction, 1 element displaces its ionic counterpart from a compound. That is, a
metal whose ion appears in the compound, a reaction occurs.
(a) Nickel is less active than iron. No reaction occurs.
(b) Aluminum is more active than nickel. The reaction occurs.
(c) Iron is more active than copper. The reaction occurs.
(d) Tin is less active than aluminum. No reaction occurs.
5.69 To determine solubility, refer to the solubility rules given in Table 5.4. Except for compounds containing
NH4+ and/or Group IA (1) cations (including Na+ and K+), the solubility rules focus on the anions in ionic
compounds. It is worth memorizing that Group IA (1), nitrates, acetates, and ammonium ion compounds
are soluble, because we encounter them so frequently when we study chemistry.
(a) CuCl2: The anion is Cl; the compound is soluble.
(b) AgNO3: The anion is NO3–; the compound is soluble.
(c) PbCl2: The anion is Cl; most chlorides are soluble, but PbCl2 is an exception. It is insoluble.
(d) Cu(OH)2: The anion is OH; the compound is insoluble.
5.70 To determine solubility, refer to the solubility rules given in Table 5.4. Except for compounds containing
NH4+ and/or Group IA (1) cations (including Na + and K+), the solubility rules focus on the anions in ionic
compounds. It is worth memorizing that Group IA (1), nitrates, acetates, and ammonium ion compounds
are soluble, because we encounter them so frequently when we study chemistry.
(a) Cr2S3: The anion is S2; the compound is insoluble.
(b) Ca(OH)2: The anion is OH; the compound is soluble. The solubility rules indicate that Ca(OH) 2 is
somewhat soluble. This means that a small amount of Ca(OH)2 will dissolve in water.
(c) BaSO4: The anion is SO42–; the compound is insoluble. While most sulfates are soluble in water, there
are exceptions, such as BaSO4.
(d) (NH4)2CO3: The cation is NH4+; the compound is soluble. All ammonium compounds are soluble.
520
5.71 For each reaction we: 1) determine the ion formulas, 2) predict the products based on ionic charges, and 3)
determine the states of the products. If one or both products is insoluble, is a gas, or is a molecule (for
example, water), a reaction takes place. Finally, we balance the resulting equation.
(a) Reactants: K2CO3(aq) and BaCl2(aq)
Ions: K+, CO32–, Ba2+, Cl
Products: BaCO3 and KCl
Solubility (from Table 5.4): BaCO3(s) and KCl(aq)
Balanced equation: K2CO3(aq) + BaCl2(aq)  BaCO3(s) + 2KCl(aq)
(b) Reactants: CaS(aq) and Hg(NO3)2(aq)
Ions: Ca2+, S2, Hg2+, NO3–
Products: Ca(NO3)2 and HgS
Solubility (from Table 5.4): Ca(NO3)2(aq) and HgS(s)
Balanced equation: CaS(aq) + Hg(NO3)2(aq)  Ca(NO3)2(aq) + HgS(s)
(c) Reactants: Pb(NO3)2(aq) and K2SO4(aq)
Ions: Pb2+, NO3–, K+, SO42–
Products: PbSO4 and KNO3
Solubility (from Table 5.4): PbSO4(s) and KNO3(aq)
Balanced equation: Pb(NO3)2(aq) + K2SO4(aq)  PbSO4(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
5.72 For each reaction we: 1) determine the ion formulas, 2) predict the products based on ionic charges,
and 3) determine the states of the products. If one or both products is insoluble, is a gas, or is a
molecule (for example, water), a reaction takes place. Finally, we balance the resulting equation.
(a) Reactants: MgSO4(aq) and BaCl2(aq)
Ions: Mg2+, SO42–, Ba2+, Cl
Products: MgCl2 and BaSO4
Solubility (from Table 5.4): MgCl2(aq) and BaSO4(s)
Balanced equation: MgSO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq)  MgCl2(aq) and BaSO4(s)
(b) Reactants: K2SO4(aq) and MgCl2(aq)
Ions: K+, SO42–, Mg2+, Cl
Products: KCl and MgSO4
Solubility (from Table 5.4): KCl(aq) and MgSO4(aq)
Balanced equation: No reaction occurs because both products are ionic and soluble in water.
(c) Reactants: MgCl2(aq) and Pb(NO3)2(aq)

Ions: Mg2+, Cl, Pb2+, NO3–
Products: Mg(NO3)2 and PbCl2
Solubility (from Table 5.4): Mg(NO3)2(aq) and PbCl2(s)
Balanced equation: MgCl2(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)  Mg(NO3)2(aq) + PbCl2(s)
5.73 For each reaction, 1) determine the ion formulas, 2) predict the products based on ion charges, and 3)
example, water), a reaction takes place. Balance the resulting equations.
(a) Reactants: BaCO3(s) and H2SO4(aq)
Ions: Ba2+, CO32–, H+, SO42–
Products: BaSO4 and H2CO3
According to the solubility rules (Table 5.4), barium sulfate is insoluble in water. Carbonic acid
decomposes to carbon dioxide and water (as described in Table 5.2). Since a precipitate is formed and
carbonic acid decomposes to form water and carbon dioxide, we predict that the following reaction
takes place:
BaCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq)  BaSO4(s) + H2CO3(aq) carbonic acid decomposes
521
BaCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq)  BaSO4(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) Balanced
(b) Reactants: CuCl2(aq) and AgNO3(aq)

Ions: Cu2+ (based on charge of chloride), Cl, Ag+, NO3–
Products: Cu(NO3)2 and AgCl
According to the solubility rules (Table 5.4), nitrates are soluble in water. While most chlorides are
soluble in water, AgCl is an exception. Since a precipitate is formed, we can predict that the following
reaction takes place:
CuCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq)  Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgCl(s) Balanced
example, water), a reaction takes place. Balance the resulting equations.
(a) Reactants: NaOH(aq) and CuCl2(aq)
Ions: Na+, OH, Cu2+ (based on the charge of chloride ion), Cl
Products: NaCl and Cu(OH)2
According to the solubility rules (Table 5.4), most chlorides are soluble in water, so NaCl will be
dissolved. Most hydroxides are insoluble in water, so Cu(OH)2 will form a precipitate (that is, a solid).
Because the precipitate forms, we predict that the following reaction takes place:
2NaOH(aq) + CuCl2(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + Cu(OH)2(s) Balanced
(b) Reactants: H2SO4(aq) and KOH(aq)

Ions: H+, SO42, K+, OH
Products: H2O and K2SO4
According to the solubility rules (Table 5.4), sulfates are generally insoluble in water; however, K2SO4
is an exception. Because water is a stable molecule, we can predict that the following reaction takes
place:
H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq)  K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) Balanced
5.75 To identify the precipitate, we first determine the products of the reaction, and then check the solubility of
the products using the solubility rules (Table 5.4). The precipitate will be the compound that is insoluble in
water. We deduce the reactants from the description given in the problem.
Reactants: Na2SO4 and Pb(NO3)2
Ions: Na+, SO42–, Pb2+, NO3–
Products: PbSO4 and NaNO3
Solubility (from Table 5.4): PbSO4(s), NaNO3(aq)
Lead(II) sulfate is the white solid that forms when the two solutions are mixed.
5.76 To identify the precipitate, we first determine the products of the reaction, and then check the solubility of
the products using the solubility rules (Table 5.4). The precipitate will be the compound that is insoluble in
water. We deduce the reactants from the description given in the problem. In this particular problem, we
encounter the mercury(I) ion. Mercury(I) ions (Hg22+) represent one of a very few diatomic metal ions (see
Figure 3.25). Notice that the ion has a 2+ charge because it is diatomic. The average charge of mercury in
this ion is 1+.
Reactants: Hg2(NO3)2 and CaI2
Ions: Hg22+, NO3–, Ca2+, I
Products: Hg2I2 and Ca(NO3)2
Solubility (from Table 5.3): Hg2I2(s), Ca(NO3)2(aq)
Mercury(I) iodide is the yellow solid that forms when the two solutions are mixed.
5.77 From the problem description we can write:

CaCl2(aq) + K2CO3(aq) 
522
In double-displacement reactions, the cations switch places to form new products (i.e. the metal ions
displace one another). To avoid common errors, and to be able to spot mistakes easily, it is helpful if we
write the complete formulas for each ion before we determine the products.
Reactants: CaCl2(aq) and K2CO3(aq)
Ions: Ca2+, Cl, K+, CO32
Considering the charges of the ions, we can write the chemical formulas for the products. The products
will be calcium carbonate, CaCO3, and potassium chloride, KCl. Using the solubility rules (Table 5.4) we
can determine whether these products are soluble or insoluble in water (i.e. whether we should write (aq),
or (s), respectively). From the solubility rules, we determine that carbonates are insoluble (i.e. CaCO 3(s))
and chlorides are generally soluble (i.e. KCl(aq)).
CaCl2(aq) + K2CO3(aq)  CaCO3(s) + 2KCl(aq) Balanced
5.78 From the problem description we can write:

(NH4)2CrO4(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) 
In double-displacement reactions, the cations switch places to form new products (i.e. the metal ions
displace one another). To avoid common errors, and to be able to spot mistakes easily, it is helpful if we
write the complete formulas for each ion before we determine the products.
Reactants: (NH4)2CrO4(aq) and Pb(NO3)2(aq)
Ions: NH4+, CrO42, Pb2+, NO3–
Considering the charges of the ions, we can write the chemical formulas for the products. The products
will be lead(II) chromate, PbCrO4, and ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3. Using the solubility rules (Table 5.4)
we can determine whether these products are soluble or insoluble in water (i.e. whether we should write
(aq) or (s), respectively). From the solubility rules we determine that chromates are generally insoluble in
water and compounds containing ammonium and/or nitrate ions are generally soluble in water.
(NH4)2CrO4(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)  PbCrO4(s) + 2NH4NO3(aq) Balanced
5.79 Chemical reactions occur for a “reason.” For many reactions, the reason is the nature of the products that
form. This “driving force” of a reaction can often be identified by formation of a precipitate, formation of a
gas (water-insoluble gas), or formation of molecular compounds, such as water. Water-insoluble gases will
leave a solution, providing an additional driving force for the reaction. The driving force for each reaction
is:
(a) precipitation of HgS(s)
(b) formation of the insoluble gas H2S(g)
(c) formation of the molecular compound H2O(l), and precipitation of BaSO4(s)
5.80 Chemical reactions occur for a “reason.” For many reactions, the reason is the nature of the products that
form. This “driving force” of a reaction can often be identified by formation of a precipitate, formation of a
gas (water-insoluble gas), or formation of molecular compounds, such as water. Water-insoluble gases will
leave a solution, providing an addition driving force for the reaction. The driving force for each reaction is:
(a) formation of the molecular compound H2O(l)
(b) formation of a precipitate, CaSO4(s), a molecular compound, H2O(l), and a gas, CO2(g)
(c) formation of a precipitate, BaSO4(s)
5.81 Neutralization reactions involve the reaction of an acid with a base. The products are a salt (i.e. ionic
compound) and water. Just as with precipitation reactions we: 1) determine the ionic formulas, 2) predict
the products based on ion charges, and 3) determine the states of the products. Acid-base reactions are
usually driven by the formation of water, a molecular compound. We must use the solubility rules to
determine whether or not the salt will dissolve in water.
(a) Reactants: H2S(aq) and Cu(OH)2(s)
Ions: H+, S2, Cu2+, OH
Products: H2O(l) and CuS(s) (determined from solubility rules)
Balanced equation: H2S(aq) + Cu(OH)2(s)  CuS(s) + 2H2O(l)
523
(b) CH4 is not an acid, so no reaction is expected.
(c) Reactants: KHSO4(aq) and KOH(aq)

