Ocean and Coastal Management

Management Strategy for Mangrove Forest Restoration in Realizing the 2030

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
--Manuscript Draft--

Manuscript Number:

Article Type: Research Paper

Keywords: Langkat; Mangrove; Restoration; Sustainable Development; Goals.

Corresponding Author: Meilinda Suriani Harefa, Doctor

Universitas Negeri Medan
Medan, Sumatera Utara INDONESIA

First Author: Meilinda Suriani Harefa, Doctor

Order of Authors: Meilinda Suriani Harefa, Doctor

Abstract: ABSTRACT

Mangroves are the most productive ecosystems on the planet. Mangrove forests are
spread over almost all of Indonesia's coastal areas, one of the coastal areas with
mangrove distribution is the coastal area of Langkat Regency. As an ecosystem that
lives in coastal areas, mangroves can provide economic, social, and ecological
improvements for the life of mangrove ecosystems and human life, however,
mangroves continue to experience threats from various natural and human factors. To
maintain the mangrove ecosystem, it is necessary to carry out sustainable utilization
and management of mangroves so that mangrove life is born, considering that the
benefits provided by mangroves are enormous for the life of various ecosystems and
human life. One way that can be done is to do mangrove restoration. This study aims
to determine the results of efforts to restore mangrove forests in coastal areas and
realize the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) goals in Langkat District. This
research was conducted in Langkat Regency from February to November 2023. The
population in this study was all coastal areas in Langkat Regency. The sampling
technique in this study used purposive random sampling. The research sample points
were divided into 25 plots at 3 different locations: the shoreline plot of Tapak Kuda
Village, the pond plot of Dogang Village, and the river channel plot of Dogang Village
and Pasar Rawa Village. The results of the study are that the cause of damage to
mangroves in Langkat Regency occurs due to high population growth, land conversion
into ponds, and felling of trees in coastal areas.

Suggested Reviewers: Zulkifli Nasution, Professor

Lecturer, Universitas Sumatera Utara
zulnasution@usu.ac.id
I choose this reviewer because he already has many scientific publications and is
active in publishing and has good writing skills. And he also an expert in this scope of
journal which talk about conservation

Rahma waty, Professor

Lecturer, Universitas Sumatera Utara
rahmawaty@usu.ac.id
He is active in conducting research and scientific publication and has a good track
record as a lecturer in University of North Sumatera. She already has a professor
degree.

Bachtiar W Mutaqin, Doctor

Lecturer, Universitas Gadjah Mada
mutaqin@ugm.ac.id
He's an expert in restoration, conservation, and has a geography background which is
suit on this journal. He awardee a lot of research competition and has a lot of
competence certificate

Arida Susilowati, Doctor

Lecturer, Universitas Sumatera Utara

Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation
 arida.susilowati@usu.ac.id
She has a lot of journal publication during 8 years, and active to conduct a
conservation in few place with community

Wahyu Hidayat, Doctor

Lecturer, Universitas Lampung
wahyu.hidayat@fp.unila.ac.id
He has extensive experience in journal publications for 16 years and is experienced as
a reviewer

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Cover Letter

Dear Reviewer
Journal of Ocean and Coastcal Management

We wish to submit a research paper entitled “Management Strategy for Mangrove Forest
Restoration in Realizing the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)” to the Journal of
Ocean and Coastcal Management.

In this paper, we report that mangrove are the most productive ecosystem on the planet.
Mangrove forests are spread over almost all of Indonesia’s coastcal areas, one of the coastcal
areas with mangrove distribution is the coastcal area of Langkat Regency, North Sumatera.

Our study involved twelve years field experiment plus analysis of publicly available data. The
experiment was designed to avoid potentially confounding factors and included appropriate
controls. We used a widely accepted method to measure responses, and the data were analyzed
statistically. And, we are confident that our study was rigorously conducted and that our
conclusions are well-founded.

We believe the topic of our research falls within the scope of the journal of Ocean and Coastcal
Management and that these findings will be of interest to its readership. In particular, our paper
will aid readers in understanding the important of mangrove forest restoration managing for
the goals of sustainable development.