Ions: K+, H+, SO42, OH
Products: H2O(l) and K2SO4. Note that the H+ reacts with OH, leaving K+ and SO42 to form the salt,
which is water-soluble.
Balanced equation: KHSO4(aq) + KOH(aq)  K2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)
5.82 Neutralization reactions involve the reaction of an acid with a base. The products are a salt (i.e. ionic
compound) and water. Just as with precipitation reactions we: 1) determine the ion formulas, 2) predict the
products based on ion charges, and 3) determine the states of the products. Acid-base reactions are usually
driven by the formation of water (a molecular compound). We must use the solubility rules to determine
whether or not the salt will dissolve in water.
(a) H2(g) is not an acid, so no reaction is expected.
(b) Reactants: H3PO4(aq) and NaOH(aq)

Ions: H+, PO43-, Na+, OH
Products: Na3PO4(aq) and H2O(l)
Balanced equation: H3PO4(aq) + 3NaOH(aq)  Na3PO4(aq) + 3H2O(l)
(c) Reactants: H2SO4(aq) and Fe(OH)2(aq)
Ions: H+, SO42–, Fe2+, OH
Products: FeSO4(aq) and H2O(l)
Balanced equation: H2SO4(aq) + Fe(OH)2(aq)  FeSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
5.83 Oxygen, O2(g) is always one of the reactants of a combustion reaction.
5.84 Carbon dioxide and water are the usual products of hydrocarbon combustion.
5.85 The combustion reaction products are the oxides of those elements. For metals, we can predict the oxide
formula based on the common charges of the metal ions and the charge of oxide ion, O2. Metals that form
several different cations can form several different oxides.
(a) Cesium only forms a 1+ ion, so the oxide that forms is Cs2O(s).
(b) Lead forms either a 2+ or 4+ ion (Figure 3.24), so the oxides that lead can form are PbO(s) and
PbO2(s).
(c) Aluminum only forms a 3+ ion, so the formula of aluminum oxide is Al2O3(s).
(d) Combustion of hydrogen produces H2O(g).
(e) Carbon produces two different oxides, CO(g) and CO2(g).
5.86 The combustion reaction products are the oxides of those elements. For metals, we can predict the oxide
formula based on the common charges of the metal ions and the charge of oxide ion, O2. Metals that form
several different cations (see Table 3.4) can form several different oxides.
(a) Magnesium only forms a 2+ ion, so the oxide that forms is MgO(s).
(b) Iron forms either a 2+ or 3+ ion, so the oxides that iron can form are FeO(s) and Fe2O3(s).
(c) Lithium only forms a 1+ ion, so the formula of lithium oxide is Li2O(s).
(d) Combustion of S8 produces SO2(g).
(e) Nitrogen produces many different oxides. Some examples are NO and NO2.
5.87 The combustion reaction products of compounds are the oxides of the elements which make up the
compound. In many cases, there are multiple products.
(a) CH4 (and all hydrocarbons) combusts to form oxides of carbon and hydrogen. The products are CO(g)
or CO2(g) and H2O(g).
(b) The combustion of CO results in formation of CO2(g).
(c) The combustion of aluminum metal results in formation of solid aluminum oxide solid, Al2O3(s).
(d) CH3OH (and all compounds containing C, H, and O) combusts to form CO(g) or CO2(g) and H2O(g).
524
5.88 The combustion reaction products of compounds are the oxides of the elements which make up the
compound. In many cases, there are multiple products.
(a) The combustion of sodium metal results in the formation of sodium oxide, Na2O(s).
(b) The combustion of elemental phosphorus results in the formation of diphosphorus pentoxide solid,
P2O5(s).
(c) C3H8 (and all hydrocarbons) combusts to form oxides of carbon and hydrogen. The products are
CO(g) or CO2(g) and H2O(g).
(d) HCO2H (and all compounds containing C, H, and O) combust to form the oxides of carbon and
hydrogen. The products are CO(g) or CO2(g) and H2O(g).
5.89 An electrolyte produces ions when it dissolves in water. A nonelectrolyte does not produce ions when it
dissolves in water.
5.90 Dissolve the solid, then determine whether or not the resulting liquid conducts electricity with an apparatus
such as that depicted in Figure 3.3. If the solid is not soluble in water, melt it and then see if it conducts
electricity.
5.91 Aqueous solutions of soluble ionic compounds, acids, or bases are electrolytes because the substances
produce ions when they dissolve.
(a) NaOH(aq): base; electrolyte
(b) HCl(aq): acid; electrolyte
(c) C12H22O11: not a soluble ionic compound, acid, or base; nonelectrolyte
5.92 Aqueous solutions of soluble ionic compounds, acids, or bases are electrolytes because the substances
produce ions when they dissolve.
(a) CH3CH2OH: not a soluble ionic compound, acid, or base; nonelectrolyte
(b) H2O(l): not a soluble ionic compound, acid, or base; nonelectrolyte
(c) NaCl(aq): soluble ionic compound: electrolyte
5.93 The substance is a nonelectrolyte because it does not appear to have dissociated in the solution. In order to
be an electrolyte, ions must form in the solution.
5.94 Since we started with a single substance and now it has formed multiple species, the substance is probably
an electrolyte that has dissociated into its ions.
5.95 Soluble ionic compounds, acids, and bases produce ions when they dissolve in water.
(a) C6H12O6: not a soluble ionic compound, acid, or base; does not form ions in solution
(b) CH4: not a soluble ionic compound, acid, or base; does not form ions in solution
(c) NaCl: soluble ionic compound; forms Na+ and Cl ions in solution; Na+(aq) and Cl(aq)
5.96 Soluble ionic compounds, acids, or bases produce ions when they dissolve in water.
(a) I2: not a soluble ionic compound, acid, or base; does not form ions in solution
(b) KI: soluble ionic compound; forms K+ and I ions in solution
(a) CH3OH: not a soluble ionic compound, acid, or base; does not form ions in solution
5.97 Molecular equations: We write the chemical formulas for all substances in their complete form (for
example, O2(g), NaCl(aq), Ag(s)).
Ionic Equations: We write the formulas of all soluble salts, strong acids and bases as individual, solvated
ions (for example, NaCl(aq) becomes Na+(aq) and Cl(aq)).
Net ionic equations: We remove all spectator ions from the ionic equation.
5.98 It is necessary to identify substances as electrolytes or nonelectrolytes because electrolytes are written as
separated ions in a net ionic equation. This allows us to identify and eliminate the spectator ions.
525
5.99 Spectator ions are those ions that do not actually participate in the chemical change that occurs during the
reaction. These are the ions that appear both as reactants and as products in an ionic equation.
5.100 We find spectator ions only in ionic equations. We do not write compounds in ionic form in molecular
equations. When we write net ionic equations, we do not include any spectator ions.
5.101 (a) From the solubility rules (Table 5.4) we find that all the substances are soluble ionic compounds
except Ag2SO4 and AgCl, which are insoluble in water.
2NaCl(aq) + Ag2SO4(s)  Na2SO4(aq) + 2AgCl(s) Molecular equation
Then we write the formulas of all soluble ionic compounds as ions, and eliminate the spectator ions.
2Na+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + Ag2SO4(s)  2Na+(aq) + SO42+(aq) + 2AgCl(s) Ionic equation
2Na+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + Ag2SO4(s)  2Na+(aq) + SO42+(aq) + 2AgCl(s)
This leaves the balanced net ionic equation.
2Cl(aq) + Ag2SO4(s)  2AgCl(s) +SO42–(aq) Net ionic equation
(b) From the solubility rules we know that Cu(OH)2 is insoluble, while the other ionic compounds are
soluble. Water is a liquid.
Cu(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CuCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) Molecular equation
Next we write the ionic equation by writing all the aqueous ionic compounds and strong acids (Table
3.10) in ionic form.
Cu(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)  Cu2+ + 2Cl(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Finally, we write the net ionic equation by identifying and eliminating the spectator ions.
Cu(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)  Cu2+ + 2Cl(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Cu(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq)  Cu2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) Net ionic equation
(c) From the solubility rules we know that only BaCl 2 is soluble, while the other ionic compounds are
insoluble.
BaCl2(aq) + Ag2SO4(s)  BaSO4(s) + 2AgCl(s) Molecular equation
Only BaCl2 forms ions in solution. Since none of the products form ions, there are no spectator ions.
Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + Ag2SO4(s)  BaSO4(s) + 2AgCl(s) Net ionic equation
5.102 (a) From the solubility rules (Table 5.4) we find that all the substances are soluble ionic compounds
except Cr(OH)3, which is insoluble.
Cr2(SO4)3(aq) + 6KOH(aq)  2Cr(OH)3(s) + 3K2SO4(aq) Molecular equation
Next we write the ionic equation by separating all the aqueous ionic compounds into their respective
ions.
2Cr3+(aq) + 3SO42–(aq) + 6K+(aq) + 6OH(aq)  2Cr(OH)3(s) + 6K+(aq) + 3SO42–(aq)
Finally, we write the net ionic equation by identifying and eliminating the spectator ions, and reducing
the coefficients as much as possible.
2Cr3+(aq) + 3SO42–(aq) + 6K+(aq) + 6OH(aq)  2Cr(OH)3(s) + 6K+(aq) + 3SO42–(aq)
2Cr3+(aq) + 6OH(aq)  2Cr(OH)3(s)
Cr3+(aq) + 3OH(aq)  Cr(OH)3(s) Net ionic equation
(b) From the solubility rules we find that all the substances are soluble ionic compounds except PbCl 2(s)
and PbCrO4, which are insoluble.
526
K2CrO4(aq) + PbCl2(s)  2KCl(aq) + PbCrO4(s) Molecular equation
Then we write the formulas of all soluble ionic compounds as ions, and eliminate the spectator ions.
2K+(aq) + CrO42(aq) + PbCl2(s)  2K+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + PbCrO4(s)
2K+(aq) + CrO42(aq) + PbCl2(s)  2K+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + PbCrO4(s)
CrO42(aq) + PbCl2(s)  2Cl(aq) + PbCrO4(s) Net ionic equation
(c) From the solubility rules we find that Na2SO3 and Na2SO4 are soluble ionic compounds. Sulfuric acid,
H2SO4, is a strong acid and SO2 is a gas.
Na2SO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq)  Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g) Molecular equation
Next we write the ionic equation by writing all the aqueous ionic compounds and strong acids as
separate ions. Although sulfuric acid is a strong acid, only the first hydrogen atom ionizes completely.
2Na+(aq) + SO32(aq) + 2H+(aq) + SO4(aq)  2Na+ + SO42–(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g)
2Na+(aq) + SO32(aq) + 2H+(aq) + SO42(aq)  2Na+ + SO42–(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g)
SO32(aq) + 2H+(aq)  H2O(l) + SO2(g) Net ionic equation
5.103 From the solution descriptions, we know that there are four ions present in the solution before any
precipitation takes place: Na+, CO32, Ca2+, and Br.
(a) The only possible precipitate is CaCO3 (see Table 5.4). The other combinations represent soluble
compounds.
(b) Na2CO3(aq) + CaBr2(aq)  CaCO3(s) + 2NaBr(aq)
(c) 2Na+(aq) + CO32(aq) + Ca2+(aq) + 2Br(aq)  CaCO3(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Br(aq)
(d) Na+(aq) and Br(aq)
(e) CO32(aq) + Ca2+(aq)  CaCO3(s)
5.104 From the solution descriptions, we know that there are four ions present in the solution before any
precipitation takes place: K+, CrO42, Ba2+, and Cl.
(a) Although most chromates are insoluble, potassium chromate is an exception. The only possible
precipitate is barium chromate, BaCrO4 (see Table 5.4).
(b) K2CrO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq)  BaCrO4(s) + 2KCl(aq)
(c) 2K+(aq) + CrO42(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)  BaCrO4(s) + 2K+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
(d) K+(aq) and Cl(aq)
(e) CrO42(aq) + Ba2+(aq)  BaCrO4(s)
5.105 To write the net ionic equation for this reaction, we start by writing the molecular equation. From the
description in the question we have:
CaCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq)  Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgCl(s) Molecular equation
Next we write the ionic equation by separating the formulas of all the water-soluble ionic compounds into
their respective ions. All the ions written in the equation below are solvated by water.
Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + 2Ag+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)  Ca2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) + 2AgCl(s)
Next we eliminate the spectator ions.
Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + 2Ag+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)  Ca2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) + 2AgCl(s)
2Cl(aq) + 2Ag+(aq)  2AgCl(s)
Because each of the coefficients is divisible by two, we simplify the net ionic equation to:
Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq)  AgCl(s) Net ionic equation
527
A quick way to check the answer is to see if the total charge on the reactant and product sides of the
equation is the same. In this case, the total charge is zero for both the reactants (Ag+ and Cl) and the
products.
5.106 To write the net ionic equation for this reaction, we start by writing the molecular equation. From the
description in the question we have:
Cr2(SO4)3(aq) + 6NaOH(aq)  2Cr(OH)3(s) + 3Na2SO4(aq) Molecular equation
Next we write the ionic equation by separating the formulas of all water-soluble compounds into their
respective ions. All the ions written in the equation below are solvated by water.
2Cr3+(aq) + 3SO42(aq) + 6Na+(aq) + 6OH(aq)  2Cr(OH)3(s) + 6Na+(aq) + 3SO42(aq)
Next we eliminate the spectator ions.
2Cr3+(aq) + 3SO42(aq) + 6Na+(aq) + 6OH(aq)  2Cr(OH)3(s) + 6Na+(aq) + 3SO42(aq)
2Cr3+(aq) + 6OH(aq)  2Cr(OH)3(s)
Because each of the coefficients in this equation is divisible by 2, we simplify the net ionic equation to:
Cr3+(aq) + 3OH(aq)  Cr(OH)3(s) Net ionic equation
equation is the same. In this case, the total charge is zero for both the reactants (the Cr3+ is balanced by the
three negative charges of OH) and the products.
5.107 The reactants are sodium metal (you can tell from its well ordered structure) and H 2O(l). The products are
Na+, OH, and H2. Na+ and OH are ions dissolved in water. Molecular hydrogen is a gas. The balanced
ionic equation is:
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l)  2Na+(aq) + 2OH(aq) + H2(g)
There are no spectator ions, so the balanced net ionic equation and the balanced ionic equations are
identical.
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l)  2Na+(aq) + 2OH(aq) + H2(g) Net ionic equation
5.108 Copper and aqueous silver nitrate participate in a single displacement reaction because copper is more
active than silver (Figure 5.21). We know that copper nitrate dissolves in water from the diagram, because
the ions are separated.
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)  2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) Molecular equation
Next we write the ionic equation by showing all the soluble ionic compounds in their ionic forms.
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)  2Ag(s) + Cu2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)
Eliminating spectator ions we have:
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)  2Ag(s) + Cu2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq)  2Ag(s) + Cu2+(aq) Net ionic equation
equation is the same. In this case, the total charge is 2+ on both the reactant and product sides.
5.109 (a) First we write the molecular equation and determine the solubility of ionic reactants and products
(Table 5.4).
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)  Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s) Molecular equation
Next we write the ionic equation by writing all the aqueous ionic compounds in ionic form.
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)  Cu2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) + 2Ag(s)
528
Finally, we eliminate the spectator ions and write the net ionic equation.
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)  Cu2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) + 2Ag(s)
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq)  Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) Net ionic equation
(b) First we write the molecular equation and determine the solubility of ionic reactants and products
(Table 5.4).
FeO(aq) + 2HCl(aq)  FeCl2(aq) + H2O(l) Molecular equation
Next we write the ionic equation by writing all the aqueous ionic compounds and strong acids
(Table 3.10) in ionic form.
Fe2+(aq) + O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + Cl(aq)  Fe2+(aq) + 2Cl (aq) + H2O(l)
Fe2+(aq) + O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)  Fe2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + H2O(l)
O2(aq) + 2H+(aq)  H2O(l) Net ionic equation
5.110 (a) First we write the molecular equation and determine the solubility of ionic reactants and products
(Table 5.4).
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) Molecular equation
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l)  Ca2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) + H2(g)
There are no spectator ions, so the balanced net ionic equation and the balanced ionic equations are
identical.
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l)  Ca2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) + H2(g) Net ionic equation
(b) First we write the molecular equation and determine the solubility of ionic reactants and products
(Table 5.4).
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq) Molecular equation
Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + SO42 (aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl (aq) Ionic equation
Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + SO42–(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq)  BaSO4(s) Net ionic equation
determine the states for the products. If one or both products is insoluble, is a gas, or is a molecule (for
example, water), a reaction takes place.
(a) Reactants: Sr(NO3)2(aq) and H2SO4(aq)
Ions: Sr2+, NO3–, H+, SO42–
Products: SrSO4 and HNO3
Solubility (Table 5.4, Table 3.10): Sr(NO3)2(aq), H2SO4(aq), SrSO4(s), HNO3(aq)
Sr(NO3)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq)  SrSO4(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Molecular equation
Next we write the ionic equation by separating all the aqueous ionic compounds and strong acids into
their respective ions.
Sr2+ + 2NO3–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + SO42(aq)  SrSO4(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq)
Finally, we eliminate the spectator ions:
529
Sr2+ + 2NO3–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + SO42(aq)  SrSO4(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq)
Sr2+(aq) + SO42(aq)  SrSO4(s) Net ionic equation
(b) Reactants: Zn(NO3)2 and Na2SO4

Ions: Zn2+, NO3–, Na+, SO42–
Products: ZnSO4 and NaNO3
Solubility: Both products are aqueous ionic compounds.
The products do not precipitate. In addition, no molecular products are formed. No reaction takes
place.
(c) Reactants: CuSO4(aq) and BaS(s)

Ions: Cu2+, SO42, Ba2+, S2
Products: CuS and BaSO4
Solubility: CuSO4(aq), BaS(s), CuS(s), BaSO4(s)
CuSO4(aq) + BaS(s)  CuS(s) + BaSO4(s) Molecular equation
ions.
Cu2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + BaS(s)  CuS(s) + BaSO4(s) Ionic & net ionic equation
Since only one reactant is soluble, there are no spectator ions, so the ionic and net ionic equations are
the same.
(d) Reactants: NaHCO3and HCH3CO2

Ions: Na+, HCO3, H+, and CH3CO2 (see note below)
Products: NaCH3CO2 and H2CO3 (decomposes to H2O(l) and CO2(g)
Solubility: NaHCO3(aq), HCH3CO2(aq), NaCH3CO2(aq): Acids are generally soluble. Other
solubilities are obtained from Table 5.4.
A reaction takes place because of the formation of water and carbon dioxide.
NaHCO3(aq) + CH3CO2H (aq)  NaCH3CO2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) Molecular equation
ions. Note that HCH3CO2 is a weak acid and does not completely ionize, however when it is ionized,
H+ and CH3CO2 are formed and we use this information to predict what products are formed.
Na+(aq) + HCO3(aq) + HCH3CO2(aq)  Na+(aq) + CH3CO2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Finally, we eliminate the spectator ions.
Na+(aq) + HCO3(aq) + HCH3CO2(aq)  Na+(aq) + CH3CO2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
HCO3(aq) + CH3CO2H (aq)  CH3CO2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) Net Ionic Equation
(a) Reactants: (NH4)2CO3 and CrCl3
Ions: NH4+, CO32, Cr3+, Cl
Products: NH4Cl and Cr2(CO3)3
Solubility: (NH4)2CO3(aq), CrCl3(aq), NH4Cl(aq), Cr2(CO3)3(s)
3(NH4)2CO3(aq) + 2CrCl3(aq)  6NH4Cl(aq) + Cr2(CO3)3(s) Molecular equation
ions.
6NH4+(aq) + 3CO32(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 6Cl(aq)  6NH4+(aq) + 6Cl(aq) + Cr2(CO3)3(s)
530
6NH4+(aq) + 3CO32(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 6Cl(aq)  6NH4+(aq) + 6Cl(aq) + Cr2(CO3)3(s)
3CO32(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq)  Cr2(CO3)3(s) Net ionic equation
(b) Reactants: Ba(OH)2 and HCl(aq)

Ions: Ba2+, OH, H+, Cl
Products: BaCl2 and H2O
Solubility (Table 5.4, Table 3.10): Ba(OH)2(aq), HCl(aq), BaCl2(aq), H2O(l)
Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq)  BaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) Molecular equation
Note that this is an acid-base reaction. The driving force for this reaction is the formation of water,
which is a molecular compound. Next we write the ionic equation by separating all the aqueous ionic
compounds and strong acids into their respective ions.
Ba2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)  Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Ba2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)  Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + 2H2O(l)
2OH(aq) + 2H+(aq)  2H2O(l)
We can reduce the coefficients by dividing each by 2.
OH(aq) + H+(aq)  H2O(l) Net ionic equation
(c) Reactants: FeCl3 and NaOH

Ions: Fe3+, Cl, Na+, OH
Products: Fe(OH)3 and NaCl
Solubility (Table 5.4): FeCl3(aq), NaOH(aq), Fe(OH)3(s), NaCl(aq)
FeCl3(aq) + 3NaOH(aq)  Fe(OH)3(s) + 3NaCl(aq) Molecular equation
ions.
Fe3+(aq) + 3Cl(aq) + 3Na+(aq) + 3OH(aq)  Fe(OH)3(s) + 3Na+(aq) + 3Cl(aq)
Fe3+(aq) + 3Cl(aq) + 3Na+(aq) + 3OH(aq)  Fe(OH)3(s) + 3Na+(aq) + 3Cl(aq)
Fe3+(aq) + 3OH(aq)  Fe(OH)3(s) Net ionic equation
(d) Reactants: Ca(HCO3)2 and HNO3

Ions: Ca2+, HCO3, H+, NO3
Products: Ca(NO3)2 and H2CO3 which decomposes to CO2(g) and H2O(l))
Solubility (Table 5.4): Ca(HCO3)2(aq), HNO3(aq), Ca(NO3)2(aq); Acids are generally soluble. Other
solubilities are obtained from Table 5.3.
A reaction takes place because of the formation of liquid water and carbon dioxide gas
Ca(HCO3)2(aq) + 2HNO3(aq)  Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) Molecular equation
ions.
Ca2+(aq) + 2 HCO3(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)  Ca2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)+ 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Ca2+(aq) + 2 HCO3(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)  Ca2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) + 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
2 HCO3(aq) + 2H+(aq)  2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
This coefficients can be reduced by dividing by 2.
531
HCO3(aq) + H+(aq)  CO2(g) + H2O(l) Net ionic equation
5.113 Because we are starting with 2 reactants and forming 1 product, this is a combination reaction (Table 5.1).
5.114 Malachite’s formula suggests that we consider the decomposition of each of its components. The
decomposition of CuCO3 produces the metal oxide and carbon dioxide gas (Table 5.2). The balanced
equation for this reaction is:
CuCO3(s)  CuO(s) + CO2(g)
The decomposition of Cu(OH)2 produces copper oxide and water vapor.
Cu(OH)2  CuO(s) + H2O(g)
Combining the two reactions we have:
CuCO3Cu(OH)2(s)  2CuO(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)
(a) Reactants: ZnSO4(aq) and Ba(NO3)2(aq)
Ions: Zn2+, SO42–, Ba2+, NO3–
Products: BaSO4 and Zn(NO3)2
Solubility (Table 5.4): BaSO4(s) and Zn(NO3)2(aq)
ZnSO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)  BaSO4(s) + Zn(NO3)2(aq) Balanced
(b) Reactants: Ca(NO3)2(aq) and K3PO4(aq)