The manuscript has not been published previously and is not under consideration elsewhere.
The authors have no conflict of interest of disclose and have all approved this submission.

Thank you for your consideration.

Sincerely,

Dr. Meilinda Suriani Harefa

Managing Director, Yagasu
meilindasuriani@unimed.ac.id
Manuscript File Click here to view linked References

1
2 Ocean and Coastal Management (2024)
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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
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7 Ocean and Coastal Management
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journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ocecoaman
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14 Management Strategy for Mangrove Forest Restoration in Realizing the
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2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
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18 Meilinda Suriani Harefa1,2, M Ridha Syafii Damanik1, M Taufik Rahmadi1, Feni Rahmadani2
19 1. Department of Geography Education, Universitas Negeri Medan, 20221, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
2. Yayasan Gajah Sumatera
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21
A R T I C L E I N F O AB S T R AC T
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23 Keywords: Mangroves are the most productive ecosystems on the planet. Mangrove forests are spread over almost all of
24 Langkat Indonesia's coastal areas, one of the coastal areas with mangrove distribution is the coastal area of Langkat
25 Mangroves
Regency. As an ecosystem that lives in coastal areas, mangroves can provide economic, social, and ecological
Restoration
26 Sustainable Development improvements for the life of mangrove ecosystems and human life, however, mangroves continue to
27 Goals experience threats from various natural and human factors. To maintain the mangrove ecosystem, it is
28 necessary to carry out sustainable utilization and management of mangroves so that mangrove life is born,
29 considering that the benefits provided by mangroves are enormous for the life of various ecosystems and
30 human life. One way that can be done is to do mangrove restoration. This study aims to determine the results
31 of efforts to restore mangrove forests in coastal areas and realize the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
32 goals in Langkat District. This research was conducted in Langkat Regency from February to November 2023.
33 The population in this study was all coastal areas in Langkat Regency. The sampling technique in this study
34 used purposive random sampling. The research sample points were divided into 25 plots at 3 different
35 locations: the shoreline plot of Tapak Kuda Village, the pond plot of Dogang Village, and the river channel
36 plot of Dogang Village and Pasar Rawa Village. The results of the study are that the cause of damage to
37 mangroves in Langkat Regency occurs due to high population growth, land conversion into ponds, and felling
38 of trees in coastal areas.
39 E-mail addres: meilindasuriani@unimed.ac.id (Meilinda Suriani Harefa)
40 1. Introduction
41 Indonesia is one of the world's largest maritime and archipelagic coins in
42 2019, with the longest coastline. According to [1] the total length of
43 Indonesia's coastline in 2018, it was 91,363.65 km and then increased by
44 777.40 km in the last 28 years. Coastal areas are home to ecosystems of
45 mangrove forests, coral reefs, and seagrass beds [2]. Indonesia is one of the The ecosystem benefits provided by mangrove forests are not only limited to
46 countries with the largest mangrove forests in the world [3]. Based on data providing habitat for various types of seafood (including fish, crustaceans, and
47 from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (2021), the total area of molluscs) but also help nutrient recycling and soil conservation through
48 Indonesian mangroves is 3,364,076 Ha, which is divided into three condition sediment trapping [12]; [13]. In addition, the economic value of mangrove
49 classifications, namely conditions covering an area of 3,121,239 Ha (93%), ecosystems in terms of wood and seafood production has become the primary
50 medium conditions surrounding 188,363 Ha (5%), and conditions rarely source of income for local communities in coastal areas [14], mangroves
51 54,474 Ha (2%). Mangroves adapt to harsh environments where no other plant provide significant ecological, social and economic value for human life [15].
52 species can survive [4]. These mangrove forests grow in protected intertidal Mangroves also serve as a source of fuel, medicinal ornaments, and honey for
zones in the tropics, subtropics, and some warm climates [5,6]. residents [16].