Ions: Ca2+, NO3–, K+, PO43-
Products: Ca3(PO4)2 and KNO3
Solubility (Table 5.4): Ca3(PO4)2(s) and KNO3(aq)
3Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2K3PO4(aq)  Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6KNO3(aq) Balanced
(c) Reactants: ZnSO4(aq) and BaCl2(aq)
Ions: Zn2+, SO42–, Ba2+, Cl
Products: ZnCl2 and BaSO4
Solubility (Table 5.4): ZnCl2(aq) and BaSO4(s)
ZnSO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq)  BaSO4(s) + ZnCl2(aq) Balanced
(d) Reactants: KOH(aq) and MgCl2(aq)
Ions: K+, OH, Mg2+, Cl
Products: KCl and Mg(OH)2
Solubility (Table 5.4): KCl(aq) and Mg(OH)2(s)
2KOH(aq) + MgCl2(aq)  2KCl(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s) Balanced
(e) Reactants: CuSO4(aq) and BaS(aq)
Ions: Cu2+, SO42–, Ba2+, S2
Products: CuS and BaSO4
Solubility (Table 5.4): CuS(s) and BaSO4(s)
CuSO4(aq) + BaS(aq)  CuS(s) + BaSO4(s) Balanced
5.116 (a) NaOH is a base, so it will react with HCl to form a salt and water in an acid-base reaction.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
(b) Zn is a metal that is more active than H2. Therefore, it reacts with HCl to form an ionic compound and
hydrogen gas in a single displacement reaction. Water is not formed during the reaction.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)  ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
532
(c) CaCO3 reacts with HCl to form carbonic acid, which decomposes to form water and carbon dioxide
gas.
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + H2CO3(aq) H2CO3 decomposes
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
(d) Cu(OH)2 is a base, so it will react with HCl to form a salt and water in an acid-base reaction.
Cu(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
5.117 Potassium and sodium are in the same family (Group IA (1)), so we expect that they will react similarly
with water. Water reacts with potassium to form potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
2K(s) + 2H2O(l)  2KOH(aq) + H2(g)
5.118 Both are solids prior to adding to water. Let’s describe the dissolving of NaCl in detail. The solid is placed
in the water. As the solid dissolves, the Na + and Cl ions separate and become aqueous. For every formula
unit of NaCl that dissolves one sodium ion and one chloride ion form. Overall, the solution remains
neutral. As Cu(NO3)2 dissolves, the Cu2+ and NO3 ions separate and become aqueous. For every formula
unit of Cu(NO3)2 that dissolves, one copper ion and two nitrate ions form. Although the numbers of ions
that form are different, the overall charge in the solution is still balanced. Because compounds containing
nitrate and/or chloride ions are generally soluble, we don’t expect to see any precipitation from the
solution.
5.119 A precipitate of silver chloride will form if a compound which forms chloride ions is added to the solution.
(a) Molecular chlorine does not form chloride ions when placed in water, so we don’t expect to see a
precipitate.
(b) When sodium chloride is added to water, it dissolves, forming sodium and chloride ions. A precipitate
of AgCl(s) should form.
(c) Lead chloride is not soluble in water, so we cannot expect there to be enough Cl– ions added to the
solution to cause AgCl to precipitate.
(d) Carbon tetrachloride is a molecular compound; it does not form chloride ions when added to water.
The only molecular compounds that produce ions are acids and bases.
5.120 We could carefully add sodium sulfate, Na2SO4, to the solution. As we add this solution, we would expect
the following precipitation reaction to take place:
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq) Molecular equation
Since the sulfate ions precipitate out of the solution, the end result is a solution composed of sodium and
chloride ions. This is clearer if we develop the net ionic equation:
Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + SO42(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) Ionic equation
Next we identify and eliminate the spectator ions:
Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + SO42(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
Finally, we write the net ionic equation:
Ba2+(aq) + SO42(aq)  BaSO4(s) Net ionic equation
There are two important conclusions to make. First, the sulfate precipitates and does not remain in the
solution. Second, the spectator ions, Na+ and Cl, remain in the solution. As a result, no new ions remain
in the solution following precipitation.
5.121 Certain combinations of strong acid and strong base produce the net ionic equation:
H+(aq) + OH(aq)  H2O(l)
Some examples are solutions of HCl and NaOH, HNO3 and KOH, HCl and KOH. This reaction occurs
because strong acids and bases completely ionize in aqueous solution. For example:
533
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) Molecular equation
H+(aq) + Cl(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH(aq)  Na+(aq) + Cl(aq) + H2O(l) Ionic equation
H+(aq) + OH(aq)  H2O(l) Net ionic equation
5.122 Any metal that is higher than cobalt in the activity series (Figure 5.21) can be used to plate cobalt from
solution. However, if we use metals that are too active, they will also react with water (which is not very
efficient). Good choices would be iron, zinc, or aluminum.
5.123 No reaction takes place because copper is less active than iron (Figure 5.21).
5.124 We can look at Table 5.4 to find an anion that will make an insoluble compound with lead(II) but be
soluble with copper(II). Most sulfates are soluble but lead(II) sulfate is insoluble. If we add sodium sulfate,
the lead(II) ions will precipitate as lead(II) sulfate leaving the copper(II) ions in solution. Next we look for
an insoluble compound of copper(II). There are several including copper(II) hydroxide. Adding sodium
hydroxide to the solution will precipitate the copper(II) ions as copper(II) hydroxide.
5.125 To show that KI is a strong electrolyte, we must show that it is an ionic solid that separates into its ions in
solution. To show that CO is a nonelectrolyte, we must show that the CO molecules do not form ions in
solution. Some representative images are shown below.
Solution of KI Solution of CO
K+, I CO
5.126 See Table 5.2.

(a) Decomposition reactions can be used to produce oxygen gas.
2HgO(s)  2Hg(l) + O2(g)
2H2O2 (aq)  2H2O(l) + O2(g)
(b) Single displacement reactions with very active metals with water produce hydrogen gas.
2Li(s) + 2H2O(l)  2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)
(c) Decomposition of metal chlorides can be used to produce chlorine gas.
PtCl4(s)  Pt(s) + 2Cl2(g)
5.127 We can select any metal higher in the activity series (Figure 5.21). (a) Al; (b) Zn; (c) Mg; (d) Sn
5.128 We can identify the solutions by testing them with various active metals. Lead has the lowest activity.
When we place a drop of each solution on a piece of lead foil, only the copper sulfate solution will react.
Lead nitrate does not react. Next, we can place a drop of the three remaining solutions on a piece of tin foil
(Sn). Of the three remaining solutions, only the lead nitrate solution will react. Finally, we can place a
534
drop of each of the two remaining solutions on a piece of zinc. Only the iron sulfate solution will react.
The solution that remains is aluminum sulfate.
5.129 We can apply the solubility rules (Table 5.4) to separate ions.
(a) Adding a potassium chromate solution will cause iron(III) chromate to precipitate, leaving Al3+ in
solution.
(b) Adding a sodium sulfate solution will cause barium sulfate to precipitate, leaving Mg2+ in solution.
(c) Adding a silver perchlorate solution will cause silver chloride to precipitate, leaving NO3 in solution.
(d) Adding water will cause MgSO4 to dissolve, separating it from solid barium sulfate.
5.130 Copper probably reacts with oxygen to form copper(II) oxide as described by the following equation:
2Cu(s) + O2(g)  2CuO(s)
In the presence of water, the oxide forms the hydroxide:
CuO(s) + H2O(l)  Cu(OH)2(s)
The reaction of CuO with CO2 produces CuCO3:
CuO(s) + CO2(g)  CuCO3(s)
5.131 We can look at Table 5.4, the solubility rules, to find an anion that will make an insoluble compound with
Ag+ but be soluble with Ba2+. Most chlorides are soluble but AgCl is insoluble. If we add sodium chloride
(NaCl), the Ag+ ions will precipitate as AgCl leaving the Ba2+ ions in solution. Next we look for an
insoluble compound of Ba2+. There are several, including BaSO4. Adding sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) to the
solution will precipitate the Ba2+ ions as BaSO4.
5.132 The reaction of a base, in this case Mg(OH)2, with an acid, HCl, is a double- displacement, neutralization
reaction. The products are a salt (i.e. ionic compound) and water. Just as with precipitation reactions we:
1) determine the ion formulas, 2) predict the products based on ion charges, and 3) determine the states of
the products. Acid-base reactions are usually driven by the formation of water (a molecular compound).
We must use the solubility rules to determine whether or not the salt will dissolve in water.
Reactants: Mg(OH)2(s) and HCl(aq)
Ions: Mg2+, OH, H+, Cl
Products: MgCl2(aq) and H2O(l)
Balanced equation: Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
5.133 In a single-displacement reaction, one free element displaces another element from a compound. For
example, a metal displaces an ion of another metal, or a nonmetal displaces an ion of another nonmetal. To
determine whether a reaction occurs, we compare the activities of the metals involved (Figure 5.21). If the
metal is more active than the metal whose ion appears in the compound, a reaction occurs. Nickel is more
active than copper, so we expect a reaction to occur. In the lab we would observe the formation of copper
on the surface of the nickel metal. The Cu2+ ions in solution give it a blue color while nickel ions give no
color to the solution. As the Cu2+ ions react to form solid copper, the blue color of the solution would
become lighter. As the nickel atoms form nickel ions they are removed from the surface of the metal.
Over time we might observe that the nickel metal will appear to disintegrate.
example, a metal displaces an ion of another metal, or a nonmetal displaces an ion of another nonmetal. To
determine whether a reaction occurs, we compare the activities of the metals involved (Figure 5.21). If the
metal is more active than the metal whose ion appears in the compound, a reaction occurs. Silver is less
reactive than copper, so we expect no reaction to occur.
5.135 Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions are both clear and colorless. They react in a double-
displacement, neutralization reaction in which aqueous sodium chloride and water are formed. Aqueous
535
sodium chloride is also clear and colorless so there wouldn’t be an observable change unless we inserted a
thermometer. We would notice a change in temperature due to the formation of water. The formation of
more water molecules in an environment that already has a lot of water would not produce a noticeable
change in volume.
5.136 Using the solubility rules (Table 5.4) as a guide, we could identify a soluble compound containing the
barium ion and one containing the sulfate ion such that when combined they would react in a double-
displacement, precipitation reaction in which insoluble barium sulfate is formed along with a soluble
compound. Since all nitrates are soluble, an aqueous solution of barium nitrate could serve as a source of
barium ion. Sodium sulfate could serve as a source of sulfate ion. Mixing the two solutions would produce
solid barium sulfate and aqueous sodium nitrate:
Ba(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
The solid barium sulfate can be separated from the solution by filtration.
5.137 We start by writing the skeletal equation:

3C 8H 2O 1C 2H 3O
In the combustion reactions of hydrocarbons it is usually easiest to begin by balancing the carbon and leave
the balancing of oxygen for the last step. This follows the general concepts of balancing the atoms that
appear in the smallest number of substances first (you could have also started with hydrogen) and balancing
the substances appearing as pure elements last. Start with a coefficient of 3 in front of CO 2.
C3H8(g) + O2(g)  3CO2(g) + H2O(g) Unbalanced
3C 8H 2O 3C 2H 5O
To balance the hydrogen, we use a coefficient of 4 for H 2O

C3H8(g) + O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) Unbalanced
3C 8H 2O 3C 8H 10 O
To balance the oxygen, we use a coefficient of 5 for O2