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Mangrove forests have significant biological wealth for Indonesia's In addition to the essential ecosystem services provided to humans,
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coastal areas, considering that mangrove forests are a transitional ecosystem in mangroves are critical to the conservation of species threatened by anthropogenic
55 almost all coastal areas in the Indonesian Archipelago, from Sumatra in the activities, namely by playing a pivotal role in coastal protection and habitat
56 west to the Papua Islands in the east [7]. Mangrove forests are biological management for endangered species [17,18]. Furthermore, mangroves also have
57 natural resources that have potential and benefits for humans [8]; [9]. an essential role as one of the most influential and economical methods for
58 Mangrove forests serve as a habitat for various fish species, provide a variety offsetting carbon emissions [19]which can cause climate change and global
59 of plant products, improve water quality, provide fish and shellfish for local warming [20] and protect coastline erosion [21]. Mangroves provide essential
60 communities, ensure coastal stabilization, provide food chain support for services worldwide to both human populations and the ecosystems they occupy
61 nearshore fisheries, and carry out carbon sequestration [10]. According to [11] [22]. However, a loss of mangrove habitat of more than 50% has been recorded in
62 mangroves are the planet's most productive natural marine ecosystems, with some parts of the world [23]and this loss is primarily due to human activities. The
63 the highest carbon stocks per unit area of any coastal ecosystem. importance of mangroves and threats to their survival has long been recognized,
64 leading to actions being taken locally, by national governments, and through
65 *Corresponding author. international agreements to protect them [24].
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4 Meilinda Suriani et al Ocean and Coastcal Management
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Indonesia has placed mangroves on its national priority agenda as an Based on these data, the management strategy as an effort to maintain the
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essential effort to manage these ecosystems sustainably and achieve its mangrove forest ecosystem in Langkat Regency, which is caused by
7 national climate commitments [25]. This is because mangroves are among the degradation, is to utilize restoration efforts as a solution to accelerate the
8 most threatened global ecosystems, especially in Southeast Asia, including implementation of mangrove rehabilitation with a target area that has increased
9 Indonesia [26]. Responding to the enormous loss of mangroves, several every year, as well as to suppress more significant damage in forest areas
10 regulations regarding mangrove conservation and management were enacted mangroves. The restoration strategy in mangrove forests is a national program
11 in Indonesia. Law Number 5 of 1990, concerning the Conservation of launched by the Mangrove and Peat Restoration Agency (BRGM) for Langkat
12 Biological Natural Resources and their Ecosystems, forms the basis for the Regency BRGM targets a total restoration of 4,875 ha. For this reason,
13 concept of mangrove conservation in Indonesia. According to Law no. 27 of conducting a study related to the Mangrove Forest Restoration
14 2007, which was changed to Law no. 1/2014, concerning the Management of Langkat Regency is one of the areas that has mangrove forests. According
15 Coastal Areas and Small Islands, Indonesia allows logging in mangrove areas to [38], the area of mangrove cover in Langkat Regency in 1989 was 37,525.17
16 that adhere to preserving coastal ecological functions. The government also ha, and in 2010 was 11,709.16 ha; the region decreased by 25,816.01 ha for 21
17 issued Presidential Regulation Number 73 of 2015 concerning implementing years. Meanwhile, research from [39] states that the area of mangroves for 30
18 the Management of Coastal Zone and Small Islands at the National Level to years from 1989 to 2019 has decreased from 36,308.36 ha to 28,702.0402, a
harmoniously, synergistically, integrated, and sustainably manage national decrease in the area of mangrove forest by 7,606.32 ha in Langkat Regency.
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coastal areas and small islands (Arifanti et al.[27]. Indonesia has committed to According to the 2022 Sumatra Region Mangrove Rehabilitation Working
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restoring approximately 638,000 ha of degraded mangroves (Ministry of Group, Langkat Regency has a target of mangrove rehabilitation in the
21
Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia, 2020; [28]; [29]. mangrove for coastal resilience program starting in 2023 with a target of 1,533
22 Based on the results of previous research, the area of mangrove forests in ha, in 2024 with a target of 1,627 ha, and in 2025 with a target of 1,715 ha.
23 Indonesia reaches 8.60 million hectares, and around 5.30 million hectares have Management Strategy in Realizing the SDGs in Langkat Regency is
24 been damaged. The damage was caused, among other things, by various necessary. The form of this collaboration is that this research will involve
25 natural and anthropogenic disturbances, including converting mangroves into students and the community in implementing field lectures by making
26 aquaculture areas, settlements, oil palm plantations, and industry [30]. Besides mangrove forests a learning medium. Students understand restoration
27 its ecological significance, mangrove forests face many threats, such as habitat management strategies in mangrove forests through the activities carried out in
28 degradation, pollution, over-exploitation, and conversion for development. this research. This research is also expected to produce applied innovations in
29 Excessive use of mangrove forests which threatens the sustainability of making quality products so that they can collaborate with industry to
30 mangrove forest ecosystems requires restoration efforts [31] as Sustainable continuously market local products produced by the community in the long
31 Development Goals (SDGs) can maintain and implement governance to term.
32 improve the quality of the environment, which includes one of the goals of the
33 SDGs itself, namely the marine ecosystem, namely mangrove forests. This
concept is a global agreement to develop an agenda related to sustainable
34
development [32]. Mangrove management is essential for environmental
35
sustainability [33]. The SDGs create a sustainable framework, especially
36 development on the coast to regulate and protect marine and coastal
37 ecosystems from land-based pollution, as well as to raise awareness of the
38 effects of ocean acidification due to degradation, prevent the extinction of
39 biodiversity [34], strengthen protection and sustainable use of marine
40 resources that are expected to be achieved through restoration efforts [35].
41 Restoration is an effort to improve the mangrove ecosystem so that the
42 condition of the ecosystem returns to that of the ecosystem before it is
43 degraded [36] [37].
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65 Ocean and Coastcal Management
Fig 1. Research Location Map
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2. Methods
5 This research was conducted in Langkat Regency in February - Table 3. Mangrove Growth Data at Planting Location in Ponds (Primary
6 November 2023 (Fig. 1). The reason for choosing Langkat Regency is Processed Data, 2023).
7 because, over 30 years, the mangrove forests in Langkat Regency have
8 decreased by 21%; this, of course, requires restoration efforts to restore the
9 condition of the mangrove ecosystem. The population in this study is the
10 coastal area in Langkat Regency. According to (Restu & Damanik, 2012),
11 there are 9 out of 23 sub-districts in Langkat Regency that have mangrove
12 forest areas, namely Tanjung Pura District, Sei Lepan District, Secanggang Based on the data collection results on the growth percentage (life) of
13 District, Pematang Jaya District, Pangkalan Susu District, Gebang District, mangroves at coastline planting locations, the growth rate at 1 month was 97%,
14 Brandan Barat District, Besitang, and Babalan District. The sampling 3 months was 52%, 6 months was 26%, and 12 months was 25%. At the river
15 technique used in this research is Purposive Random Sampling. This method channel planting location, the growth rate for 1 month was 90%; for 3 months,
16 allows the study area to be selected as a sample unit with specific it was 84%; for 6 months, it was 61%; and for 12 months, it was 38%.
considerations. In this study, the research sample points were divided into 25 Meanwhile, at the planting location in ponds, the growth rate at 1 month was
17
plots spread based on the area in 3 different locations, namely fields on the 83%, 3 months was 64%, 6 months was 58%, and 12 months was 41%. More
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shoreline in Tapak Kuda Village, plots on ponds in Dogang Village, and plots detailed growth data at each planting location can be seen in Figure 2 below.
19 on river channels in Dogang Village and Pasar Village swamp.
20
21 3. Result
22 Mangrove Growth in Langkat Regency
23
24 Data on mangrove growth in Langkat Regency was taken from mangrove
25 forest areas that had been restored. Mangrove growth data was collected at
three different location, namely coastline planting locations, river channel
26
planting locations, and pond planting locations. The mangrove growth data
27
taken was divided into four growth levels, namely 1 month, 3 months, 6
28 months and 12 months. For more detailed data on mangrove growth in