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) Balanced
3C 8H 10 O 3C 8H 10 O
example, a metal displaces an ion of another metal, or a nonmetal displaces an ion of another nonmetal. In
this case a metal displaces hydrogen from water producing an ionic compound and elemental hydrogen.
To write a balanced equation we: 1) determine the ion formulas if ionic compounds are involved, 2) predict
the products based on ion charges if applicable, and 3) determine the states of the products.
Reactants: Mg(s) and H2O(l)
Ions produced: Mg2+, OH
Products: Mg(OH)2(s) and H2(g)
Balanced equation: Mg(s) + 2H2O(l)  Mg(OH)2(s) + H2(l)
536
5.139 During this reaction atoms of elemental copper with a charge of zero are converted to Cu2+ ions. Each
copper atom that reacts loses two electrons. As a copper atom loses electrons, Ag + ions are converted to
neutral silver atoms. Each silver ion that reacts gains one electron.
5.140 Barium sulfate is insoluble in water according to the solubility rules (Table 5.4). As an insoluble
compound, toxic barium ions are not freely moving through our bodies to be absorbed into cells. Instead,
the compound passes through the body with very little residual barium left behind.
5.141 (a) C4H10(g) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(g)

Start with an atom count: Reactants: 4 C, 10 H, 2 O Products: 1 C, 2 H, 3 O
First balance the carbon atoms by placing a coefficient in front of carbon dioxide:
C4H10(g) + O2(g)  4CO2(g) + H2O(g)
New atom count: Reactants: 4 C, 10 H, 2 O Products: 4 C, 2 H, 9 O
Now balance the hydrogen atoms by changing the coefficient of water:
C4H10(g) + O2(g)  4CO2(g) + 5H2O(g)
Now balance the oxygen atoms by changing the coefficient of oxygen:
C4H10(g) + 13/2O2(g)  4CO2(g) + 5H2O(g)
Finally, we multiply through by 2 to remove the fractions:
2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g)  8CO2(g) + 10H2O(g)
The equation is now balanced.
(b) C2H5OH(l) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(g)

C2H5OH(l) + O2(g)  2CO2(g) + H2O(g)
C2H5OH(l) + O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
(c) HCO2H(l) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(g)

The carbon and hydrogen atoms are balanced, so we balance the oxygen atoms by placing a coefficient in
front of water:
HCO2H(l) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
The hydrogen atoms are no longer balanced, so change the coefficient of formic acid:
2HCO2H(l) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
Now balance the carbon and oxygen atoms by changing the coefficient of carbon dioxide:
2HCO2H(l) + O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
(d) C5H12(l) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(g)

C5H12(l) + O2(g)  5CO2(g) + H2O(g)
537
C5H12(l) + O2(g)  5CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
C5H12(l) + 8O2(g)  5CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
(e) CH3OCH3(g) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(g)

CH3OCH3(g) + O2(g)  2CO2(g) + H2O(g)
CH3OCH3(g) + O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
CH3OCH3(g) + 3O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
CONCEPT REVIEW
5.142 Answer: D; both occur on the right side of the arrow so they are products
A. both are reactants

B. sulfuric acid is a reactant; iron(II) sulfate is a product
C. iron(II) oxide is a reactant; water is a product
E. iron(II) oxide is a reactant; iron(II) sulfate is a product
5.143 Answer: A; Conservation of matter requires that the total number of atoms does not change.
B. 2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(g) produces heat (Figure 5.5), so the temperature changes.
C. Fe(s) + CuCl2(aq)  FeCl2(aq) + Cu(s) changes the color of the solution from blue to colorless (Figure
5.2).
D. 2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(g) has three molecules as reactants and two molecules as products.
E. 2HgO(s)  2Hg(l) + O2(g) has a solid changing to a liquid plus a gas.
5.144 Answer: C; the color change results from dilution of the green substance to give a lighter green.
A. Based on the solubility rules, the white solid is AgCl:

AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)  AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
B. The gray coating is silver metal and the blue solution contains copper(II) nitrate:
2AgNO3(aq) + Cu(s)  2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)
D. The colorless gas is hydrogen (see the activity series in Figure 5.21):
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)  ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
E. This is a combination reaction, forming water: 2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(g)
5.145 Answer: A; the image shows an equal number of the two reactants.
B. There should be a 1:2 ratio of the two reactants. Possibilities are 1 N 2, 2 Cl2 or 2 N2, 4 Cl2 or 3 N2, 6
Cl2, etc.
538
Introduction to Chemistry 4th Edition Bauer Solutions Manual
C. There should be a 1:2 ratio of the two reactants. Possibilities are 1 N 2, 2 O2 or 2 N2, 4 O2 or 3 N2, 6 O2,
etc.
D. There should be a 1:3 ratio of the two reactants. Possibilities are 1 N 2, 3 H2 or 2 N2, 6 H2 or 3 N2, 9 H2,
etc.
E. There should be a 1:3 ratio of the two reactants. Possibilities are 1 N 2, 3 O2 or 2 N2, 6 O2 or 3 N2, 9 O2,
etc.
5.146 Answer: B; this is the correct formula for sodium chloride and the atoms are balanced.
A. The formula for sodium chloride is incorrect since the sodium ion has a charge of +1 and the chloride
ion has a charge of –1. The equation is not balanced.
C. The formula for sodium chloride is incorrect since the sodium ion has a charge of +1 and the chloride
D. The formula for sodium chloride is incorrect since the sodium ion has a charge of +1 and the chloride
E. The equation is balanced, but the formula for sodium chloride is not the simplest formula.
5.147 Answer: E since a compound is converted to another compound and an element.

The reverse of this reaction would be a combination reaction.
5.148 Answer D; a metal reacting with a metal compound can potentially undergo a single-displacement reaction;
the activity series in Figure 5.21 indicates that magnesium is a more active metal than nickel, so the
reaction should occur.
A. The formulas of these two compounds are incorrect; the common charge of these metal ions is +2, not
+1.
B. It would be impossible to balance the reaction with these products, since there would be more ionic
charge on one side of the equation than on the other.
C. If the nickel(II) ion is going to change to the metal, the magnesium must change to its cation.
E. The arguments for the correct answer eliminate this possibility.
5.149 Answer: A, B, and D; all of these choices represent the reaction of a substance with oxygen gas.
C. Either change S to O2 or change H2 to O2.

E. Either change H2 to O2 or change Cl2 to O2.
5.150 Answer: D since CaCO3 is an insoluble compound according to the solubility rules.
A. Lithium carbonate is soluble, while calcium carbonate is insoluble, so this does not represent the
chemical change.
B. Lithium chloride is soluble, while calcium carbonate is insoluble, so this does not represent the
chemical change. In addition, the equation does not use the smallest possible coefficients.
C. Lithium chloride is soluble, while calcium carbonate is insoluble, so this does not represent the
chemical change.
E. The equation is balanced, but it is a “molecular” equation, not a net ionic equation.
5.151 Answer: A since the net ionic equation is Br–(aq) + Ag+(aq)  AgBr(s).
B. Br– is not a spectator ion since it is involved in the formation of the precipitate.
C. Ag+ is not a spectator ion since it is involved in the formation of the precipitate.
D. Br– is not a spectator ion since it is involved in the formation of the precipitate.
E. NO3– is a spectator ion, but this answer ignores that Co2+ is also a spectator ion.
539
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square-shouldered, broad-chested:—with arms muscular as those of
a gladiator;[1234] highly-arched feet which looked made for the
stirrup;[1235]—a large, but not disproportionate head, round and well-
shaped, and covered with close-cropped hair of the tawny hue which
Fulk the Red seems to have transmitted to so many of his
descendants:[1236] a face which one of his courtiers describes as
“lion-like”[1237] and another as “a countenance of fire”[1238]—a face,
as we can see even in its sculptured effigy on his tomb, full of
animation, energy and vigour;—a freckled skin;[1239] somewhat
prominent grey eyes, clear and soft when he was in a peaceable
mood, but bloodshot and flashing like balls of fire when the demon-
spirit of his race was aroused within him:—[1240] Henry, his people
might guess almost at a glance, was no mirror of courtly chivalry and
elegance, but a man of practical, vigorous and rapid action. He
inherited as little of Geoffrey’s personal refinement as of his physical
grace. When the young duke of the Normans had first appeared in
England, his shoulders covered with a little short cape such as was
then usually worn in Anjou, the English knights, who since his
grandfather’s time had been accustomed to wear long cloaks
hanging down to the ground, were struck by the novelty of his attire
and nicknamed him “Henry Curtmantel.”[1241] When once the
Angevin fashion was transferred to the English court, however, there
was nothing in Henry’s dress to distinguish him from his servants,
unless it were its very lack of display and elegance; his clothing and
headgear were of the plainest kind; and how little care he took of his
person was shewn by his rough coarse hands, never gloved except
when he went hawking.[1242] In his later years he was accused of
extreme parsimony;[1243] even as a young man, he clearly had no
pleasure in pomp or luxury of any kind. He was very temperate in
meat and drink;[1244] over-indulgence in that respect seems indeed
never to have been one of the habitual sins of the house of Anjou;
and whatever complex elements may have had a part in his
innermost moral constitution, in temper and tastes Henry was an
Angevin of the Angevins. His restlessness seems to have outdone
that of Fulk Nerra himself. He was always up and doing; if a dream
of ease crossed him even in sleep, he spurned it angrily from him;
[1245] he gave himself no peace, and as a natural consequence, he
gave none to those around him. When not at war, he was constantly
practising its mimicry with hawk and hound; his passion for the
chase—a double inheritance, from his father and from his mother’s
Norman ancestors—was so great as to be an acknowledged scandal
in all eyes.[1246] He would mount his horse at the first streak of
dawn, come back in the evening after a day’s hard riding across hill,
moor and forest, and then tire out his companions by keeping them
on their feet until nightfall.[1247] His own feet were always swollen
and bruised from his violent riding; yet except at meals and on
horseback, he was never known to be seated.[1248] In public or in
private, in council or in church, he stood or walked from morning till
night.[1249] At church, indeed, he was especially restless; unmindful
of the sacred unction which had made him king, he evidently
grudged the time taken from secular occupations for attendance
upon religious duties, and would either discuss affairs of state in a
whisper[1250] or relieve his impatience by drawing little pictures all
through the most solemn of holy rites.[1251] His English or Norman
courtiers, unaccustomed to deal with the demon-blood of Anjou,
vainly endeavoured to account for an activity which remained
undiminished when they were all half dead with exhaustion, and
attributed it to his dread of becoming disabled by corpulence, to
which he had a strong natural tendency.[1252] A good deal of it,
however, was probably due to sheer physical restlessness and
superabundant physical energy; and a good deal more to the
irrepressible outward working of an extraordinarily active mind.
[1229] “Vir . . . quem miles diligenter inspectum accurrebant

[accurrebat?] inspicere.” W. Map, De Nugis Curialium, dist. v. c. 6
(Wright, p. 227).
[1230] Ibid. Gir. Cambr. De Instr. Princ., dist. ii. c. 29 (Angl.

Christ. Soc., p. 71). Peter of Blois, Ep. lxvi. (Giles, vol. i. p. 193).
[1231] Pet. Blois as above.

[1232] Gir. Cambr. as above.
[1233] W. Map as above.
[1234] Gir. Cambr. as above (p. 70). Pet. Blois as above.
[1236] Ibid. Gir. Cambr. as above.
[1238] Gir. Cambr. as above.
[1239] See how Merlin’s prophecy about “fortem lentiginosum”

was applied to him, Gir. Cambr. Itin. Kambr., l. i. c. 6 (Dimock,
vol. vi. p. 62).
[1240] Gir. Cambr. De Instr. Princ., dist. ii. c. 29 (Angl. Christ.

Soc., p. 70). Pet. Blois as above.
[1241] Gir. Cambr. De Instr. Princ., dist. iii. c. 28 (Angl. Christ.

Soc., p. 157).
[1242] Pet. Blois, Ep. lxvi. (Giles, vol. i. pp. 193, 194).
[1243] See Ralf Niger (Anstruther), p. 169. Ralf, however, was

a bitter enemy. Gerald on the other hand seems to draw, and to
imply that Henry drew, a distinction between official and personal
expenditure: “Parcimoniæ, quoad principi licuit, per omnia datus.”
De Instr. Princ., dist. ii. c. 29 (Angl. Christ. Soc., p. 70). “Largus in
publico, parcus in privato” (ib. p. 71).
[1244] Gir. Cambr. as above (p. 70). Pet. Blois as above (p.
195). W. Map, De Nug. Cur., dist. v. c. 6 (Wright, p. 231).
[1245] W. Map as above (p. 227).
[1246] Ibid. Gir. Cambr. as above (p. 71). Pet. Blois as above
(p. 194).

Soc., p. 71).
[1248] Ibid. Pet. Blois, Ep. lxvi. (Giles, vol. i. p. 194).

[1250] Gir. Cambr. as above (p. 72).
[1251] “Oratorium ingressus, picturæ et susurro vacabat.” R.

Niger (Anstruther), p. 169. It is only fair to add that some of the
highest clergy of the day were just as unscrupulous as the king
about talking business during mass. See, e.g., Chron. de Bello
(Angl. Christ. Soc.), pp. 73, 74; and there are plenty of other
examples.
[1252] W. Map, De Nug. Cur., dist. v. c. 6 (Wright, p. 227).
It was no light matter to be in attendance upon such a king. His

clerks, some playfully, some in all seriousness, compared his court
to the infernal regions.[1253] His habit of constantly moving about
from one place to another—a habit which he retained to the very end
of his life—was in itself sufficiently trying to those who had to
transact business with him, and was made positively exasperating by
his frequent and sudden changes of plan. “He shunned regular hours
like poison.”[1254] “Solomon saith,” wrote his secretary Peter of Blois
to him once, after vainly striving to track him across land and sea,
“Solomon saith there be three things difficult to be found out, and a
fourth which may hardly be discovered: the way of an eagle in the
air; the way of a ship in the sea; the way of a serpent on the ground;
and the way of a man in his youth. I can add a fifth: the way of a king
in England.”[1255] In a letter to his old comrades of the court Peter
gives a detailed account of the discomforts brought upon them by
Henry’s erratic movements. “If the king has promised to spend the
day in a place—more especially, if his intention so to do has been
publicly proclaimed by a herald—you may be quite sure he will upset
everybody’s arrangements by starting off early in the morning. Then
you may see men rushing about as if they were mad, beating their
packhorses, driving their chariots one into another—in short, such a
turmoil as to present you with a lively image of the infernal regions.
If, on the other hand, the king announces that he will set out early in
the morning for a certain place, he is sure to change his mind; you
may take it for granted that he will sleep till noon. Then you shall see
the packhorses waiting with their burthens, the chariots standing
ready, the couriers dozing, the purveyors worrying, and all grumbling
one at another. Folk run to the women and the tent-keepers to
inquire of them whither the king is really going; for this sort of
courtiers often know the secrets of the palace. Many a time when the
king was asleep and all was silent around, there has come a
message from his lodging, not authoritative, but rousing us all up,
and naming the city or town whither he was about to proceed. After
waiting so long in dreary uncertainty, we were comforted by a
prospect of being quartered in a place where there was a fair chance
of accommodation. Thereupon arose such a clatter of horse and foot
that hell seemed to have broken loose. But when our couriers had
gone the whole day’s ride, or nearly so, the king would turn aside to
some other place where he had perhaps one single house, and just
enough provision for himself and none else. I hardly dare say it,”
adds the sorely-tried secretary, “but I verily believe he took a delight
in seeing the straits to which he put us! After wandering a distance of
three or four miles in an unknown wood, and often in the dark, we
thought ourselves lucky if we stumbled upon some dirty little hovel;
there was often grievous and bitter strife about a mere hut; and
swords were drawn for the possession of a lodging which pigs would
not have deemed worth fighting for. I used to get separated from my
people, and could hardly collect them again in three days. O Lord
God Almighty! wilt Thou not turn the heart of this king, that he may
know himself to be but man, and may learn to shew some grace of
regal consideration, some human fellow-feeling, for those whom not
ambition, but necessity, compels to run after him thus?”[1256]
[1253] W. Map, De Nug. Cur., dist. i. c. 2 (pp. 5, 6); dist. v. c. 7

(p. 238). Pet. Blois, Ep. xiv. (Giles, vol. i. p. 50).
[1254] R. Niger (Anstruther), p. 169.
[1255] Pet. Blois, Ep. xli. (Giles, vol. i. p. 125). Arnulf of Lisieux
makes a like complaint in a more serious tone: Arn. Lis., Ep. 92
(Giles, p. 247). See also the remark of Louis of France on
Henry’s expedition to Ireland in 1172: R. Diceto (Stubbs), vol. i. p.
351.
[1256] Pet. Blois, Ep. xiv. (Giles, vol. i. pp. 50, 51).
This bustling, scrambling, roving Pandemonium was very unlike

the orderly, well-disciplined court of the first King Henry, where
everything was done according to rule;—where the royal itinerary
was planned out every month, and its stages duly announced and
strictly adhered to, so that every man knew exactly when and where
to find his sovereign, and his coming brought people together as to a
fair:—where all the earls and barons of the realm were set down in a
written list, according to which every one on his arrival at court was
furnished with a certain allowance of bread, wine and candles for the
term of his sojourn;[1257]—where the king’s own daily life was
passed in a steady routine, holding council with his wise men and
giving audiences until dinner-time, devoting the rest of the day to the
society of the young gallants whom he drew from every country on
this side of the Alps to increase the splendour of his household:—a
court which was “a school of virtue and wisdom all the morning, of
courtesy and decorous mirth all the afternoon.”[1258] Yet this hasty,
impetuous young sovereign, in whose rough aspect and reckless
ways one can at first glance discern so little either of regal dignity or
of steady application to regal duty, was in truth, no less than his
grandfather, an indefatigable worker and a born ruler of men. His
way of doing business, apparently by fits and starts, bewildered men
of less versatile intellect and less rapid decision; but they saw that
the business was done, and done thoroughly, though they hardly
understood when or how. They resigned themselves to be swept
along in the whirl of Henry’s unaccountable movements, for they
learned to perceive that those movements did not spring from mere
caprice and perversity, but had always a motive and an object,
inscrutable perhaps to all eyes save his own, but none the less
definite and practical. When he dragged them in one day over a
distance which should have occupied four or five, they knew that it
was to forestall the machinations of some threatening foe. When he
ran over the country from end to end without a word of notice, it was
to overtake his officials at unawares and ascertain for himself how
they were or were not attending to their duty.[1259] If he was never
still, he was also never idle. He seemed to be specially haunted by
that dread of the mischief attendant upon idle hands which an
Angevin writer quaintly puts forth as an apology for the ceaseless
warfare in which his race passed their lives.[1260] Henry’s hands
were never idle; in the intervals of state business, when not laden
with bow and arrows, they almost invariably held a book; for Henry
was, to the very close of his life, the most learned crowned head in
Christendom.[1261] He was a match for the best among his subjects
in all knightly exercises and accomplishments; he was no less a
match for the best, among laymen at least, in scholarship and mental
culture. If we may believe one of his chaplains, Walter Map, he knew
something of every language “from the bay of Biscay to the Jordan,”
though he only spoke two, Latin and his native French;[1262] he
evidently never learned to speak, and it is doubtful how far he
understood, the natural tongue of the people of his island realm. He
loved reading; he enjoyed the society of learned men; his delight
was to stand amid a little group of clerks, arguing out some knotty
point with them; not a day passed in his court without some
interesting literary discussion.[1263] His habit of shutting himself up in
his own apartments with a few chosen companions was a grievance
to those who remembered his grandfather’s practice of coming forth
in public at stated hours every day;[1264] yet Henry II. was never
difficult of access; once, when the prior of Witham made a witty retort
to the marshals who refused him admittance to the royal chamber,
the king himself, overhearing the jest, opened the door with a peal of
laughter;[1265] and a courier charged with important news from the
north made his way to the sovereign’s bedside and woke him in the
middle of the night without hesitation.[1266] When he did shew
himself to the people, they thronged him without ceremony; they
caught hold of him right and left, they pulled him this way and that,
yet he never rebuked them, never gave them an angry look, but
listened patiently to what each man had to say, and when their
importunity became intolerable he simply made his escape without a
word.[1267] Though not gifted with a good voice,[1268] he was a ready
and pleasant speaker;[1269] and he had two other natural
qualifications specially useful for a king. Unlike his grandfather Fulk
V., who never could remember a face and constantly had to ask the
names of his own familiar attendants,[1270] Henry never failed to
recognize a man whom he had once looked at; and a thing once
heard, if worth remembering, never slipped from his memory, which
was consequently stored with a fund of historical and experimental
knowledge ready for use at any moment.[1271]
[1257] W. Map, De Nug. Cur., dist. v. c. 6 (Wright, pp. 224,

225).
[1259] Pet. Blois, Ep. lxvi. (Giles, vol. i. p. 194).
[1260] See above, p. 343, note 6{1002}.
[1263] Pet. Blois, Ep. lxvi. (Giles, vol. i. p. 194).
[1264] W. Map as above (p. 230).
[1265] Ib. dist. i. c. 6 (p. 7).
[1266] Will. Newb., l. ii. c. 25 (Howlett, vol. i. p. 189).
[1267] W. Map, as above, dist. v. c. 6 (Wright, p. 231).
[1268] “Voce quassâ.” Gir. Cambr. De Instr. Princ., dist. ii. c. 29

(Angl. Christ. Soc., p. 70). This however refers to his later years.
[1269] Ib. p. 71. Pet. Blois as above (p. 195).
[1270] Will. Tyr., l. xiv. c. i.

Soc., p. 73).
His worst private vices only reached their full developement in
later years; it is plain, however, that he was much less careful than
his grandfather had been of the outward decorum of his household;
and unluckily his consort was not a woman to control it by her
influence or improve it by her example like the “good Queen Maude.”
His wrath was even more terrific than the wrath of kings is
proverbially wont to be.[1272] His passions were strong, and they
were lasting; when once he had taken a dislike to a man, he could
rarely be induced to grant him his favour; on the other hand, when
his friendship and confidence were once given, he withdrew them
with the utmost difficulty and reluctance;[1273] and he had the gift of
inspiring in all who came in contact with him a love or a hatred as
intense and abiding as his own. His temper was a mystery to those
who had not the key to it; it was the temper of Fulk Nerra. He had the
Black Count’s strange power of fascination, his unaccountable
variations of mood, and his cool, clear head. Like Fulk, he was at
one moment mocking and blaspheming all that is holiest in earth and
heaven, and at another grovelling in an agony of remorse as wild as
the blasphemy itself. Like Fulk, he was an indefatigable builder,
constantly superintending the erection of a wall, the fortification of a
castle, the making of a dyke, the enclosing of a deer-park or a fish-
pond, or the planning of a palace;[1274] and all the while his material
buildings were but types of a great edifice of statecraft which, all
unseen, was rising day by day beneath the hands of the royal
architect;—his ever-varying pursuits, each of which seemed to
absorb him for the moment, were but parts of an all-absorbing whole;
—and his seeming self-contradictions were unaccountable only
because the most useful of all his Angevin characteristics, his
capacity for instinctively and unerringly adapting means to ends,
enabled him to detect opportunities and recognize combinations
invisible to less penetrating eyes. This was the moral constitution
which in Fulk III. and Fulk V. had made the greatness of the house of
Anjou; its workings were now to be displayed on a grander scale and
in a more important sphere.
[1272] Pet. Blois, Ep. lxxv. (Giles, vol. i. p. 223).