29 Langkat Regency, see table 1-3 below.
30
31 Table 1. Mangrove Growth Data at Planting Location on the Shoreline
32 (Primary Processed Data, 2023).
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36 Fig 2. Graph of Mangrove Growth Rates in Restoration Areas
37
Discussion
38 Cause of Mangrove Damage in Langkat Regency
39 Mangrove damage in coastal areas continues to occur and has decreased
40 in the area every year. The damage will affect and impact the surrounding
41 environment; not only marine biota and animals that live in the mangrove
42 ecosystem but the people who live around it will be directly affected and feel
Table 2. Data on Mangrove Growth at Planting Locations in River Channels
43 (Primary Processed Data, 2023).
the impact. The causes of mangrove damage in Langkat Regency include high
44 population growth, conversion of land into ponds, and felling of trees in coastal
45 areas (Marbun et al., 2022; Sari & Saidah, 2021).
46 According to data from the Central Statistics Agency for Langkat Regency
47 (2021), the population growth rate in the last 10 years (2010-2020) was 0.61%,
while the population growth rate in the previous 1 year (2020-2021) reached
48
0.42%. Population growth impacts the need for land as a place to live. The
49
higher the population, the greater the need for land that must be provided.
50
Based on the population growth rate category, population growth in Langkat
51 Regency is still relatively slow because the percentage of population growth is
52 less than 1% annually. So that, population growth in Langkat Regency is not
53 the leading cause of mangrove damage.
54 In addition to population growth, land conversion is also a cause of
55 mangrove damage. The land conversion that occurs in Langkat Regency is the
56 transfer of mangrove ecosystems to ponds and oil palm plantations. The
57 conversion of mangroves into ponds has eliminated the ecological function of
58 mangroves as a protector of coastal areas from big waves and beach abrasion.
59 The need for land for fish farmers has pushed aside ecological interests to
60 become economic ones. Continuous land conversion causes environmental
61 degradation and decreases the area of mangroves in Langkat Regency. The
62 logging of trees is also the cause of mangrove damage in Langkat Regency. The
need for wood/mangrove stems as the main ingredient in charcoal is increasing
63
and causing illegal logging.
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2 planting site are by quality standards.
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Factor causing high mangrove mortality rates in Langkat District Declaration of Competing Interest
6
Mangrove death is one of the death rates that occurs due to various factors The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the
7 such as natural and human factors. In the coastal area of Langkat Regency, the publication of this manuscript. In addition, the ethical issues, including
8 causes of mangrove death differ from region to region. These factors can plagiarism, informed consent, misconduct, data fabrication and/or falsification,
9 occur due to the coastal area's natural conditions and human life activities. double publication and/or submission, and redundancy have been completely
10 observed by the authors.
11 Mangrove Growth and Causes of Death at Planting Locations on the
12 Coastline Acknowledgement
13 From the results of the data analysis, it is known that the causes of The research was conducted in Langkat Regency, North Sumatra
14 mangrove death at the planting location on the shoreline, namely in Tapak Province. This research was funded by the Medan State University PNBP Fund
15 Kuda Village, were submergence, aphids, and garbage. Planting locations that for Fiscal Year 2023 in accordance with the Decree of the Chair of the Institute
16 face directly to the sea will cause the plants to be inundated for a long time, so for Research and Community Service (LPPM) Medan State University
17 their growth will be stunted. In addition, plants that do not yet have strong Number: 0137/UN33.8/KPT/PPT/2023.
18 roots cannot survive the tidal waves that occur, which can cause trees to be
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Declaration of Interest Statement

Declaration of interests

☐The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships
that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

☒The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered
as potential competing interests:

Meilinda Suriani Harefa reports financial support and administrative support were provided
by Yayasan Gajah Sumatera. Meilinda Suriani Harefa reports a relationship with State
University of Medan that includes: non-financial support. Meilinda Suriani Harefa has patent -
pending to -. - Mangrove - Coastcal - SDGs Management - Management

If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported
in this paper.