[1273] Pet. Blois, Ep. lxvi. (ib. p. 194). Gir. Cambr. De Instr.
Princ., dist. ii. c. 29 (Angl. Christ. Soc., (p. 71).
[1274] Pet. Blois as above (p. 195).
The young king saw at once that for his work of reconstruction and
reform in England the counsellors who surrounded him in Normandy
were of no avail; that he must trust solely to English help, and select
his chief ministers partly from among those who had been in office
under his predecessor, partly from such of his own English partizans
as were best fitted for the task. First among the former class stood
Richard de Lucy, who held the post of justiciar at the close of
Stephen’s reign,[1275] who retained it under Henry for five-and-
twenty years, and whose character is summed up in the epithet said
to have been bestowed on him by his grateful sovereign—“Richard
de Lucy the Loyal.”[1276] For thirteen years he shared the dignity and
the duties of chief justiciar with Earl Robert of Leicester,[1277] who,
after having been a faithful supporter of Stephen in his earlier and
better days, had transferred his allegiance to Henry, and continued
through life one of his most trusty servants and friends. The weight
of Robert’s character was increased by that of his rank and descent;
as head of the great house of Leicester, he was the most influential
baron of the midland shires; while as son of Count Robert of Meulan,
the friend of Henry I., he was a living link with that hallowed past
which Henry II. was expected to restore, and a natural representative
of its traditions of honour and of peace. Of the great ministers who
had actually served under the first King Henry only one survived: the
old treasurer, Nigel, bishop of Ely. We know not who took his place
on his fall in 1139; but the treasurer in Stephen’s latter years can
have had little more than an empty title; and when Nigel reappears in
office, immediately after Henry’s accession, it is not as treasurer, but
as chancellor.[1278] This, however, was a merely provisional
arrangement; in a few weeks the bishop of Ely was reinstated in his
most appropriate place, on the right side of the chequered table,
gathering up the broken threads of the financial system which he had
learned under his uncle of Salisbury;[1279] while the more
miscellaneous work of the chancellor was undertaken by younger
hands.
[1275] At the peace he held the Tower of London and the

castle of Windsor; Rymer, Fœdera, vol. i. p. 18: these were
peculiarly in the custody of the justiciar; Stubbs, Const. Hist., vol.
i. p. 449, note 1.
[1276] Jordan Fantosme, vv. 1540–1541 (Michel, p. 70).
[1277] Robert appears as capitalis justicia in a charter of,

apparently, 1155 (Eyton, Itin. Hen. II., p. 3). In 1159–1160, John
of Salisbury describes him as “illustris comes Legrecestriæ
Robertus, modeste proconsulatum gerens apud Britannias” (Joh.
Salisb. Polycrat., l. vi. c. 25; Giles, vol. iv. p. 65), and at his death
in 1168 he is named in the Chron. Mailros (ad ann.) as “comes
justus Leicestrie, et qui summa justitia vocatur.”
[1278] A charter issued at Westminster, evidently soon after

the coronation, is witnessed by “N. Epọ de Ely et Canc.” Eyton,
Itin. Hen. II., p. 2, note 2.
[1279] Dial. de Scacc., l. i. c. 8 (Stubbs, Select Charters, p.

199).
Under the old English constitutional system, alike in its native

purity and in the modified form which it assumed under the
Conqueror and his sons, the archbishop of Canterbury was the
official keeper of the royal conscience and the first adviser of the
sovereign. Theobald had contributed more than any other one man
to secure Henry’s succession; he saw in it the crowning of his own
life’s work for England; while Henry saw in Theobald his most
weighty and valuable supporter. It was therefore a matter of course
that the primate should resume the constitutional position which he
had inherited from Anselm and Lanfranc and their old-English
predecessors. Theobald, however, was now in advanced age and
feeble health; and when he fully perceived what manner of man it
was to whom he was bound to act as spiritual father and political
guide, he felt that to regulate these strong passions, to direct these
youthful impulses, to follow these restless movements, was a task
too hard for his failing strength. He feared the evil influences of the
courtiers upon the young king, who seemed so willing to be led
aright, and might for that very reason be so easily led astray;[1280] he
feared for the English Church, through which there was already
running a whisper of ill-omen concerning the Angevins’ known
hostility to the rights of religion;[1281] he feared for his own soul, lest
Henry should wander out of the right path for lack of guidance, and
the sin should lie at the door of the incompetent guide.[1282] There
was one man who, if he could but be placed at the young king’s side,
might be trusted to manage the arduous and delicate task. So to
place him could be no very difficult matter; for his own past services
to Henry’s cause were far too great to be left unrewarded. Neither
the recommendations of the bishops of Winchester,[1283] Bayeux
and Lisieux,[1284] nor even those of the primate, could have as much
weight as the known qualifications of the candidate himself in
obtaining the office of chancellor for Thomas Becket.[1285]
[1280] Gerv. Cant. (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 160.
[1281] Vita S. Thomæ, Anon. I. (Robertson, Becket, vol. iv.), p.

11.
[1282] Gerv. Cant. (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 160.
[1283] Will. Fitz-Steph. (Robertson, Becket, vol. iii.), p. 18.
[1284] “Quorum consiliis rex in primordiis suis innitebatur.”

Anon. I. (ib. vol. iv.), p. 12.
[1285] “Facile regi inspiratum est commendatum habere quem

propria satis merita commendabant.” E. Grim (ib. vol. ii.), p. 363.
I cannot attach any importance to the version of Thomas Saga
(Magnusson), vol. i. pp. 45–47.
The chancellor’s duties were still much the same as they had been
when first organized by Roger of Salisbury. He was charged with the
keeping of the royal seal, the drawing-up of royal writs and charters,
the conduct of the royal correspondence, the preservation of legal
records, the custody of vacant fiefs and benefices, and the
superintendence of the king’s chaplains and clerks;[1286]—in a word,
the management of the whole clerical and secretarial work of the
royal household and of the government. Officially, he seems to have
been ranked below the chief ministers of state—the justiciar, or even
the treasurer;[1287] personally, however, he was brought more than
either of them into close and constant relations with his sovereign.
The actual importance and dignity of the chancellorship depended in
fact upon the capacity of individual chancellors for magnifying their
office. Thomas magnified it as no man ever did before or since. In a
very few months he became what the justiciar had formerly been, the
second man in the kingdom;[1288] and not in the kingdom alone, but
in all the lands, on both sides of the sea, which owned Henry Fitz-
Empress for their sovereign.[1289] Theobald’s scheme far more than
succeeded; his favourite became not so much the king’s chief
minister as his friend, his director, his master.[1290] The two young
men, drawn together by a strong personal attraction, seemed to
have but one heart and one soul.[1291] Thomas was the elder by
fifteen years; but the disparity of age was lost in the perfect
community of their feelings, interests and pursuits. Thomas was now
in deacon’s orders, having been ordained by Archbishop Theobald at
the close of the previous year on his appointment to the
archdeaconry of Canterbury,[1292] an office which was accounted the
highest ecclesiastical dignity in England after those of the bishops
and abbots.[1293] He felt, however, no vocation and no taste for the
duties of sacred ministry, and was only too glad to “put off the
deacon” and fling all his energies into the more congenial sphere of
court life.[1294] Alike in its business and in its pleasures he was
thoroughly at home. His refined sensibilities, his romantic
imagination, revelled in the elegance and splendour which to Henry’s
matter-of-fact disposition were simply irksome; he gladly took all the
burthen of state ceremonial as well as of state business upon his
own shoulders; and he bore it with an easy grace which men never
wearied of admiring. One day he would be riding in coat of mail at
the head of the royal troops, the next he would be dispensing justice
in the king’s name;[1295] and his will was law throughout the land, for
all men knew that his will and Henry’s were one.[1296]
[1286] Will. Fitz-Steph. (Robertson, Becket, vol. iii.), p. 18. On

the chancellor’s office see Stubbs, Const. Hist., vol. i. pp. 352,
353.
[1287] Will. Fitz-Steph., as above, does indeed say “Cancellarii

Angliæ dignitas est ut secundus a rege in regno habeatur”; but
he had in his mind one particular chancellor. He also says
“Cancellaria emenda non est”; but it seems that Thomas himself
paid for his appointment (Gilb. Foliot, Ep. cxciv., Giles, vol. i. p.
268; Robertson, Becket, vol. v. Ep. ccxxv. pp. 523, 524), like the
chancellors before and after him, and like the other great
ministers of state.
[1288] “In regno secundus,” Gerv. Cant. (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 169.

“Secundus a rege,” Will. Fitz-Steph. (Robertson, Becket, vol. iii.),
p. 18. “Nullus par ei erat in regno, excepto solo rege,” Rog.
Howden (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 216. E. Grim (Robertson, Becket, vol.
ii.), p. 363, and the Thomas Saga (Magnusson), vol. i. p. 49, liken
his position to that of Joseph.
[1289] “Secundum post regem in quatuor regnis quis te

ignorat?” writes Peter of Celle to Thomas (Robertson, Becket,
vol. v. Ep. ii. p. 4).
[1290] “Regis amicus,” Gerv. Cant. (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 169.

“Regis rector et quasi magister,” ib. pp. 160 and 169.
[1291] Joh. Salisb., Ep. lxxviii. (Giles, vol. i. p. 109; Robertson,

Becket, vol. v. Ep. ix. p. 13).
[1292] Gerv. Cant. (Stubbs), vol. i. pp. 159, 160. Rog. Howden
(Stubbs), vol. i. p. 213. Will. Cant. (Robertson, Becket, vol. i.), p.
4. Will. Fitz-Steph. (ib. vol. iii.), p. 17. Herb. Bosh. (ibid.), p. 168.
Anon. I. (ib. vol. iv.), p. 11.
[1293] Will. Fitz-Steph. as above. He says it was worth a

hundred pounds of silver.
[1294] Herb. Bosh. (as above), p. 173.

[1295] Anon. I. (Robertson, Becket, vol. iv.), p. 12.
[1296] Ibid. E. Grim (ib. vol. ii.), p. 364.
In outward aspect Thomas must have been far more regal than
the king himself. He was very tall and elegantly formed,[1297] with an
oval face,[1298] handsome aquiline features,[1299] a lofty brow,[1300]
large, lustrous and penetrating eyes;[1301] there was an habitual look
of placid dignity in his countenance,[1302] a natural grace in his every
gesture, an ingrained refinement in his every word and action;[1303]
the slender, tapering, white fingers[1304] and dainty attire of the
burgher’s son contrasted curiously with the rough brown hands and
careless appearance of Henry Fitz-Empress; the order, elegance
and liberality of the chancellor’s household contrasted no less with
the confusion and discomfort of the king’s. The riches that passed
through Thomas’s hands were enormous; revenues and honours
were heaped on him by the king; costly gifts poured in upon him
daily from clergy and laity, high and low. But what he received with
one hand he gave away with the other; his splendour and his wealth
were shared with all who chose to come and take a share of them.
His door was always open, his table always spread, for all men, of
whatever race or rank, who stood in need of hospitality.[1305]
Besides fifty-two clerks regularly attached to his household—some to
act as his secretaries, some to take charge of the vacant benefices
in his custody, some to serve his own numerous livings and
prebends[1306]—he had almost every day a company of invited
guests to dinner; every day the hall was freshly strewn with green
leaves or rushes in summer and clean hay or straw in winter, amid
which those for whom there was no room on the benches sat and
dined on the floor. The tables shone with gold and silver vessels, and
were laden with costly viands; Thomas stuck at no expense in such
matters; but it was less for his own enjoyment than for that of his
guests;[1307] and these always included a crowd of poor folk, who
were as sumptuously and carefully served as the rich;[1308] the
meanest in his house never had to complain of a dinner such as the
noblest were often obliged to endure in King Henry’s court, where
half-baked bread, sour wine, stale fish and bad meat were the
ordinary fare.[1309] The chancellor’s hospitality was as gracious as it
was lavish. He was the most perfect of hosts; he saw to the smallest
details of domestic service; he noted the position of each guest,
missed and inquired for the absent, perceived and righted in a
moment the least mistake in precedence; if any man out of modesty
tried to take a lower place than was his due, it was in vain; no matter
in what obscure corner he might hide, Thomas was sure to find him
out; he seemed to pierce through curtains and walls with those
wonderful eyes whose glance brightened and cheered the whole
table.[1310] No wonder that barons and knights sent their sons to be
educated under his roof,[1311] and that his personal followers were
far more numerous than those of the king.[1312]
[1297] Will. Fitz-Steph. (Robertson, Becket vol. iii.), p. 17.

Herb. Bosh. (ibid.), p. 327. Will. Cant. (ib. vol. i.), p. 3. Thomas
Saga (Magnusson), vol. i. p. 29.
[1298] Herb. Bosh. as above.
[1299] Will. Fitz-Steph., Herb. Bosh., and Thomas Saga, as

above.
[1300] Herb. Bosh. as above.
[1301] Ib. p. 229.
[1302] Will. Cant., Will. Fitz-Steph., and Thomas Saga, as

above.
[1303] Anon. II. (Robertson, Becket, vol. iv.), p. 84.
[1304] Herb. Bosh. (ib. vol. iii.), p. 327.
[1305] Will. Fitz-Steph. (Robertson, Becket, vol. iii.), pp. 20, 21.
Joh. Salisb., Entheticus in Polycraticum (Giles, vol. iii.) p. 3.
[1306] Will. Fitz-Steph. as above, p. 29.
[1307] Ib. pp. 20, 21.

[1308] Anon. I. (ib. vol. iv.), p. 13.
[1309] Pet. Blois, Ep. xiv. (Giles, vol. i. p. 49).
[1310] Herb. Bosh. (Robertson, Becket, vol. iii.), p. 229.
[1311] Will. Fitz-Steph. (ibid.), p. 22.
[1312] E. Grim (ib. vol. ii.), p. 363. Anon. I. (ib. vol. iv.), p. 13.
Henry might have been jealous of his minister; but there was no
thought of jealousy in his mind. He was constantly in and out at the
chancellor’s house; half in sheer fun, half to see for himself the truth
of the wonderful stories which he heard about it, he would come
uninvited to dinner, riding up suddenly—often bow in hand, on his
way to or from the chase—when Thomas was seated at table;
sometimes he would take a stirrup-cup, nod to his friend and ride
away; sometimes he would leap over the table, sit down and eat.
When their work was over, king and chancellor played together like a
couple of schoolboys, and whether it was in their private apartments,
in the public streets, in the palace, or in church, made no difference
at all. It was a favourite tale among their associates how as they
rode together through the streets of London one winter’s day, the
king, seeing a ragged shivering beggar, snatched at the chancellor’s
handsome new mantle of scarlet cloth lined with vair, crying—“You
shall have the merit of clothing the naked this time!” and after a
struggle in which both combatants nearly fell off their horses, sent
the poor man away rejoicing in his new and strangely acquired
garment, while with shouts of applause and laughter the bystanders
crowded round Thomas, playfully offering him their cloaks and capes
in compensation for his loss.[1313]
[1313] Will. Fitz-Steph. (Robertson, Becket, vol. iii.), pp. 24, 25.
It is hardly possible to deny that such enormous wealth as passed

through Thomas’s hands during his tenure of the chancellorship
must have been acquired, in part at least, by means which in the
case of a minister of the Crown in our own day would be accounted
little less than scandalous. But in the twelfth century there was no
scandal about the matter. Costly gifts of all kinds were showered at
the feet of kings and great men openly and as matter of course, and
kings and great men received them as openly, often without any idea
of bribery on either side. Moreover it is to be remembered that
Thomas’s position as chancellor gave him command over a
considerable portion of the royal revenues, and that he was left free
to draw upon them at his own discretion to meet an expenditure of
which part was incurred directly in the king’s behalf, while the whole
of it might be regarded as indirectly tending to the king’s glorification
and benefit. The two friends in fact seem to have had but one purse
as well as “one mind and one heart,” and not till many years later
was there any thought of disentangling their accounts. Amid all the
chancellor’s wild magnificence, there is no evidence of corruption;
and there was certainly no arrogance. Thomas had nothing of the
upstart in him; he never ignored his burgher-origin, he never dropped
the friends of his boyhood; his filial submission to the primate
remained unchanged;[1314] his gratitude to his early teachers at
Merton was proved by his choice of a confessor from among them,
[1315] and by his successful efforts to bring their house under the
special patronage of the king.[1316] His tastes were those of the most
refined aristocrat, but his sympathies were with the people from
whose ranks he had sprung; his boundless almsgiving was doubled
in value by the gracious considerateness with which it was
bestowed; his tenderness for the poor was as genuine and as
delicate as that of his mother the good dame Rohese, and he was
quick alike to supply their needs and to vindicate their cause.[1317]
[1314] Anon. I. (Robertson, Beckett, vol. iv.) p. 11.
[1315] Will. Fitz-Steph. (ib. vol. iii.), p. 21. This confessor,

Robert by name, was with him all through his exile; see Garnier
(Hippeau), p. 137.
[1316] Will. Fitz-Steph. (as above), p. 23.

[1317] Anon. I. (ib. vol. iv.), p. 13. Cf. Thomas Saga
(Magnusson), vol. i. pp. 49, 55–57.
Like the king himself, Thomas was a standing marvel to his

contemporaries; the strict stood aghast at his unclerical mode of life;
the simple were half inclined to take him for a wizard.[1318] But his
witchery was universal and irresistible; and after all it was only the
magic of a winning personality, a vivid imagination, a dauntless spirit
and a guileless heart. For the chancellor’s frivolity was all on the
surface of his life; its inner depths were pure. Amid the countless
temptations of a corrupt court, no stain ever rested upon his personal
honour. He shared in all the king’s pursuits, except the evil ones; into
them Henry tried to entrap him night and day, but in vain.[1319] The
one thing he would not do, the one thing he would not tolerate, was
evil; the one species of human being to whom his doors were
inexorably closed was a man of known bad character.[1320]
Coarseness, immorality, dishonesty, in word or deed, met with
summary and condign punishment at his hands.[1321] Above all
things, “lying lips and a deceitful tongue were an abomination unto
him.”[1322] When in after-days a biographer of the martyred
archbishop copied from the Epistle to the Ephesians the description
of the spiritual armour in which his hero was supposed to have
clothed himself at his consecration, he significantly omitted the first
piece of the panoply;[1323] Thomas had no need then to put on the
girdle of truth, for he had worn it all his life.
[1318] Will. Cant. (Robertson, Becket, vol. i.), p. 5.
[1319] Will. Fitz-Steph. (Robertson, Becket, vol. iii.), p. 21. Cf.

Herb. Bosh. (ibid.) p. 166; Joh. Salisb. (ib. vol. ii.), p. 303; Will.
Cant. (ib. vol. i.), pp. 5, 6; Garnier (Hippeau), pp. 12, 13; Thomas
Saga (Magnusson), vol. i. pp. 53–55.
[1320]
“Nota domus cunctis, vitio non cognita soli.”
“Huic, quæ sola placet, solâ virtute placebis.”
Joh. Salisb., Enthet. in Polycrat. (Giles, vol. iii.) pp. 2, 3.
[1321] Anon. I. (Robertson, Becket, vol. iv.), p. 8. Will. Fitz-
Steph. (ib. vol. iii.), p. 21.
[1322] Herb. Bosh. (ib. vol. iii.), p. 166.
[1323] Ib. p. 198.
His position at court was no easy one; for a while envy, hatred and
malice assailed him from all sides, and their attacks, added to an
immense load of work, so overwhelmed him that he more than once
declared to his friends and to the primate that he was weary of his
life and would be thankful to end it, or at any rate to break away from
the bondage of the court, if only he could do so with honour. But he
was not the man to forsake a task which he had once undertaken;
[1324] his nature was rather to do it, like the king himself, with all his
might. In the after-years, when friends and foes alike could hardly
look back upon any period of Thomas’s career save in the light of the
martyr’s aureole, more than half the credit of Henry’s early reforms
was bestowed upon the chancellor.[1325] Even at the time, he was
described by no mean authority as the champion of all liberty,[1326]
the defender of all rights, the redresser of all wrongs, the restorer of
peace,[1327] the mediator who stood between king and people to
soften the inflexibility of law and prevent justice from degenerating
into legal wrong.[1328] It is certain that the brightest and happiest
years of Henry’s reign were those during which Thomas held the
foremost rank and took the foremost part in the administration of
government. For the successful execution of Henry’s policy,
therefore, Thomas is entitled to a large share of credit. But that he in
any serious degree influenced and moulded the general scope of
that policy is a theory opposed both to the evidence of actual events
and to the inferences which must be drawn from the characters of
the two men, as developed in their after-careers. Thomas may have
suggested individual measures—we shall see that he did suggest
one of very great importance;—he may have contrived modifications
in detail; but Henry’s policy, as a whole, bears the clear stamp of one
mind—his own. The chancellor’s true merit lies in this, that he was
Henry’s best and most thorough fellow-worker—not so much his

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(b) We start by writing the skeletal equation:

Now we balance the Al on the reactant side, using a coefficient of 2.

Cu(NO3)2(s)  CuO(s) + 2NO2(g) + O2(g)

The last step is to balance number of copper and oxygen atoms:

We add a coefficient of 2 to MgO to balance the oxygen:

2Mg(s) + O2(g)  2MgO(s) Balanced

(b) We start by writing the skeletal equation:

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + K2CrO4(aq)  PbCrO4(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

(c) We start by writing the skeletal equation:

Li(s) + H2O(l)  LiOH(aq) + H2(g) Unbalanced

Atoms in Reactants Atoms in Products

Li(s) + 2H2O(l)  LiOH(aq) + H2(g) Unbalanced

Atoms in Reactants Atoms in Products

Next balance the oxygens:

Li(s) + 2H2O(l)  2LiOH(aq) + H2(g) Unbalanced

Atoms in Reactants Atoms in Products

The last step is to balance the lithium atoms and check.

2Li(s) + 2H2O(l)  2LiOH(aq) + H2(g) Balanced

Atoms in Reactants Atoms in Products

(d) We start by writing the skeletal equation:

C6H14(g) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(g) Unbalanced

Atoms in Reactants Atoms in Products

C6H14(g) + O2(g)  6CO2(g) + H2O(g) Unbalanced

Atoms in Reactants Atoms in Products

C6H14(g) + O2(g)  6CO2(g) + 7H2O(g) Unbalanced

Atoms in Reactants Atoms in Products

To balance the oxygen, we use a coefficient of 19/2 for O2:

C6H14(g) + 19/2 O2(g)  6CO2(g) + 7H2O(g)

2C6H14(g) + 19 O2(g)  12CO2(g) + 14H2O(g) Balanced

Atoms in Reactants Atoms in Products

5.38 (a) You are given the skeletal equation:

Mg(s) + O2(g)  MgO(s) Unbalanced

Atoms in Reactants Atoms in Products

Mg(s) + O2(g)  2MgO(s) Unbalanced

Atoms in Reactants Atoms in Products

Coefficient of 2 on Mg balances the equation:

2Mg(s) + O2(g)  2MgO(s) Balanced

Atoms in Reactants Atoms in Products

A coefficient in front of the Ag in the product finish the balancing process.

(c) 2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g)  4CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) Balanced

C2H2(g) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(g) unbalanced

To balance the oxygen, we use a coefficient of 5/2 for

(d) C12H22O11(s) + 8KClO3(l)  12CO2(g) + 11H2O(g) + 8KCl(s) Balanced

5.39 (a) We start by writing the skeletal equation:

You can balance this equation by starting with either Cl or NO 3–.

CuCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq)  Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgCl(s) Balanced

(b) We start by writing the skeletal equation:

Begin by balancing S, because O already appears to be balanced.

Add a coefficient of 8 for O2 to balance the equation.

In combustion reactions of hydrocarbons (hydrocarbon + molecular oxygen  carbon dioxide +